英语语言学概论the naming of people in english李明霞
英语语言学概论
英语语言学概论The RestorationThe bourgeois dictatorship was established, and Cromwell became the Protector of the English Commonwealth After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660.Only when Charles II threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy that bourgeoisie expelled him and invite William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688: Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)——Glorious because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands.Paradise LostIt is a long epic（史诗）in 12 books，written in blank verse.Plot：Although defeated by God，Satan is not discouraged, he chooses the Garden of Eden for the battlefield ，where live the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy the supreme beauties of Paradise, if they do not eat the fruit that grows on the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and make them tools in his struggle against God’s authority.Satan assumes the shape of a serpent and appears before Eve, He persuades her to break God’s command. Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and plucks（摘）another for Adam. God sees all this, and Adam and Eve are both deprived of immortality, exiled（逐出）from Paradise and doomed to an earthly life full of hardship and sufferings.Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece. The story were taken form the Old Testament: the creatio n, the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion fromHeaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from EdenThemeThe poem, as we are told at the outset, was “to justify the ways of God to man,” to advocate submission to the Almighty. But after reading it one gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority.characterizationGod: a selfish, cruel, and unjust despot.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. His long speeches are never pleasing. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan. His Archangel is a bore. His angels are silly. The Angles never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch.Adam and Eve: embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Their craving fo r knowledge is highly praised. Satan: real hero, brave, strong-minded, represent the spirit questioning the authority of God.The rebel Satan who rose against God and , though defeated, still sought for revenge, is the most striking character in the poem. Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the angels. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed. Satan and his followers freely discuss all the issues in council, bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. It is he who, passing the guarded gatesand boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and across so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs for the thunder which hit upon his left his heart invincible.Samson AgonistesSamson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It deals with the story from the “Book of Judges”(士师记)in the Old Testament. Samson was an athlete of the Israelites. He stood as their champion fighting for the freedom of his country. But he was betrayed by his wife Dalilah and blinded by his enemies the Philistines. Led into the temple “to make them sport” he wreaked his vengeance upon enemies by pulling down the temple upon then and upon himself in a common ruin.There is much in common between Samson and Milton. Like Samson, Milton has also been embittered by an unwise marriage, persecuted by his enemies, has suffered from blindness and yet is unconquerable. Samson’smiserable blind servitude among his enemies, his agonizing longing for sight and freedom, and the last triumph all strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life, Samson is Milton.John Bunyan约翰.班扬（1628—1688）Life Experience1628 born in a poor family whose father is a tinker (make and mend kettles and pot)"My descent was of a low and inconsiderable generation, my father's house being of that rank that is meanest and most despised of all the families of the land".1635 receiving educatio n at his father’s house and later with other country boys at local school.1640 choosing a job like his father by adopting the trade of tinker1644 joining the parlimentary army during the revolution time and become a preacher1661 tried by the local magistrate for not attending the parish church and for holding unlawful meeting ,later was sentenced for 12 years.While he was in jail, he was starting his most famous work pilgrim’s progress1672 released and licensed as a teacher1678 Pilgrim’s Progress was published1688 died of a chillJohn Bu nyan’s masterpiece The Pilgrim’ Progress was probably written in prison, but for some reason he did not publish till 1678 long after his release. The Pilgrim’ Progress is a religious allegory.The first partChristian the Pilgrim, setting out in his search for salvation(救赎）, is accompanied by Pliable, Mr. Evangelist, Faithful and then Hopeful.On the way he meets with many pitfalls like the Slough of Despond（绝望的深渊）, V anity Fair , Doubting castle and so on On the way he meets with many hindrances like Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Apollyon（恶魔) and Judge Hategood, and Giant Despair.After many narrow escapes and numerous tests of his steadfastness（坚定不移）he finally arrives at Celestial city（天国）.The second partThe great popul arity of the book led the author to write a sequel. The second part of The Pilgrim’s Progress, dealing with similar adventures of Christian’s wife Christiana and her children in their pilgrimage to the celestial city, is much inferior to the first part.The Story of the First PartThe story starts with a dream in which the author seesChristian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back,reading the Bible. When he learns from the book that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire, Christian tries to convince his family and his neighbors ofthe oncoming disaster and asks them to go with him insearch of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. So he starts off with a friend, Pliable. Pliable turns back afterthey stumble into a pit, the Slough of Despond. Christianstruggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. WorldlyWiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr.Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has setout later but has made better progress.The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures they come to the V anity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful' is condemned to death.Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, Hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are tempted to take a pleasant path and are then captured by Giant Despair. Finally they get away and reach the Celestial City,where they enjoy eternal life in the fellowship of the blessed.V anity Fair（名利场）The vivid picture of Vanity Fair, where all things are bought and sold（including honors, titles, wisdoms, lusts pleasures and lives）and where cheating and roguery（坏事）and murders and adulteries（通奸）are normal, everyday occurrences, is a biting satire on the English society with which the writer was familiar."The V anity Fair," An Excerpt from Part 1 of The Pilgrim's ProgressThen I saw in my dream, that when they were got out of the wilderness, theyPresently saw a town before them, and the name of that town is V anity; and atthe town there is a fair kept, called V anity Fair; it is kept all the year long; ithearth(1) the name of V anity Fair because the town where it is kept is lighterthan vanity; and also because all that is there sold, or that cometh thither, isvanity. As is the saying of the wise, "All that cometh is vanity".Almost five thousand years ago, there were pilgrims walking tothe Celestial City, as these two honest persons are; and Beelzebub,Apollyon, and Legion, with their companions, perceiving by thepath that the pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay throughthis town of V anity, they contrived to set up a fair; a fair whereinshould be sold all sorts of vanity, and that it should last all the yearlong. Therefore at this fair are all such merchandise sold, as houses,lands, trades, places, honors, preferment, titles, countries, kingdoms,lusts, pleasures, and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wives,husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls,silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and what not.And, moreover, at this fair there is at all times to be seen juggling,cheats, games, plays, fools, apes, knaves, and rogues, and that ofevery kind. Here are to be seen, too, and that for nothing, thefts,murders, adulteries, false swearers, and that of a blood-red color.Theme1. Describes the spiritual suffera nce of the poor people at a time of great changes, and their aspiration for “the land that flow with milk and honey” .”There you will not see such things as sorrow, sickness, affliction, and death”.2. Pilgrim’s Progress is a biting satire on the Englishsociety with which the writer was familiar. It is not onlyabout something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typicalEnglish ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritualsignificance is added to the commonplace details. Here the strange is combined with the familiar and the trivial joined to the divine.3. It reveals Bunyan’s Puritan ideal.Reading comprehensionNow, as I said, the way to the Celestial City lies just through this town where this lusty fair is kept; and he that will go to the city, and yet not go through this town, must needs "go out of the world". The Prince of princes himself, when here, went through this town to his own country, and that upon a fair-day, too, yea, and as I think, it was Beelzebub, the chief lord of this fair, that invited him to buy of his vanities; yea, would have made him lord of the fair, would he but have done him reverence as he went through the town. Y ea, because he was such aman of honor, Beelzebub had him from street to street, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a little time, that he might, if possible, allure the Blessed One to cheapen and buy some of his vanities; but he had no mind to the merchandise, and therefore left the town, without laying so much as one farthing upon these vanities. This fair, therefore, is an ancient thing, of long standing, and a very great fair.Where is this passage chosen form?John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress.Jesus Christ.John Bunyan is talking about vanity, one of the evils of human life. The idea that everybody is potentially vain and vanity is something that the “world” encourages, and that is takes courage and effort to get rid of one of vanity. Even Jesus Christ(the Prince of Princes) was troubled by vanity, but he stood the test and conquered it. Thus Christians should do like Christ ifthey wish to reach the kingdom of God.What is the theme of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress?John Donne，the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Main works: Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (shows the intense interest Donne took in the spectacle of mortality under the shadow of death, a vision that haunted him perpetually, and inspired the highest of his eloquence. )The Songs and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. Donne's interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being inlove.Donne's chief power as a religious poet is shown in the Holy Sonnets and the last hymns.Death, Be Not ProudDeath, be not proud, though some have called theeMighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrowDie not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,And soonest our best men with thee do go,Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,And poppy or charms can make us sleep as wellAnd better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?One short sleep past, we wake eternallyAnd death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.Reading comprehensionOne short sleep past, we wake eternallyAnd death shall be no more; thou shalt dieQuestions:1.Identify the poet and the poem.2.What does the phrase “one short sleep” mean?3.What idea does these two lines express?Answers:1.It is taken from John Donne’s Death, Be Not Proud.2.It means death.3.It means that shortly after we die we will wake up (as from sleep) and live eternally. It reveals the poet’s beli ef in life after death: death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal.Other MetaphysicalsGeorge Herbert, “the saint of the Metaphysical school.” was a devout Anglican clergyman who believed that a poet should sing the glory of God. He describes his joys, fears and doubts in a symbolic way. Many of his poems overloaded with far-fetched conceits, too obscure to be appreciated. (The Altar) Andrew Marvell, another Metaphysical poet, was a puritan who served as Milton’s assistant in the Commonwealth. He wrote poems on nature. (To His Coy Mistress)To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time by Robert HerrickGather ye rosebuds while ye may,Old