(微观经济学英文课件)Chap 4 Supply and Demand
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lecture02 Supply and demand model 平狄克微观经济学英文课件
• in most of our problems we are asked to determine how a change in a variable or policy affects one or more variables
• what changes: foreign rice may no longer be imported
• P = price of pork ($ per kg) • Pb = price of beef ($ per kg) • Pc = price of poultry ($ per kg) • I = income of consumers (thousand $)
Demand function
• note: quantity demanded of a good or service can exceed quantity sold (or vice versa)
• strange demand curve convention: price is on the vertical axis
suppliers at each possible price
Total Supply: The Sum of Domestic and Foreign Supply
Solved problem
• What is the effect of a ban on foreign imports of rice into Japan on the supply curve of rice to the Japanese market?
Demand curve
• shows quantity demanded—largest quantity that consumers are willing to buy—at each price, holding constant other factors that affect purchases
• what changes: foreign rice may no longer be imported
• P = price of pork ($ per kg) • Pb = price of beef ($ per kg) • Pc = price of poultry ($ per kg) • I = income of consumers (thousand $)
Demand function
• note: quantity demanded of a good or service can exceed quantity sold (or vice versa)
• strange demand curve convention: price is on the vertical axis
suppliers at each possible price
Total Supply: The Sum of Domestic and Foreign Supply
Solved problem
• What is the effect of a ban on foreign imports of rice into Japan on the supply curve of rice to the Japanese market?
Demand curve
• shows quantity demanded—largest quantity that consumers are willing to buy—at each price, holding constant other factors that affect purchases
Chapter4_D-S经济学,供给,需求
5
Table 1
Demand Schedule for Beef
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
9
Figure 2
Movements along versus Shifts of a Demand Curve
D0 D1
Price per Pound
$7.30
C
7.10
F
D0
D1
0
Quantity Demanded in Millions of Pounds per Year
10
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
微观经济学平狄克
（短期：生产引导消费 长期：消费引导生产，有需求的产品才能生产——需求决定供给）
1篇 导论/ 2章 供给和需求/ 2.1 供给和需求
⑴ 需求(demand)
条件1：愿意、欲望(willing, desires)
[清]胡澹庵《解人颐》一书中收录的《不知足》诗： 终日奔波只为饥，方才一饱便思衣。衣食两般皆具足，又想娇容美貌妻。 娶得美妻生下子，恨无田地少根基。买得田园多广阔，出入无船少马骑。 槽头拴了骡和马，叹无官职被人欺。县丞主薄还嫌小，又要朝中挂紫衣。
5.00P
4.00 3.00
3
4.00
4
3.00
一般向右下方倾斜 (downward-sloping)
2.00
6
2.00
1.00
9
需求公式
Qd = D(P) eg. Qd = 7 - P
1.00
D
0.00
Qd
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1篇 导论/ 2章 供给和需求/ 2.1 供给和需求
供求均衡(equilibrium)
供给曲线&需求曲线相交的点：市场的均衡点
价 格 ( P ) 需 求 ( Q d ) 价 格 ( P ) 供 给 ( Q d ) 5.00P
S
元
个
元
个
4.00
3
4.00
9
4.00
3.00
4
3.00
8
3.00
2.00
6
2.00
6 Pe 2.00
1.00
9
1.00
3
1.00
若要世人心里足，除是南柯一梦西。
Eg.马斯洛的需求层次论(Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) 自我实现
1篇 导论/ 2章 供给和需求/ 2.1 供给和需求
⑴ 需求(demand)
条件1：愿意、欲望(willing, desires)
[清]胡澹庵《解人颐》一书中收录的《不知足》诗： 终日奔波只为饥，方才一饱便思衣。衣食两般皆具足，又想娇容美貌妻。 娶得美妻生下子，恨无田地少根基。买得田园多广阔，出入无船少马骑。 槽头拴了骡和马，叹无官职被人欺。县丞主薄还嫌小，又要朝中挂紫衣。
5.00P
4.00 3.00
3
4.00
4
3.00
一般向右下方倾斜 (downward-sloping)
2.00
6
2.00
1.00
9
需求公式
Qd = D(P) eg. Qd = 7 - P
1.00
D
0.00
Qd
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1篇 导论/ 2章 供给和需求/ 2.1 供给和需求
供求均衡(equilibrium)
供给曲线&需求曲线相交的点：市场的均衡点
价 格 ( P ) 需 求 ( Q d ) 价 格 ( P ) 供 给 ( Q d ) 5.00P
S
元
个
元
个
4.00
3
4.00
9
4.00
3.00
4
3.00
8
3.00
2.00
6
2.00
