BP oil spill
学术英语(第二版)综合教师手册unit3
Unit 3 Business EthicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 3, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in groups and complete the task in Lead-in. Then choose some groups to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys (Suggested Answers)1.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as a self-regulatingbusiness model that helps a company be socially accountable —to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. In other words, it is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.2.Text AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•economic system•free enterprise2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the features of the two versions of Adam Smith’s theory bydoing Task 1 in Critical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.economic systemAn economic system is a system for producing, distributing and consuming goods and services, including the combination of the various institutions, agencies, consumers, entities that comprise the economic structure of a given society or community. It also includes how these various agencies and institutions are linked to one another, how information goes between them, and the social relations within the system.Two of the basic and general economic systems are market economy and planned economy. Market economy is an economic system in which businesses and individuals decide what to produce and buy, and the market determines quantities sold and prices, whereas planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency.Although a planned economy may be based on either centralized or decentralized forms of economic planning, it usually refers to a centrally planned economy.2.free enterpriseFree enterprise refers to the system of business in which individuals are free to decide what to produce, how to produce, and at what price to sell.Language Support1.Most academics today subscribe to the following modified version of AdamSmith’s theory:…(Para. 2)In the text, the phrase “subscribe to”means “agreeing with or supporting (an opinion, theory, etc.)”（同意；赞成）.e.g. I subscribe to the idea that voting is my civic duty.She subscribes to the theory that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded andothers were cold-blooded.It can also refer to “paying money to get (a publication or service) regularly”（订阅）.e.g. I subscribe to several magazines.We have subscribed to an evening newspaper.2.These constraints take a number of different forms. …Another set ofconstraints …(Para. 3)Two recent examples dramatically illustrate these points. First, …(Para. 3) Classification is employed to organize things into categories with a single organizing principle, and give examples of things that fit into each category. Here are other commonly-used words and expressions for classification:•The first (kind/type/group/class/etc.) …; the second …; the third …•sort, classify, categorize …•category, group, class, kind …3.Saving the financial system required a bailout of the banks and otherfinancial companies, and that bailout imposed huge costs on the taxpayers, and also helped push the economy into a deep recession. (Para. 5)impose sth. on sb.:i) force something on someone把......强加于e.g. He always imposes his opinion on others.ii) levy a tax or duty征税e.g. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kindof food.Here is another usage of the word “impose”:impose on sb.:i) force oneself on others强加于人e.g. Thanks for your offer to help, but I did not want to impose on you.ii) take unfair advantage of 利用e.g. Don’t you think you are imposing on your neighbor when you use histelephone for half an hour?4.be true to one’He is always true to his word and focused on the big picture.Ninety days later, true to his word, the goldsmith brought the crown.5.To date, Buffett has contributed more than $6 billion, and over time he isscheduled to contribute additional stock that is now worth in excess of $40 billion. (Para. 7)in excess of: greater than, more than 超过e.g. Luggage in excess of 100 kg will be charged extra.This plane can reach speeds in excess of 1000 kilometers an hour.Answer KeysCritical reading and thinkingTask 1 / Overview1The original version：The invisible hand; Profit maximization; Free enterprise systemThe modified version:the wealth of its stockholders; the best economic system; constraints2Argument 11) a wide range of regulations are imposed2) assessing costs on companies; BP oil spillArgument 21) behave ethically; value and reputation2) Don’t Be Evil3) creative capitalism4) contributed more than $6 billionTask 2 / Points for discussion (Suggested Answers)11) Yes, I agree. Because:• Earning profit is the main aim of every economic activity. A business is an economic activity and hence, its main aim should be to earn profit.• Profit is a measure of eff iciency and economic prosperity of the business. This justifies the concept of profit maximization.• Economic conditions do not remain the same all the time. A business can retain its profit so that it can survive the adverse situations in the future. Profit gives protection against future risks and uncertainties.• Profit is the main source of finance for growth and expansion. Profit is essential for the business in order to invest in new business propositions.