Time is still a-flying:And this same flower that smiles to-dayTo-morrow will be dying.The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,The higher he's a-getting,The sooner will his race be run,And nearer he's to setting.That age is best which is the first,When youth and blood are warmer;But being spent, the worse, and worstTimes still succeed the former.Then be not coy, but use your time,And while ye may, go marry:For having lost but once your prime,Y ou may for ever tarry.Some Prose-WritersThe seventeenth century was a period of revolution and restoration. Much of the prose was devoted to political and religious controversies. Nevertheless, besides Milton and other militant pamphleteers, there are still some other prose writers who reflected their age from different angles and whose works carry quite different message with them.Robert BurtonHis masterpiec e “The Anatomy of Melancholy” . Nominally, it claims to offer the definition, symptoms, causes, properties and cure of melancholy, that is, human disorder, especially love melancholy and religious melancholy.But in reality the book is an enormous collection of detached essays on the whole life and thought of man, and on man’s dissatisfaction with the world and the ways to mitigate it, illustrated with the best stories in the world. Other Prose-Writers Thomas BrowneReligio Medici (a collection of opinions on a vast number of opinions on a vast number of subjects more and less connectedwith religion, expressed from a distinctly personal viewpoint ) Jeremy TaylorHe is famous for his Holy Living and Holy dying, Both written to help the Anglican royalists during the reign of the Commonwealth.Holy Living offers rules of conduct for the Royalists under the difficulties of the age. Holy Dying warns that human life is short and it is necessary to begin preparing for death while still healthy.Thomas Browne and Jeremy Taylor have been called two representative baroque prose writers in English literature for their elaborate and magnificent style.Baroque literature: It is the transition from Renaissanceto classicism.It began in Italy, Spain and flourished in France and thenEngland. It has direct influence on 19th romanticistliterature.It is called in 18th-century as “Rococo Style”, the style of painting, writing and decoration characterized by lightness, delicacy, and elaborate ornamentation.Exercise One I. Name the Writers by the given passages. (10%) ( ) 1. What man art thou,quoth he, That lookest as thou wouldst find a hare; For ever on the ground I see thee stare.( ) 2. Here where nothing is private, the common affairs be earnestly looked upon...?There where all things be common to every man, It is not to be doubted that any an shall lack anything necessary for his private use, so ?that ?the ?common ?storehouses bars be sufficiently stored ( ) 3. ...What though the field be lost? All is not lost; the unconquerable will And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield...( ) 5. It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be; This flea is you & I,& this Our marriage-bed, marriage temple is.II.True & False statement. (20%)( ) 1. Chancer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact he introduced from France the rhymed stanza in Iambic meter to English poetry.( ) 2. Hamlet,the great tragedy of Shakespear, with perfect artistry, studys the big question "to be or no to be.“( ) 3. Bacon was the founder of modern science & also famous for his "essays."( ) 4. Milton's Areopagistica is a pamphlet about religious abuse.( ) 5. University wits contribute a lot in prose writing as well as drama writing.( ) 6. Romance is a typical kind of noble literature & has nothing to do with common people.( ) 7. Sperser's "Faerie Queene", Sidney's "Astrophel & Stella "& Shakespeare's?"Sonnets" are the most famous sonnet sequences of Elizabethan Age.( ) 8.Blank verse is the most popular literary form in 11th-14th century.( ) 9. Marlowe was the greatest pioneer of English drama & it was Marlowe ?who ?first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama.( ) 10.The eighteenth century is an enlightenment century that most of the writers show great interest on reasoning, rationality & classicism (Neo-classicism)Representatives of the Restoration1. Sir George Etherege乔治·埃恩里奇爵士The man of Mode《时髦男子》2. William Wycherley 威廉·威彻利Love in a Wood《林中之爱》The Country Wife《乡村妇女》The Plain Dealer《坦率的人》Representatives of the Restoration3.Sir John Vanbrugh约翰·范布勒爵士The Relapse, or Virtue in Danger 《故态复萌》The Provoked Wife《恼怒的妻子》4. William Congreve威廉·康格里夫The Double Dealer《两面派》Love for Love 《以爱还爱》The Way of the World 《如此世道》Representatives of the Restoration5. Jeremy Collier杰雷米·科利尔, a non-conformist(非国教的) clergymanA Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage《略论英国舞台上的不道德和亵渎》现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology" : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemesare arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and "ish"---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,"John like linguistics."6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried." The seal could not be found,The king became worried." Here the word seal means different things.7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, "I do" The word do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don't.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent aphoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed bytransformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called M ove а{$isbest}五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation betweena more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed b y structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.六语用学1 pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consistsof the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4 locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning。
英语语言学概论context
Cultural context
Refers to the cultural background. It includes beliefs, customs, ideas, value system, religious and history and etc.
bankrupt.
1.Become + adj/n(used as predictive), means “begin to be”
2.become+ pronoun/n(used as object), means “suit, be fit”
3.Become+ of , means “happen to, often in a bad way”
THANKS
Non-Linguistic Context:
also named as extra-linguistic context which constrains and regulates the application of the shared "ground-rules" for communication.
Social context
Is any kind of relation among human and any contact. It concerns the historical background and the background characteristic of times.
Eg. -How is he?