6 Pe 2.00
1.00
9
1.00
3
1.00
若要世人心里足，除是南柯一梦西。
Eg.马斯洛的需求层次论(Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) 自我实现
曼昆经济学原理英文课件Chap04
Law of Demand
The law of demand states that there is an inverse
relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Monopolistic Competition
Many sellers Slightly differentiated products Each seller may set price for its own product
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount
of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Demand Schedule
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship
between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
微观经济学英文课件Ch_06
uses a large shortage
Controlled rent
Shortage
Demand
0 Quantity of Apartments
纽约的故事
• 1943年，作为临时性战时措施之一，美国联邦政府实行了租 金控制。但是战争结束后，房租控制却被纽约州特别是纽约 市以法律的形式继承了下来。 • 在1975年，多达642000所公寓住房受到房租管制，另外有 650000所公寓住房受到一种被称为房租稳定化的复杂形式的 法规管辖。 • 1960年的普查显示：有25％的租房者支付了高于房租管制所 规定的法定房租的租金。应当注意这还不包括贿赂或质量下 降在内，这些只是人们支付超越指定价格的租金。 • 1970年，有33000个单元被遗弃，到1974年，又有10000多个 单元被遗弃。在布朗克斯区和曼哈顿岛东下端的一些地方， 整排被遗弃的公寓空无一人，被流浪者们穴居和拆散。 • 纽约市房租控制的长期性后果一直是住房存量的衰退和中低 收人的房客可获得的住房数量的下降，因为被豁免房租管制 而豪华公寓持续不断地被建造出来。
Price of Ice-Cream Cone Equilibrium price
Supply
$3
2
Price floor Demand
0
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
A Price Floor That Is Binding...
– 经济学家的职能之一就是使用他们的理论来协助制订 政策。
Price Control… 价格控制
• Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.
Controlled rent
Shortage
Demand
0 Quantity of Apartments
纽约的故事
• 1943年，作为临时性战时措施之一，美国联邦政府实行了租 金控制。但是战争结束后，房租控制却被纽约州特别是纽约 市以法律的形式继承了下来。 • 在1975年，多达642000所公寓住房受到房租管制，另外有 650000所公寓住房受到一种被称为房租稳定化的复杂形式的 法规管辖。 • 1960年的普查显示：有25％的租房者支付了高于房租管制所 规定的法定房租的租金。应当注意这还不包括贿赂或质量下 降在内，这些只是人们支付超越指定价格的租金。 • 1970年，有33000个单元被遗弃，到1974年，又有10000多个 单元被遗弃。在布朗克斯区和曼哈顿岛东下端的一些地方， 整排被遗弃的公寓空无一人，被流浪者们穴居和拆散。 • 纽约市房租控制的长期性后果一直是住房存量的衰退和中低 收人的房客可获得的住房数量的下降，因为被豁免房租管制 而豪华公寓持续不断地被建造出来。
Price of Ice-Cream Cone Equilibrium price
Supply
$3
2
Price floor Demand
0
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
A Price Floor That Is Binding...
– 经济学家的职能之一就是使用他们的理论来协助制订 政策。
Price Control… 价格控制
• Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.
微观经济学第4章需求与供给：弹性及其应用
27
问题：价格与销售额的关系
• 观点1：提高价格能够增加销售总 额，因为商品以较高的价格卖出。 • 观点2：提高价格虽然卖价较高， 但只能卖出较少的商品，销售总额 应该下降。 • 猜测：销售额的变化应该与商品的 需求价格弹性有某种关系！
28
问题的两面性
• 增加销售额的一面：较高的价格使现有交 易额中的销售额增加； • 减少销售额的一面：较高的价格使需求量 减少，因此销售额相应减少。
25
美国部分产品的需求价格弹性
商品
盐 啤酒 房屋 医师服务 住院治疗 保险 价格弹性 短期 长期 —— —— —— 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7-0.9 1.0 —— 0.9 0.5
商品
汽油 汽车 家庭用电 家用煤气 公共汽车 飞机旅行
价格弹性 短期 长期 —— 0.1 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.9 1.5 1.9 10.7 2.2 2.4 3.7
24
决定需求价格弹性的因素
• 商品的可替代性：替代商品越多，需求的 价格弹性就越大；反之就越小。 • 消费在收入中的比重：占收入的比重越大， 价格弹性就越大；反之就越小。 • 奢侈品与必需品：奢侈品的价格弹性大， 必需品的价格弹性小。 • 消费决策时间：决策时间越长，价格弹性 就越大，反之就越小。
P
4
D
A
15 10 ED (15 10) / 2
24 0.6 (2 4) / 2
2
B D
0 10 15
Q
16
两种需求曲线
牛肉
P P D
纯可卡因
D
D
D
most elastic
Q
least elastic
Q
曼昆经济学原理英文课件Chap04
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Changes in Demand
Increase in demand
Decrease in demand
0
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
D3
Demand Schedule
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship
between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Chapter 4
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the
Market Type: A Competitive Market
A competitive market is a market. . .
