The Effects of Fuels and Lubricants on Low- Speed Pre- Ignition in Gasoline SI Engines

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中石油职称英语翻译重点课文分析

【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年中石油职称英语翻译重点课文分析（个人观点仅供参考）1. President Hu Urges Efforts to Ensure Global Energy Security.1、胡锦涛主席敦促国际社会协同努力保障全球能源安全.1. The international community should take joint efforts to ensure global energy security, Chinese President Hu Jintao said in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17.1、中国国家主席胡锦涛七月十七日在俄罗斯圣彼得堡发表讲话说，国际社会应该共同努力，保障全球能源安全。

2. “To ensure global energy security, we need to develop and implement a new energy security concept that calls for mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified forms of development and common energy security through coordination,” Hu said in a written speech to the outreach session of the G8 summit.2、在八国集团同发展中国家领导人对话会议上，胡主席在讲话稿中谈到：”为保障全球能源安全，我们应该树立和落实互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观。

”3. While global energy security is crucial to the economic growth and people’s livelihood of all countries, the world peace and stability, and common development, “few countries can achieve energy security without joining in international cooperation,” he stressed.3、胡锦涛主席强调，全球能源安全，关系各国的经济命脉和民生大计，对维护世界和平稳定、促进各国共同发展至关重要。

BW 219D-4 PD-4 维修手册说明书

Service - ManualCatalogue number .008 911 3705/2007BW 219 D-4 / PD-4S/N 101 582 72 ....> S/N 101 582 73 ....>Single drum rollere pc at al o g s .c ome p c a t a l o g s .c o mTable of ContentsBOMAG3008 911 37General71.1 Introduction 81.2 Safety regulations 91.3 General repair instructions 141.4 Tightening torques24 Maintenance292.1 General notes on maintenance 302.2 Fuels and lubricants 312.3 Table of fuels and lubricants 342.4 Running-in instructions 352.5 Maintenance chart36 Technical data 393.1 Technical data 40 Connection overview454.1 Connection overview46 Tests and adjustments495.1 Special tools, tests and adjustments 505.2 Checking the rotation speeds545.3 Checking / adjusting the neutral positions of the travel pump 565.4 Pressure tests in the travel circuit585.5 Checking / adjusting the vibrator shaft speeds 605.6 Pressure measurements in the vibration circuit 615.7 Check the leakage rate of the vibration motor 625.8 Pressure test in steering circuit 63 Flushing and bleeding656.1 Special tools for flushing666.2 Flushing - general 716.3 Flushing schematic travel circuit (distribution travel pump) 736.4 Flushing the travel circuit (travel pump distribution) 756.5 Flushing schematic travel circuit (distribution axle motor) 816.6 Flushing the travel circuit (axle motor distribution) 866.7 Flushing schematic for vibration drive 916.8 Flushing the vibration circuit 926.9 Bleeding the travel circuit 966.10 Bleeding the vibration circuit 98 Fundamental