英语文学作品中的人名汉译本科毕业论文
英语文学作品中的人名汉译本科毕业论文毕业设计（论文）英语文学作品中的人名汉译Translation of Personal Names in English Literary WorksTranslation of Personal Names in English Literary WorksA ThesisSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Bachelor’s Degree in English Language and LiteratureByWang QiongUndergraduate ProgramDepartment of Foreign LanguagesXiangnan UniversitySupervisor: Li QijiuAcademic Title: Associate Professor Signature＿______ApprovedDecember 2012CONTENTSAbstract in Chinese (i)Abstract in English (ii)Introduction (1)1. The definition and characteristics of personal name (2)1.1 The definition of personal name (2)1.2 The characteristics of personal name (2)1.2.1 Symbolicness (2)1.2.2 Definiteness (3)1.2.3 Varistion (3)1.Personal name and culture (5)2.1 Relationship between personal names and culture (5)2.2 Cultural information in literary works (5)2.3 Personal names in literary works (6)2.Naming methods of persons in English literature (7)3.1 Implying the meaning in pronunciation (7)3.2 Expressing the meaning by personal names (7)3.3 Originating from the allusions (7)4. Translation strategies (9)4.1Two fundamental strategies: domestication and foreignization (9)4.2Translation strategies for personal names in literary works (9)4.2.1 Foreignization (9)4.2.1.1 Transliteration (9)4.2.2 Domestication (10)4.2.2.1 Culture compensation (10)4.2.2.2 Giving up the name, only getting the meaning (11)Conclusion (12)Bibliography (13)Acknowledgements (14)摘要人名是一门艺术，也是人类社会中最普遍的语言现象，是人们利用语言符号区别他人的特定标志。
英语语言学概论第八章笔记
英语语言学概论第八章笔记Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics 社会语言学1.What is socio-linguistics? 什么是社会语言学？Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.社会语言学是语言学的一个分支，它研究社会环境中的语言。
nguage variation 语言变异a)S peech community 言语社区In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called speech community. A speech community thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.社会语言学研究中，说话者被当作是社会群体的成员。
《语言学概论(英语)》课程教学大纲
课程名称：语言学概论（英语）课程代码：ENGL2016英文名称：An Introduction to Linguistics课程性质：专业必修课适用专业：英语师范、英语、翻译开课学期：第3学期学时：34学时学分：2学分开课单位：外国语学院先修课程：无后续课程：Applied Linguistics, Comparative Linguistics大纲审核人：一、课程性质和教学目标课程性质：语言学概论（英语）是普通高校英语师范专业学生的必修课程，是进一步学习其它语言学分支课程的先决条件。
本课程旨在介绍英语语言系统、语言使用及语言学习的基本理论和概念；培养学生对于人类语言主要特性和基本元素的感性和理性认识；使学生逐步形成对语言现象进行观察、思考以及抽象概括的能力；为英语师范专业学生将来的教学工作提供理论指导，同时也为部分同学将来进一步从事语言学研究打好基础。
教学目标：本课程旨在传授系统的英语语言学基本理论知识，帮助学生掌握普通语言学的基础知识和基本概念，掌握普通语言学的理论和方法，培养学生勤于思考、善于钻研并渴望解决问题的能力，培养学生的团队合作能力，使学生逐步形成对语言现象进行观察、思考以及抽象概括的能力。
本课程教材由三个模块组成：英语语言的系统、英语语言的使用和英语语言的学习，其中语言系统模块包括语言的本质、语音学、音位学、形态学（词法）、句法学、语义学；语言使用模块包括语用规则、跨文化交际、语言变体；语言学习模块包括第二语言习得研究领域的主要观点、影响第二语言习得的主要因素、培养跨文化语言交际能力。
在教学过程中，教师针对教材内容，指导学生理解语言学的基本概念和基础知识，掌握观察、研究和分析语言使用的方法，通过使用多种教学方法，如小组讨论、集体报告等，培养学生的团队合作能力，使学生掌握必要的语言学的基本理论和基本知识，掌握研究、运用语言的基本方法，为今后的英语教学工作打下坚实的基础。
本课程的具体教学目标如下：1.了解语言的本质特征、语言的功能、语言学中的重要概念区别及普通语言学的主要分支；2.系统了解语言学各分支的知识，即语音学、音位学、形态学（词法）、句法学、语义学、语用学等的基本内容和研究方法；3.了解语言使用的正确规则，语言的变体，跨文化交际的基本方法；4.了解第二语言习得的主要研究问题，影响第二语言习得的主要因素，培养和发展跨文化交际能力；5.培养学生勤于思考、善于钻研并渴望解决问题的能力；6.培养学生的团队合作能力，帮助其形成对教学的基本认识，为今后的英语教学工作打下坚实的基础教学目标与毕业要求的对应关系：二．课程教学内容和学时分配第一章What is language? （支撑教学目标1、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.The nature of language2.Distinctions between important concept pairs in linguistic study. 思考题：Language is something that we tend to take for granted; something with which we are familiar from childhood in a practical, unreflecting manner. This practical familiarity with language tends to stand in the way of its objective examination. There are all sorts of social, cultural, and nationalistic pr ejudices associated with the layman’s view of language and of particular languages. Look at the people around you and see whether they have some innate prejudices with regard to language(s). If yes, what are they?第二章Phonetics （支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时1.教学内容Speech organs2.Consonants and vowels思考题：With the exception of some remarkable individuals, adult learners do not often achieve native-like competence in the second language, especially with respect to pronunciation. Randomly select some of your classmates coming from different provinces and see whether there is any association between their English pronunciations and that of their dialects.第三章Phonology（支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Important concepts in phonology2.Identifying phonemes3.Sequence of phonemes4.Co-articulation effects5.Supra-segmental features思考题：In a study comparing the tone choice (the rising tone, the falling tone, and the rising-falling tone, etc.) in second language parallel teaching presentations (naturally occurring) given by 6 Chinese and 6 North American male teaching assistants (TAs), Pickering (2004) found that the native-English-speaking TAs systematically exploited their tone choices to increase the accessibility of the lecture materials and establish rapport with their students. Conversely, the typical tonal composition of the Chinese TAs’ presentations made the information structure unclear and frequently characterized these speakers as unsympathetic and uninvolved. Randomly select two video lectures, one by a native speaker of English and the other by a Chinese EFL speaker of English, and see how the two speakers differ with regard to the tone choices.第四章Morphology （支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：2周，共4课时教学内容1.What is morphology2.Morpheme3.Classifications of morphemes4.Morpheme, morph, allomorph5.Empty morph and zero morph6.Morphemic analysis7.The role of morphology in English思考题：The Watergate Scandal began with the arrest of five men for secretly entering the DemocraticNational Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. Investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon's staff. Since the revelation of this scandal, the suffix -gate has often been associated with political scandals involving abuse of power, bribery, and obstruction of justice. It is sometimes even used when talking about pornographic scandals. Search on the Internet and see how many gate-related words you can come up with and then probe into the stories behind each of them.第五章Syntax（支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Structural description of sentences2.Generation of sentences思考题：Generally speaking, the English language develops in the right-branching direction, i.e., the modifying clause typically appears to the right of the head noun; while the Chinese language develops in the left-branching direction, i.e. the modifying clause typically appears to the left of the head noun. Randomly select two pieces of writing from a Chinese newspaper (e.g. The Xinhua News Daily) and an English newspaper (e.g. The New York Times), and see how the development of the typical sentence structure differs in the two languages.