Haze Weather
乌海市灰霾天气的气候特征分析
乌海市灰霾天气的气候特征分析孙红斌;王晓丽;刘克利;袁梅【摘要】利用乌海市1971—2009年每天4个时次（或3个时次）的常规地面观测资料和2004—2009年的空气质量状况（PM10、SO2、NO2浓度值）,统计分析了乌海市灰霾的分布特征和规律以及出现灰霾时的相对湿度、平均水平能见度、2分钟平均风速、风向特征和空气质量状况。
得到：（1）乌海市1971—2009年共出现165次灰霾天气,2004年以后出现了161次,最多出现在2007年和2009年;春季出现次数最多,冬季最少;4月出现最多,1月和2月出现最少;82.4%的灰霾天气出现在08时。
（2）当出现灰霾时,相对湿度在60%以下占71%,相对湿度在70%以上时绝大部分是与雾同时出现;灰霾天气出现最多风向是偏南风,最多风速是≤3.0 m.s-1。
（3）2004—2006年出现灰霾时92%的空气质量出现了三级轻微或轻度污染,2007年以后出现灰霾时,在冬半年空气质量绝大部分为三级轻微或轻度污染,而在夏半年大部分空气质量为良。
%Using the convention ground observation data for four time orders（three time orders） every day from 1971 to 2009 years and air quality condition（the concentration of PM10、SO2、NO2） from 2004 to 2009 years.The distribution characteristics and law of haze and the relative humidity,average horizontal visibility,average wind speed per two minute,wind direction characteristic and air quality condition when the haze appeared were analyzed.The results showed that there were 165 times haze weather from 1971 to 2009 years,after 2004 years,the haze weather appeared for 161 times,the 2007 and 2009 years were maximum years,the most haze weather appeared on April of spring,and the least on January and February of winter,the 82.4 percenthaze weather appeared in 8：00 Am.The relative humidity of 71% haze weather was under 60%,the haze weather appeared with fog when the relative humidity above 70%,the most wind direction was southerly wind,the major wind speed was ≤3.0 m·s-1.When the haze weather appeared from 2004 to 2009 years,92% air was three-level slight pollution,after 2007 years,this phenomenon appeared in winter,but the air quality was well.【期刊名称】《内蒙古气象》【年(卷),期】2011(000)004【总页数】3页(P15-16,59)【关键词】灰霾;特征;空气质量【作者】孙红斌;王晓丽;刘克利;袁梅【作者单位】内蒙古气象科技服务中心,内蒙古呼和浩特010051;内蒙古气象科技服务中心,内蒙古呼和浩特010051;内蒙古气象科技服务中心,内蒙古呼和浩特010051;内蒙古气象科技服务中心,内蒙古呼和浩特010051【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P463.3引言乌海市地处内蒙古西部，位于106°36′～107°46′E，39°10′～39°55′N，平均海拔1150m，东临鄂尔多斯高原，西接阿拉善草原，南连银川平原，北近河套沃野，其属于典型的大陆性气候，四季分明，冬寒夏热。
雾霾天气 英语
雾霾天气英语
随着城市化的进程和工业化的发展，雾霾天气已经成为了我们生活中常见的现象。
雾霾对人类的健康和环境都带来了极大的影响，因此引起了全球的关注。
在英语学习中，我们也需要掌握一些相关的词汇和表达方式。
首先，我们需要了解雾霾的英文表达方式。
雾霾可以用haze、smog、pollution等词汇来描述。
例如：The city is shrouded in a heavy haze.（这个城市笼罩在厚重的雾霾中。
）The smog in Beijing is getting worse and worse.（北京的烟雾越来越严重。
）其次，我们需要了解与雾霾相关的词汇。
比如，PM2.5（颗粒物）就是雾霾的主要成分之一。
还有空气质量指数（AQI），它是用来衡量空气质量的指标。
常用的形容词有toxic（有毒的）、harmful（有害的）、dangerous（危险的）等。
最后，我们需要了解一些关于雾霾的预防和控制的表达方式。
例如，we should reduce our dependence on fossil fuels（我们应该减少对化石燃料的依赖）；we should promote the use of clean energy（我们应该推广使用清洁能源）；we should advocate for stricter environmental regulations（我们应该呼吁更严格的环境法规）。
总之，掌握雾霾天气相关的英语词汇对我们的英语学习和现实生活都有着重要的意义。
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糟糕的天气 The Bad Weather_英语作文
糟糕的天气The Bad Weather
Theweather of these days is really bad. It’s foggy and there is haze in the air. So,we can’t see the things very far. Every morning, when I pull back the curtain, Ionly can see the building dozens miles away. When I go to school, I must bevery careful when I go across the street. Besides, the air is dirty because ofthe haze. I even feel hard to breathe. My mother tells me to wear a respirator.I do as she tells. Because of the bad weather, car accidents happen morefrequently. I hope drivers can drive more carefully and keep safe.
这几天的天气很差，雾气很大空气中也有很多烟尘。
肉眼看不到很远的东西。
每天早上我拉开窗帘的时候，都只能看到不远处的建筑物。
上学的时候，过马路的时候我必须十分小心。
此外，由于阴霾满布，空气很脏，有时候我甚至感觉呼吸困难。
妈妈让我带上口罩，我只能照她说的做。
由于这样的坏天气，车祸发生的频率更大了，我希望司机们都能小心开车，保证安全。
——文章来源网，仅供分享学习参考~ 1 ~。
雾霾补贴英语作文
雾霾补贴相关英语作文1英文作文：In recent years, the issue of haze has become increasingly prominent. Haze not only affects our daily lives but also poses a threat to our health. Therefore, I firmly believe that haze subsidies are necessary.Take outdoor workers for example. They have to work in the open air regardless of the hazy weather. The haze contains harmful substances that can cause respiratory diseases and other health problems. These workers are exposed to such a harsh environment every day, and they deserve some form of compensation. A haze subsidy can help them cover the cost of medical care and provide some financial support for their families.In areas where there are haze subsidies, people's lives and work states are relatively better. They can use the subsidy to buy protective equipment or improve their living conditions. On the other hand, in areas without haze subsidies, people may have to bear the negative effects of haze on their own. This not only puts a heavy burden on individuals but also affects the overall social stability.In conclusion, haze subsidies are essential. They can not only protect the rights and interests of those affected by haze but also contribute to the stability and development of society.中文翻译：近些年来呀，雾霾这个问题变得越来越突出了。
1961—2008年银川市灰霾天气的气候特征
1961—2008年银川市灰霾天气的气候特征刘玉兰;梁培;刘娟;桑建人【摘要】对1961—2008年银川市灰霾天气日数资料进行分析。
结果表明：银川市灰霾天气呈逐渐增加的趋势2,0世纪80年代前为缓慢增加阶段,20世纪后灰霾天气显著增加2,000年后灰霾天气急剧增加。
银川市灰霾日数最多为12月,其次为11月,最少为5月,呈现出冬季大于秋季大于春季大于夏季的季节特征。
一般情况下,银川市灰霾日数持续1—3d,持续2d及以上的灰霾天气占17%,持续5d及以上的灰霾天气占1%。
持续时间较长的灰霾天气集中出现在冬季11月至翌年2月。
灰霾天气持续时间与年代际变化有关,2000年前,银川未出现持续5d以上的灰霾天气过程;2000年后,随着灰霾天气日数增多,灰霾持续时间延长。