electrics 1017.1 Understanding circuit diagrams1027.2 Terminal designations 1067.3 Current and voltage 1107.4 Resistance 1147.5 Series / parallel connection1167.6 Ohm's law 1187.7 Electrical energy 1187.8 Formula diagram 1197.9 Metrology 1207.10 Diodes, relays, fuses122e pc at al o g s .c omTable of ContentsBOMAG4008 911 377.11 Batteries1257.12 Three-phase generator 1287.13 Electric starter 1357.14 Telemecanique switch 1387.15 Inductive proximity switches 1417.16 Angle sensor with current output 1427.17 Plug connectors1437.18 Deutsch plug, series DT and DTM1447.19 Plugs and terminals in spring clamping technology150 Special tools, electrics1558.1 Special tools, electrics156 Machine related electrics1659.1 Electrics BEM (BOMAG Evib-meter)1679.2 Seat contact module225 Speedometer Module23310.1 Speedometer module234 Service Training 23711.1 Service Training Machine 239 Air conditioning system34512.1 Physical basics34612.2 Refrigerant R134a34912.3 Compressor oil / refrigeration oil35012.4 Working principle of the air conditioning system35112.5 Monitoring devices35112.6 Description of components 35212.7 Checking the compressor oil level 35812.8 Checking the magnetic clutch 35912.9 Inspection and maintenance work36012.10 Checking, replacing the refrigerant compressor V-belt 36012.11 Service the air conditioning 36112.12 Drying and evacuation 36412.13 Emptying in case of repair 36412.14 Leak test 36512.15 Filling instructions36612.16 Trouble shooting in refrigerant circuit, basic principles 36912.17 Trouble shooting, refrigerant circuit diagram 37312.18 Trouble shooting procedure 37412.19 Steam table for R134a38412.20 Heating control / air conditioning control389 Replacing the cab window panes39513.1 Assembly of window panes 39613.2 Special tools 39713.3 Auxiliary materials39813.4 Removing and installing the window pane400 Drum40514.1 Special tools, drum, single drum rollers 40614.2 Repair overview for drum408e pc at al o g s .c omTable of ContentsBOMAG5008 911 3714.3 Removing and installing the drum 41714.4 Repairing the drum42314.5 Dismantling, assembling the change-over weights 45514.6 Changing the rubber buffers and adjusting the pretension458 Oscillating articulated joint46115.1 Special tools46215.2 Repair overview oscillating articulated joint46415.3 Removing and installing the oscillating articulated joint 46815.4 Dismantling the oscillating articulated joint 47015.5 Assembling the oscillating articulated joint473 Suppliers documentation47716.1 Travel pump / vibration pump series 90R 47916.2 Travel drive series 51 56916.3 Transmission CR65116.4 Axle DANA 193677 Circuit diagrams76717.1 Wiring diagram 76917.2 Wiring diagram79917.3 Hydraulic diagram835e pc at al o g s .c omBuy nowBomag Single Drum Roller BW 219 D-4/PD-4 Service Manual PDF With Instant Download。