第六章Semantics（支撑教学目标2、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.What is semantics?2.Lexical semantics3.Sentence semantics思考题：Collocations are ‘ready-made chunks,’ which can be stored and retrieved directly and immediately from our mental lexicon. In fact, about 70% of what we say, hear, read, and write is in some form of fixed expression. Randomly select a Chinese newspaper (e.g. The Xinhua News Daily) and an English newspaper (e.g. The New York Times), and pick up one particular column, such as sports, or stock market. Spot and calculate the collocations used and see whether there are similarities and differences between English and Chinese in terms of features (e.g. free collocation, restricted collocation, and figurative idioms) as well as structures (e.g. Adjective + Noun, Verb + Noun, and Verb + Preposition) of the collocations used. If yes, what are they?第七章General principles of communication（支撑教学目标3、5、6）课时：2周，共4课时教学内容1.The cooperative principle2.The politeness principle3.The principle of relevance思考题：Record a piece of ordinary conversation in a setting of your choice. Make a simple transcription and describe the compliance with and disregarding of the maxims of Cooperative Principle that the conversation involves.第八章Intercultural communication（支撑教学目标3、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Important conceptsnguage and culture3.Diverse intercultural communication patterns4.Potential problems in intercultural communication思考题：As students, you have probably learned English for many years, during which you may have had a number of different foreigner teachers, or you may have had some travels in some English-speaking countries. Recall your past experiences with different foreigners or foreigner teachers and see what kind of cultural differences there are between your culture and that of your foreigner teachers.第九章Language variety（支撑教学目标3、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容nguage-dialect-regional dialect-social dialect2.Lingua franca-pidgin-creole3.Style-genre-taboo-euphemism4.Gender and language use思考题：Where did you spend the greatest part of your childhood? State some of the ways in which the speech of that region differs from what you would consider Mandarin Chinese.第十章Major issues in SLA（支撑教学目标4、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1.Contrastive analysis hypothesis2.Error analysis3.The inter-language hypothesis4.The monitor model5.The output hypothesis6.The open-choice principle and the idiom principle思考题：Record and transcribe a piece of ordinary English conversation in a high school setting; identify the errors and mistakes and then interview the students who made them; and finally see what kind of inter-language rules you can infer regarding the Chinese s tudents’ learning of English as a foreign language.第十一章Factors affecting second language learning （支撑教学目标4、5、6）课时：2周，共4课时教学内容1.Factors not easily modified by learners2.Factors easily modified by learners思考题：Randomly select a good student and a poor student, or rather, a high-achiever and an underachiever, in your class, and see how they differ in terms of the strategies employed in theirlearning of English.第十二章Developing an intercultural communicative competence （支撑教学目标4、5、6）课时：1周，共2课时教学内容1. A brief review of current models of second language competence2.Why are current models inadequate?3. A model of intercultural competence4.Intercultural competence in communicative language use思考题：Record, with permission, a short conference involving a decision-making among executives in a joint venture where the participants are from different language backgrounds but English is used the only working language, and see whose cultural rules dominate and why.三、教学方法本课程遵循传授语言学基本理论知识与培养语言运用和研究能力相结合的教学原则。
英语语言学导论
Chapter 1 Introduction: Language and Linguistics●What is language?As is agreed by linguists in broad terms, language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication●Features of human language⏹Creativity◆Language provides opportunities for sending messages that have neverbeen sent before and for understanding novel messages.◆The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but thesentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.⏹Duality◆Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other ofmeanings.◆Certain sounds or sequences of sounds stand for certain meanings.◆Certain meanings are conveyed by certain speech sounds or sequences ofspeech sounds.⏹Arbitrariness◆The relationship between the two subsystems of language is arbitrary.◆There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.⏹Displacement◆There is no limit in time or space for language.◆Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present orfuture.⏹Cultural transmission◆Culture cannot be genetically transmitted. Instead, it must be learned.◆Language is a way of transmitting culture.⏹Interchangeability◆All members of a speech community can send and receive messages.⏹Reflexivity◆Human languages can be used to describe themselves.◆The language used to talk about language is called meta-language.●Functions of language – three meta-functions⏹The ideational function◆To identify things, to think, or to record information.⏹The interpersonal function◆To get along in a community.⏹The textual function◆To form a text.●What is linguistics?⏹Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language.⏹Branches of linguistics◆Internal branches: intra-disciplinary divisions●Phonetics●Phonology●Morphology●Syntax●Semantics◆External branches: inter-disciplinary divisions●Pragmatics●Psycholinguistics●Sociolinguistics●Applied linguistics●Computational linguistics●Neurolinguistics⏹Modern linguistics began in the early 20th century. It founder is the Swissscholar, Ferdinand de Saussure.(索绪尔)Chapter 2 Phonetics●What is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds. (It studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.)●Description of speech sounds⏹Description of English consonants◆General feature: obstruction◆Criteria of consonant description●Places of articulation●Manners of articulation●V oicing of articulation◆Places of articulation●This refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified toproduce a sound.⏹Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]⏹Labiodental: [f] [v]⏹Interdental: [ ] [❆]⏹Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]⏹Palatal: [☞] [✞] [t☞] [d✞] [j]⏹Velar: [k] [g] [☠]⏹Glottal: [h]◆Manners of articulation●This refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it iscompletely blocked or partially obstructed.⏹Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]⏹Fricatives: [s] [z] [☞] [✞] [f] [v] [ ] [❆] [h]⏹Affricates: [t☞] [d✞]⏹Liquids: [l] [r]⏹Glides: [w] [j]⏹Nasals: [m] [n] [☠]◆V oicing of articulation●This refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds areproduced.⏹V oiced sounds⏹V oiceless soundsChapter 3 Phonology●What is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of language.●Discovering phonemes⏹Contrastive distribution – phonemes◆If sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be incontrastive distribution.◆Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs andminimal sets.