%Based on the observational data from 1961 to 2008 in Yinchuan,the days of haze weather were analyzed.The results indicate that the days of haze weather are in increasing trends.They increase slowly before 1980s,significantly after 1980s and sharply after 2000.The days of haze weather appear frequently in December,then in November,and least in May,namely,winter autumn spring summer.In general,the duration of haze weather is 1-3 days.17% haze weather could last 2 days or more,while 1% haze weather could last 5 days or more.The persistent haze weather concentrates from November to February.The haze weather duration is related to its annual change.The haze weather persisting 5 days or more never occurs before 2000 in Yinchuan,while the haze duration extends with the increase of haze days after 2000.【期刊名称】《气象与环境学报》【年(卷),期】2012(028)001【总页数】4页(P55-58)【关键词】银川市;灰霾天气;气候特征【作者】刘玉兰;梁培;刘娟;桑建人【作者单位】宁夏回族自治区宁夏气象防灾减灾重点试验室,宁夏银川750002／宁夏回族自治区气象服务中心,宁夏银川750002;宁夏回族自治区气象服务中心,宁夏银川750002;银川市气象局,宁夏银川750002;宁夏回族自治区宁夏气象防灾减灾重点试验室,宁夏银川750002／宁夏回族自治区气候中心,宁夏银川750002【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P427.122引言灰霾是指空气中悬浮着大量极细微的干尘粒等颗粒物，能见度小于10 km的大气现象。
Weather天气
Weather多云cloudy sky阴天overcast sky晴天sunshine fine天气weather晴天sunshine fine多云cloudy阴天overcast sky cloudy sky小雨flurry spit sprinkle中雨middle rain大雨drencher ding-on downfall soak spate 暴雨rainstorm阵风flatus flurry gust微风breeze breath breathing breezee gentle breeze台风typhoon龙卷风cyclone tornado雾brume fog mist reek雪grue sonw霜frost hoarfrost冰雹hail hailstone暴风雨天气wild weather.天气雷达weather radar天气过程weather process天气谚语weather lore天气报告weather advisory坏天气villainous weather坏天气vile weather寒冷天气shivery weather好天气propitious weatherAM Clouds / PM Sun=上午有云/下午后晴AM Showers=上午阵雨AM Snow Showers=上午阵雪AM T-Storms=上午雷暴雨Clear=晴朗Cloudy=多云Cloudy / Wind=阴时有风Clouds Early / Clearing Late=早多云/晚转晴Drifting Snow=飘雪Drizzle=毛毛雨Dust=灰尘Fair=晴Few Showers=短暂阵雨Few Snow Showers=短暂阵雪Few Snow Showers / Wind=短暂阵雪时有风Fog=雾Haze=薄雾Hail=冰雹Heavy Rain=大雨Heavy Rain Icy=大冰雨Heavy Snow=大雪Heavy T-Storm=强烈雷雨Isolated T-Storms=局部雷雨Light Drizzle=微雨Light Rain=小雨Light Rain Shower=小阵雨Light Rain Shower and Windy=小阵雨带风Light Rain with Thunder=小雨有雷声Light Snow=小雪Light Snow Fall=小降雪Light Snow Grains=小粒雪Light Snow Shower=小阵雪Lightening=雷电Mist=薄雾Mostly Clear=大部晴朗Mostly Cloudy=大部多云Mostly Cloudy/ Windy=多云时阴有风Mostly Sunny=晴时多云Partly Cloudy=局部多云Partly Cloudy/ Windy=多云时有风PM Rain / Wind=下午小雨时有风PM Light Rain=下午小雨PM Showers=下午阵雨PM Snow Showers=下午阵雪PM T-Storms=下午雷雨Rain=雨Rain Shower=阵雨Rain Shower/ Windy=阵雨/有风Rain / Snow Showers=雨或阵雪Rain / Snow Showers Early=下雨/早间阵雪Rain / Wind=雨时有风Rain and Snow=雨夹雪Scattered Showers=零星阵雨Scattered Showers / Wind=零星阵雨时有风Scattered Snow Showers=零星阵雪Scattered Snow Showers / Wind=零星阵雪时有风Scattered Strong Storms=零星强烈暴风雨Scattered T-Storms=零星雷雨Showers=阵雨Showers Early=早有阵雨Showers Late=晚有阵雨Showers / Wind=阵雨时有风Showers in the Vicinity=周围有阵雨Smoke=烟雾Snow=雪Snow / Rain Icy Mix=冰雨夹雪Snow and Fog=雾夹雪Snow Shower=阵雪Snowflakes=雪花Sunny=阳光Sunny / Wind=晴时有风Sunny Day=晴天Thunder=雷鸣Thunder in the Vicinity=周围有雷雨T-Storms=雷雨T-Storms Early=早有持续雷雨T-Storms Late=晚有持续雷雨Windy=有风Windy / Snowy=有风/有雪Windy Rain=刮风下雨Wintry Mix=雨雪混合Clear = 晴朗Cloudy = 多云Drizzle = 毛毛雨Fair = 晴Fog = 雾Haze = 薄雾Hail = 冰雹Heavy Rain = 大雨Heavy Snow = 大雪Light Snow = 小雪Light Snow Fall = 小降雪Light Snow Grains = 小粒雪Light Snow Shower = 小阵雪Lightening = 雷电Mist = 薄雾Rain = 雨Rain Shower = 阵雨Rain Shower/ Windy = 阵雨/有风Rain / Snow Showers = 雨或阵雪Rain / Snow Showers Early = 下雨/早间阵雪Rain / Wind = 雨时有风Rain and Snow = 雨夹雪Scattered Showers = 零星阵雨Scattered Showers / Wind = 零星阵雨时有风Scattered Snow Showers = 零星阵雪Scattered Snow Showers / Wind = 零星阵雪时有风Scattered Strong Storms = 零星强烈暴风雨Scattered T-Storms = 零星雷雨Showers = 阵雨Showers Early = 早有阵雨Showers Late = 晚有阵雨Showers / Wind = 阵雨时有风Showers in the Vicinity = 周围有阵雨Smoke = 烟雾Snow = 雪Snow / Rain Icy Mix = 冰雨夹雪Snow and Fog = 雾夹雪Snow Shower = 阵雪Snowflakes = 雪花Sunny = 阳光Sunny / Wind = 晴时有风Sunny Day = 晴天Windy = 有风meteorology 气象学atmosphere 大气climate 气候elements 自然力量(风、雨) temperature 气温to be warm, to be hot 天气热to be cold 天气冷season 季节spring 春summer 夏autumn 秋(美作:fall) winter 冬frost 霜hail 冰雹snow 雪thunder 雷wind 风mist 雾cloud 云haze 霾rain 雨downpour, shower 暴雨storm, tempest 暴风雨lightning 闪电land wind 陆风hurricane 飓风cyclone 旋风typhoon 台风whirlwind 龙卷风gale 季节风gust of wind 阵风breeze 微风fog 浓雾dew 露水humidity 潮湿freeze 冰冻snowflake 雪花snowfall 降雪waterspout 水龙卷dead calm 风平浪静Indian summer 小阳春drought 干旱Examples:1. 天气怎么样？What's the weather like?2. 炎热天气一直持续到十月。
天气英语词汇大全
表示天气的词汇MostlyCloudy=大部多云雪MostlyCloudy/Windy=多云SnowandFog=雾夹雪1、天气状况时阴有风SnowShower=阵雪AMClouds/PMSun=上午MostlySunny=晴时多云Snowflakes=雪花有云/下午后晴PartlyCloudy=局部多云Sunny=阳光AMShowers=上午阵雨PartlyCloudy/Windy=多云Sunny/Wind=晴时有风AMSnowShowers=上午阵雪时有风SunnyDay=晴天AMT-Storms=上午雷暴雨PMRain/Wind=下午小雨时Thunder=雷鸣Clear=晴朗有风ThunderintheVicinity=周Cloudy=多云PMLightRain=下午小雨围有雷雨Cloudy/Wind=阴时有风PMShowers=下午阵雨T-Storms=雷雨CloudsEarly/ClearingPMSnowShowers=下午阵雪T-StormsEarly=早有持续雷Late=早多云/晚转晴PMT-Storms=下午雷雨雨DriftingSnow=飘雪Rain=雨T-StormsLate=晚有持续雷雨Drizzle=毛毛雨RainShower=阵雨Windy=有风Dust=灰尘RainShower/Windy=阵雨/Windy/Snowy=有风/有雪Fair=晴有风WindyRain=刮风下雨FewShowers=短暂阵雨Rain/SnowShowers=雨或WintryMix=雨雪混合FewSnowShowers=短暂阵阵雪雪2、气象用语Rain/SnowShowersFewSnowShowers/Wind=天气预报weatherforecast]Early=下雨/早间阵雪短暂阵雪时有风晴clearRain/Wind=雨时有风Fog=雾阴天cloudydayRainandSnow=雨夹雪Haze=薄雾炎热scorchingheatScatteredShowers=零星阵Hail=冰雹闷热天气muggyweather雨HeavyRain=大雨反常天气freakishweatherScatteredShowers/Wind=HeavyRainIcy=大冰雨零星阵雨时有风HeavySnow=大雪虹rainbowScatteredSnowShowers=零HeavyT-Storm=强烈雷雨雾fog星阵雪IsolatedT-Storms=局部雷雨凉coolScatteredSnowShowers/LightDrizzle=微雨霜frostWind=零星阵雪时有风LightRain=小雨露dewScatteredStrongStorms=零LightRainShower=小阵雨雪snow星强烈暴风雨LightRainShowerand雹hailScatteredT-Storms=零星雷Windy=小阵雨带风雷thunder雨LightRainwithThunder=小冰iceShowers=阵雨雨有雷声雪堆snowdriftShowersEarly=早有阵雨LightSnow=小雪雪花snowflakeShowersLate=晚有阵雨LightSnowFall=小降雪闪电lightningShowers/Wind=阵雨时有风LightSnowGrains=小粒雪零度zeroShowersintheVicinity=周LightSnowShower=小阵雪寒冷chilly围有阵雨Lightening=雷电冰点freezingpointSmoke=烟雾Mist=薄雾冰柱icicleSnow=雪MostlyClear=大部晴朗Snow/RainIcyMix=冰雨夹地形雨localrains西南风southwester饥荒Famine雨量rainfall北风northwind太阳耀斑Solarflare雨季rainyseason疾风gustywind6.