变速器换挡叉的机械加工工艺及专用夹具设计_毕业论文

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变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)

变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)

结业论文附件资料之公保含烟创作目录1 英文文献翻译 (1)1.1 Shift gearbox (1)1.2 变速箱的换挡方式 (12)1 英文文献翻译1.1 Shift gearboxClassification usually gearbox as follows:Manual transmissionThe general automatic gearbox / common automatic transmission with tiptronic CVT stepless gearbox with gear box of the /CVTDual clutch gearboxSequential gearbox(1) manual gearboxManual transmission, also known as manual gear, English name is manual transmission, referred to as MT, which push the shift lever to change gears meshing position inside the transmission, changing the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Step on the clutch, can move the shift lever.The working principle of a manual gearboxThe manual gear box is composed of different gear ratio of the gear group, its basic principle is through the gear group work in different, to realize the transformation of gear ratio. As the key link for power distribution, transmission must have the power input shaft and the output shaft of the big two, together constitute the transmission gear, is a manual transmission is the most basic component. The power input is connected with the clutch shaft clutch transmission, from the power to directly through the input shaft to the group, the gear set is composed of different diameter gear, gear power transmission effect of different proportion reached is completely different, the usual shift driving also refers to change gear ratio.Next, let us through a simple model to tell you, the principle of manual gearbox shift. Below is a simple structural model of 3 axis 2 speed gearbox.The input shaft (green) is also called the first shaft, connected by a clutch and engine, shaft and the gear is a hard connected components. Red is called the intermediate gear shaft. Enter the two gear shaft and intermediate shaft is in constant mesh state, so when the input shaft rotates will drive shaft rotation. Yellow is the output shaft, it is also called the second shafts and connected to the drive shaft (only for rear wheel drive, the precursor is generally two), and then through the differential drive vehicles.When the wheel rotates the same with spline shaft to rotate together, at this time, blue gear shaft can occur on the spline shaft relative free rotation. Therefore, the engine stops, and the wheel is rotated, the blue gear and shaft in the stationary state, and the spline shaft with wheels. The principle and the rear axle of the bicycle flywheel is similar. Blue gear and spline shaft is composed of a sleeve to connect, sleeve with spline shaft to rotate, but also can be free to slide on the spline shaft to gear.With these, the shifting process is very good understanding, when connectingsleeve and a blue gear, engine power will be transmitted to the output shaft through the shaft, at the same time, blue gear left in free rotation, but because there is no and sleeve engaged, so it does not affect the spline shaft. If the sleeve between the two blue gear, the gearbox in neutral position, the two blue gear on the spline shaft rotate freely, without mutual interference.Principle of a conventional 5 speed manual gearbox shift is the same, only the gearbox structure increased the number of sleeve and the gear sets, so that it has more gear. But the reverse is based on the intermediate shaft (red) and the output shaft (blue) is added between a gear to achieve. Due to the increase of a gear, the reverse gear will always rotate toward other gear in the opposite direction. The gear because only to change gear rotation direction function, so it is also called the idler.5 block two shaft transmission structure, the input shaft and the driving gear are integrated into a whole, simplifies the structure and saves spaceIn addition to the traditional three axis manual gearbox, the widespread use of cars is two axis manual transmission, its structure and the three shaft of the gearbox is similar, only the input shaft and intermediate shaft as a shaft, therefore has the advantages of simple structure, small size advantages, in addition, it also has the middle gear transmission high efficiency, and low noise characteristics, so it is more suitable to be the precursor home car general car transmission form, is currently the most widely used, its shortcomings is not set up direct gear, transmission and file than the design cannot be too high. While driving, three shaft gearbox used is still the traditional.Manual gearbox in general, is through the push rod is connected or cable to control the shift. Push rod shift control connection, more direct but vibration will be large; and the cable type although no vibration, but the shift is not very clear, it is each to have good and bad. In addition to shift the two pure mechanical control, in addition, and the use of electronic shift device of manual transmission, which cancombine the merits of push and pull the shift between the good. This kind of gear box in the shift when the gear shift lever, shifting to the corresponding gear, the transmission will be motor drive the corresponding fork control sleeve and the gear is engaged, so that there is no gear is not clear, but the shift schedule can be controlled in the ideal range.So, a good manual transmission need to have what characteristic? The first transmission must have good gear handle, each gear position clear, have reasonable horizontal and vertical stroke, into the block resistance is small and with suction. What is more important is, the gear tooth between than arrangement must be reasonable. Because each gear position than distribution, directly affect the cohesion power vehicles moving in a smooth, usually require a low gear can effectively accelerate, high block to achieve high speed and efficient, and the distance between each block should be uniform, otherwise will be very easy to cause the channeling shift when the car.Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of manual gearboxAdvantages Obviously, which is simple in structure, reliable performance, manufacturing and maintenance cost is low, and the transmission efficiency is high (theory will be more fuel-efficient), also, because it is pure mechanical control, shift reaction is fast, and can be more direct expression of driver's intention, and therefore more driving pleasure, these are the advantages of manual gearbox. But compared to automatic transmission, its operation is complicated, and frustration in gear switch when the obvious disadvantage is irreparable.(2) automatic gearboxAutomatic transmission AT, the full name of Auto Transmission, which is composed of hydraulic torque converter, composed of planetary gear and hydraulic control system, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve variable speed moment.Compared with the manual transmission, automatic transmission is very different in structure and usage. The manual is mainly regulated by different gear combination to change gear, and the automatic transmission is through the hydraulic transmissionand gear combination to achieve the purpose of changing speed. Hydraulic torque converter is one of the most characteristic of the automatic gearbox parts, which is composed of a pump, turbine and guide wheel and other components, pump wheel and turbine is a combination of work, through the liquid pump wheel drives the turbine to rotate, and the wheel between the pump and turbine wheel through the reaction between the pump wheel and turbine implementation the speed difference and implementation of variable torque function, the driver, you only need to different intensity slam the pedal, the gearbox can automatically stop lifting. Since the torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so in a later series several rows of planetary gear to improve efficiency, the hydraulic