with many buyers and sellers. that is not controlled by any one person. in which a narrow range of prices are established that buyers and sellers act upon.
微观经济学-第二章需求和供给-PPT61页
能迅速获得各种信息 perfect information
西方经济学·微观·第2章 3
❖ 企业是独立的经济单位 ❖ 生产要素可以自由流动 ❖ 价格调节经济
价格的作用（对经济的调节作用） 作为指示器反映市场的供求状况； 调节需求和供给； 使资源配置达到最优状态。
价格机制调节经济的条件 各位经济单位作为独立的经济实体存在 存在市场 市场竞争的完全性与公平性
西方经济学·微观·第2章 4
二、需求曲线 The Demand Curve
1.需求 Demand
需求：在一定时期内，在各种可能的价格水平，人们 愿意并且能够购买的商品量。
“愿意——购买欲望” （willing） （needs） （wants）（desires）
“能够——支付能力” able
需求 是购买 欲望和支 付能力的 统一
家庭
要素市场
储 蓄
金融市场
西方经济学·微观·第2章 2
市场出清：市场上的供 求均衡，无资源闲置
完全理性：个体的最优 化行为Economic Man
Clearing market 商品价格具有 充分的灵活性，能使需求和供给 迅速达到均衡的市场。
有限度的理性(bounded rational)
完全信息
西方经济学·微观·第2章 33
计算
如②价如格 果下B为降调已价1P0后%知＝，？B试某需5分求Q析时量以，增下期加收求为益，16状均0，况某同。衡时商使价A品需格求的量和减需少均到求40衡，函问数A数的量需为求。的P交叉＝弹性1是2多0少－？ 3Q，供给函数
a，b，c，d，…n代表上述影响供给的因素。 a，b，c，d，…n代表上述影响需求的因素。
价格高的同种商品需求可能大于价格低的商品，如名牌 商品与同种的非名牌商品；这应作二种不同的商品来对 待。
《微观经济学》第2章供给和需求的基本原理英语
2) 如果处于非均衡状态，市场将自动调整以减少 过剩或短缺的数量，并使市场回到均衡点。
3) 市场必须是竞争性的，以保证市场机制的运行 是有效率的。
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 19
2.2 供给与需求的变动
决定需求的非价格变量
可支配收入 消费者偏好 相关商品的价格
禽蛋市场
S1970
价格持续下降，直至在 （0.24美元，5100百万打）
处达到均衡状态。
$0.61
S1995
$0.24
D1970
5,100 5,300
D1995 数量 (百万打)
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 32
大学教育的价格
从1970年到1995年，大学教育的实际价格上涨了68%。
Slide 37
结论
生产成本的下降所导致的供给的增加，足以抵 消需求上涨所产生的影响。
要准确地预测商品或服务的未来价格，就必须 仔细考察供给与需求的可能变化。
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
当供给与需求同时变动时，均衡价格与数 量的变动取决于 ：
1) 供给与需求变动的相对规模与方向 2) 供给与需求曲线的形状
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 30
[例2.1] 禽蛋的价格和大学教育的价格
1970年至1995年，禽蛋的实际价格（不变价格）下跌了 61%。
数量
Slide 5
2.1 市场机制
3) 市场必须是竞争性的，以保证市场机制的运行 是有效率的。
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 19
2.2 供给与需求的变动
决定需求的非价格变量
可支配收入 消费者偏好 相关商品的价格
禽蛋市场
S1970
价格持续下降，直至在 （0.24美元，5100百万打）
处达到均衡状态。
$0.61
S1995
$0.24
D1970
5,100 5,300
D1995 数量 (百万打)
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 32
大学教育的价格
从1970年到1995年，大学教育的实际价格上涨了68%。
Slide 37
结论
生产成本的下降所导致的供给的增加，足以抵 消需求上涨所产生的影响。
要准确地预测商品或服务的未来价格，就必须 仔细考察供给与需求的可能变化。
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
当供给与需求同时变动时，均衡价格与数 量的变动取决于 ：
1) 供给与需求变动的相对规模与方向 2) 供给与需求曲线的形状
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 30
[例2.1] 禽蛋的价格和大学教育的价格
1970年至1995年，禽蛋的实际价格（不变价格）下跌了 61%。
数量
Slide 5
2.1 市场机制
微观经济学教学课件：Ch03-Demand and Supply
Demand
Figure 3.1 shows a demand curve for energy bars.