气候种类雨点raindrops顺风favorablewind山地气候mountainclimate间歇雨intermittentrain东风eastwind冬季季风气候winter大雨heavyrainmonsoonclimate甘霖welcomerain4、浪的名称季风气候monsoonclimate滂沱大雨downpour热浪heatwave亚热带气候sub-tropical强浪highseas风级windscaleclimate微浪smoothwavelets气压barometricpressure高原气候plateauclimate细浪lightseas气团airmass海滨气候littoralclimate小浪moderateseas风眼eyeofastorm极地气候polarclimate中浪roughseas气旋cyclone热带气候tropicalclimate大浪veryroughseas低气压low-pressure温带沙漠气候temperate巨浪veryhighseas高气压high-pressuredesertclimate微波rippled锋面frontaledge温带干燥气候temperate狂浪monsterwaves暖锋warmfrontaridclimate冷峰coldfront5、自然灾害热带季风气候tropical自然灾害NaturalDisastermonssonclimate3、风的名称地震earthquake大陆气候continental恒风constantwind火山地震volcanicclimate微风breezeearthquake沙漠气候desertclimate无风calm海啸tidalwave沿海气候coastalclimate轻风lightbreeze山崩landslide高地气候highlandclimate信风tradewind雪崩avalanche海洋气候marineclimate微风gentlebreeze火山泥流lahar森林气候forestclimate和风moderatebreeze泥石流mudflow/landslide温带气候temperateclimate 逆风headwind超级火山爆发supervolcano湿润气候humidclimate台风typhoon洪水flood温带草原气候temperate清风freshbreeze大(或急剧的)漩涡maelstromgrassyclimate强风strongbreeze海啸Tsunami热带雨林气候tropicalrainy西北风northwester暴风雪blizzard（呵呵）climate疾风neargale干旱Drought热带海洋气候tropical 大风gale雹暴Hailstormmarineclimate狂风squall热浪heatwave烈风stronggale飓风（台风）Hurricanes,东北风northeasterTropicalcyclones,and狂风stormTyphoons暴风violentstorm冰雹icestorm东北信风northeasttrades龙卷风tornado飓风hurricane冰河时代iceage东南风southeaster森林大火wildfire台风typhoon流行病Epidemic龙卷风tornado。
雾霾环境保护英文作文（精选5篇）
雾霾环境保护英文作文（精选5篇）雾霾环境保护英文作文（精选5篇）在日常学习、工作和生活中，许多人都写过作文吧，写作文可以锻炼我们的`独处习惯，让自己的心静下来，思考自己未来的方向。
一篇什么样的作文才能称之为优秀作文呢？以下是小编收集整理的雾霾环境保护英文作文（精选5篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。
雾霾环境保护英文作文篇1As people are knowing more about PM2.5, they are becoming more and more concerned about their living environment. As students, what should we do?First, we should ride bikes or take buses to school. Riding bikes is also good for our health. We should try our best to advise our parents to drive less. Try to walk or ride bikes to work. Second, we’d better use both sides of the paper. Don’t waste paper. Third, we should save power. Remember to turn off the lights when we leave the classroom. At last, we should plant more trees and flowers.If everyone makes a little effort, the world will be more and more beautiful.雾霾环境保护英文作文篇2With the broadcast of smog,this long-standing environmental problems,become the hot discussion once again.According to some reports,the frequent appearances of smog obscure the clarity of the sky recently.Some people drove slowly on the road because they could not see clearly. They also suffered from many illnesses caused by smog.Smog is the general expression of various higher-than-permitted suspended particulate matter (such as PM2.5) in the atmosphere,which express the state of air pollution .It containsfog and haze,both of them are disastrous weather. Fog consists of a large number of tiny water or ice crystals.It’s actually a harmless natural phenomena that makes visibility worse .Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles. The components that make up haze may have negative effect on peoples health, especially for children and the old.So it’s necessary to find o ut the reason why leads to smog and work out the resolution.If we trace the cause for smog weather ,the main points are natural causes that include windblown dust and manmade causes which include three aspects.Firstly,china s air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited.Secondly,some enterprises just go for economic interests instead of observing relevant law and regulations.Obsolete equipment、industrial fuel burning and manufacturing operations are high likely to emit much wasted air.Thirdly,across our society ,relevant protection awareness has not built up.Just for the sake of convience to go out,people rely more and more on travelling and working by car while car is the main cause for smog.To settle this problem,a series of meaures should be taken as follows.Primarily,we should establish a sound control system of smog. Not only can environmental protection departments strengthen air monitor,but government should enact more strict laws and regulations.Moreover,Reduce pollution sources is the fundamental solution to cut air pollutants. For example,we can reduce the amount of fuel vehicles or close down high polluting enterprises.Developing green and energy-saving energy can lower the emission of st but not least, People should do personal protection.They need to reduce the time for outdoor sports and pay attention to rest in smog days.Everyone all overthe country should take measures to reduce the smog weather. We can use more public transport such as the bus and the underground so that the number of cars will be limited.Also,people should plant more trees. As far as I’m concerned ,if we work together to do such measures ,smog weather will vanish completely and we will get clear and blue sky. 