英语语语法串讲 Cathy
剑桥英语语法 初级 中级
剑桥英语语法初级中级Cambridge English Grammar – Beginner and Intermediate1. What is the difference between a noun and a verb?A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. It can be a singular or plural form and is often used as the subject or object of a sentence. A verb, on the other hand, is a word that describes an action or state of being. Verbs can be in different tenses, such as past, present, or future, and can be used to show when an action is taking place.名词和动词之间有什么区别？名词是代表人、地方、事物或概念的词。
它可以是单数或复数形式，通常用作句子的主语或宾语。
另一方面，动词是描述动作或状态的词。
动词可以是不同的时态，如过去、现在或将来，并可以用来表示动作发生的时间。
2. What are the different types of pronouns?There are several types of pronouns, including personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, andrelative pronouns. Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things, such as "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they." Possessive pronouns show ownership, such as "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "ours," and "theirs."不同类型的代词有哪些？代词有几种类型，包括人称代词、所有格代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词和关系代词。
英语(一)串讲(文字)
英语（一）串讲（文字）英语一串讲第一部分单元重点句型和常考句子Unit One1. 主语+find + it + 形容词+to do sth. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. （line2）They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. (line 38)2. It is + 形容词+for sb. +to do sth. It is + 形容词比较级+to do sth.+ than + to do sth. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. （Line 36）It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. (Line 32) 3 ….shows / showed that 从句Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. （Line 14）4. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. (Line 6) 5. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and rules for themselves. (Line19-20) 6. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the technique outlined above.Unit Two1. … spend + (时间、钱等) on sth. 在…上花费时间、钱等… spend + (时间、钱等) in doing sth. 花费时间、钱等做.. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. （L35）他们说政府在一些没有用处的、不切实际的项目上花钱太多。
七年级英语 unit 2 this is my sister单元语法聚焦二
(2)将单数句中的不定冠词a, an去掉(某些固定搭配除外)。 It is an apple. → ___T_h_ey___ ___a_re____ apples. That is a pencil. → ___T_h_o_se__ ___a_r_e___ pencils. (3)单数句中的形容词、定冠词、副词、疑问词、介词等保持不变。 The pen is red. →The pens are red. What color is the jacket? →What color are the jackets?
B．Yes, he is D．No, she isn't
[解析]指示代词this在疑问句中作主语时，其答句的主语用it，故排除选项 B和D。根据“It's my brother.”可知选C。
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( D )8.—Are those your erasers? —________． A．Yes, it is B．No, it isn't C．Yes, these are D．No, they aren't
[解析]代替前文提到的复数名词用they。
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( A )3.This ________ my sister and those ________ my
friends. A．is; are C．are; are
B．are; is D．is; is
[解析]考查be动词的用法。this表示单数，用is; those表示复数，用are。
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2．单数句与复数句的转换 (1)将单数句中的指示代词、人称代词、名词及be动词等变为复数 形式 This/That is a ruler. → These/__T_h_o_s_e __ are rulers. She is in China. → They are in China. I'm a boy. → We ___a_r_e___ ___bo_y_s___．
《英语语法》串讲笔记解读
《英语语法》串讲笔记英语的句子成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。
1.主语（Subject）主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。
主语通常是一些代表事物性或实体性的问语。
如：Bookkeeping is all essential accounting tool. 簿记是会计的基本工具。
除了名词可担任主语外，还有代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句均可作主语，如He works in a big company. 他在一家大公司工作。
To drive car needs some knowledge of its performance. 要开汽车须对其性能有所了解。
Advertising is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product. 广告是一种给公众提供信息的方式，目的在于推销产品。
Whatever was said hear must be kept secret. 在这里所谈的一切都要保密。
2.谓语（Predicate）谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。
I have read “Romance of the West Chamber”。
我看过《西厢记》Silent words of love acre passing between us. 无声的情话在我们之间交流。
We should promote our friendship on such a basis. 我们应该在这样的基础上促进我们的友谊。
They are dancing. 他们在跳舞。
3.宾语（Object）宾语表示动作的对象，是主语的动作的承受者，有宾语的动词称为及物动词，宾语一般在及物动词之后，作宾语的词有名词，代词宾格，数词、动词不定式、动名词、复合结构、从句等，如：Trust the students. 相信学生们吧。
2013仁爱英语中考必看之语法大串讲+短语大汇总
2013仁爱英语中考必看之语法大串讲+短语大汇总语法大串讲一．考点透视【知识与能力要求】1．掌握所学单词的形态变化。
2．掌握简单句的五种基本句型，四笔头练习基本正确。
3．能理解不复杂的、含有状语从句或宾语从句的复合句。
4．掌握动词的五种基本时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时）的基本用法。