● A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one soundin the same position.●Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by onesegment in the same position.◆The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented bythe English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.◆Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English.However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features.Therefore, they are separate phonemes.⏹Complementary distribution – allophones◆Sounds that are not found in the same position are said to be incomplementary distribution.◆If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number offeatures, they are allophones of the same phoneme.●Syllable structure⏹ A syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.⏹Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.⏹The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset andfollowed by one or more consonants called the coda.Chapter 4 Morphology●What is morphology?Morphology is defined as t he study of the internal structure and the formation of words.●Morphemes and allomorphs⏹The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.⏹The different morphs of the same morpheme are called allomorphs.●Conclusion: classification of morphemes⏹Morphemes◆Free morphemes: can be used independently as a word◆Bound morphemes: are the morphemes which cannot be used as a word,they must be attached to the other morphemes.●Formation of new words⏹Derivation◆Derivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.◆Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create aderived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes tothe word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness,unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a freemorpheme is termed complex derivation.◆Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category.Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a differentlanguage origin.◆Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.◆Some English suffixes also change the word stress.⏹Compounding◆Compounding is another common way to form words. It is thecombination of free morphemes.◆The majority of English compounds are the combination of words fromthe three classes – nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the threeclasses.◆In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech ofthe word.◆The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of thecomponents.⏹Conversion◆Conversion is the process putting an existing word of one class intoanother class.◆Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.⏹Clipping◆Clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one ormore syllables.◆Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informaloccasions.◆Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even informal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian),gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator)and fax (facsimile)are rarelyused in their complete form.⏹Blending◆Blending is a process that creates new words by putting togethernon-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog(smoke +frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfastand lunch), motel(motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word inthe textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind ofmachine that is like both a plane and a bike).⏹Back-formation◆Back-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a realor supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed fromtelevision. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefixtele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix–sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in theword television as that suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.⏹Acronyms and abbreviations◆Acronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the initialletters of all words in a phrase or title.◆Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer thanabbreviations, which are read letter by letter.◆This type of word formation is common in names of organizations andscientific terminology.⏹Eponyms◆Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals orplaces. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originatingfrom the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slicesof bread so that he could eat while gambling.⏹Coinage◆Coinage is a process of inventing words not based on existingmorphemes.◆This way of word formation is especially common in cases whereindustry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak andCoca-cola.Chapter 5 Syntax●What is syntax?Syntax is the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of sentence formation.⏹Immediate constituent (IC) analysis◆Structural grammar is characterized by a top-down process of analysis.◆ A sentence is seen as a constituent structure. All the components of thesentences are its constituents. A sentence can be cut into sections. Eachsection is its immediate constituent. Then each section can be further cutinto constituents. This on-going cutting is termed immediate constituentanalysis.◆Examples:●Old men and women: old | men and women, old || men | and women●The ||| little || girl | speaks || French.◆In this way, sentence structure is analyzed not only horizontally but alsovertically. In other words, IC analysis can account for the linearity andthe hierarchy of sentence structure.●I will suggest | that this || in itself reflects ||| a particular ideology|||| about gender ||||| that deserves to be re-examined.◆Two advantages of IC analysis:●It can analyze some ambiguities.●It shows linearity and hierarchy of one sentence.●Transformational-generative (TG) grammar⏹Background and the goal of TG grammar◆Chomsky (1957) – grammar is the knowledge of native speakers.⏹Syntactic categories◆Noun Phrase (NP)◆Verb Phrase (VP)◆Sentence (S)◆Determiner (Det)◆Adjective (Adj)◆Pronoun (Pro)◆Verb (V)◆Auxiliary Verb (Aux)◆Prepositional Phrase (PP)◆Adverb (Adv)⏹Phrase structure (PS) rules◆S →NP VP(Det) (Adj) N◆NP →{Pro◆VP →(Aux) V (NP) (PP)◆PP →P NPChapter 6 Semantics●What is semantics?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.●Lexical sense relations⏹Synonymy◆Synonyms are words which have different forms but similar meanings.●Dialectal synonyms –lift/elevator, flat/apartment●Synonyms of different styles –gentleman/guy●Synonyms of different registers –salt/sodium chloride●Synonyms differing in affective meaning –attract/seduce●Synonyms differing in collocation –beautiful/handsome,able/capable◆Synonyms are frequently used in speaking and writing as a cohesivedevice. In order to avoid repetition the writer/speaker needs to use asynonym to replace a word in the previous co-text when he/she wants tocontinue to address that idea. The synonyms together function to createcohesion of the text.⏹Antonymy◆Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.