control system will change with the engine to manipulate the planetary gear, so as to realize the automatic transmission torque. In order to meet a variety of running process needs (such as parking, reversing), automatic transmission also has some manual shift lever position, like the P block (R block (anchor), after the block), block N (neutral), D (forward), block.From the performance that the more gear automatic gearbox, the car in the process of running more smoothly, acceleration is better, and more fuel-efficient. In addition to providing a comfortable driving feeling, automatic transmission also has insurmountable defects. Dynamic automatic transmission response is not directly, which makes it in the "driving pleasure" slightly shortage. In addition, because of the use of hydraulic transmission, the automatic transmission gearbox transmission power loss.Tiptronic automatic transmissionHands appeared gearbox is in order to improve the automatic gearbox and operating economy and increase the setting, let the original computer automatic shift time back into the hands of drivers. At the same time, if in the city traffic in, or you can always switch back to automatic.A tiptronic automatic transmission is actually automatic gearbox, first appeared in a Porsche 911, manual gearbox electronic control system through the simulation of the operation of a manual gearbox. It appears, giving the driver a greater degree offreedom in the operation, can block up the blocking or shift paddles on the steering wheel to choose their own gear and shift the timing right, thereby greatly improving the driving pleasure.(3) CTV non-polar transmissionCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuously variable transmission, which is continuously variable transmission. We often say, just as its name implies is that there is no clear and specific file, which operate on similar automatic gearbox, gear jump process but the ratio change is different from the automatic gearbox, but a continuous, so the power transmission continues smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt is WordStrd, each block is V structure is composed of two intervertebral disk, engine shaft is connected through a small pulley, steel belt drive pulley. Mystery lies in this special pulley: drive pulley structures CVT strange activity, divided into halves, can be close to or separate relative. Cone disc can tighten or open the thrust hydraulic, extrusion sheet steel chain so as to adjust the V slot width. When the cone disc inside mobile tightened, steel chain in the extrusion cones to center outside of the directionof movement (centrifugal direction), but moving to the center of the circle. In this way, steel chain drives the disc diameter increases, the transmission ratio is changed.The CVT gearbox what are the advantages?1, because there is no general automatic transmission gear, there will be no shift process of automatic transmission, shift the resulting sense of frustration will disappear, so the power output of CVT gearbox is linear, in actual driving very smooth.Theory of transmission system of 2 CVT, the gear can be an unlimited number of gear set, more freedom, the traditional transmission gear ratio, speed ratio and performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions balance, are more likely to achieve.3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, the province is oily considerably better than the automatic transmission common, after manual gearbox, fuel economy is much better than.Since there are so many advantages, why not let all the cars using CVT gearbox?There are two factors:1, compared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is high; and the operation is undeserved word, the higher probability.2, CVT gearbox itself still has its shortcomings, is the transmission of the steel belt can withstand strength is limited, generally more than 2.8L capacity or power above 280N • M is its limit, but we also see that there are more an d more cars such as Audi, or Nissan, has broken the limit, believe strip the problem will be solved gradually.(4) dual clutch gearboxDual clutch gearbox DCT, English name is Dual Clutch Transmission, because it has two clutches, so called "dual clutch transmission".Technology introducedDual clutch gearbox combines the advantages of manual transmission and automatic transmission, no torque converter, instead of using two sets of clutch, through two sets of clutch alternately work, to achieve seamless shift effect. Two clutches respectively control the odd block and even block, that is to say, in the shift before, DSG had the next gear meshing, after shifting instruction, DSG quickly sends instructions to the engine, the engine speed increases, the previous meshing gears quickly, while the first group of clutch fully liberalized, the completion of a rise to block the action time, action and so on.Because without the torque converter, so the power of the engine can be fully played out, while the two clutch alternately work, shift time making, dynamic fault engine may be very limited. As the driver is the feeling that we are the most direct, switch gear action very quickly and smoothly, dynamic transmission process of almost uninterrupted, vehicle dynamic performance can be fully play. Compared with the traditional automatic transmission with torque converter, the DSG shift more directly, the power loss is smaller, so the fuel consumption can be reduced by more than 10%.DeficienciesHowever, with the traditional automatic transmission ratio, DSG also has someinherent disadvantages, firstly it is because there is no use hydraulic torque converter, nor realize manual transmission "linkage" action, so for the small-displacement engine, low speed torque characteristic is not enough to be completely exposed; secondly, because the DSG transmission using computer control, belonging to an intelligent transmission, it needs to send electronic signals to the engine block in the process of falling in the L /, the engine after reply, and the engine to be completed with L / reduction gear. A large number of electronic components, but also increases the probability of its failure.The dual clutch common with Volkswagen's DSG, Ford Powershift, Mitsubishi SST and Porsche PDK.(5) sequential gearboxSequential gearbox (AMT) is improved on the traditional manual gear transmission based on; it combines hydromechatronics automatic transmission has the advantages of both AT and MT; AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission common automatic transmission, and the retention efficiency of the original manual transmission gear transmission, the high cost of low, simple structure, easy manufacture. It is the reform in the present manual transmission, retained most of the original assembly, only to change the shift lever manual operating system part, the production of succession, to transform the input costs less, is very easy to be manufacturers to accept.The driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) control signal transmission; electronic control unit collects the engine speed sensor, the speed sensor signal, the time to master the running state of the vehicle; electronic control unit (ECU) based on the best program according to these signals stored therein, optimal shifting rules, clutch fuzzy control rules engine oil, adaptive control law, action and temporal separation of the engine, clutch and transmission shift binding, the three to achieve the best matching. In order to obtain the excellent fuel economy and power performance and ability to smooth start and rapid shift, in order to achieve the desired results.But the AMT transmission is not perfect, the biggest disadvantage of AMTgearbox is shifting comfort is poor, and generate power interruption in the process of shifting, the shift in the process of speed performance is not good.AMT mechanical gearbox, its basic structure and conventional