5．能理解并初步掌握过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时的基本用法。
6．掌握一般现在时（包括含有情态动词的一般现在时）、一般过去时的被动语态的基本用法。
7．掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法（作主语和定语的用法只要求理解）。
【重难点问题归纳】语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。
因此，单词的形态变化和简单句的五种基本句型是语法学习的基础之基础。
五种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中毕业班学生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。
五种基本时态中的一般过去时和现在完成时的基本用法及其区别是学习的难点。
状语从句中的时态问题，宾语从句中的主语和谓语的语序问题是学生感到头痛的问题。
被动语态是中国学生最不喜欢学习和使用的一种语态。
因此，学生在学习时，时常感觉到很困难。
动词不定式是初中英语语法中的一个重点。
不定式在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等用法均要求掌握，特别是一些动词，有些后面要求跟不定式作宾语，有些则要求跟动词一ing形式作宾语。
总之，语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。
语法知识掌握得好，将大大加快英语学习的进程。
【中考热点分析预测】语法部分历年来是中考的必考内容。
考试的范围广，涉及单词词形变化、基本句子结构、五种基本时态搬动语态、不定式用法以及状语从句、宾语从句，等等。
近年来，在教学改革方面加大了对听说教学的力度，初中段以培养学生的交际能力为主，为高中段的英语学习打好基础，对语法知识的要求作了调整，降低了难度，但考查的范围并没有减小。
单纯考语法知识的题比以前明显减少。
英语串讲知识点总结
英语串讲知识点总结English composition is an essential skill that every student must develop. The ability to effectively express ideas, opinions, and information in written form not only enhances academic success, but also serves as a valuable skill in various professional and personal settings. In this article, we will explore the key elements of English composition, including organization, cohesion, clarity, and style, and share tips for improving your own writing. The first step in mastering English composition is understanding the basic structure of a well-organized essay. A typical essay consists of three main parts: an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction serves to grab the reader's attention and provide a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or purpose of the essay. It is important to be concise and specific in the introduction, as it sets the tone for the rest of the paper.The body paragraphs, which make up the bulk of the essay, should present supporting evidence and analysis for the thesis statement. Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea, and the ideas should be logically and coherently connected throughout the essay. This requires the use of transitions and topic sentences to guide the reader from one point to the next. Additionally, it is important to use evidence from reputable sources to support your claims and provide credibility to your argument.The conclusion of the essay should restate the thesis and provide a brief summary of the main points discussed in the body paragraphs. It is also an opportunity to offer a final thought or reflection on the topic, leaving the reader with a sense of closure and a lasting impression. The conclusion should not introduce new information, but rather reiterate the main ideas from the essay.In addition to organizing the essay structure, cohesion and coherence are crucial aspects of effective English composition. Cohesion refers to the way in which the ideas in a text are linked together, while coherence reflects the overall clarity and logic of the writing. To achieve cohesion, writers can use transitions, pronouns, and parallel structure to connect and relate ideas within and between sentences and paragraphs. Coherence, on the other hand, is achieved through clear and concise writing, proper punctuation and grammar, and logical progression of ideas. It is important for writers to consistently check for and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar to ensure a cohesive and coherent piece of writing.Clarity is another important element of English composition, as it determines how well the writer's message is conveyed to the reader. To achieve clarity, it is important to use clear and precise language, avoid unnecessary jargon and convoluted sentences, and ensure that each word and sentence contributes to the overall message. Writers should also consider their audience and tailor their writing to effectively communicate with the intended readers. Using concrete examples, descriptive language, and varied sentence structure can also enhance clarity in writing.Finally, developing a personal style is an important aspect of English composition. While it is important to adhere to the rules of grammar and punctuation, writers should also strive to develop a unique and engaging voice in