机械工程英语第二版叶邦彦_汉语翻译(机械工业出版社)--全本书翻译

•Types of Materials 材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。

科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。

他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。

For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。

那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。

Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。

Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。

中石化职称英语(高级含教授级)汉译英复习材料(通用+炼化工程)

U1 How to be happy1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。

We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.U21、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

助剂化工英语

助剂化工英语Additives in the Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry plays a crucial role in the modern world, providing a wide range of essential products and materials that support various sectors, from manufacturing to agriculture. At the heart of this industry lies the use of additives, which are substances added to chemical formulations to enhance their performance, stability, or specific properties. These additives, often referred to as "helper chemicals," are essential components in the development and production of a vast array of products.One of the primary functions of additives in the chemical industry is to improve the performance of base chemicals or materials. For instance, in the production of plastics, additives such as stabilizers, plasticizers, and flame retardants are used to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and safety properties of the final product. These additives can improve the durability, flexibility, and fire resistance of plastic materials, making them more suitable for a wide range of applications, from packaging to construction.Similarly, in the production of fuels and lubricants, additives are usedto improve their performance characteristics. Detergents, dispersants, and anti-wear agents are added to fuel and lubricant formulations to keep engines clean, prevent the buildup of deposits, and reduce friction, ultimately extending the lifespan of machinery and improving energy efficiency.In the pharmaceutical industry, additives play a crucial role in the formulation of drugs. Excipients, such as binders, disintegrants, and coatings, are used to improve the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These additives help ensure the consistent and effective delivery of medications, contributing to improved patient outcomes.The role of additives in the chemical industry extends beyond performance enhancement. They also play a vital role in ensuring the safety and environmental sustainability of chemical products. For instance, corrosion inhibitors are added to industrial chemicals to prevent the degradation of equipment and infrastructure, reducing the risk of leaks and spills that could harm the environment. Antimicrobial additives are used in personal care products and cleaning solutions to prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms, promoting hygiene and public health.Furthermore, the chemical industry is constantly evolving, driven by the need to develop more sustainable and eco-friendly products. Inthis context, the use of "green" additives, derived from renewable or biodegradable sources, is gaining traction. These additives are designed to minimize the environmental impact of chemical products, reducing their carbon footprint and promoting a more circular economy.The development and application of additives in the chemical industry require a deep understanding of chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Chemists, chemical engineers, and formulation scientists work collaboratively to identify and optimize the use of additives, ensuring that they meet the specific requirements of various industries and applications.The chemical industry's reliance on additives is not without its challenges, however. The increasing complexity of chemical formulations, the need to comply with stringent regulatory standards, and the pressure to develop more sustainable solutions all require ongoing research and innovation. Chemical companies must continually invest in R&D to stay ahead of the curve, developing new and improved additives that can address the evolving needs of the market.In conclusion, additives are essential components of the chemical industry, playing a crucial role in enhancing the performance, safety, and sustainability of a wide range of products. As the industrycontinues to evolve, the development and application of these "helper chemicals" will remain a key focus, driving innovation and progress in the years to come.。