雾霾环境保护英文作文篇3As is vividly depicted from the above picture，it seems to be astonishing and thought-provoking on second thoughts. The most eye-catching feature in the picture that impresses me profoundly is that incredibly even the pet dog wears a mask to prevent the terrible smog and haze. As a matter of fact, recent years has witnessed a severe air-pollutionphenomenon triggered by automobile gas emission and industrial exhaust, which will definitely bedisastrous to individual survival and personal development.It goes without saying that the problem of hazy weather should be attached great importance to by the government and the consequences should be taken into profound consideration. To account for the above-mentioned air-pollution phenomenon, a couple of severe reasons should be pointed out. On the one hand , the severely polluted air industrial wastes have been pumped into the air, the lakes and rivers and an increasing number of automobiles crowd into the streets and produce the gas emission. On the other hand, the widespread use of plastic bags and coal burning as well as the nationwide construction dust have been pumped into the air from time to time.As a matter of fact, the smog and haze not only does harm to the lungs and noses but alsogives rise to horrible traffic accidents. In addition, no issue is as harmful as theenvironmentaldeterioration, which will be a potential threat to the survival of human beings that we are unwilling to see. Just according to a recent survey made by one Morning News, more than 40 percent of Chinese cities are suffering from the hazy weather per year.As a result, it is essential that a couple of effective measures should be taken to prevent the environmental pollution. To start with, the local government should take more steps, such as closing the factories which produced too much industrial exhaust, planting more trees and develop more high-tech products so that air quality can be better and the weather can be more agreeable. In addition, the government should severely punish those who destroy the environment intentionally. Last but not least, it is urgent to limit the number of private cars in the urban cities and we should adopt the most cutting-edge technologies with a view to creating more energy substitutes instead of the petroleum. Only by the above-mentioned pragmatic measures can we enjoy better health and live a more comfortable life.雾霾环境保护英文作文篇4Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles ,and it obscure the clarity of the sky and interacts with the natural environment.This kind of air pollutant come from a variety of natural and manmade sources. Natural sources can include windblown dust, and soot from wildfires. Manmade sources can include motor vehicles, and industrial fuel burning, and manufacturing operations. The one of the main cause that touches off haze is manufacturing operations. Many factories were over measure produced the smog that had over the standard and the smog seriously influence the air become air pollution.The components that make up haze may have negativeeffect on peoples health especially that of the children and the elderly. Also not excluded are those who have certain diseases such as asthma, allergy, and pneumonia and lung disease. Workers working in the open air have a high risk in their health.One of effective solutions to help eliminate haze is to make some chemistry changes during the manufacturing process,so it could reduce harmful emissions which are produced by manufacturing operations.雾霾环境保护英文作文篇5Recently,haze weather has become a daily one right here in large part of China.People are forced to wear the mask to avoid breathing poisonous air.So it is necessary to find out the reason why leads to that and work out the resolution.If we trace the cause for haze weather ,the main points are as follows ,first,china s air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited,so you will see that current air appraisal system has defects.Second,some people just go for economic interests instead of turning out products according to relevant law and regulations.They tend to use obsolete equipment in which they are high likely to emit a great deal of wasted air.Third,across our society ,relevant protection awareness has not built up so that people havent formed a habit of using green product and saving energy as much as possible.Just for the sake of convience to go out,people rely more and more on travelling and working by car while car is the main cause for the haze weatherTo settle this problem,a series of meaures should be taken as follows.First ,we should strengthen air monitor to lower the levels of small particulate pollutants.Second,we should enact more strict laws and regulations and keep perfecting our current lawon environmental protection to regulate people s daily action and the industrial production and punish those factories that ignore the protection and keep emitting dangerous material that cause haze.Third,we should develop green and energy-saving energy to lower the emission of haze and improve air quality.As far as i am concerned ,if we work together to be able to do such measures ,our environment will getting better and better and haze weather will vanish completely.。
天气种类名称英文对照大全.