manual gearbox consistent, generally only one input shaft and an output shaft (RWD usually a middle shaft), which generally is the input shaft 5 forward gear and output shaft gear is in constant mesh state, wherein the output shaft of the 1 gear and a reverse gear, 2 block and the 3 block, 4 block and 5 block were shared by the three shift fork. The mechanism of two adjacent gear with a shifting mechanism, when the shift action, fork need once upon a gear defect, through neutral to the next gear gear meshing, due to three actions is the order, even if each action will be the time to a minimum, is still very difficult to obtain the shift speed fast enough."Independent innovation shift fork"The ISR gearbox has a unique structure, the gear arrangement it is different with the traditional AMT gearbox, also different from the dual clutch gearbox. The use of four independent shift fork, two stalls adjacent to the gear shift fork is composed of different control. Four independent fork respectively control 1 gear and reverse gear; block 3 and block 5, block 2 and block 4, block 6 and block 7, that is to say, from 1 until 6 block, two adjacent stalls are composed of two independent fork to respectively control.Because of this design, the shifting process can be further shortened: when two adjacent gear to gear switch, a shift fork and the current gear gear detachment, another gear meshing has already started, and a shift fork action and activates the electronic clutch three, because the action is almost synchronously, so that the whole time shorten. Lamborghini is compared originally claimed, performance is very good before the generation of the E-gear sequential gearbox, shift speed upgrade 40%, shift speed of 50 milliseconds is close to F1 gearbox level.Gear shift mechanism of ISR is driven by the electric hydraulic pump, a maximum of 60 bar pressure ensures the necessary operating speed, 7 hydraulic valve controls the gear shift mechanism of action, and the electric pump to provide power, double plate clutch tough also driven by hydraulic pressure, will be responsible for thetorque of the 690Nm transmitted to the four wheels. Synchronizer gear ring is made from carbon fiber, not only wear but also reduce the overall quality of the gearbox.In the design process, the transmission is not only fast, shift quality is equally important, VOCIS design control procedure is also fully take into account the daily driving comfort. The gearbox can choose three kinds of work modes: Strada (Road) or full automatic mode can provide comfortable for shift operation oriented; Sport (motion) mode will postpone shifting node and provides a more rapid gear switch; Corsa (track) model can provide the best track shift strategy, the model can also provide the starting control, also is the ejection start function.1.2变速箱的换挡方式通常变速箱的分类为以下几种:手动变速箱普通自动变速箱/普通自动变速箱带手自一体CVT无级变速箱/CVT带挡位的变速箱双离合变速箱序列变速箱(1) 手动变速箱手动变速器,也称手动挡,英文全称为manualtransmission,简称MT,即用手拨动变速杆才华改动变速器内的齿轮啮合位置,改动传动比,从而到达变速的目的.踩下离合时,方可拨得动变速杆.手动变速箱的任务原理手动变速箱是有分歧齿比的齿轮组构成的,它任务的基来源根基理就是通过切换分歧的齿轮组,来实现齿比的变换.作为分配动力的关键环节,变速箱必需有动力输入轴和输出轴这两年夜件,再加上构成变速箱的齿轮,就是一个手动变速箱最根本的组件.动力输入轴与离合器相连,从离合器传递来的动力直接通过输入轴传递给齿轮组,齿轮组是由直径分歧的齿轮组成的,分歧的齿轮比例所到达的动力传输效果是完全分歧的,平常驾驶中的换挡也就是指换齿轮比.接下来,让我们通过一个复杂的模型来给年夜家讲讲,手动变速箱换挡的原理.下图是一个简易的3轴2档变速箱的结构模型.输入轴(绿色)也叫第一轴,通过离合器和发起机相连,轴和上面的齿轮是一个硬衔接的部件.白色齿轮轴叫做中间轴.输入轴和中间轴的两个齿轮是处于常啮合状态的,因此当输入轴旋转时就会带动中间轴的旋转.黄色则是输出轴,它也叫第二轴直接和驱动轴相连(只针对后轮驱动,前驱一般为两轴),再通过差速器来驱动汽车.当车轮转动时同样会带着花键轴一起转动,此时,轴上的蓝色齿轮可以在花键轴上发作相对自由转动.因此,在发起机停止,而车轮仍在转动时,蓝色齿轮和中间轴出在运动状态,而花键轴则随车轮转动.这个原理和自行车后轴的飞轮很相似.蓝色齿轮和花键轴是由套筒来衔接的,套筒随着花键轴转动,但同时也可以在花键轴上左右自由滑动来啮合齿轮.说完这些,换挡的进程就很好了解了,当套筒和蓝色齿轮相连时,发起机的动力就会通过中间轴传递到输出轴上,在这同时,左边的蓝色齿轮也在自由旋转,但由于没有和套筒啮合,所以它分歧毛病花键轴发作影响.而如果套筒在两个蓝色齿轮之间时,变速箱在空挡位置,此时两个蓝色齿轮都在花键轴上自由转动,互不干预.一个传统的5速手动变速箱换挡的原理也是一样的,只是变速箱结构中增加了套筒和齿轮组的数目,使之拥有更多的挡位.而倒档则是通过在中间轴(白色)和输出轴(蓝色)之间增加一个齿轮来实现的.由于增加了一个啮合齿轮,因此倒挡的齿轮始终会朝其他齿轮相反的方向转动.这个齿轮由于只起到改动齿轮旋转方向的作用,因此也称为惰轮.5挡二轴变速器结构,输入轴与主动齿轮整合为一体,简化了却构也节省了空间除了上述的传统三轴手动变速箱,目前轿车上普遍使用的是二轴手动变速箱,它的结构和三轴变速箱根本相似,只是其输入轴和中间轴整合为一根轴,因此具有结构复杂,尺寸小的优势,另外,它还有中间档位传动效率高,且噪音较小等特点,因此更适合一般的前置前驱家用车,是目前使用最广的轿车变速器形式,它的缺点是不能设置直接挡,且一档的传动比不能设计的太高.而在后驱车上,使用较多的仍是传统的三轴式变速箱.一般的手动变速箱,都是通过推杆衔接或许是拉线来控制换挡的.推杆衔接的换挡控制方式,更为直接然则传递的振动会很年夜;而拉线式的虽然没有振动,然则挡位显得不是很清晰,可谓是各有优劣.除了这两种纯机械式的换挡控制,此外,还有使用电控装置换挡的手动变速箱,它可以很好的结合推杆和拉线换挡之间的优点.这种变速箱在换挡的时候,挡拨动变速杆到相应的挡位,在变速器里就会有电机驱动相应的拨叉控制套筒与齿轮咬合,因此不存在挡位不清晰的问题,而且换挡的行程也可以控制在很理想的范围.那么,一台优秀的手动变速箱需要具有哪些特点呢?首先变速箱必需要拥有良好的挂档手感,每个挡位清晰,拥有合理的横向和纵向行程,入挡的阻力小并带有吸入感.除此之外更重要的是,各挡位之间的齿比排布必需合理.因为各个挡位间的传动比散布,直接影响车辆行进中动力衔接的畅顺性,通常要求低挡能有力减速,高挡能达致高速同时省油,且各挡间的间隔要平均,否则就会很容易造成换挡时窜车的情况.手动变速箱的优缺点剖析优点显而易见,它结构复杂,性能牢靠,制造和维护本钱昂贵,且传动效率高(实际上会更省油),另外,由于是纯机械控制,换挡反响快,且可以更直接的表现驾驶者的意愿,因此也更富驾驶乐趣,这些都是手动变速箱的优点.不外相比自动变速箱,它把持繁琐,而且在挡位切换时顿挫明显的优势也是无法弥补的.(2) 自动变速箱自动变速箱简称AT,全称AutoTransmission,它是由液力变扭器、行星齿轮和液压把持系统组成,通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来到达变速变矩.和手动挡相比,自动变速箱在结构和使用上有很年夜分歧.手动挡主要通过调节分歧齿轮组合来改换挡位,而自动变速箱是通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来到达变速的目的.其中液力变扭器是自动变速箱最具特点的部件,它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成,泵轮和涡轮是一对任务组合,泵轮通过液体带动涡轮旋转,而泵轮和涡轮之间的导轮通过反作用力使泵轮和涡轮之间实现转速差并实现变速变矩功用,对驾驶者来说,您只需要以分歧力度踩住踏板,变速箱就可以自动停止挡位升降.由于液力变矩器自动变速变矩范围不足年夜,因此在涡轮前面再串联几排行星齿轮提高效率,液压把持系统会随发起机任务变卦自行把持行星齿轮,从而实现自动变速变矩.为了满足行驶进程中的多种需要(如停车、倒车)等,自动变速箱还设有一些手动拨杆位置,像P挡(停泊)、R挡(后挡)、N挡(空挡)、D挡(前进)等.从性能上说自动变速箱的挡位越多,车在行驶进程中也就越平顺,减速性也越好,而且更加省油.除了提供轻松惬意的驾驶感受,自动变速箱也有无法克制的缺陷.自动变速箱的动力响应不足直接,这使它在“驾驶乐趣”方面稍显缺乏.此外,由于采用液力传动,这使自动挡变速箱传递的动力有所损失.手自一体自动变速箱手自一体变速箱的呈现其实就是为了提高自动变速箱的经济性和操控性而增加的设置,让原来电脑自动决议的换挡时机重新回到驾驶员手中.同时,如果在城市内堵车情况下,还是可以随时切换回自动挡.手自一体自动变速箱实际上还是自动变速箱的一种,最早呈现在保时捷911上,手自一体变速箱通过电控系统模拟出手动变速箱的把持.它的呈现,在把持上给予驾驶者更年夜的自由度,可以通过挡把上的加减挡或许方向盘上的换挡拨片来选择自己认为适宜的挡位和换挡时机,从而年夜年夜提高了驾驶乐趣.(3) CTV无极变速箱CVT(Continuously VariableTransmission),直接翻译就是延续可变传动,也就是我们常说的无级变速箱,望文生义就是没有明确详细的档位,把持上相似自动变速箱,然则速比的变卦却分歧于自动变速箱的跳挡进程,而是延续的,因此动力传输继续而顺畅.CVT传动系统里,传统的齿轮被一对滑轮和一只钢制皮带所取代,每个滑轮其实是由两个椎形盘组成的V形结构,引擎轴衔接小滑轮,透过钢制皮带带动年夜滑轮.玄机就出在这特殊的滑轮上:CVT的传动滑轮结构比拟奇怪,分红活动的左右两半,可以相对接近或别离.锥型盘可在液压的推力作用下收紧或张开,挤压钢片链条以此来调节V型槽的宽度.当锥型盘向内侧移动收紧时,钢片链条在锥盘的挤压下向圆心以外的方向(离心方向)运动,相反会向圆心以内运动.这样,钢片链条带动的圆盘直径增年夜,传动比也就发作了变卦.CVT变速箱有哪些优点?1、由于没有了一般自动挡变速箱的传动齿轮,也就没有了自动挡变速箱的换挡进程,由此带来的换档顿挫感也随之消失,因此CVT变速箱的动力输出是线性的,在实际驾驶中十分平顺.2、CVT的传动系统实际上挡位可以无限多,挡位设定更为自由,传统传动系统中的齿轮比、速比以及性能、耗油、废气排放的平衡,都更容易到达.3、CVT传动的机械效率、省油性年夜年夜优于普通的自动挡变速箱,仅次于手动挡变速箱,燃油经济性要比好很多.既然有这么多优点,为什么不让所有的汽车都采用CVT变速箱呢?有两方面因素:1、相比传统自动挡变速箱而言,它的本钱要略高;而且把持欠妥的话,出问题的概率更高.·M以上的动力是它的上限,不外我们也看到现在有越来越多的车型,诸如奥迪或许日产,都已经打破了这个上限,相信钢带的问题会逐步失掉解决.(4) 双离合变速箱双离合变速箱简称DCT,英文全称为Dual ClutchTransmission,因为其有两组离合器,所以有人称“双离合变速器”.技术介绍双离合变速箱结合了手动变速箱和自动变速箱的优点,没有使用变矩器,转而采用两套离合器,通过两套离合器的相互交替任务,离开达无间隙换挡的效果.两组离合器辨别控制奇数挡与偶数挡,详细说来就是在换挡之前,DSG已经预先将下一挡位齿轮啮合,在失掉换挡指令之后,DSG迅速向发起机收回指令,发起机转速升高,此时先前啮合的齿轮迅速结合,同时第一组离合器完全放开,完成一次升挡举措,前面的举措以此类推.因为没有了液力变矩器,所以发起机的动力可以完全发扬出来,同时两组离合器相互交替任务,使得换挡时间极短,发起机的动力断层也就十分有限.作为驾驶者我们最直接的觉得就是,切换挡举措极端迅速而且平顺,动力传输进程简直没有连续,车辆动力性能可以失掉完全的发扬.与采用液力变矩器的传统自动变速器比拟起来,由于DSG的换挡更直接,动力损失更小,所以其燃油消耗可以降低10%以上.缺乏之处不外与传统的自动变速器比起来,DSG也存在一些固有的弊端,首先就是由于没有采用液力变矩器,又不能实现手动变速器“半联动”的举措,所以关于小排量的发起机而言,低转速下的扭矩缺乏的特性就会被完全流露出来;其次,由于DSG变速器采用了电脑控制,属于一款智能型变速器,它在升/降挡的进程中需要向发起机收回电子信号,经发起机回复后,与发起机配合才华完成升/降挡.少量电子元件的使用,也增加了其故障呈现的机率.目前罕见的双离合有群众的DSG、福特的Powershift、三菱的SST以及保时捷的PDK等.(5) 序列变速箱序列变速箱(AMT)是在传统的手动齿轮式变速器根底上改良而来的;它揉合了AT和MT两者优点的机电液一体化自动变速器;AMT既具有普通自动变速器自动变速的优点,又保管了原手动变速器齿轮传动的效率高、本钱低、结构复杂、易制造的优点.它是在现手动变速器上停止改造的,保管了绝年夜局部原总成部件,只改动其中手动把持系统的换档杆局部,生产继承性好,改造的投入费用少,十分容易被生产厂家承受.驾驶员通过减速踏板和把持杆向电子控制单位(ECU)传递控制信号;电子控制单位收集发起机转速传感器、车速传感器等信号,时刻掌握着车辆的行驶状态;电子控制单位(ECU)依据这些信号按存储于其中的最佳顺序,最佳换档规律、离合器模糊控制规律、发起机供油自适应调节规律等,对发起机供油、离合器的别离与结合、变速器换档三者的举措与时序实现最佳匹配.从而取得优良的燃油经济性与动力性能以及平稳起步与迅速换档的能力,以到达驾驶员所期望的后果.不外AMT变速箱并不是完美的,AMT变速箱最年夜的缺点就是换挡舒适型欠安,且在换挡进程中发作动力中断,使得换挡进程中极速性能欠好.普通的AMT变速箱,其根本结构是和传统的手动变速箱相一致的,一般只有一根输入轴和一根输出轴(后驱车一般会多出一根中间轴),其结构一般情况是输入轴上5个前进挡齿轮与输出轴齿轮处于常啮合状态,其中输出轴上的1挡和倒档,2挡和3挡,4挡和5挡辨别共用三个换挡拨叉.这种机构相邻两个齿轮使用同一个换挡机构,当换挡举措停止时,拨叉需要早年一挡位处脱离,经过空挡才华与下一个档位齿轮停止啮合,由于三个举措是顺序停止的,即使将每个举措的时间缩至最短,依旧很难取得足够快的换挡速度.立异的“独立换挡拨叉”ISR变速箱拥有一个共同的结构,它的齿轮安插方式既有别与传统AMT变速箱,也分歧于双离合变速箱.其使用四个独立的换挡拨叉,相邻的两个档位齿轮则由分歧换挡拨叉控制.四个独立拨叉辨别控制1挡和倒档;3挡和5挡,2挡和4挡,6挡和7挡,也就是说,从1挡一直到6挡,相邻的两个档位都是由两个独立的拨叉来辨别控制的.正因为这个设计,使得换挡的进程得以进一步缩短:当相邻的两个挡位要。