●Gradable antonyms – pairs of words opposite to each other, but thepositive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of theother. For example, the words hot and cold are a pair of antonyms,but not hot does not necessarily mean cold, maybe warm, mild orcool. Therefore, this pair of antonyms is a pair of gradableantonyms.●Complementary antonyms –words opposite to each other and thepositive of one implies the negative of the other: alive/dead●Reversal (relational) antonyms – words that denote the same relationor process from one or the other direction: push/pull, up/down,teacher/student◆Antonymy is frequently utilized as a rhetorical resource in language use.Oxymoron and antithesis based on antonymy. Gradable antonyms maygive rise to fuzziness.⏹Homonymy◆Homonyms are words which have the same form, but differentmeanings.●Homographs – words which are identical in spelling, but different inmeaning and pronunciation: tear [♦☪☜] (v.)/tear [♦♓☜] (n.)●Homophones –words which are identical in pronunciation, butdifferent in spelling and meaning: see/sea●Full homonyms –words which are identical in spelling andpronunciation, but different in meaning: bear (v. to give birth to ababy/to stand)/bear (n. a kind of animal)◆Rhetorically, homonyms are often used as puns.⏹Polysemy◆ A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.◆Polysemy is based on the intuition of native speakers as well as theetymology or history of words.⏹Hyponymy◆Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion.◆Tiger, lion, elephant and dog are hyponyms of the word animal. Wordslike animal are called superordinates.◆This kind of vertical semantic relation links words in a hierarchicalwork.●Sentencial sense relations – semantic relations of sentences⏹Sentences may be related in sense. I will illustrate sense relations within andbetween sentences.◆Tautology: The bachelor is unmarried.◆Contradiction: The bachelor is married.◆Inconsistency: John is single./John is married.◆Synonymousness: John broke the glass./The glass was broken by John.◆Entailment: The meeting was chaired by a spinster./The meeting waschaired by a woman.◆Presupposition: Sam has returned the book./Sam borrowed the book.⏹These semantic relations are found within or between meaningful sentences.There are sentences which sound grammatical but meaningless. Thesesentences are said to be semantically anomalous. For example:◆Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.◆The pregnant bachelor killed some phonemes.Chapter 7 Pragmatics●What is pragmatics?Pragmatics can be defined as the analysis of meaning in context.●Speech acts⏹In linguistic communication, people do not merely exchange information.They actually do something through talking or writing in variouscircumstances. Actions performed via speaking are called speech acts.⏹Types of speech acts◆Locutionary speech act – the action of making the sentence◆Illocutionary speech act – the intentions◆Perlocutionary speech act – the effects◆Of these dimensions, the most important is the illocutionary act.●Cooperation and implicature⏹Conversational Implicature◆In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation aregenerally cooperating with each other. In other words, when people aretalking with each other, they must try to converse smoothly andsuccessfully. In accepting speakers’ pres uppositions, listeners have toassume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense ofcooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are notnormally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevantinformation from one another.◆However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often notthe literal meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied inthe words is called conversational implicature. For example:[1]A: Can you tell me the time?B: Well, the milkman has come.◆In this little conversation, A is asking B about the time, but B is notanswering directly. That indicates that B may also not no the accuratetime, but through saying “the milkman has come”, he is in fact giving arough time. The answer B gives is related to the literal meaning of thewords, but is not merely that. That is often the case in communication.The theory of conversational implicature is for the purpose of explaininghow listeners infer the speakers’ intention through the words.◆The study of conversational implicature starts from Grice (1967), theAmerican philosopher. He thinks, in daily communication, people areobserving a set of basic rules of cooperating with each other so as tocommunicate effectively through conversation. He calls this set of rulesthe cooperative principle (CP) elaborated in four sub-principles(maxims), that is the cooperative principle.⏹The Cooperative Principle◆Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage atwhich it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talkexchange in which you are engaged. The maxims are:●Quantity⏹Make your contribution as informative as is required (for thecurrent purposes of the exchange).⏹Do not make your contribution more informative than isrequired.●Quality – Try to make your contribution one that is true.⏹Do not say what you believe to be false.⏹Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.●Relation – Be relevant.●Manner – Be perspicuous.⏹Avoid obscurity of expression.⏹Avoid ambiguity.⏹Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).⏹Be orderly.◆We assume that people are normally going to provide an appropriateamount of information, i.e. they are telling the relevant truth clearly. Thecooperative principle given by Grice is an idealized case ofcommunication.Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition (SLA)●What is SLA?The term language acquisition refers to t he natural process of children’s language development.To summarize, second language acquisition(SLA) may be defined as the process by which a language other than the mother tongue is learnt in a natural setting or ina classroom.◆Contrastive analysis●Compare the target language with the mother tongue.◆Error analysis●Describing errors⏹Omission-He came into _ classroom with a book in _ hand.⏹Addition/wordy-My child goes to his school.⏹Selection-I hope/wish…⏹Disordering-I yesterday went to … (I, yesterday, went to …/I went to …yesterday)Chapter 12 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching (FLT)⏹Syllabus design and material development。
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language1
The ideational function is divided into experiential function and logical function. The experiential function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to make convey meanings about the real or imaginary world. The logical function refers to those systems which set up logical semantic relationships between one clausal unit and another. When two clauses are combined, the speaker can give both clauses equal status, or make one dependent on the other.