天气种类名称英文对照大全天气weather多云cloudy sky阴天overcast sky晴天sunshine fine天气weather晴天sunshine fine多云cloudy阴天overcast sky cloudy sky小雨flurry spit sprinkle中雨middle rain大雨drencher ding-on downfall soak spate暴雨rainstorm阵风flatus flurry gust微风breeze breath breathing breezee gentle breeze 台风typhoon龙卷风cyclone tornado雾brume fog mist reek雪grue sonw霜frost hoarfrost冰雹hail hailstone暴风雨天气wild weather.天气雷达weather radar天气过程weather process天气谚语weather lore天气报告weather advisory坏天气villainous weather坏天气vile weather寒冷天气shivery weather好天气propitious weatherAM Clouds PM Sun=上午有云下午后晴AM Showers=上午阵雨AM Snow Showers=上午阵雪AM T-Storms=上午雷暴雨Clear=晴朗Cloudy=多云Cloudy Wind=阴时有风Clouds Early Clearing Late=早多云晚转晴Drifting Snow=飘雪Drizzle=毛毛雨Dust=灰尘Fair=晴Few Showers=短暂阵雨Few Snow Showers=短暂阵雪Few Snow Showers Wind=短暂阵雪时有风Fog=雾Haze=薄雾Hail=冰雹Heavy Rain=大雨Heavy Rain Icy=大冰雨Heavy Snow=大雪Heavy T-Storm=强烈雷雨Isolated T-Storms=局部雷雨Light Drizzle=微雨Light Rain=小雨Light Rain Shower=小阵雨Light Rain Shower and Windy=小阵雨带风Light Rain with Thunder=小雨有雷声Light Snow=小雪Light Snow Fall=小降雪Light Snow Grains=小粒雪Light Snow Shower=小阵雪Lightening=雷电Mist=薄雾Mostly Clear=大部晴朗Mostly Cloudy=大部多云Mostly Cloudy Windy=多云时阴有风Mostly Sunny=晴时多云Partly Cloudy=局部多云Partly Cloudy Windy=多云时有风PM Rain Wind=下午小雨时有风PM Light Rain=下午小雨PM Showers=下午阵雨PM Snow Showers=下午阵雪PM T-Storms=下午雷雨Rain=雨Rain Shower=阵雨Rain Shower Windy=阵雨有风Rain Snow Showers=雨或阵雪Rain Snow Showers Early=下雨早间阵雪Rain Wind=雨时有风Rain and Snow=雨夹雪Scattered Showers=零星阵雨Scattered Showers Wind=零星阵雨时有风Scattered Snow Showers=零星阵雪Scattered Snow Showers Wind=零星阵雪时有风Scattered Strong Storms=零星强烈暴风雨Scattered T-Storms=零星雷雨Showers=阵雨Showers Early=早有阵雨Showers Late=晚有阵雨Showers Wind=阵雨时有风Showers in the Vicinity=围有阵雨Smoke=烟雾Snow=雪Snow Rain Icy Mix=冰雨夹雪Snow and Fog=雾夹雪Snow Shower=阵雪Snowflakes=雪花Sunny=Sunny Wind=晴时有风Sunny Day=晴天Thunder=雷鸣Thunder in the Vicinity=围有雷雨T-Storms=雷雨T-Storms Early=早有持续雷雨T-Storms Late=晚有持续雷雨Windy=有风Windy Snowy=有风有雪Windy Rain=刮风下雨Wintry Mix=雨雪混合Clear = 晴朗Cloudy = 多云Drizzle = 毛毛雨Fair = 晴Fog = 雾Haze = 薄雾Hail = 冰雹Heavy Rain = 大雨Heavy Snow = 大雪Light Snow = 小雪Light Snow Fall = 小降雪Light Snow Grains = 小粒雪Light Snow Shower = 小阵雪Lightening = 雷电Mist = 薄雾Rain = 雨Rain Shower = 阵雨Rain Shower Windy = 阵雨有风Rain Snow Showers = 雨或阵雪Rain Snow Showers Early = 下雨早间阵雪Rain Wind = 雨时有风Rain and Snow = 雨夹雪Scattered Showers = 零星阵雨Scattered Showers Wind = 零星阵雨时有风Scattered Snow Showers = 零星阵雪Scattered Snow Showers Wind = 零星阵雪时有风Scattered Strong Storms = 零星强烈暴风雨Scattered T-Storms = 零星雷雨Showers = 阵雨Showers Early = 早有阵雨Showers Late = 晚有阵雨Showers Wind = 阵雨时有风Showers in the Vicinity = 围有阵雨Smoke = 烟雾Snow = 雪Snow Rain Icy Mix = 冰雨夹雪Snow and Fog = 雾夹雪Snow Shower = 阵雪Snowflakes = 雪花Sunny =Sunny Wind = 晴时有风Sunny Day = 晴天Windy = 有风meteorology 气象学atmosphere 大气climate 气候elements 自然力量(风、雨) temperature 气温to be warm, to be hot 天气热to be cold 天气冷season 季节spring 春summer 夏autumn 秋(美作fall)winter 冬frost 霜hail 冰雹snow 雪thunder 雷wind 风mist 雾cloud 云haze 霾rain 雨downpour, shower 暴雨storm, tempest 暴风雨lightning 闪电land wind 陆风hurricane 飓风cyclone 旋风typhoon 台风whirlwind 龙卷风gale 季节风gust of wind 阵风breeze 微风fog 浓雾dew 露水humidity 潮湿freeze 冰冻snowflake 雪花snowfall 降雪waterspout 水龙卷dead calm 风平浪静Indian summer 小阳春drought 干旱Examples1. 天气怎么样？What's the weather like2. 炎热天气一直持续到十月。
初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响
中国环境科学 2021,41(5)：2004~2013 China Environmental Science 初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响王丽娟1,刘晓慧1,卢文1,张晨2,唐卫亚1,朱彬1*(1.南京信息工程大学,气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,气象灾害教育部重点实验室,国家综合气象观测专项试验外场,江苏南京 210044；2.内蒙古通辽市气象局,内蒙通辽 028000)摘要：利用常规地面气象资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及全国PM2.5浓度数据,并结合后向轨迹、空气污染输送指数和传输通量分析,针对2019年12月10~11日一次冷锋输送造成我国中东部地区出现的大范围霾天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:(1)霾期间高空500hPa以经向环流为主,伴随着高空低压槽引导地面冷锋向东南方向移动,污染物浓度大值区也依次由华北地区移至黄淮、江淮地区.(2)冷锋过境前,华北至长江三角洲区域PM2.5浓度均有明显增涨;北京以偏南方向的污染物输入为主,济南以西北和偏东方向输入为主,南京则主要是偏北和偏西方向的输入.(3)冷锋过境时,冷空气迅速将北京站的污染物清除;而济南站则受高压底部偏东风回流的影响,PM2.5浓度维持在50µg/m3左右;冷锋推进至南京站时西北风已较小,对污染物的清除作用不明显.以江苏省为例,整个过程中,江苏本地污染物贡献占25.8%,江苏以外的污染物贡献占74.2%,以输送为主.(4)冷锋过境后,3站的边界层结构也略有不同,北京站的逆温层迅速被打破;济南站由于受海上暖湿平流影响,近地面由等温层变成逆温层;而南京站的近地面则由逆温层变为等温层.本研究揭示了在冷锋南下过程中,上游污染物对下游地区的影响,以及南北方站点表现出不同的污染物变化和清除特征.关键词：冷锋；霾；空气污染输送指数；PM2.5中图分类号：X513 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-6923(2021)05-2004-10Impact of a cold front transport process on haze weather in eastern China in early winter. WANG Li-juan1, LIU Xiao-hui1, LU Wen1, ZHANG Chen2, Tang Wei-ya1, ZHU Bin1* (1.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of M eteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of M eteorological Disaster, M inistry of Education, Outfield of National Comprehensive Meteorological Observation Special Experiment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China；2.Inner Mongolia Tongliao Meteorological Service, Tongliao 028000, China). China Environmental Science, 2021,41(5)：2004~2013Abstract：Regular surface observation meteorological data, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, and national PM2.5 concentration data, combined with backward trajectory, air pollution transport index, and transport flux analysis, were used to analyze a cold-front induced large-scale haze weather process during December 10 and 11, 2019 in central and eastern China. The results showed that: (1) During the haze period, 500hPa was dominated by the meridional circulation, and accompanied with the upper-air low-pressure trough leading the ground cold front to move to the southeast. The heavy polluted area also moved from North China to Huang-huai and Jiang-huai. (2) Before the cold front passage, PM2.5 concentration in the region from North China to Yangtze River Delta increased significantly. Beijing was dominated by pollutants imported from the south, Jinan was mainly affected by pollutants from the northwest and east, and PM2.5 in Nanjing was mainly influenced by pollutants from north and west. (3) When the cold front passed