变速器换挡叉的加工工艺及铣14.2缺口夹具设计说明书

变速器换挡叉的加工工艺及铣14.2缺口夹具设计说明书

摘要变速器换档叉位于主轴箱。

主要作用是传递扭矩,使变速器获得换档的动力。

优点是可以从一种速度直接变到另一种速度,而不需要经过中间的一系列,因此变速很方便;其缺点是比较复杂。

本课题根据调查研究所提供的数据和有关技术资料,运用机械制造技术理论等相关专业知识对变速器换挡叉零件的作用和工艺进行了分析和计算,并对该换挡叉的加工工艺以及其夹具进行了优化设计。

本论文制定了变速器换挡叉的工艺规程方案,拟定了夹具设计方案并完成了其第五工序的夹具结构设计。

最后通过使用AUTOCAD绘制装配图和零部件图,用PRO/E进行实体建模,生成能够用于实际生产的工程图纸,保证了加工质量的高效、省力、经济合理。

关键字:变速器换档叉,工艺规程,夹具,PRO/E实目录摘要 (I)第1章变速器换挡叉零件工艺分析 (1)1.1 变速器换挡叉零件的作用与工艺分析 (1)1.1.1 变速器换挡叉零件的作用 (1)1.1.2 变速器换挡叉零件的工作原理 (1)1.1.3 变速器换挡叉的工艺分析 (1)1.2 换挡叉的零件关键表面的技术要求 (3)第2章变速器换挡叉零件工艺设计 (4)2.1 换挡叉毛坯生产类型的确定 (4)2.2 变速器换挡叉的毛坯选择与毛坯图说明 (4)2.2.1 确定换挡叉毛坯的制造形式 (4)2.2.2 确定换挡叉毛坯的尺寸公差和机械加工余量 (4)第3章铣14.2缺口夹具设计 (13)3.1 总体方案设计 (13)3.2定位分析及误差计算 (14)3.3 夹紧机构设计与夹紧力计算 (14)3.4 对刀及引导装置设计 (15)3.5 夹紧操作动作说明 (15)参考文献 (16)设计心得 (17)第1章变速器换挡叉零件工艺分析1.1 变速器换挡叉零件的作用与工艺分析1.1.1 变速器换挡叉零件的作用变速器换档叉又叫拨叉,作用是拨动同步器齿环,以实现哥前进档齿轮的结合和分离,倒挡齿轮无同步器,拨叉直接拨动倒挡齿轮,以达到切换倒挡。