一线工程师擅长放疗物理电子电气信息移动互联网等多方面领域
Metafunctions of Language
小组成员：徐艳红 吴丽丹 钱婷婷 殷秋琼 李文婷 周兰花
Ideational function
The ideational function is to build and maintain a theory of experience. It includes the expression of the speaker’s attitude, evaluation, feelings and emotions, e.g. “I understand your concealed thought.”InBiblioteka erpersonal function
英语语言学概论the Change of English
Ⅰ Introduction
It is a fact that languages change all the time, though they do so rather slowlyபைடு நூலகம் Where languages have written records, it is possible to see actual changes that have taken place. For example,a speaker of modern English would find Old English unintelligible.（P93）
[əu] stone home wrote rode
2.morphological and syntactic change
1)change in "agreement" rule In the opening line of Chaucer's "The Canterbury
Tales " we found: Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth ... Literally: When that April with his showers sweet... In modern English, April is replaced by the
Ⅱ A Brief History of the English Language (英语语言简史）
Origin——
449 A.D—— Jutes captured most land in Britain
Anglo-Saxons conquered Celts
Then——
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• 3.The Misunderstanding of Names.To woman, some names partake of sexy impression,just as, shelly,margarita.Some nickname partakes of ridicule meaning.To man, those problem above also should be paid attention,besides,people should know some name partake of feminization.
• firstly，the name came from Bible, Roman deify, German and the literary masterpiece.
• Secondly, people took the ancestor`s nationality, river and mountains, flowers and trees, birds and beasts, or pearl and jewels as the name.
Exploration of English names of roots
• A.The Root of the first and middle Names
• B. The Root of Nickname • C.The Root of Surnames
The Root of the first and middle Names
• 5)Diane(f.)represents the personality characteristics of cleaver ,responsible,friendly, serious,reliable,and independent and cines from the French form of Diana,originally from the roman goddess of nature and fertility.
• Exploration of English names of roots
• General Principles of Obtaining an Ideal English Name
• Attention to name an English name
• Names with Detail Meaning • Individual’s Character of Names
• Thirdly, many derivatives developed from the Christian name.
• Lastly, the nickname became an independent name(that is the nickname instead of the first and the given name) after a long time’s usage.
• In English-speaking countries, when a baby received the baptism, the paster will give the baby a Christian name(the first or the given name). The owner can also obtain another name as the first name after 16-year-old.
3、add-ie or -y at the end of the name, Don---Donnie, Tim----Timmy
4、divide one name into two nicknames, Andrew----Andy and Drew
5、 some changes without regular pattern William---Bill
Names with Detail Meaning
• 1)Joe(m.)represents the personality characteristics of spontaneous,social,easy-going,warm,generous,lacking in initiative and is a short form of Joseph,originally from a Hebrew name of a famous man in the Old Testament history of the Bible.
The method of forming nickname
1、keep on the first syllable as nickname, Donald---Don, Timothy---Tim
2、keep on the last syllable as nickname, Anthony--Tony, Beuben---Ben
• The girl’s name
• Cabalina女骑士 Hadya向导 Hermione信使 Araceli超凡 的主妇 Sharna受保护的人 Melissa护士 Piper乐器演奏者 Martina音乐家 Kate艺术家 Teresa和平大使
• The boy’s name
• Amon建筑者 Bailey执行官 Asaph收藏家 Cannon牧师 Dan法官 Chancellor办公管理人 Hunter检察官 Iman宗教 领袖 Tanner皮革制造商
Individual’s Character of
Names
A. The Names for Babies
Firstly, names of the babies relay on the hobby of parents somewhat
Secondly, in english-speaking countries, in memory of parent relatives, or friends, the young couples are conditioned to name their children by virtue of those people’s name.
General Principles of Obtaining an Ideal English Name
（1）the meaning and the root of the name
(2) the first name and surname’s agreement
The basic principles----a short name goes with a long surname, a long name matches a short surname, popular name goes with harmony with particular surname, popular name fit with particular surname and so on.
• 2.The Same or Hostile Name Around us.It is the fault to use the same name with your colleagues around us,especially the same with the boss.Because of the sex scandal of American president, the two names--Bill and Monica,is not fit for using in the same company.
• 3)Julian(m.)represents the personality characteristics of patient,careful,cautious,conservative,intense and comes from Julius,the name of last Roman emperor.
• 2)Susan(f.) represents the personality characteristics of pleasant,easy-going,friendly,patient,social,and cautious and is a short form of Susanna.It’s form the Hebrew Shoshanna name for a woman in the Old Testament history of the BiBle.
The Naming of People in English
成员：许佳莹 朱煜佳 俞金晶 陈俊 李明霞 包佳鑫
• Name,as a comprehensive symbol, its direct function is to unique the name of owner from others for people to call and distinguish.
Tirdly,it is important to select some traditional or classical name for their children.
• 4)Linda(f.)represents the personality characteristics of hard worker careful,patient,independent,reliable,and practical and comes from Spanish or Italian,meaning ‘beautiful’
The Root of Nickname
• In English-speaking countries , calling a people’s nickname is just an ordinary thing.However, if a child was called Margaret Peggy, but Peggy may feel too childish and unsuitable when he was in mid-aged.