柴油机论文关于柴油机论文

柴油机论文关于柴油机论文乙醇—柴油混合燃料在柴油机上的应用摘要：为降低柴油机的废气排放，研究含氧代用燃料乙醇对柴油机废气排放以及经济性的影响.通过对燃用乙醇含量不同的乙醇—柴油混合燃料的柴油机排放情况和经济性的对比试验得出：适当配比的乙醇—柴油混合燃料能有效改善柴油机的有害气体排放性能,特别是能明显降低柴油机的碳烟排放,且柴油机的烟度随乙醇含量的增加而明显降低；添加乙醇能改善发动机燃料的经济性，而对发动机的动力性没有明显影响.关键词：柴油机；废气排放；含氧燃料；乙醇—柴油混合燃料Application of ethanol-diesel fuel mixture to diesel engineZHU Jianyuan1, HONG Liang2(1. Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime Univ., Shanghai 201306, China;2. Shanghai Branch, China Classification Society, Shanghai 200135, China)Abstract：In order to reduce the diesel engine exhaust emission, the effects of oxygenated fuel ethanol on exhaust emission and fuel efficiency of diesel engine is researched.Contrast experiments are conducted on exhaust emission and fuel efficiency of diesel engine which burns ethanol-diesel fuel mixture with different ethanol additive. Results show that suitable additive amount of ethanol can reduce the exhaust emission of diesel engine effectively, especially for soot reduction, and the amount of soot emission decreases when the amount of ethanol additive increases. Adding ethanol additive into diesel oil can improve the engine fuel efficiency, while the engine power is hardly influenced.Key words：diesel engine; exhaust emission; oxygenated fuel; ethanol-diesel fuel mixture收稿日期：2009-10-11 修回日期：2010-08-27基金项目：上海市教育委员会科技基金（06FZ039）作者简介：朱建元(1946—），男，江苏无锡人，教授，硕士，主要研究方向为轮机工程、柴油机振动噪声和排放控制，（E-mail）********************引言柴油机作为热效率最高的发动机一直受到高度重视.近几年来，柴油机废气排放要求的日益严格对柴油机的代用燃料和低排放燃烧研究提出新的挑战.发展新型清洁含氧代用燃料，对改善柴油机的性能、降低对石油资源的依赖性和保证能源安全具有重大意义.含氧燃料的特性与柴油十分相似，只是分子结构中存在氧，因此很多含氧燃料被用于减少柴油机的废气排放.以乙醇为代表的醇类燃料，具有辛烷值高、汽化潜热大、热值较低等特点.醇类燃料自身含氧，在发动机中燃烧可提高氧燃比，使发动机的CO排放比汽油和柴油少，并减少碳烟排放［1-3］；另外，因其汽化潜热高，可降低发动机的进气温度，提高充气效率，降低最高燃烧温度，减少发动机的NO x排放［4-5］.乙醇—柴油混合燃料能有效减少柴油机的碳烟和微粒排放［6-8］，同时可有效减少对柴油的需求量，因此有望成为一种新的柴油机清洁代用混合燃料.本文主要以含氧燃料乙醇作为柴油的添加剂，通过对乙醇添加量不同的乙醇—柴油混合燃料的柴油机排放情况和经济性的对比试验及分析，对乙醇在柴油机上应用的可行性作出评价.1 试验装置及设备试验在D6114柴油机上进行.该机为6缸直列式废气涡轮增压中冷四冲程柴油机，缸径114 mm，活塞行程135 mm，额定转速2 200 r/min，额定功率184 kW,压缩比16.8.