变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计模板

变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计模板

变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计模板1毕业设计( 论文)变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计a摘要本次设计内容涉及了机械制造工艺及机床夹具设计、金属切削机床、公差配合与测量等多方面的知识。

拨叉的加工工艺规程及其铣叉口面与钻mmΦ孔的夹8.15具设计是包括零件加工的工艺设计、工序设计以及专用夹具的设计三部分。

铣叉口面以mmΦ孔及其端面作为来定位8.15基准, 以工件的另外一个端面作为辅助基准, 实现工件的完全定位, 夹紧则是经过调节螺母来实现; 钻mmΦ孔以其端面158.作为定位基准, 夹紧则是由快换垫圈、螺母、心轴等组成。

关键词: 夹紧定位基准iAbstractThe design of the content relates to the machinery manufacturing technology and machine tool fixture design, metal cutting machine tool, tolerance and measuring and other aspects of knowledge.Fork processing procedures and milling fork and drill Φ hole of fixture design is including machining 15mm8.process design, process design and fixture design in three parts. Milling fork with diameter mmΦ hole and end as to8.15the locating datum to the workpiece, another end as auxiliary reference, realize the workpiece positioning, clamping is realized through adjusting nut; drill mmΦ158. hole and its face as a positioning reference, to achieve workpiece positioning, clamping is fast changing washer, nut, the mandrel.Key words:clamping positioning datumii目录摘要..................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

变速器换挡叉的机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计

变速器换挡叉的机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计

摘要随着机械制造技术不断发展,各制造商推出各种各样的先进的汽车零部件制造技术,换挡叉裂解技术就是20世纪90年代出现的一种先进的换挡叉加工新技术,和传统加工技术相比,该技术具有大幅度提高产品质量﹑提高生产率﹑降低生产成本等突出优点而备受业界关注。

我们国家正在不断地改变换挡叉的传统加工方法,加快提高换挡叉的加工水平,不断缩小同先进汽车生产国家的差距,使生产厂与世界先进换挡叉生产水平的差距越来越小,不断加强了我国汽车整体的生产水平。

机械制造工艺学课程设计使我们学完了大学的全部基础课技术基础课以及大部分专业课之后进行的,这是我们在进行毕业设计之前对所学的各课程的一次深入的综合性的总复习,也是一次理论联系实际的训练,因此,它在我们四年的大学生活中占有重要的地位。

AbstractThe manufactory continuously releases the forerunner’s car of various cash kind zero parts manufacturing technique, stir the fork crack solution technique is the stir of a kind of forerunner fork which appears in 90’s for 20 centuries to process a new technique, compared with the traditional processing technology, that technique have significant product quality, raise rate of production and lower production cost etc.We are just national at constantly the change stir fork of tradition process a method, speed an exaltation to stir process of fork level, continuously contract a together advanced car to produce a national margin, for example one an important position in we the university of the level more and more small, continuously strengthened our country the car whole production levelThe machine manufacturing craft learns a course design to make us to carry on after finishing learn all foundation lessons, lesson and part of professional lessons of the technique foundation of university. This is that we are before carry on graduation design to once go deep into of each course learn of synthetic always review, is also an ories to contact actual training, therefore, it occupies an important position in we the university of four years the life.目录任务书.................................. 错误!未定义书签。

变速器换档叉的工艺过程及装备设计--毕业论文

变速器换档叉的工艺过程及装备设计--毕业论文

毕业设计任务书一. 设计题目:如图(1)设计变速器换挡叉的机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计规程二、原始数据和技术要求:1. 该零件图样一张2.生产纲领:大批量生产3.生产条件:金工车间加工三、设计内容与要求:1、毛坯图1张如图(2);2、制定零件的机械加工工艺规程,填写机械加工工艺过程卡片及所有工序的机械加工工序卡片1套;3、设计说明书1份。

图(1)四、进度安排(四周):学生姓名学号专业班级指导教师教研室主任签名:20年月日前言课程设计是数控技术专业教学计划所设的重要实践性教学环节,也是理论联系实际的重要环节,学生能利用所学的基础知识,专业基础知识和设计手册等资料,设计中等复杂程度零件的制造工艺过程,通过课程设计,巩固所学的知识,掌握机械制造设计的一般方法和程序,熟悉设计过程即注意事项,在设计的过程中,学习一些专业前沿知识和设计经验,具体要求如下:1、培养学生综合运用所学基础课,专业基础和专业课及知识,分析和解决加工过程技术问题的工作能力。

2、巩固,深化和扩大学生所学基本理论,基本知识和基本技能。

3、培养学生查阅文献和收集资料的能力,理论分析和能力,制定设计或实验方案的能力,设计计算和绘图能力,计算机应用能力,撰写论文和设计说明书的能力等。

4、培养学生的创新能力和团队精神,树立良好的学术思想和工作作风。

编者2009年12月目录毕业设计任务书------------------------------------------1前言----------------------------------------------------3 1.零件的工艺分析----------------------------------------5 1.1零件的功用结构及特点------------------------------51.2主要的加工表面及要求------------------------------52.毛坯的选择--------------------------------------------52.1确定毛坯的类型,制造方法和尺寸及其公差------------52.2确定毛坯的技术要求--------------------------------52.3绘制毛坯图----------------------------------------53.基准选择---------------------------------------------64.拟订机械加工路线-------------------------------------64.1确定各表面的加工方法-------------------------------64.2拟订加工路线---------------------------------------65.确定机械加工余量-------------------------------------76选择机床设备和工艺设备--------------------------------86.1选择机床-------------------------------------------86.2刀具选择-------------------------------------------86.3选用夹具-------------------------------------------86.4选择量具-------------------------------------------87.确定切削用量及基本工时--------------------------------9 7.1工序40--------------------------------------------------------------------9 7.2工序70----------------------------------------------107.3 工序100-------------------------------------------118.填写工艺文件-------------------------------------------119.机床夹具设计-------------------------------------------22 9.1 定位方案及定位元件的选择和设计--------------------22 9.2 导向方案及导向元件的选择和设计---------------------------------22 9.3 夹紧装置设计----------------------------------------23 9.4 绘制夹具装配图-------------------------------------249.5 绘制夹具零件图-------------------------------------2510.总结---------------------------------------------------27 参考文献--------------------------------------------------281.零件的工艺分析1.1零件的功用,结构及特点该零件是以φ15.81F8孔套在轴上,并用螺钉径M10×1-7H螺纹孔与轴定位,换挡叉脚卡在双联齿轮中的轴中,变速操作机构通过换挡叉头部的操纵槽带动换挡叉与轴一起在变速箱中滑动,换挡叉脚拨动双联齿轮在花键轴上滑动,就可实现变速功能,从而实现变速器变速。