through, the cold air quickly removed pollutants over Beijing Station, while the Jinan station was affected by the backflow of easterly wind at the bottom of the high pressure, and the PM2.5 concentration was maintained at about 50µg/m3. When the cold front intruded into the Nanjing station, weakened northwest flow had little effect on the removal of pollutants. Taking Jiangsu province as an example. In the whole cold front process, the contribution of local pollutants accounted for 25.8%, and the contribution of pollutants outside Jiangsu accounted for 74.2%, which were mainly transported from North China. (4) After the passage of the cold front, the boundary layer structures over the three stations were slightly different from each other. The inversion layer over the Beijing station was quickly dissipated, the lower boundary layer over the Jinan station changed from the isothermal layer to the inversion layer due to the influence of warm and wet advection from the sea, and the near-surface boundary layer over the Nanjing station changed from the inversion layer to the isothermal layer. This study revealed the impact of upstream pollutants on downstream area during the southward movement of the cold front, as well as the different evolution and removal characteristics of PM2.5 at the stations in the north and south China.Key words：cold front；haze；air pollution transport index；PM2.5收稿日期：2020-09-28基金项目：国家重点研发计划(2016YFA0602003);国家自然科学基金资助项目(91544229)* 责任作者, 教授,****************.cn5期王丽娟等：初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响 2005随着社会经济的发展和工业化水平的提高,以细颗粒物(PM2.5)为特征污染物的大气污染不仅直接影响公众身体健康,而且在其传输的过程中影响区域生态环境甚至影响全球气候变化[1].近年来,京津冀、长江三角洲等地的大气污染引起广泛关注,1998~2016年我国PM2.5浓度总体呈现上升趋势,其中2007年之前呈快速增长态势,2008~2016年呈现出"下降-增长-下降"的波动趋势[2].不同领域专家致力于研究大气污染的形成机制与气象条件的密切关系[3-5],有研究表明,大气污染呈典型的区域性特征[6-7],就某一季节而言,某地区的地理环境和污染源的排放相对稳定,该地区的空气质量主要由气象条件决定.空气污染物在各种天气尺度系统的作用下混合、扩散,造成污染物多尺度、跨区域的远距离输送[8].输送型污染既需关注本地空气污染的气象条件也要关注更远地区的空气污染物输送至本地区的气象条件[9-10].很多研究指出[11-13],冷空气经过华北黄淮等重污染区时,易将污染物向下游地区输送,是造成长江三角洲地区秋冬季输送型污染的重要天气过程之一.冷锋是我国活动最频繁、对空气污染影响较大的天气系统之一,冷锋过境前后气象要素的差异以及锋面附近垂直环流结构都会对污染物的积累和输送造成显著的影响.冷空气活动时会减轻或消除日间逆温[14], 冷锋作为冷空气的前沿,其造成的大风、降水天气会使得污染物浓度迅速降低[15].有学者研究发现,冷锋过境前边界层出现逆温,随着锋面过境,逆温层被破坏,冷锋过境时垂直方向上输送强烈[16].不同强度的冷锋对污染物的作用也不尽相同,弱冷锋作用下以污染输送作用为主,而较强冷锋作用下以污染清除作用为主[17],强冷锋前后污染物易形成一个“积累-锋前抬升-高空平流输送-锋后大风清除-积累”的循环[18].同时,有学者进一步研究指出,远距离输送和气溶胶-边界层反馈相互作用可以扩大1000km范围内的跨界空气污染物的输送,并促进从华北平原到长江三角洲的持续性二次雾霾,气溶胶-边界层的相互作用放大了雾霾的跨界输送[19].以长江三角洲地区冷锋过程对空气质量的影响为例,在冷锋刚开始影响长江三角洲地区时,受锋面抬升的作用,会将污染物抬升到边界层直至自由对流层,随着冷锋对长江三角洲地区的影响加剧,强的西北气流会将华北地区的污染物输送至长江三角洲地区,使其污染物浓度快速增加,冷锋过境后,长江三角洲地区受高压控制,受辐散气流的影响,长江三角洲地区污染物向外扩散,污染物浓度降低,随后大气层结趋于稳定,在下一次冷锋活动前,污染物又逐渐积累[20].因此,分析不同冷锋过程中造成的污染物积累、输送的特征十分必要.前人在冷锋对污染物的扩散和区域输送等方面的影响已有大量研究,每次冷锋过程都会有差异,冷锋会不断地移动、变化.在其演变过程中,冷锋造成的气象要素和环流场的差异对不同地区空气污染的影响是否都一样需进行更细致的探讨.2019年12月10~11日我国东部地区出现了一次影响时间短、影响范围大的雾霾天气,整个过程以PM2.5污染为主,最低能见度在2km左右.本文主要从天气学角度,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹、WRF-Chem中尺度天气-空气质量模式和空气污染输送指数,分析了10日08:00时~11日08:00(文中的时间均为北京时)这一时间段中污染物的生消演变和传输特征,以期深入阐明输入型霾天气的形成过程,并为该类型霾天气的预报提供参考依据,进而提高分析预报的能力.1 资料和方法1.1 资料本文资料时段为2019年12月10~11日,其中PM2.5监测数据来自于中国环境监测总站每日公布的逐小时环境监测数据(http://106.37.208.233: 20035);天气形势图来源于韩国气象局网站(http:// 123.127.175.60:8765/siteui/index),物理量诊断数据来自于Micaps资料、NCEP/NCAR一日4次的1°×1°再分析资料和怀俄明大学的探空数据;后向轨迹模式所用的气象数据为NCEP/NCAR的全球资料同化系统(GADS)气象数据.1.2后向轨迹模式采用美国国家海洋大气研究中心空气质源实验室(NOAA)的HYSPLIT轨迹模式,该模式用于计算和分析大气污染物输送、扩散轨迹,具有处理多种气象要素输入场、多种物理过程和不同类型污染物排放源功能,已经被广泛地应用于多种污染物在各个地区的传输和扩散的研究中.为得到此次过程的污染物输送通道,利用后向轨迹模式计算出影响我2006 中国环境科学 41卷国中东部的气团轨迹.本文研究中,模拟高度选为500m,模拟时段选为2019年12月10日08:00时北京大兴站、10日14:00时和20:00时山东济南站以及11日08:00时江苏南京站过去48h的气团轨迹.1.3模式介绍本研究采用WRF-ChemV3.9.1.1模式计算制定区域边界PM2.5的传输通量,该模式是由美国大气研究中心(NCAR)、美国太平洋西北国家实验室(PNNL)、美国国家海洋及大气管理局(NOAA)共同开发完成的中尺度大气动力-化学耦合模式,此模式除了可设置计算各种动力参数和微物理变量之外,在化学部分包括了完整的传输(平流、对流和扩散)、干/湿沉降、化学过程,模式的最大优点是气象模块和化学传输模块在时间和空间分辨率上可以完全耦合.模拟区域包含99×99个网格,水平分辨率为27km,覆盖整个东亚地区和周边海域.模式层顶设在50hPa处,自地表到模式层顶共分为38个不等距层,其中2km以下高度包含12 层,可用于精细描述边界层内大气物理化学特征以及描述边界层结构.模式的模拟时间为2019年12月1日00:00时~12月15日00:00时,时间积分步长为120s,模式结果为逐小时平均量的输出.模式气溶胶方案选用MOSAIC [21]机制中的8档方案,在该方案中气溶胶粒径从0.039~10µm共划分为8个粒径段进行计算,其余参数化方案如表1所示.为了进一步消除初始条件的影响[22],将模拟前9d设置为spin-up的时间.模式其余参数化方案与文献[23]设置一致.使用NCEP发布的FNL资料为模式气象场提供初始和边界条件,以及使用全球化学模式(WACCM)输出结果为模式化学场提供初始和边界条件.在人为源方面,使用清华大学提供的MEIC清单(/)和MIX源清单[24], MEIC清单和MIX清单基准年分别为2016年和2012年.在生物源方面,选用MEGAN计算得到的生物质排放数据[25].1.4空气污染输送指数构建针对外来输送型污染的特点,结合轨迹模式输出结果和12~48h前PM2.5的观测数据对污染物的输送强度进行定量化计算建立污染输送指数[26].用HYSPLIT模式进行后向气团模拟,将东亚地区的水平空间网格化,即把0º~60ºN,70º~140ºE区域分成0.1°×0.1°的水平网格,依次统计每条后向轨迹在网格内出现的概率,得到每条轨迹的输送概率场.将每条轨迹的输送概率场与PM2.5观测浓度由公式(1)计算得到该条轨迹的输送强度,将该轨迹的所有输送强度相加得到它对污染物的输送强度值.为了使输送指数起到预报的作用,本文将后向12~48h的输送强度累加得到输送指数.(,)(,)(,)(,)(,)l i j l i j l i j dl i j tl i jT R E W W=(,)(,)l i jl i jlRnτ=(,)1(,)15dl i jWdl i j=+(1)(,)1(,)118tl i jWtl i j=+式中:(,)l i jT为输送强度,(,)l i jR为输送概率,(,)l i jE为上游PM2.5浓度实况,(,)dl i jW为距离权重函数,其中(,)dl i j为网格(,)i j与观测点的距离,(,)tl i jW为时间权重函数,其中(,)tl i j为网格(,)i j移动到观测点所需时间.(,)l i jτ为轨迹l在网格(,)i j内的停留时间,l n为轨迹运行的总时间,下标l和(,)i j分别为轨迹和网格.当污染物输送强度越大时,则说明污染物输送指数越大,反之越小.2结果与讨论2.1天气形势与空气污染过程从高空形势来看,本次空气污染过程中,500hPa上欧亚中高纬度地区为稳定的“一槽一脊”经向型分布,高压脊位于西西伯利亚东部到巴尔喀什湖地区,低压槽位于贝加尔湖东侧至长江中下游地区,10日08:00时,华北地区中东部、黄淮大部、江淮地区大部受低压槽前西南气流控制,随着低压槽东移,到11日08:00时上述地区逐渐由槽前转到槽后脊前,槽后脊前的西北气流引导的冷空气逐渐南下影响我国中东部地区.