该机采用缩口型直喷式燃烧室，供油提前角14° CA BTDC，喷油器喷孔直径0.27 mm，5孔，启喷压力29.0 MPa.试验中未对柴油机燃油供给和喷射系统的结构作任何改造.当D6114柴油机转速为2 200 r/min时，对乙醇体积占燃料总体积分别为5%，10%，15%和20%的乙醇—柴油混合燃料发动机与纯柴油燃料发动机的负荷特性进行对比试验, 研究各种比例的乙醇—柴油混合燃料对柴油机排放性能和经济性的影响.为便于表述,以下分别将乙醇体积占燃料总体积5％，10％，15％和20％的混合燃料简记为E5-D，E10-D，E15-D和E20-D.排气采集分析装置主要包括烟度计和有害气体排放分析仪.有害气体排放分析仪器的主要作用是测量分析发动机排气中HC，CO和NO x的含量.烟度测量采用FQD-102排气烟度计，最小刻度为0.1 Rb.气体排放测量采用AVL LIST公司的气体排放仪AVLCEBII 和颗粒分析仪AVL472, 其具体参数及指标见AVL LIST公司的《AVL 气体分析仪简易使用手册》和《AVL 472颗粒分析仪简易使用手册》.2 乙醇添加量对气体排放的影响2.1 乙醇添加量对烟度的影响当D6114柴油机转速为2 200 r/min时比较E5-D，E10-D，E15-D，E20-D以及纯柴油燃料柴油机的排气烟度.当柴油机转速为 2 200 r/min而负荷不同时(试验中最大功率保持不变)乙醇添加量对柴油机烟度的影响(使用E20-D时，柴油机的烟度降低非常明显，故图中未标出)，见图1.图1 不同负荷时乙醇添加量对柴油机烟度排放的影响由图1可知，在中高负荷(>85%额定功率)下，柴油中添加乙醇能明显降低烟度，并且随着乙醇添加量的增加，烟度进一步减小.这是由于醇类燃料自身含氧，在柴油机中燃烧可提高氧燃比，加快燃烧速度并使燃烧更完全, 从而使烟度降低.在低负荷(≤50%额定功率)下出现多种情况：当乙醇添加量为5％时，随着负荷的增加，柴油机的烟度升高（约0.5 Rb）；当乙醇添加量为10％时，随着负荷的增加，柴油机的烟度先增加后减少；当乙醇添加量为15％时，柴油机的烟度随负荷的增加而下降.在各负荷下，烟度平均降低50％.低乙醇添加量的混合燃料在低负荷时烟度上升的原因可能是：混合燃料的汽化潜热较大，低负荷时燃烧温度降低导致部分燃料未充分燃烧. 2.2 乙醇添加量对CO排放的影响当D6114柴油机转速为2 200 r/min而负荷不同时，乙醇添加量对柴油机CO排放的影响见图2.图2 不同负荷时乙醇添加量对柴油机CO排放的影响从图2可知,在将乙醇作为燃料添加剂时，柴油机CO排放在中低负荷时增加，而当负荷达到额定功率的75%和100%时，柴油机CO排放显著降低，尤其是E10-D柴油机在负荷为100％额定功率时CO排放降低48.9%, E15-D柴油机在负荷为100%额定功率时降低30％左右.乙醇—柴油混合燃料发动机在中高负荷下CO排放减少的主要原因有：（1）含氧量的增加，使燃料的燃烧反应更充分，该因素的影响程度超过汽化潜热引起的温度降低程度.（2）低碳链的乙醇燃料更容易氧化燃烧.在中低负荷下，由于汽化潜热增大导致缸内温度降低，引起不完全燃烧产物增多，乙醇作为低碳燃料的影响超过含氧量增大的影响.2.3 乙醇含量对NO x排放的影响当D6114柴油机转速为2 200 r/min而负荷不同时，乙醇添加量对柴油机NO x排放的影响见图3.图3 不同负荷时乙醇添加量对柴油机NO x排放的影响由图3可知，在中低负荷(≤75%额定功率）时，乙醇—柴油混合燃料使得柴油机NO x排放减少，但是在满负荷时NO x排放有所增加，其中：当负荷为额定功率的10%时，NO x排放减少约50％；当负荷为额定功率的50%时，NO x排放减少约35％；当负荷为额定功率的75%时，NO x排放仅减少约5％.还有一点值得注意：E10-D柴油机在中低负荷时NO x排放低于E15-D柴油机，但在满负荷的工况下NO x排放高于E15-D柴油机.NO x排放改变的主要原因如下：柴油机排放的氮氧化物主要是NO，而NO的生成强烈依赖于温度,化学动力学研究表明，当反应物温度从2 500 K提高到2 600 K时，NO的生成速率几乎翻一番.氧浓度提高也能使NO的生成速率加快.低负荷时，柴油机燃气温度低，乙醇汽化潜热大的原因导致燃气温度更低，因而NO x排放减少；而高负荷时，乙醇自带的氧使柴油机燃气中的氧浓度增加、燃烧速率加快、燃烧温度也更高，因而NO x排放增加.2.4 乙醇添加量对HC排放的影响当D6114柴油机转速为2 200 r/min而负荷不同时，乙醇添加量对柴油机HC排放的影响见图4.