变速器换挡叉加工工艺及夹具设计

变速器换挡叉加工工艺及夹具设计
料等
加工精度:保 证夹具的加工 精度,以满足
加工要求
装配要求:夹 具的装配应符 合设计要求, 保证夹具的稳 定性和可靠性
维护保养:定 期对夹具进行 维护保养,以 保证其使用寿 命和加工精度
04
加工工艺与夹具设计的结合
夹具设计的工艺性分析
夹具设计需要满足加工工艺 的稳定性和可靠性,如夹具 的夹紧力、定位精度等
夹具设计的经济性分析
成本控制:选择合适的材料和加工方法,降低生产成本 效率提升:优化夹具设计,提高生产效率,降低生产时间 质量保证:保证产品质量,减少废品率,降低生产成本 维护方便:设计易于维护的夹具,降低维护成本 环保要求:符合环保要求,降低环保成本 安全性能:保证操作安全,降低安全事故成本
05
夹具设计需要考虑加工工艺 的要求,如加工精度、加工 效率等
夹具设计需要考虑加工工艺 的可操作性和安全性,如夹 具的操作方便性、安全性等
夹具设计需要考虑加工工艺 的经济性,如夹具的成本、
维护成本等
夹具在加工过程中的使用要求
夹具应具有足够的强度和刚度,以保证加工过程中的稳定性和精度
夹具应具有良好的定位精度和重复定位精度,以保证加工过程中的 一致性和稳定性 夹具应具有良好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,以保证加工过程中的使用寿命 和可靠性
工艺流程: 加热、保 温、冷却
时间: 根据材料 和工艺要 求确定
冷却方式: 空气冷却、 油冷却、 水冷却等
热处理后 的检验: 硬度、耐 磨性、疲 劳强度等
表面处理工艺
电镀:通过电解作用在工件表面形成一层金属或合金的薄膜,提高耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和 美观性
夹具的动力学性能分析
夹具的稳定性:保证加工过程中的稳定性,避免振动和变形 夹具的刚度:保证加工过程中的刚度,避免变形和磨损 夹具的精度:保证加工过程中的精度,避免误差和偏差 夹具的耐磨性:保证加工过程中的耐磨性,避免磨损和损坏

变速器换挡叉工艺工装设计概论

镇江高专ZHENJIANG COLLEGE 毕业设计(论文)变速器换挡叉工艺工装设计Transmission shift Forks tooling design 题目∶变速器换挡叉工艺工装设计系名:机械工程系专业班级:机电W072学生姓名:李婷学号:070108218指导教师姓名:张晶指导教师职称:副教授二○一二年六月十五日目录摘要 (3)引言 (4)第一章零件的分析 (5)第二章工艺规程的设计 (6)2.1确定毛坯的的制造形式 (6)2.2基准的选择 (6)2.3制订工艺路线 (6)2.4机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定 (8)2.5确定切削用量及基本工时 (9)第三章专用夹具的设计 (19)3.1钻、攻M10螺纹的夹具设计 (19)3.1.1问题提出 (19)3.1.2 定位基准的选择 (19)3.1.3定位元件的设计 (19)3.1.4切削力及夹紧力计算 (19)3.1.5 夹具设计及操作简要说明 (19)3.2铣拨叉宽51面的夹具设计 (21)3.2.1 问题的提出 (21)3.2.2 定位基准的选择 (21)3.2.3定位元件的设计 (21)3.2.4 切削力及夹紧力计算 (21)3.2.5 定向键与对刀装置设计 (23)3.2.6 夹具设计及操作简要说明 (25)总结 (26)致谢 (27)参考文献 (28)变速器换挡叉专业班级:机电W072 学生姓名:李婷指导教师:张晶职称:副教授摘要:本次设计内容涉及了机械制造工艺及机床夹具设计、金属切削机床、公差配合与测量等多方面的知识。

拨叉的加工工艺规程及其铣叉口面与钻M10螺纹的夹具设计是包括零件加工的工艺设计、工序设计以及专用夹具的设计三部分。

铣叉口面以Φ15.81F8孔及其端面作为来定位基准,以工件的另外一个端面作为辅助基准,实现工件的完全定位,夹紧则是通过调节螺母来实现;钻M10螺纹以Φ15.81F8孔及其端面作为定位基准,以一削边销作为辅助基准,实现工件的完全定位,夹紧则是由快换垫圈、螺母、心轴等组成。

换挡叉加工工艺及R43圆弧面加工夹具毕业设计论文

机械制造技术基础课程设计题目:换挡叉加工工艺及R43圆弧面加工夹具设计班级:姓名:指导教师:完成日期:一、设计题目换挡叉加工工艺及R43圆弧面加工夹具设计二、原始资料(1) 被加工零件的零件图1张(2) 生产类型:(中批或大批大量生产)三、上交材料1.绘制零件图1张2.毛坯图1张3.编制机械加工工艺过程综合卡片1套4.编制机械加工工艺卡片(仅编制所设计夹具对应的那道工序的机械加工工艺卡片)1套5.绘制夹具装配图(A0或A1)1张6.绘制夹具中1个零件图(A1或A2。

装配图出来后,由指导教师为学生指定需绘制的零件图,一般为夹具体)。

1张7.编写课程设计说明书(约5000-8000字)。

1份四、进度安排本课程设计要求在3周内完成。

1.第l~2天查资料,熟悉题目阶段。

2.第3~7天,完成零件的工艺性分析,确定毛坯的类型、制造方法和机械加工工艺规程的设计并编制出零件的机械加工工艺卡片。

3.第8~10天,完成夹具总体方案设计(画出草图,与指导教师沟通,在其同意的前提下,进行课程设计的下一步)。

4.第11~13天,完成夹具总装图的绘制。

5.第14~15天,零件图的绘制。

6.第16~18天,整理并完成设计说明书的编写。

7.第19天,完成图纸和说明书的输出打印。

8.第20~21天,答辩五、指导教师评语成绩:指导教师日期摘要本次课程设计的题目是换挡叉加工工艺及R43圆弧面加工夹具设计,通过此次设计,使课本上学到的理论知识在这次课程设计中得到实践,机械制造基础课本上学到的知识,诸如,定位误差的计算,机床类型的选择,加工方式的选择,夹具体设计应注意的问题等,在这次课程设计中都得到了应用,增加了自己理论联系实际的能力:1.运用所学基本理论知识,正确解决了工件在加工时的定位和夹紧问题,选择合理的方案,进行必要的计算,根据题意设计出符合要求的低成本夹具。

2.收集有关资料,掌握正确的夹具设计思想、方法和手段,学会了正确使用有关手册及其它技术资料。

倒档变速叉零件加工工艺及夹具设计

倒档变速叉零件加工工艺及夹具设计1. 引言倒档变速叉是汽车变速系统的重要组成部分,它负责控制汽车的倒档功能。

为了确保倒档变速叉的精度和可靠性,需要进行合理的零件加工工艺及夹具设计。

本文将对倒档变速叉的加工工艺以及夹具设计进行全面、详细、完整且深入地探讨。

2. 加工工艺2.1 工艺流程倒档变速叉的加工工艺可以分为以下几个步骤:1.零件准备:将所需的原材料进行切割,并进行初步的热处理。

2.下料加工:根据工艺图纸要求,将零件进行下料,分别加工成不同的部件。

3.机床加工:采用车铣复合机床,对零件进行精细加工,包括铣削、钻孔、螺纹加工等。

4.热处理:对加工后的零件进行热处理,提高其硬度和强度。

5.表面处理:通过喷砂、打磨等工艺,对零件表面进行处理,提高其光滑度和抗腐蚀性能。

6.装配:将加工好的各个部件进行装配,包括组装和调试。

7.检验:对装配好的倒档变速叉进行各项检验,确保其符合质量标准。

8.包装:对合格的倒档变速叉进行包装,并进行出厂前的最终检验。

2.2 加工工艺要点在进行倒档变速叉的加工过程中,需要注意以下几个要点:1.工艺规程:制定详细的工艺规程,包括各个加工步骤的工艺参数、工时计划以及质量控制措施等。