A rise in the price, other things remaining the same, brings a decrease in the quantity demanded and a movement along the demand curve.
Demand
Expected Future Prices
If the price of a good is expected to rise in the future, current demand fore the good increases and the demand curve shifts rightward.
Income
When income increases, consumers buy more of most goods and the demand curve shifts rightward. A normal good is one for which demand increases as income increases. An inferior good is a good for which demand decreases as income increases.
Demand
Expected Future Income When income is expected to increase in the future, the demand might increase now. Population The larger the population, the greater is the demand for all goods. Preferences People with the same income have different demands if they have different preferences.
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$3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
Price $
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Quantity
10 8 6 4 2 0
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Icemand Curve
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Chapter 4
Markets
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.
In this chapter, we assume market is Perfect Competition.
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship
between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
3.Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Variables
Price
Consumer Income Prices of related goods Tastes Expectations Number of buyers
result
Represents a movement along the demand curve Shifts the demand curve
Price ($ per unit)
P2
The demand curve slopes downward, demonstrating that consumers are willing to buy more at a lower price as the product becomes
relatively cheaper.
Monopoly,Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition
Lesson 1 Demand
1.definition 2.Demand Schedule 3.Demand Curve w of Demand 5. Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand 6. Market Demand
Can you summarize other determinants of Demand?
Consumer income Tastes Expectations Prices of related goods
related goods
Substitutes Complements
5.Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in
6.Market Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands. Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
The demand for tomatoes (monthly)
such as:Consumer Income
if income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. But inferior good will decrease.
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50
$3.00
Inferior Good
2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00
Decrease in demand
An increase in income...
0.50 01
D2
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Summary:
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right.
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
0
Increase in demand
Decrease in demand
D3
D2 D1
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Smoked per Day
Movement along the demand curve. Caused by a change in the price.
(2)Changes in Demand
Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.
Demand
(1)Changes in Quantity
Price of Cigarettes per Pack
$4.00
Demanded
Suppose a tax that
C
raises the price of cigarettes
2.00
0
12
A
D1
20
Number of Cigarettes
P1
D
Q1 Q2 Quantity
Measures quantity on the x-axis and price on the y-axis
QD f(P)
w of Demand
The law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
2.00
1.50
1.00
Normal Good
Increase in demand
An increase in income...
0.50 01
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D2
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
Price $
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Quantity
10 8 6 4 2 0
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Icemand Curve
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Chapter 4
Markets
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.
In this chapter, we assume market is Perfect Competition.
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship
between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
3.Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
Variables
Price
Consumer Income Prices of related goods Tastes Expectations Number of buyers
result
Represents a movement along the demand curve Shifts the demand curve
Price ($ per unit)
P2
The demand curve slopes downward, demonstrating that consumers are willing to buy more at a lower price as the product becomes
relatively cheaper.
Monopoly,Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition
Lesson 1 Demand
1.definition 2.Demand Schedule 3.Demand Curve w of Demand 5. Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand 6. Market Demand
Can you summarize other determinants of Demand?
Consumer income Tastes Expectations Prices of related goods
related goods
Substitutes Complements
5.Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in
6.Market Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands. Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
The demand for tomatoes (monthly)
such as:Consumer Income
if income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. But inferior good will decrease.
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50
$3.00
Inferior Good
2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00
Decrease in demand
An increase in income...
0.50 01
D2
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Summary:
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right.
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
0
Increase in demand
Decrease in demand
D3
D2 D1
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Smoked per Day
Movement along the demand curve. Caused by a change in the price.
(2)Changes in Demand
Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.
Demand
(1)Changes in Quantity
Price of Cigarettes per Pack
$4.00
Demanded
Suppose a tax that
C
raises the price of cigarettes
2.00
0
12
A
D1
20
Number of Cigarettes
P1
D
Q1 Q2 Quantity
Measures quantity on the x-axis and price on the y-axis
QD f(P)
w of Demand
The law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
2.00
1.50
1.00
Normal Good
Increase in demand
An increase in income...
0.50 01
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D2
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Price of Ice-Cream Cone