英语论文英语中的性别歧视.docx

The Sexism in English Language英语中的性别歧视Abstract Sexism in English language haslaunched along with the vigorous development of women‘ s liberation movement since the end of1960s. As a mirror reflecting the society language images the social views and values. Sexism insociety is thus inevitably reflected in the use of language. The paper based on the analysis of sexdiscrimination in English explores that it is by no means an extinction of sexist language so long asthe sexism in society exists. The causes of sexism in this thesis are the inequality between maleand female. In ancient time the thoughts that males host females and the treatment of women asinferiors to men are in vogue. Men are always at superior positions to women in the socialeconomy in t he politics as well as in the people‘ s traditional ideas so the idea of sex discriminationhas reflected in the language. The thesis summarizes the phenomena of sexism in English by usinguniversal evidence and they are shown and discussed in four aspects: English proverbs Englishexpressions English vocabulary and the meanings of English words. Lastly the thesis introducestwo feasible strategies to erase sexism in English language and they are: language reform andsocial reform. The most important one is to erase the sexist conceptions and improve women‘ sstatus respect and support them. The language transformation can be realistic on the basis of thesocial reform. Key Words Sexism female words masculine words strategies 摘要自 20 世纪 60年代起语言性别歧视已随着女性解放运动的展开而得到蓬勃发展。

语言是社会现实的一种反映因此由于历史发展、文化、社会价值及男女两性之间在生理等方面的差异而引起的性别歧视尤其是社会对女性的性别歧视一览无余的体现在语言上英语语言中也存在性别歧视。

本篇论文阐述了性别歧视产生的原因是男女地位的不平等在人类早期男尊女卑的思想盛行男子在社会经济、政治、文化领域以及人们的传统观念中总是处于比女性优越的地位人们在观念上形成的对妇女特有的歧视观念慢慢形成并反映在语言中。

本文分析了性别歧视在英语中的四个方面的表现在谚语中在词汇中在词语中和在词义中通过大量的举例和分类来系统阐述。

最后着重讨论了消除性别歧视语所应采取的一些策略从语言策略和社会策略两方面入手要消除性别歧视关键在于根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念进一步提高妇女的社会地位语言的变革只能在社会变革的基础上才能实现。