2.精度控制:在加工过程中,要严格控制各个零件的尺寸精度,确保其能够准确地配合和运动。

3.热处理控制:对于需要进行热处理的零件,要控制好热处理参数,确保其硬度和强度的要求。

4.表面处理:对于倒档变速叉的外观要求高,要进行适当的表面处理,提高其美观性和耐腐蚀性。

5.装配调试:在装配过程中,要严格按照装配工艺要求进行操作,并进行必要的调试,确保倒档变速叉的正常运行。

6.检验方法:选择合适的检验方法和仪器设备,对倒档变速叉进行全面的检验,包括外观质量、尺寸精度、功能性能等。

3. 夹具设计3.1 设计原则在倒档变速叉的加工过程中,夹具的设计是至关重要的。

夹具的设计应遵循以下几个原则:1.稳定性:夹具应具有足够的稳定性,能够保持零件的稳定位置,避免加工过程中的振动或位移。

本科毕业设计论文——变速拨叉加工工艺及工装

东华理工大学长江学院毕业设计(论文)题目:变速拨叉加工工艺及工装英文题目:Fork speed processing technology and equipment学生XX学号指导教师职称专业机械工程及自动化二零零九年五月二十七日摘要本论文设计的是变速拨叉的加工工序、设计方案、计算过程以及钻孔的夹具设计。

拨叉表面加工方法的选择、加工顺序的安排、工序集中与分散的处理、加工阶段的划分、机床和工艺装备的选择、加工余量与工序尺寸及公差的确定等都是编制工艺规程的主要问题。

而夹具设计所面临的是设计方案的确定、定位元件的选择、定位误差的分析与计算、夹紧力的计算、夹具体毛坯结构及夹具元件配合的确定。

还有拨叉毛坯图、零件图和夹具装配图的绘制,如何保证用拨叉的技术条件是加工过程最为重要的问题,而夹具也起着至关重要的作用。

拨叉的合理结构设计、加工工艺性设计,保证拨叉的加工质量,对提高生产效率有着重要意义,它是保证产品质量的关键所在。

通过对拨叉加工过程的设计,可以发现一个产品的设计需要各个加工过程很好的配合才能成功。

关键词:拨叉;工艺;夹具;夹紧;定位附件:AbstractIn this paper, the design of the fork processing speed, design, calculation and design of drilling jig. Fork the surface of the choice of processing methods, processing sequence of the arrangement, process centralization and decentralization of treatment, the division stage of processing, machine tools and process equipment selection, allowance and processes determine the size and tolerance of the preparation process are the main point of order problem. Fixture Design and facing the program is designed to identify, locate ponent selection, positioning errors of analysis and calculation, the calculation of clamping force, the specific folder structure and the rough with the determination of fixture elements. There are fork blank map, fixture assembly parts diagram and mapping how to ensure the technical conditions fork is the most important process, and fixture also plays a vital role.Fork reasonable structural design, design process to ensure quality processing fork, to improve the productivity of great significance, it is to ensure that the key to product quality. Fork through the design process can be found in a product design process requires a goodco-ordination to succeed.Keywords: fork; technology; fixture; clamping; positioning目录第一章拨叉零件的分析 (1)1.1零件的作用 (1)1.2零件的技术要求.…………………1.3工艺分析…………………………第二章工艺规程的设计..............................2.1确定毛坯的制造形式 (3)2.2基面的选择 (3)2.3表面加工方法的确定制定工艺路 (3)2.4工序顺序安排的确定 (3)2.5确定工艺路线 (4)2.6机械加工余量工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定..52.7确立切削用量及基本工时 (5)第三章夹具设计 (9)3.1问题的提出 (9)3.2夹具设计 (9)参考文献 (17)序言机械制造工业是为现代化建设提供各种机械装备的部门,在国民经济的发展中具有十分重要的地位。

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制定变速器换挡叉的加工工艺,设计钻φ15及2-M6孔的钻床夹具目录序言 (4)零件的分析 (4)一.零件的工艺分析 (4)二、确定生产类型 (4)三、确定毛坯的种类 (4)工艺规程设计 (4)(一)选择定位基准: (5)(二)制定工艺路线: (5)(三)机械加工余量、工序尺寸及公差的确定: (6)五、夹具设计 (15)(一)问题的提出 (15)(二)夹具设计 (15)六、设计小结 (15)七、体会与展望 (16)八、.参考文献 (16)任务书设计题目:制定变速器换挡叉的加工工艺,设计钻φ15及2-M6孔的钻床夹具设计要求:中批量生产手动夹紧通用工艺装备设计时间:2009.6设计内容:1、熟悉零件图;2、绘制零件图(一张);3、绘制毛坯图(一张);4、编写机械工序卡片;5、绘制夹具总装图;6、绘制夹具零件图;7、说明书谢谢朋友对我文章的赏识,充值后就可以下载说明书,我这里还有一个压缩包,里面有相应的word说明书和CAD图纸及机械工艺卡片。

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欢迎朋友的光临!!!(注:注册账号时最好用你的QQ号,以方便我将压缩包发给你)序言机械制造装备设计课程设计是我们在学完了大学的全部基础课,专业基础课以及专业课后进行的。

这是我们在进行毕业设计之前对所学的各科课程一次深入的综合性总复习,也是一次理论联系实际的训练。

因此,他在我们的大学四年生活中占有重要的地位。

就我个人而言,我希望通过这次课程设计对自己未来将从事的工作进一步适应性的训练,希望自己在设计中能锻炼自己的分析问题、解决问题、查资料的能力,为以后的工作打下良好的基础。

由于能力有限,设计尚有很多不足之处,希望各位老师给予指导零件的分析题目所给的零件是变速器换档叉。

它位于汽车的变速机构上,主要起换档作用。

一.零件的工艺分析零件的材料为35钢,,为此以下是变速器换档叉需要加工的表面以及加工表面之间的位置要求:1、孔Φ15.8以及与此孔相通的、M10螺纹孔。

2、上下U型口及其两端面3、换档叉底面、下U型口两端面与孔Φ15.8中心线的垂直度误差为0.15mm。

由上面分析可知,可以粗加工Φ15的孔,然后以此作为基准采用专用夹具进行加工,并且保证位置精度要求。

再根据各加工方法的经济精度及机床所能达到的位置精度,选择以孔为基准加工的面作为孔加工的精基准。

最后,以精加工的孔为基准加工其他所有的面。

此变速器换档叉零件没有复杂的加工曲面,所以根据上述技术要求采用常规的加工工艺均可保证。

二、确定生产类型已知此换档叉零件的生产纲领为5000件/年,零件的质量是2.26Kg/个,查《机械制造工艺设计简明手册》第2页表1.1-2,可确定该换档叉生产类型为中批生产,所以初步确定工艺安排为:加工过程划分阶段;工序适当集中;加工设备以通用设备为主,大量采用专用工装。

三、确定毛坯的种类零件材料为35钢。

考虑零件在机床运行过程中所受冲击不大,零件结构又比较简单,生产类型为中批生产,故采用模锻件作为毛坯。

查《机械制造工艺设计简明手册》第41页表2.2-5,选用锻件尺寸公差等级为CT-12。

工艺规程设计(一)选择定位基准:1 粗基准的选择:以零件的圆柱面为主要的定位粗基准2 精基准的选择:考虑要保证零件的加工精度和装夹准确方便,依据“基准重合”原则和“基准统一”原则,以Φ15.8的孔内表面为辅助的定位精基准。

(二)制定工艺路线:根据零件的几何形状、尺寸精度及位置精度等技术要求,以及加工方法所能达到的经济精度,在生产纲领已确定的情况下,可以考虑采用万能性机床配以专用工卡具,并尽量使工序集中来提高生产率。