由图4可知, 在各种负荷下乙醇—柴油混合燃料柴油机HC排放量都比纯柴油燃料柴油机高，尤其是当柴油机负荷为额定功率的10%时HC排放增加100％；乙醇—柴油混合燃料柴油机相对于纯柴油燃料柴油机HC排放的增加量随负荷的增加而逐渐减少.其原因在于：乙醇汽化潜热高,且容易挥发，引起柴油机缸内温度降低；同时高速工况下可燃混合物的燃烧绝对时间短，部分可燃混合气不能完全氧化，因而HC排放增加.图4 不同负荷时乙醇添加量对柴油机HC排放的影响3 乙醇添加量对柴油机燃料经济性的影响为研究乙醇添加量对柴油机经济性的影响，须了解乙醇—柴油混合燃料的热效率随乙醇添加量的变化情况.当D6114柴油机转速为2 200 r/min而负荷不同时，乙醇添加量不同的混合燃料的有效热效率比较见图5.图5 乙醇添加量对混合燃料有效热效率的影响由图5可知, 以纯柴油的热效率为基准，在低负荷时乙醇—柴油混合燃料的有效热效率降低；而在中高负荷时，乙醇—柴油混合燃料的有效热效率上升.平均有效热效率提高1%～2％，特别是在高负荷时，热效率提高效果显著.热效率升高主要由两个方面的原因引起：(1)乙醇是含氧燃料，燃烧时可以自供氧，特别是中高负荷时，燃料富集区乙醇体积分数越高则氧含量相对越高，燃料燃烧更完全；(2)由于乙醇的沸点很低，混合燃料喷射到气缸后容易汽化，加之乙醇—柴油混合燃料的黏度和表面张力较小，可有效改善燃料的雾化质量，使油气混合更均匀.由图5还可以看到，热效率最高的E20-D在低负荷段（≤25％额定功率区）热效率降幅较大（约降低3％），其原因在于：乙醇的汽化潜热较高，低负荷工况使发动机缸内温度进一步降低，低负荷时过量空气系数大，柴油机高速运转时可燃混合气的绝对燃烧时间缩短，导致乙醇添加量多的混合燃料燃烧反而不如纯柴油燃料燃烧完全，燃烧速度减慢，有效燃烧期难以集中在燃烧上止点附近，可燃混合气的做功能力降低，混合燃料发动机的热效率从而也降低.4 结论通过对乙醇添加量不同的乙醇—柴油混合燃料以及纯柴油燃料在D6114柴油机上的对比试验，得到如下结论：(1)适当配比的乙醇—柴油混合燃料能有效改善柴油发动机的热效率.以燃用柴油的热效率为基准，在低负荷时，乙醇—柴油混合燃料的有效热效率有所降低；而在中高负荷时，乙醇—柴油混合燃料的有效热效率上升，有效热效率平均提高1%～2％，特别是在高负荷时，热效率改变效果显著.(2)适当配比的乙醇—柴油混合燃料能有效改善柴油发动机的有害气体排放性能，降低碳烟排放效果尤其明显.柴油机的碳烟排放随乙醇添加量的增加呈单调下降的趋势.(3)乙醇等醇类燃料作为可再生的内燃机代用燃料对降低内燃机对石油的依赖以及改善大气环境具有重要意义.参考文献：［1］郭瑞莲, 纪威. 乙醇—柴油混合燃料的应用研究进展［J］. 内燃机与动力装置, 2006(1): 39-43.［2］陈虎, 陈文淼, 王建昕, 等. 柴油机燃用乙醇—柴油含氧燃料时微粒特性的分析［J］. 内燃机学报, 2005(4): 22-27.［3］何邦全, 王建昕. 乙醇/柴油/甲酯混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性［J］. 内燃机学报, 2005(4): 58-62.［4］方显忠, 刘巽俊, 李国良, 等. 压燃式发动机燃用柴油—乙醇的研究［J］. 农业机械学报, 2005(3): 36-38.［5］李冠峰, 胡知, 陈亮, 等. 柴油—乙醇混合燃料直接在柴油机上使用的试验研究［J］. 内燃机, 2004(3): 10-13.［6］HE Bangquan,WANG Jianxin,YAN Xiaoguang, et al. Study on combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines using ethanol blended diesed fuels［J］. SAE 2003 World Congress & Exhibition, 2003-01-0762.［7］KREME F G, FACHETTI A. Alcohol as automotive fuel-brazilian experience［J］. CEC/SAE Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition, 2000:2000-01-1965.［8］NURUN Md N, MINAMI M, OGAWA H, et al. Ultra low emission and high performance diesel combustion with highly oxygenated fuel［J］. SAE 2000 World Congress, 2000-01-0231.。