关键词性别歧视女性词男性词策略 Introduction Language is a social phenomenon and it has aclose relationship with the social life the language is used in a specific social group and it is notonly the carrier of the ideological content but a mirror of social life it reveals peoplethoughts that sex discrimination against women in the society. From the development and changes ofthe language people can conclude that sex discrimination does not only exist in China but in allthe countries. Therefore how does English language reflect the social phenomenon The first personwho did research on the gender and language is the Denmark linguist Otto.Jespersen he regardsEnglish as the most masculine language that is familiar to him and it is a man centered language.The domestic scholars and experts Yang Yonglin Bai Jiehong and so on have done thoroughresearch about sexist element in the English language they also have introduced somefeasible strategies to erase the sexism but they just have done thorough research from the languagestrategy aspect. In the thesis the author does the research from the combination of the socialreforms and language refo rms and it is essential to erase the sexism from people‘ s minds. English as one of the most widespread languages its sexist element shall not be suitable to the interculturalcommunications but there is massive discrimination in it people should pay much more attentionto the sex equality and the improvement of women‘ ssocial positions. Understanding the sexistphenomenon in English language helps people study the language culture and correctly treat thechanges of the language in the historical development. The thesis emphatically introduces andanalyzes the specific phenomena of sexism and also provides corresponding strategies that can beused to eliminate sexism in English language.Ⅰ . A Definition to Sexism in English LanguageSexism in the Oxford Advan ced Learner‘ s English-Chinese dictionary it means that disapprovingaction based on the ideas or belief that the members of one sex are less intelligent able and skillfuletc than the members of the other sex especially that women are less able than men and thoseparticular jobs and actions are suitable for women and others are suitable for men. Sexism inEnglish refers to English expresses sexist assumptions about differences between men and womenas in the prejudicial use of female or male words Sexist language expresses unfair assumptionsand differences and it can be either explicit as in the prejudicial use of male or female pronouns oring universal evidence the thesis here reveals how often English expresses sexistassumptions about differ ences between men and women. Just as a proverb goes in England:― If you see an old man sit down and take a lesson if you see an old woman throw a stone.‖ whatexpresses English version of the sexism prescribed for women is particularly confining. Englishjokes and folklore are blatantly sexist. Nilsen Alleen Pace 1990. In fact woman in the world nomatter in which country she lives the roles designated to them is unfair in the society.Ⅱ . Sexismin English Language The paper presents the sexist phenomenon which is very universal in Englishlanguage. And it is shown and discussed in four aspects: English proverbs English expressionsEnglish vocabulary and the meanings of English words. A. Sexism in English Proverbs Proverb iscrystallization of human wisdom and incarnation of the concise language. The linguists considerthe proverbs as a mirror of the ethnic the live fossil of the language. In recent years with thefurther study of the language the linguists have found what refers to both genders most proverbs inevery kind of language unavoidably express the affection of the male chauvinism and feudalconsciousness of the treatment of females are inferior to males and followings are some usualphenomena of the sexist language in English proverbs. 1. Role category The women areconsidered as delicious food in the society the roles of women in the society and culture in everycountry are very passive but men are active for example:― A fair woman without virtue is like palled wine‖ ― all women may be won‖ ― words are women and deeds are men‖ . Thesentence ― long hair and short wit ‖ expresses women is lack of wisdom but men are cleveranother example goes like this:― when an ass climbs a ladder we may find wisdom in‖women庄和诚are lack of wisdom and they are capricious.2.Manner Category In modern society most people hold such mind that men are successful butwomen are sexy. In American culture a woman is valued for the attractiveness and sexiness of herbody while man is valued for his physical strength and accomplishments. A persuasive piece ofevidence supporting this view is that female eponyms relate closely to a woman‘ s physicalanatomy while the masculine eponyms have nothing to do with the namesake‘ s body but instead honor the man for his achievement and accomplishment. 3. Marriage Category In relation tomarriage there is much linguistic evidence showing that weddings are more important to womenthan to men. Many proverbs reflect such feudal consciousness that girls are not important in afamily. For example:― it is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock ‖ ― Marryyour son when you will your daughter when you can ‖ ― there are many good women it is truebut they are in their graves ‖ . 庄和诚revealed women are inferiorand subordinate to them. B. Sexism in English Expressions English has gradually formed thetendency that the expressions referred to the male generalize the ones pointed to the two gendersduring its development. Although people do not mind to discriminate against women during theircommunications the phenomena that people discriminate against women reflect the gender bias ofsociety and sometimes women feel insult from other people. Moreover some expressions structurethat elaborate the meanings of discriminating against woman have emerged and therefore peoplecall English a sexist language. 1. The Summary of Masculine Expressions on Two GendersMasculine English expressions summarize two genders. People often meet such sentences duringour study and daily life:― any patient is free to bring his complaint to me if he feelsaggrieved‖ ― we hope the reader will use his own judgment ‖ ― everyone should hand hishomework tomorrow ‖ . From the above examples it is clear that the words‖ or― he――hisinthe sentences refer to two genders not the single gender that is to say― he‖contains ― she‖ ― his‖ contains ― her‖. Besides to begin a letter words referred to malescontain two genders in salutations of a letter people often use the words referred to mansummarize man and woman when they do not know the receiver‘ s specific sex of the people for example in formal letters people often use― Dear sir or Dear‖ butgentlemendonotcare for thereceiver ‘ s sex. The sexism exists in every field so peoplshould pay much attention to the sexistphenomenon in the language. 