除此之外,还应当考虑经济效果,以便使生产成本尽量下降。

查《机械制造工艺设计简明手册》第20页表1.4-7、1.4-8、1.4-11,选择零件的加工方法及工艺路线方案如下:工序01 粗铣Φ15上、下端面,以外圆为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序02 铣16.5*42面,以外圆为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序03 钻Φ15孔,以Φ15孔的上端面为定位基准,采用Z525立式钻床加专用夹具;工序04 扩Φ15.5孔,以Φ15上、下端面为定位基准,采用Z525立式钻床加专用夹具;工序05 粗铰Φ15.7孔,以Φ15上、下端面为定位基准,采用Z525立式钻床加专用夹具;工序06 精铰Φ15.8孔,以Φ15上、下端面为定位基准,采用Z518立式钻床加专用夹具;工序07 粗铣叉口前后两侧面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序08 粗铣16*56两侧面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序09 精铣16*56两侧面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序10 粗铣叉口19*5.9两内侧面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序11 精铣叉口19*5.9两内侧面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序12 粗铣14.2*9.65面、铣11*9.65面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序13 精铣16.5*42面,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;工序14 钻Φ9孔,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用Z525立式钻床并采用专用夹具;工序15 攻螺纹,以Φ15.8孔为定位基准,采用Z525立式钻床并采用专用夹具;工序16 去毛刺;工序17 终检(三)机械加工余量、工序尺寸及公差的确定:1、圆柱表面工序尺寸:前面根据资料已初步确定工件各面的总加工余量,现在确定各表面的各个加工工序的加工余量如下:加工表面加工内容加工余量精度等级工序尺寸表面粗糙度Φ15.8钻0.8 IT11 15 12.5 扩0.5 IT10 15.5 6.3 粗铰0.2 IT10 15.7 6.3 精铰0.1 IT8 15.8 3.22、平面工序尺寸:工序号工序内容加工余量基本尺寸经济精度锻件CT1201 粗铣Φ15上、下端面1202 铣16.5*42面16.5 1207 粗铣叉口前后两侧面 2.1 5.9 1208 粗铣16*56两侧面0.2 9.85 1210 粗铣叉口19*5.9两内侧面0.5 51.5 1212 粗铣14.2*9.65面、铣11*9.65面、铣16.5*42面1 1211 精铣叉口19*5.9两内侧面0 51 1009 精铣16*56两侧面0 9.65 1013 精铣16.5*42面0 11 103、确定切削用量及时间定额:工序01粗铣Φ15上、下端面,以外圆为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具刀具:YG6硬质合金端铣刀。

铣削宽度a e≤90,深度a p≤6,齿数z=12,故根据《机械制造工艺设计简明手册》(后简称《简明手册》)表3.1,取刀具直径d0=125mm。

根据《切削用量手册》(后简称《切削手册》)表3.16,选择刀具前角γ0=0°后角α0=8°,副后角α0’=10°,刃倾角:λs=-10°,主偏角Kr=60°,过渡刃Krε=30°,副偏角Kr’=5°。

2. 切削用量1)确定切削深度a p因为余量较小,故选择a p =4mm ,一次走刀即可完成。

2)确定每齿进给量f z采用对称端铣,以提高进给量提高加工效率。

根据《切削手册》表3.5,使用YG6硬质合金端铣刀加工,机床功率为4.5kw (据《简明手册》表4.2-35,X51立式铣床)时: f z =0.09~0.18mm/z故选择:f z =0.18mm/z 。

3)确定刀具寿命及磨钝标准根据《切削手册》表3.7,铣刀刀齿后刀面最大磨损量为1.5mm ;由于铣刀直径d 0=125mm ,故刀具使用寿命T=180min (据《简明手册》表3.8)。

4)计算切削速度v c 和每分钟进给量v f根据《切削手册》表 3.16,当d 0=125mm ,Z=12,a p ≤7.5,f z ≤0.18mm/z 时,v t =98m/min,n t =250r/min,v ft =471mm/min 。

各修正系数为:k MV = 1.0,k SV = 0.8。

切削速度计算公式为:v p v e v z v p T v v c k z u a y f x a q d c v vm 0=其中 mm a e 72=,mm a p 4=,245=v C ,2.0=q v ,15.0=x v ,35.0=y v ,8.08.00.1=⨯=⋅=k k k Sv Mv v ,2.0=u v ,0=p v ,32.0=m ,min 180=T ,z mm f z /18.0=,12=Z ,将以上数据代入公式:min/1428.0122.07235.008.015.041802.012524532.0m v c =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯=确定机床主轴转速: m i n /3611000r d v n wc s ==π。

根据《简明手册》表4.2-36,选择n c =300r/min,v fc =390mm/min,因此,实际进给量和每分钟进给量为:v c =10000n d π=100030012514.3⨯⨯m/min=118m/minf zc =v fc /n c z=390/300×12 mm/z=0.1mm/z5)校验机床功率根据《切削手册》表 3.24,近似为Pcc=3.3kw,根据机床使用说明书,主轴允许功率Pcm=4.5×0.75kw=3.375kw>Pcc 。

故校验合格。

最终确定:a p =4.0mm ,n c =300r/min ,v f =390mm/s ,v c =118m/min ,f z =0.1mm/z 。

6)计算基本工时t m =L/ v f ,L=l+ y+Δ,l=24mm.查《切削手册》表3. 26,入切量及超切量为:y+Δ=40mm ,则:t m =L/ V f =(24*2+40)/390=0.22min 。

工序02 铣16.5*42面,以外圆为定位基准,采用X51立式铣床加专用夹具;刀具:YG6硬质合金端铣刀;机床:X51立式铣床;查《切削手册》表3.5,进给量为:min /0.1~5.0mm f z =,取为0.5mm/r参考有关手册,确定min /124m v =,采用YG6硬质合金端铣刀,12,125==z mm d w ,则:min /31612512410001000r d vn w s =⨯⨯==ππ 现采用X51立式铣床,根据《简明手册》表4.2-36,取min /300r n w =,故实际切削速度: m i n /75.11710003001251000m n d v w w =⨯⨯==ππ 当min/300r n w =时,工作台每分钟进给量:min /1800300125.0mm n z f f w z m =⨯⨯=⋅⋅=,取为980mm/min本工序切削时间为:05.098042====f l t t m m min工序03 钻Φ15孔,以Φ15孔的上端面为定位基准,采用Z525立式钻床加专用夹具1. 加工条件工件材料:35钢,σb =170~240MPa ,锻造;工件尺寸:a emax =72mm ,l=176mm;加工要求:钻Φ15孔,加工余量0.8;机床:Z525立式钻床;刀具:根据《切削手册》表2.1.2.2,选择高速钢麻花钻钻头,粗钻时d o =15mm ,钻头采用双锥后磨横刀,后角αo =12°,二重刃长度bε=3.5mm,横刀长b=2mm,宽l=4mm,棱带长度mm l 5.11=,1002=ϕ°,30=β° 2.选择切削用量(1)确定进给量按加工要求确定进给量:查《切削手册》,r mm f /53.0~43.0=,367.11830<==d l,由《切削手册》表2.7,系数为0.5,则:r mm f /)265.0~215.0(5.0)53.0~43.0(=⨯= 按钻头强度选择:查《切削手册》表2.8,钻头允许进给量为:r mm f /0.2=;按机床进给机构强度选择:查《切削手册》表2.9,机床进给机构允许轴向力为8330N 时,进给量为r mm f /93.0=。

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