用石油的组成写一段英语小作文

石油组成英语作文1英文作文：Petroleum is a complex mixture of various substances. It is mainly composed of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms. There are different types of hydrocarbons in petroleum. For example, alkanes are one of the important components. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are all alkanes. These alkanes are widely used as fuels. They can be used for heating, cooking, and powering vehicles. Another type of hydrocarbon is the aromatics. Benzene, toluene, and xylene are common aromatics. They are used in the production of plastics, solvents, and other chemicals. Petroleum also contains some sulfur compounds. Although sulfur compounds are not desirable as they can cause environmental problems, they can be removed through refining processes. Petroleum is truly a remarkable resource. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives. Without petroleum, our modern way of life would be greatly affected. We rely on petroleum products for transportation, energy supply, and the production of various materials. However, we also need to be aware of the environmental impact of using petroleum and look for alternative sources of energy.中文翻译：石油是各种物质的复杂混合物。

British Petrolem

09年排名第4 有是石油行业了。

没办法啊。

..英国石油公司（British Petroleum，简称BP），是世界最大私营石油公司之一（即国际石油七姊妹之一），也是世界前十大私营企业集团之一，2007年营业额达到公司2914.38亿美元。

该前身是创立于1908年的盎格鲁˙波斯石油公司（Anglo-Persian Oil Company），1954年改称英国石油公司。

该公司整合探油、探气、炼油、储油、售油、零售等营业领域。

在1998年一次购并行动后，BP不再作为British Petroleum的缩写，而成为公司正式名称。

在广告上，该公司有时使用“超越石油”“Beyond Petroleum”来宣传业务。

1909-19551908年，英国人William Knox D'Arcy 获得伊朗国王批准，开始商业性地开发他在1901年于波斯湾发现的石油资源。

1909年4月14日，新组建的“昂格鲁-波斯石油公司”(Anglo-Persian Oil Company，APOC)投入此项开发。

初时业务进展不大，但第一次世界大战爆发时，英国政府认识到了石油资源的重要性，开始收购该公司股权，该公司也开始向皇家海军提供燃油。

战后，英国政府已经拥有达51%之股份，并开展在欧洲各地的业务。

但公司关注焦点仍然放在波斯湾。

1931年，该公司购并了当时与其合作从事行销的壳牌公司，改组出一家“壳牌麦克斯英国石油公司”(Shell-Mex and BP Ltd)，但负责在伊朗(当时仍称波斯)的业务的仍是APOC。

壳牌公司在1975年与英国石油分家。

出于对帝国主义不满情绪的高涨，伊朗曾在1932年战时撤回对APOC的特许，经过一年谈判，双方协议给予伊朗更多股份和收益，该公司在湾区的业务才恢复。

1936年波斯改称伊朗，该公司亦改称“昂格鲁-伊朗石油公司”("Anglo-Iranian Oil Company"，AIOC)。

石油英语作文

石油英语作文Petroleum, often referred to as crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid that is formed from the remains of ancient marine plants and animals. It is a vital resource that fuels the modern world and plays a significant role in the global economy. In this essay, we will explore the various uses of petroleum, its impact on society, and the challenges associated with its extraction and consumption.Uses of Petroleum1. Energy Production: The most common use of petroleum is for energy production. It is refined into various fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, which power vehicles, ships, and airplanes.2. Plastic Production: Petroleum is also the primary raw material for the production of plastics. This versatile material is used in a wide range of products, from packaging materials to electronic devices.3. Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals: Many chemicals and pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum. It is used to produce a variety of products, including detergents, fertilizers, and medicines.4. Lubricants: Petroleum is used to create lubricants that reduce friction in engines and other mechanical equipment,thereby increasing efficiency and longevity.Impact on Society1. Economic Development: Countries rich in petroleum resources often experience rapid economic growth due to the high demand for oil in the global market.2. Transportation: The availability of petroleum products has revolutionized transportation, making it faster and more efficient than ever before.3. Industry: The industrial sector relies heavily on petroleum for manufacturing processes and as a source of energy.Challenges1. Environmental Concerns: The extraction, refining, and burning of petroleum release greenhouse gases and other pollutants, contributing to climate change and environmental degradation.2. Resource Depletion: As a non-renewable resource, petroleum reserves are finite. The world is facing the challenge of depleting reserves and the need to find alternative energy sources.3. Political and Economic Instability: The control and distribution of petroleum resources have led to political conflicts and economic instability in various regions.ConclusionPetroleum has been a cornerstone of modern society, driving economic growth and technological advancement. However, its use comes with significant challenges that require a balanced approach. As we continue to rely on petroleum, it is imperative to invest in research and development of sustainable alternatives to ensure a secure and environmentally friendly future.。