2. Sex Orders in Expressions and Words Female words are behindmale words in some English expressions when referring to men and women the two genders arenot equal female words are behind male words for instance: brother and sister father and motherboys and girls husband and wife man and woman. Those do not elaborate the sexist meanings inform but with sexism in sense. The jobs teacher nurse secretary model and etc these neutral wordsare designated to female but professor lawyer doctor etc. are recognized as masculine words anddesignated to males.All these customaries are a social bias just look at anotherexample:― professional‖ when a man is called a professional he is thought to be a doctor or alawyer but when people hear a woman referred to as a professional and they are likely to think ofa prostitute. But it is not true today because so many women have become doctors and lawyersthat it is no longer incongruous to think of women in those professional roles. People shouldchange their traditional conceptions that females are inferior to males. 3. The Changes of FemaleWords ‘ Meanings During the development of English many female words‘ meanings have taken place during the history. For example ― governor‖ in old English it referred to the person incharge of a particular unit and now it keeps the same meaning. However the relativeword― governess‖ means another thing it has changed its former meaning from family tutorinto prostitute and another example ― master‖ and― mistress‖ referred to the male andfemale school teacher but now the word‖― mistressrefersto a woman who is having a sexualrelationship with a married man and so do many other words lord and lory sir and Madame temperand temptress. The female words have changed their former meanings and they have beenendowed with a belittled meaning which is the sexist reflection in English language. C. Sexism inEnglish V ocabulary Sexism exists in English language it shows that masculine vocabulary referto both genders that is to say the generalization of the masculine words. 1. Sex Discriminationand Job Titles Inferior job titles refer to both genders but higher ones only refer to male. In Englishthere are both feminine words and masculine words referred to the inferior jobs in social status.For instance waiter and waitress steward and stewardess. But when referring to the higher posttitles there are only masculine words such as doctor professor engineer etc. are suitable for bothgenders. However these words are usually associated with masculine if they are used to designatefemale they would always be added on a word‖― womanor―lady‖ . Such as these words alady-doctor a business woman-lawyer. In English the words used to describe woman are pejorativeand belittled but the words used to describe man are positive and praised although the man and woman do the same work in a company people used to describe them with different words due to the social bias for example a businessman is aggressive and a businesswoman is pushy. In addition one often meets these phenomena during our daily lives 2. Man and Woman Male are superior to females. Woman is subordinate to man. In vocabulary the nouns ending with–er–or are neutral words but people think they are masculine such as doctor professor engineer etc. If they are designated to females they always add woman or lady before them and many professional nouns take ― man‖ as their suffix such as chairman mailman etc. Although there are many women working in the field the word he always indicate the both genders just as English teachers oftensay that nobody in the class can be proud of his English here‖ stands for girls― andhis boys no matter that there are many boys and girls in the class. The generalization of the word ― he‖reveals men are superior to women and men are the center of the society. D. Sexism in theMeanings of English Words A word when it is used in different genders it is endowed with different meanings. For example ― prudent‖refersman to a man who is careful and cautious tothe uncertainties and he acts care and foresight but ― prudent woman ‖ is the woman who behaves in an extremely manner. And another example:―‖imposingrefers tomanthe man who looks important or causes admirat ion but ― imposing woman‖ refers to the woman who is indifferent ruthless and horrible. Furthermore another word‖ which is―usedtrampto refer to the man without family job or money who travels around and asks for money from others but when ― tramp‖ refers to a woman it is a mistress obviously it is a semantic choice of social bias. Sometimes two words point to the same thing the linguistic senses are different for example bachelor refers to the single man but the word spinster refers to the unmarried old woman the two words are unequal in the linguistic sense. Just because of the social bias the society treats the single man and woman differently. For English itself there is no sex discrimination even no gender difference in it masculine meanings are endowed with gender inequality by people purposely. From the above evidences people can find factors about the gender discrimination in English language . Ⅲ . The Causes of Sexism in English Language English language as a social phenomenon it surely reflects the society and it has the features which are changeable and profound. As a mirror reflecting the society language images the social views and values. Sexismin society is thus inevitably reflected in the use of language it reveals the gender bias of the society.A. The Causes of Social Position and Power The sexist language reveals discrimination against women in social life. In ancient times man was the center of the society and more important than woman no matter in which field such as in the social economics politics culture fields and traditional conceptions woman was inferior to man and was subordinated and dominated by man they have been looked down upon gradually. As a result the idea that woman is inferior to man has been revealed in the language. Sexism exists in people ‘minds. Sexism does not only exist independently in the languages but also exists in people ‘minds. Language is like an X -ray in providing visible evidence of invisible thoughts. The most important thing people are interested inis to discuss sexist language as they make conscious decisions about what pronouns they will use no matter what jokes they will tell or laugh at how they will write their names or how they will begin their letters they are forced to think about the underlyin.。