their writing. This can be achieved through the use of vivid descriptions, varied sentence structures, and the inclusion of personal anecdotes or experiences. A strong personal style can capture the reader's attention and make the writing more memorable and impactful.In conclusion, mastering the art of English composition requires a combination of organizational skills, cohesion and coherence, clarity, and personal style. By understanding and implementing these elements, writers can improve their ability to effectively express their ideas and communicate with their audience. With practice and dedication, anyone can become a skilled and confident writer in the English language. So, keep these tips in mind and start honing your English composition skills today!。
周洁 专四语法讲义
周洁专四语法讲义小伙伴们！欢迎来到周洁老师的专四语法小课堂呀！专四考试那可是英语学习路上的一道坎儿，而语法呢，就像是盖房子的砖头，基础打得牢不牢，全看它啦！咱先来说说那些让人头疼的时态问题哈。
就好比时间是一条流淌的河，不同的时态就是河里各种各样的小船，它们在不同的时段出发，承担着不同的任务。
一般现在时呢，就像是那种每天定时出发的摆渡船，稳稳当当，描述经常发生的动作或者普遍的真理。
比如说“太阳每天从东方升起”，这事儿就跟那摆渡船似的，雷打不动。
而一般过去时呢，就像一艘载着回忆的小船，它带着我们回到过去的某个时刻，讲述已经发生了的事儿。
比如说“我昨天吃了一顿大餐”，那顿饭已经成为了过去美好的回忆，就被这一般过去时的小船给装着啦。
再说说现在完成时，这可有点像一个勤劳的小快递员哦。
它不仅把过去发生的事儿给送过来了，还和现在有着千丝万缕的联系呢。
比如说“我已经写了三个小时的作业啦”，这说明从过去的某个点开始写作业，一直写到现在，这个动作对现在有影响，可能就是我这会儿累得腰酸背痛啦。
接下来讲讲从句这一块儿哈。
从句就像是一个大家庭里的各个小分支，每个分支都有自己的特点和作用。
定语从句呢，就像是给名词戴了一顶漂亮的帽子，用来修饰和限定这个名词的。
比如说“那个戴着红色帽子的女孩是我的妹妹”，“戴着红色帽子”这个定语就把“女孩”这个范围给缩小啦，让我们一下子就知道说的是谁。
而状语从句呢，更像是一个小跟班，它跟着主句，说明主句动作发生的时间、地点、原因、条件等等各种情况。
比如说“因为下雨，所以我没出去”，“因为下雨”这个原因状语从句就清楚地告诉了我们“我没出去”的原因啦。
还有虚拟语气这个调皮鬼哈。
它就像是在和现实开个小玩笑，表达一些和事实不符的假设或者愿望。
比如说“要是我能飞就好了”，可咱们都知道，现在咱是飞不起来的呀，这就是虚拟语气在发挥它的魔力啦。
在专四考试里呀，语法题就像一个个小怪兽，等着我们去打败它们。
但是别害怕，只要咱们把这些语法知识都掌握得牢牢的，就像给咱自己穿上了一身坚固的铠甲，啥小怪兽都不怕啦！。
中考英语易错易丢分专题06连词(含解析)
连词丢分题详解【2019 •四川省内江市】Cathy is afraid of the dog. She will run away _______she sees it.A. ever sinceB. althoughC. as soon asD. so that【参考答案】C【试题解析】考查连词的用法。
句意：凯西害怕狗，她一看到狗就跑了。
A. ever since自从；B. although 虽然、尽管；C. as soon as一……就……；D. so that以便；所以。
根据Cathy is afraid of the dog. 凯西害怕狗，可推知是她一看到狗就跑开了，结合选项可知C选项符合题意，故答案选C。
丢分探因此题考查as soon as的用法，as soon as连接的时间状语从句中，指未发生的动作，规律是：主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I will tell him the news as soon as he comes back。
指紧接着发生的两个短动作，主从句都用一般过去时如 He took out his English books as soon as he sat down就这两种情况，熟记就行。
在宾语从句中，当主句为与过去时的时候，从句必须用与主句相对应的时态，所以为了与主句动词said 呼应，时间状语从句中的will look up应该对应为过去将来时态would look up，finds对应为found。
查漏补缺从属连词的用法丢分题详解【2018•贵州黔南】Jack has learned more about teamwork(团队合作) ________ he joined the soccer team.A. untilB. sinceC. whileD. though【参考答案】B【试题解析】考查连词。
句意：自从杰克加入足球队以来，他更多地学会了团结合作。
英语初中重点语法知识点讲解
英语初中重点语法知识点讲解The Importance of Grammar in English LearningIn the process of learning English, grammar plays a crucial role in helping students achieve fluency and accuracy in their language skills. It is a fundamental aspect of language learning that provides the necessary structure and rules for effective communication. In this article, we will explore some key grammar points that are essential for middle school students to understand and master.1. Parts of Speech:One of the basic building blocks of English grammar is understanding the different parts of speech. These include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech has its own unique function in a sentence. For example, nouns are used to name a person, place, thing, or idea, while verbs express actions or states of being. By understanding the functions of each part of speech, students can construct grammatically correct sentences and effectively convey their thoughts.2. Verb Tenses:Verb tenses play a vital role in expressing time and actions in English. The three main verb tenses are past, present, and future. Students should understand how to form regular and irregular verbs in various tenses and use them accurately in context. For instance, they should know the difference between "I play tennis" (present simple) and "I played tennis" (past simple). Mastering verb tenses allows students to express past experiences, ongoing actions, and future plans accurately.3. Sentence Structure:Understanding sentence structure is important for creating well-formed and meaningful sentences. A sentence consists of a subject (who or what the sentence is about) and a predicate (what the subject does or is). Students need to