地面形势场上,10日05:00时,华北、黄淮、江淮地区主要受中心位于华北西部的低压系统控制,冷锋位于北京西部至山西中南部一带,北京大兴站位于低压前部,受偏南气流控制,有利于污染物和水汽向京津冀地区输送和聚集.10日08:00时(图1),冷锋抵达北京至华北南部一带,污染物浓度大值区位5期王丽娟等：初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响 2007 于华北中南部和黄淮地区,锋面即将抵达大兴站,该站维持较高污染物浓度.abc d图1 2019年12月10~11日地面等压线(hPa)与PM2.5浓度(µg/m3)叠加图Fig.1 Overlay map of ground-level isobar (hPa) and PM2.5 concentrations (µg/m3, colored dot) during Dec 10~11, 2019 图中黑色方点从北至南依次为大兴、济南和南京3个测站;红色线条表示该站点48h后向轨迹随着冷锋东移南压,10日11:00时,冷锋位于华北南部,大兴站已处于锋后,在锋后冷空气的清除作用下,污染物浓度明显降低;10日14:00时(图1),冷锋移至渤海湾至山东西北部地区,污染物浓度大值区主要集中在黄淮中北部,济南站位于冷锋附近,冷空气将华北地区的污染物向黄淮地区输送,济南地区的污染物浓度有所增加.10日20:00时(图1),随着冷锋南移至山东南部、江苏西北部地区,污染物浓度大值区主要位于黄淮到江淮北部一带.济南位于冷锋后部、高压的底前部,在高压底前部东北气流的影响下,将华北地区的污染物以偏东风的回流形式输送到济南地区,因此在冷锋移过济南站后的一段时间之内,济南站仍维持较高的污染物浓度.在冷锋的作用下,从华北、黄淮地区输送过来的污染物从低压底部偏西方向向江苏地区输送并堆积,江苏地区的污染物浓度自北向南逐渐增加;11日08:00时(图1),冷锋位于辽宁东南部至江苏中南部一带,在锋后偏北风的作用下,将北方地区污染物向南输送,江苏中南部地区的污染物浓度明显增加,由于江苏地区气压梯度小、风速小,则有利于北方地区的污染物在江苏南部沿江地区堆积,在PM2.5实况图上可以看到在江苏沿江地区有一明显的重污染带,此时华北、黄淮地区的污染物浓度已降低.11日11:00~14:00时,随着冷锋南压至江南北部,江苏位于高压前部,弱冷空气源源不断扩散南下,将上游地区的污染物向南输送,使得江苏南部地区PM2.5浓度一直维持较高水平;11日20:00时,冷锋继续南压至江南南部,江苏南部、江南北部位于冷锋后部,风速略有增大,使得污染物由江苏地区移出,此时江苏地区的PM2.5浓度虽较其他地区高,但较前几个2008 中国环境科学 41卷时次明显下降.由上述分析可知,PM2.5浓度的变化呈现出明显的自北向南逐步发展的过程,与冷锋的活动密切相关,污染物移动较快.2.2由北至南3站气象要素和PM2.5演变abc图2 2019年12月9日17:00~11日23:00期间3个站点地面气温(℃)、PM2.5浓度(µg/m3)、能见度(km)、风矢量(m/s)随时间的变化Fig.2 The time series of the ground level temperature (), PM℃ 2.5 concentration (µg/m3), visibility (km), wind (m/s) of three stationsfrom 17:00 BJT on Dec 9 to 23:00 BJT on Dec 11, 2019a.大兴;b.济南;c.南京根据前面的分析可以看出,此次污染物明显是伴随着冷锋的东移南下,依次输送至华北、黄淮至长江中下游地区,本节从以上3个关键区中自北向南挑选3个代表站,深入分析冷锋对它们的影响.从图2a中可以看出,10日02:00~08:00时,大兴的PM2.5浓度维持在150µg/m3以上,地面一直以弱南风为主,有利于污染物在华北中南部堆积,污染物浓度在08:00时前后达到最大,超过200µg/m3,相应的能见度在10日08:00时前后达到最低,在2km左右;08:00时之后,随着大兴站位于锋后,西北风明显加大,有利于污染物向东南方向输出,污染物浓度迅速降低至50µg/m3以下,且之后一直维持较低的浓度,能见度迅速增大,说明冷空气对污染物起到了清除的作用.从图2b中可以看出,10日02:00~08:00时,济南地区为偏南风,偏南风将济南地区的污染物向华北地区输送,污染物浓度呈下降趋势.11:00时左右,随着冷锋的靠近,逐渐转成西北风,华北地区的污染物输送至济南,济南站的污染物浓度明显增加.10日14:00~17:00时,济南受冷锋后的高压底部偏东气流控制,污染物浓度达到最大,超过200µg/m3,能见度达最低.由于弱的偏东风回流持续输送作用(图1),使得济南地区的污染物并没有在10日下午冷锋过境后立即被显著清除,而是保持在50~100µg/m3之间.从图2c中可以看出,从10日02:00~20:00时,南京地区以偏南风为主,污染物浓度一直维持在75µg/m3左右.10日夜间,南京由偏南风转成偏西风,且风速微弱,污染物浓度开始逐渐增加,11日05:00时达到150µg/m3,11日08:00时,随着冷锋的靠近,南京逐渐由偏西风转成偏北风且弱风状态维持,有利于污染物从北方地区直接输送过来并堆积,能见度也随之达到最低,为2km左右.11日08:00时之后,南京位于锋后,偏北风略有增大,污染物浓度降至5期王丽娟等：初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响 200950µg/m3左右,能见度开始好转.综合以上分析可以看出,随着冷锋的影响,3个站点分别表现出不同的污染物浓度变化特征,且与冷锋移动造成的风向风速的变化密切相关.2.3冷锋影响下边界层结构演变特征冷锋对某一地区的影响一般分为3个阶段:冷锋过境前、冷锋过境时和冷锋过境后.假相当位温(θse)是一个可以综合表征大气温度和湿度的物理量,能反映锋区的位置和移动的情况,某一地区位于冷锋不同的影响阶段,其附近的气象要素场特征亦有区别.由图3a可知,10日00:08时θse密集带位于35°~ 40°N,密集带随高度向北方倾斜,40°N以北的低纬度地区为θse低值区,为干冷空气占据,结合前面天气形势的分析可以判断出此时大兴站位于冷锋附近.从大兴站10日08:00时的边界层垂直结构图中可以看出,此时冷空气对大兴站影响不大,逆温层的存在,有利于大气污染的维持.08:00时过后,冷空气对大兴的影响增大,偏北风加大,打破了大兴站的逆温结构,霾天气结束.将10日14:00时的θse和风场沿117°E做垂直剖面(图3b),从图中可以看出, θse密集带略有南压,位于34°~37°N附近,济南在锋面附近.从济南站冷锋过境前和过境后的边界层垂直结构来看,10日08:00时冷锋过境前,济南站整层较干,逆温层厚度达500m 左右,温差只有1℃,10日20:00时冷锋过境后,高压底前部的偏东风会将北方的污染物和海上的暖湿水汽输送至济南地区,使济南地区的水汽条件略转好,近地面的逆温层结构更加明显,逆温层厚度降低至100m左右,温差增大到3℃,因此济南地区的霾天气在冷锋过境后仍维持.由图3c可知,θse密集带明显南移,位于31°~ 35°N ,锋面位于南京站附近.结合南京站的边界层垂直结构,可以看出,10日20:00时位于冷锋前时,南京地区边界层有逆温存在;11日08:00时位于冷锋附近时,近地面层100m以下的逆温层也逐渐减弱变成等温层,由于逆温层维持时间短,不利于污染物的堆积,因此南京地区的霾天气很快趋于结束.在冷锋影响的不同阶段,江苏地区的污染物水平平流输送、垂直平流输送和湍流扩散输送条件均发生了改变.冷锋影响初期,在近地面~100m高度,以水平平流的输入为主,在100~200m的高度上以湍流扩散输送为主,在500~1000m范围内以垂直平流输送为主.从整个过程来看,垂直平流输送不明显,从地面至100m高度范围内,污染物以湍流扩散输出为主,在距离地面100~500m范围内,湍流输入较明显,但小于水平平流输出.气压(hPa)气压(hPa)气压(hPa)图3 不同时刻假相当位温(K)和风场(m/s)沿不同站点经度的垂直剖面图Fig.3 Ve rtical cross-section of the potential pseud-equivalent temperature(K) and wind field(m/s) at different times along thelongitude of different stationsa.10日08时沿116.5°E;b.10日14时沿117°E;c. 11日08时沿119°E. 阴影区代表地形2.4各阶段污染物来源分析NOAA研发的HYSPLIT模式可以多角度全方位模拟污染气团的后向轨迹,从而判断污染物的可能来源和路径.本文选取2019年12月10日08:00时至11日08:00时为主要研究时段,利用HYSPLIT2010 中国环境科学 41卷分别对位于冷锋不同部位的大兴站、济南站和南京站500m上48h传输气团的路径进行分析.结合气团轨迹和地面天气图来看,10日08:00时大兴站位于锋面附近,污染物先在锋后西北气流的作用下向东南方向移动、移至锋面附近后在锋前偏南气流的作用下折向大兴;10日14:00时,济南位于冷锋附近,污染物从西北方向输送过来,当济南位于冷锋后、高压底部前时,济南转成高压底前部的东北风,污染物在东北风的作用下输送至济南境内;11日08:00时,冷锋位于南京站附近,冷锋后部的冷空气将华北地区和黄淮地区的污染物直接向南京输送.计算大兴、济南和南京的空气污染输送指数和PM2.5小时浓度演变(图4),从大兴站和济南站的输送指数可以看出,输送指数未能较好地体现出两站污染物浓度的真实情况,但是演变的趋势表现出来了,而对南京站而言,从12月10日白天开始,输送指数逐步增大,随之而来,在10日夜间PM2.5浓度值迅速增加,在12月11日上午PM2.5浓度值达到最大,与图1d和图3c的结论较为一致,说明这是一次典型的与冷锋有关的输送型污染.由于此输送指数主要是针对长江中下游地区的上游有污染区存在时才更有效,因此,此输送指数在长江中下游地区的使用效果更好.图4 2019年12月10日00:00~13日00:00时大兴、济南和南京空气污染输送指数与PM2.5逐小时分布Fig.4 Time series of air pollution transfer index and PM2.5 in Daxing、Jinan and Nanjing from 00:00 BJT on Dec10 to 00:00 BJT onDec13, 2019风场是决定大气污染物输送的重要因素,风向决定了空气污染物的输送方向,风速决定了污染物的稀释和清除的强度.通过前面的分析可知,污染物传输指数在长江中下游地区使用的效果优于其他地区,为进一步验证污染物的传输情况,使用WRF-Chem模式模拟了0~3000m各层高度上江苏省东西南北4个边界PM2.5的传输通量,每个方向的传输通量为PM2.5浓度与风速、边界截面积的乘积,用来表征每个方向污染物输送量的大小,结果发现0~700m高度上的特征一致,700~1300m的特征一致,1300~3000m的特征一致,因此分别给出这3个区域高度的传输通量图(图5).从图中可以看出,PM2.5传输通量比较大的区域集中在0~700m高度上,且以北方和西方的输入为主,10日20:00时之前,江苏位5期 王丽娟等：初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响 2011于低压的底部,因此污染物沿着低压底部偏西气流向江苏地区输送,随着10日20:00时前后冷锋开始进入江苏北部,北风分量逐渐加大,北方输送由负转正并逐渐增大,随着冷锋移过江苏,北方的输入逐渐小于输出,因此北方输送通量开始减小.对应的高空锋区落后于地面锋面,因此700~1300m 高度上偏北方向的污染物输送在11日下午达到最大.整个过程中700~3000m 上的污染物传输较少.由此可见,本次过程江苏省的PM 2.5主要输送口为700m 高度以下的北边界,随着冷锋的移动,冷锋后部的冷空气将北方的PM 2.5输送至江苏地区,在偏西风和偏北风的共同作用下,江苏地区的PM 2.5浓度自北向南逐渐增加.综上所述,10日夜间正是冷空气开始影响江苏的时刻,随着冷锋的移动,冷锋后部的冷空气将北方的污染物输送至江苏地区,江苏地区的污染物浓度自北向南逐渐增加.P M 2.5通量 (k g /s )P M 2.5通量 (k g /s )P M 2.5通量 (k g /s )北边界南边界西边界东边界3000-3003000-300300-3002019-12-10 2019-12-112019-12-122019-12-132019-12-14日期abc图5 不同高度上江苏省4个边界的PM 2.5传输通量(kg/s)Fig.5 PM 2.5 fluxes on the four borders of Jiangsu Province at different altitudea.0~700m ;b.700~1300m;c. 1300~3000m.江苏南北边界取20个格距,东西边界取19个格距,格距为27000m此外,进一步采用关闭污染源的模拟方法,计算出此次过程10日00:00~11日14:00时影响江苏省的污染物来源,得出江苏本地污染物占25.8%,江苏以外的污染物贡献占74.2%,与前面分析的此次污染过程以外部输送为主的结论一致.本文的初衷是剖析研究冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响,但由于目前污染物输送指数和模式模拟的污染物浓度演变在华北和黄淮地区的模拟效果不如江苏地区,因此以江苏地区的定量分析为主.本研究揭示了初冬冷锋南下过程中,上游污染物对下游地区的影响,以及南北方站点表现出不同的污染物变化和清除特征.但本研究未考虑降水对污染物的清除,也未对比分析不同强度的冷锋对南北方站点影响的差异,这些还有待进一步研究.3 结论3.1 本次过程期间,500hPa 以经向型环流为主,在高空低压槽东移的过程中,引导冷空气东移南下,自北向南依次影响华北、黄淮和江淮地区.3.2 冷锋导致的3站污染物浓度差异:冷锋入侵北京大兴站前,大兴站的污染物浓度增加,当锋面在大兴站附近时,污染物浓度达到峰值,冷锋过境后,风向立即转成西北风且风速明显加大,污染物浓度迅速降低,冷空气对污染物起到清除的作用;冷锋影响济南站时,虽然已转成了偏北风,但风速略小,使得污染物从华北地区向济南地区输送并堆积,污染物浓度升高,随着济南站转到冷锋后部、高压的底前部,在东北风的作用下继续将华北地区污染物以回流的形式向济南输送,因此,冷锋过境后济南站的污染物浓度降低较慢,并未完全清除;冷锋抵达南京站之前,。