learn how to identify anduse subjects and predicates correctly. Additionally, knowing how to construct simple, compound, and complex sentences will enhance their writing skills. For example, a simple sentence contains one subject and one predicate, while a compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions. By grasping sentence structure, students can create clear and coherent written and spoken English.4. Modal Verbs:Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express necessity, possibility, permission, ability, and other conditions. Common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would. Understanding how to use modal verbs correctly is crucial for expressing various degrees of certainty, obligation, and ability. For example, "You must submit your homework on time" implies a strong obligation, while "You should eat more vegetables" suggests a suggestion or advice. By mastering modal verbs, students can convey their intentions and opinions with precision.5. Indirect Speech:Also known as reported speech, indirect speech is essential for accurately conveying someone else's words, thoughts, or ideas. It involves reporting what someone said while maintaining the overall meaning. Students should learn how to convert direct speech (using quotation marks) into indirect speech (without quotation marks). They must pay attention to changes in pronouns, tenses, time expressions, and word order. For example, "He said, 'I am going to the park'" changes to "He said that he was going to the park." By understanding and using indirect speech, students can effectively relay information or reproduce conversations.6. Subject-Verb Agreement:Subject-verb agreement ensures that the verb used matches the number and person of the subject. For example, "She sings beautifully" is correct because the singular subject "she" agrees with the singular verb "sings." However, "They sings beautifully" is incorrect because the plural subject "they" should be paired with the plural verb "sing."To avoid grammatical errors, students should be aware of singular and plural noun forms, as well as the rules for subject-verb agreement.In conclusion, learning and understanding grammar is vital for English language proficiency. The aforementioned grammar points are just a few examples of the key areas that middle school students should focus on. By grasping these grammar rules, students can enhance their communication skills, express their thoughts accurately, and produce well-structured written or spoken English. While grammar may seem daunting at times, consistent practice and reinforcement will undoubtedly lead to mastery in the long run.。
语法经典串讲
附加课程一：语法经典串讲讲义食用方法：经过一次课程学习，有好多同学说自己的语法问题比较大，但是确实也没法回炉重造了。
其实，常见的语法问题主要是：（与动词相关）时态，语态，虚拟语气，非谓语动词，定语从句如果单纯讲语法理论肯定无聊而且听不进去，这个讲义帮助大家通过题目回顾常见语法问题，以一个句子解读一个语法现象，快速调取关于语法的记忆。
请大家经常自言自语红色的例句，这些例句既有语法现象，也是工作中常用的语句。
1.时态英文与中文不同的一点是，英文对于时间先后的表意是外显的，表现为动词的时态变化，有16种。
常用时态组合表（4*4）注：例如，矩阵中（1,1）的位置表示“一般现在时”大家在口语里常见的错误一定要避免，需要多练习以下句子：①I have been working in Schneider Electric for more than 7 years.(我在这里工作了7年，现在完成进行时，表明动作work已经持续了7年，还会继续下去，即“现在完成进行时”谈自己的工作经历)②I'm really into cooking/I love cooking/ I am interested in cooking./Cooking is my hobby.(谈论爱好是一般的动作“一般现在时”)2.语态我对语态的理解是：动词与主语的逻辑关系。
主动语态：主语是动词的逻辑主语，即主语是动词的执行者被动语态：主语是动词的逻辑宾语，即主语是动词的被执行者注：不及物动词没有被动语态I disagree with many points made by you.这个句子有两个动词：Disagree:逻辑主语是I ，形成主动关系，即I 执行Disagree,形成主动关系Made：逻辑主语是many points（还原：make many points），many points被执行，形成被动关系Q：如何判断语态？A:我觉得最好的办法是“还原”本来的词组，如果是原本的词组中宾语放到了谓语动词前面，那一般就要用被动语态了。
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语法一致
(3) 用连词and 连接的并列主语被each, no, every 或 many a 修饰时，谓语动词用单数. e.g. Every boy and every girl in our class likes the pop star.
(4) one and a half 修饰名词复数作主 语时，谓语用单数;
语法一致
（1）若主语后面跟由with ,along with, together with, like, but, except, besides, as well as, more than, no less than, rather than, including, in addition to等连 接的另一个名词，其谓语通常要与前面的 一个主语保持一致。例如： wants He as well as I ______ to go boating. (想)
主语是“one or two＋复数名词”时 ，谓语用复数。
语法一致
(5)百分数或分数+of+名词, 以及a lot of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of +名词作句子的主语时, 谓语动词要 与of 后的名词的数保持一致。如: About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Twenty percent of the workers in the factory are men.