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Haze Weather 1 Haze Weather
Good afternoon, teacher. My topic of my Composition is "haze weather". Generally speaking, I divide it into 7 parts, they are: The definition of a haze weather, the different between fog and haze, the cause of the haze, The harm of the haze, How to prevent the haze weather, How to protect ourselves in haze weather and The Conclusion. In this paper, I mainly introduces the How to prevent the haze weather and How to protect ourselves in haze weather. In order to write this essay, I mainly through two ways to collect information. First of all, I read a lot of news about haze,extract valuable information. What’s more, I read some academic journals on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),and translate them into Chinese. Then，coupled with my own idea, this essay becomes what it looks like now. In my opinion，The advantage of my composition lies in rich and comprehensive contents which remains the essence of the materials. With the development of economy, rapid expansion of cities and acceleration of urbanization, the pollution of atmospheric aerosol has become increasingly serious, leading to degradation of visibility. Haze weather has become a common environmental disaster. It's reported that most areas of northern china have been covered by the persistent deep thick fog haze in recent days, for which the national meteorological station issued the highest orange alert, calling people to wear masks to prevent from the air pollution when outing. "Without the fog, London wouldn't be a beautiful city", said Monet, the famous French painter. However, few Londoners would have agreed with his statement at the time, when the city was choked by the smog of the Industrial Revolution. Crisis behind the beauty can be ignored unconsciously, the formation and impact of fog are far less attractive than its appearance. The fog haze, which is combined with pollutions and moisture in the air, is one of the chief culprits to the traffic jam and respiratory diseases, damaging the life and health of human beings.
1、The definition of a haze weather The haze is a combination of fog and dust, mainly appears in November to the next March, which is not only caused by the temperature inversion, but also the Haze Weather 2 consequences of us human beings ’actions. In “the ground meteorological observations norms" of the China Meteorological Administration, the haze weather has its definition:" an air generally had muddy phenomenon that the level of visibility is less than 10 km which is caused by a large number of very fine dry dust particles floating in the air and so evenly. ”At this stage, the haze whether is divided into four levels of appellation. The visibility is between 5~10 km belonging to the phenomenon of slight haze;the visibility is between 3~5 km belonging to the phenomenon of mild haze; The visibility is between 2~3 km belonging to the phenomenon of severe haze and what's worse, when the visibility is less than 2 km, it belongs to the phenomenon of serious haze.
2、The different between fog and haze Similarities between fog and haze are visibility obstruction. But there's a big difference between the reasons and conditions for the formation of fog and haze. Fog is floating in the air of a large number of small water droplets or ice crystals, forming conditions requires a higher water vapor saturated. Appeared fog air humidity, air relative humidity is 100%, or closer to 100%, the fog effective horizontal visibility to less than 1 km. When effective 1-10 km horizontal visibility as mist. Fog has with the daily variation of air humidity and appear sooner or later, the more common or add thick, relatively reduce and disappear phenomenon during the day. A haze occurs when air is relatively dry, air relative humidity under 80% usually. Its formation is due to a large number of tiny particles of dust, smoke, salt crystals evenly suspended in the air, make effective horizontal visibility to less than 10 km air mixed corrosion phenomenon, symbols for “up". The diurnal variation of the haze is not obvious in general. When air masses without big changes, the air mass is stable, continue to appear for a long time, sometimes sustainable more than 10 days. Because the haze and mist, dust, flying sand, dust, smoke, such as a weather phenomenon, floating in the air for all the large number of very small dust particles and smoke that effective horizontal visibility to less than 10 km. Sometimes makes meteorological professionals are difficult to distinguish. Must be combined with the weather background, air condition, air humidity, color, smell and other factors, such as satellite monitoring to comprehensive analysis and judgment, to correct conclusions, and fog and haze weather phenomenon can transform each other sometimes.