一般将来时的其他表现形式
一般将来时除了使用“shall／will + V…” 以外，也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达: 1) be going to + V (即将会…；打算将…) 2) be about to + V (即将…，指紧接着要发生
的动作， “即将做”或“马上做”, 指最近的将 来)
3) be + V-ing (即将…，指接近的将来动作，即
no sooner...than”、 “barely/ hardly/ scarcely...when”
含义：“一……就”。句子的前半部分用过去完成时 ，而后半部用一般过去时。该句型通常采用倒装语序 。 No sooner had I opened the cage than the little bird flew out. =Scarcely (Hardly) had I opened the cage when the little bird flew out. 我一开笼小鸟就飞出去了。 在 hardly/scarcely/…when； no sooner…than; not only … but also；so...that; such…that 的倒装句中， 前倒后不倒。
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
3、非谓语动词 牢记哪些动词后的宾语只能是不定式 (to do)、动名词(doing)，哪些二者 兼可。 作定语、状语、补语。 注意：现在分词与过去分词的区别， 即主动与被动这个最重要的区别。
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
4、虚拟语气 记住与现在，过去，将来相反的三种 情况。最常考：与过去相反的情况。 wish，as if 后接三种情况：常考。 常考：suggest，demand，require， order等表示建议、要求、命令的词 后面加从句时，从句里谓语要用 (should)+动词原形，如果是被动则 用should +be +动词过去分词。
就近一致
(2)用连or, either…or, neither….nor, not only…..but also 等连接的并列主 语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上 一致。 have Tom or you _____ taken my pen. is Not only you but also he ___ wrong.
doesn’t she
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
9、主谓一致题 往往出题者都是考谓语动词选单数这 种情况。 就近原则题：注意。 关注：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等) 时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持 一致。
就近一致
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
5、情态动词 must be表对现在事情的肯定推测。 can’t be表对现在事实的否定推测。 must have + v-ed表示对过去事实的 肯定推测。 can’t have + v-ed表示对过去事情 的否定推测。 should have + v-ed则表示过去应该 做某事而没有做。
(1) 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中， （有时主语不止一个时）谓语动词与靠近它 的主语在数上一致。 Here comes the train. is There ___ a pen and five books on the table. are There ___ five books and a pen on the table. is Where ___ your wife and children to stay while you are on business?
不用被动态的情况：
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语: fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
被动态
要点：及物动词有被动态，不及物动词只 有和介词结合才能有被动态。
不用被动态的情况：
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即 多数的瞬间动词): appear, die, disappear, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
时态
关键在于抓住时间状语。 注意：1) 客观真理，只有一般现在时； 2) 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，现在完 成时表示对现在的影响； 3) 瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用； 4) 大时间＋小时间，用进行时； 5) by+时间状语，用完成时； 6) 主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表 将来； 7) 表示位置移动的动词，可以用现在进行时 表将来。
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
1、词类 动词词组：几乎每年必考。 形容词和副词：比较级和最高级。 It作形式主语及形式宾语：常考，it 本身无意义。
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
2、动词的时态和语态 学会抓时间状语。 重点关注：进行时、完成时和完成进 行时，客观真理要用一般现在时。 固定句式：如Hardly…when…等。 主动表被动。
2) 系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为 不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 e.g. Your reason sounds reasonable.
主动形式表示被动意义
3)blame, let(出租), remain, rent e.g. I was to blame for the accident.
2013年专转本英语语法考核重点
8、特殊句式
倒装句：必考，重点关注部分倒装句，as在倒
装结构中的用法及意义等，都是考生应当重视 的地方。 强调句：必考。 反意疑问句：不能忽视，判定方法：前肯定后 否定or前否定后肯定，疑问部分主语应与从句 主语一致。 e.g. I believe she knows it, __________?
3) 系动词无被动语态 (keep除外) appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
主动形式表示被动意义
1) wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive等，当 主语为物，表示其特性时，用主动形式。 e.g. The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
4) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve + V-ing结构中，主动形式表示被 动意义. e.g. The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired.
主动形式表示被动意义
现在完成进行时
1) 在强调指出动作还未结束，还要继续下去。 I’ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 这本书我已 读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。 2) 强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。 She has always been working like that. 她 一贯是这样工作的。
现在/过去完成时
This is the 最高级 + that从句(现在完成时) e.g. This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. It has been/is + 时间段 + since… It (This) is the first time + 从句(现在完成时)