• Profitability is essential for fulfilling the social goals of the business. With profit maximization a business can do socio-economic welfare and follow its policies of corporate social responsibility.2) No, I don’t agree. Because:Business should do anything they can to make a profit, but never at the cost of human welfare and natural environment. Human welfare must be considered as important as profit making. A business is successful to the extent that it provides a product that contributes to happiness in all forms. As a matter of fact, the great value of a business should be morally associated with consumer’s satisfaction and safety. On the other hand, businesses of great value should not be blind to their moral obligations of protecting the natural environment.2 Yes, it is a very effective way for society to impose such regulations to prevent companies from engaging in practices that hurt society. For most businesses their ultimate goal is to make profits. It is true that most businessmen try to abide by the laws while making profits. However we have to admit that there are some who use every means to make as much money as possible, even regardless of the interests ofemployees, communities, and environment. Therefore, the regulations such as penalties and suspension for internal rectification should be imposed to deter companies from unlawful practices.3 Yes, having a good reputation with customers, suppliers, employees and regulators is essential if value is to be maximized. Business success is associated with many entities, such as customers, suppliers, employees and regulators. If customers are satisfied with your products and service, they will be loyal to your company. If suppliers provide you with qualified products, your business will operate well. If employees are treated well, they will work very hard and are willing to be part of your company. If regulators are certain that your company acts fairly and follows rules, your company will develop sustainably. All above depends on whether the business is continually operating with society’s interests in mind and maintaining a good reputation.Language building-upAnswer keysTask 1 / Specialized vocabulary11 纳税人2 自由企业制度3 股东4 经济体制5 市场力量；市场调节作用6 金融机构7 stock price 8 mission9 corporate motto 10 assets11 profit maximization 12 financial system21 financial institutions2 free enterprise system3 assets4 Taxpayers5 stockholder6 profit maximization7 economic system 8 market forcesTask 2 / Academic vocabulary1. principal2. dramatically3. academics4. maximization5. framework6. range7. compensate 8. transfer9. inadequate 10. constraintsTask 3 / Collocations1. subscribe to2. striving to3. imposing …on4. go out of business5. as a whole6. engaged in7. go hand in hand with 8. in excess ofTask 4 / Formal English1 insights2 subscribe to3 imposes4 adverse5 mission6 philanthropic7 donated 8 famedTranslation of Text A达到适当的平衡在1776年，亚当·斯密描述了一只“看不见的手”是如何引导企业追求利润的，而这只手会引导企业做出有利于社会的决策。
英语演讲原文：奥巴马演讲 BP溢油应急评估1
奥巴马演讲 BP溢油应急评估1Good afternoon, everybody. I know it’s a little warm out here so want to get started. I’ve just had a meeting with these governors, members of Congress, local officials, as well as Admiral Thad Allen, the National Incident Commander in charge of response efforts to the BP oil spill. Admiral Allen gave us an update, the latest information on both the efforts to plug the well, as well as giving us an update on arrangements and coordination 1 that's being made with respect to mitigating 2 （镇静，缓和） this damage that's been done.He updated us on these latest efforts to stop the leak, mitigate 3 the damage to the great beaches of the Gulf 4 coast, and I had the chance to visit with -- Charlotte -- a beach like Port Fourchon that gives you a sense of what extraordinary efforts are being made at the local level, but also the damage that we're already starting to see as a consequence of this spill.Now, our mission remains 5 the same as it has since this disaster began, since the day I visited Louisiana nearly four weeks ago: We want to stop the leak; we want to contain and clean up the oil; and we want to help the people of thisregion return to their lives and their livelihoods 6 （生机，营生） as soon as possible.And our response treats this event for what it is: It’s an assault on our shores, on our people, on the regional economy, and on communities like this one. This isn’t just a mess that we’ve got to mop up（结束，擦） . People are watching their livelihoods wash up on the beach. Parents are worried about the implications for their children’s health. Every resident of this community has watched this nightmare threaten the dreams that they’ve worked so hard to build. And they want it made right, and they want to make it right now.I just had a chance to listen to Mayor David Carmadelle of Grande Isle 7 , our host here, telling us heartbreaking stories about fishermen who are trying to figure out where the next paycheck（薪水） is going to come from, how are they going to pay a mortgage（抵押） or a note on their boat. And he is having to dig into his pocket at this point to make sure that some of them are able to deal with the economic impact. So this is something that has to be dealt with immediately, not sometime later. And that’s everybody’s driving focus -- everybody who is standing 8 behind me. This is our highest priority and it deserves a response that is equal to the task.That’s why this has already been the largest cleanup effort in U.S. history. On the day this disaster began, even as we launched a search and rescue effort for workers on the drilling rig, we were already staging equipment in the event of a larger-scale spill. By the time we discovered the third breach 9 , a week after the Deepwater Horizon platform sank, we had already stationed more than 70 vessels 10 and hundreds of thousands of feet of protective boom on site.Today, there are more than 20,000 people in the region working around the clock to contain and clean up this spill. We’ve activated 11 about 1,400 members of the National Guard across four states. Nearly 1,400 vessels are aiding in the containment 12 and cleanup effort. And we deployed 13 more than 3 million feet of hard and sorbent （吸附剂） boom, including an additional 100,000 just yesterday for these parishes（教区） in Louisiana that face the greatest threat.Now, I’ve made clear to Admiral Allen and I did so again today that he should get whatever he needs to deal with this crisis. Whatever he needs, he will get.Right now, we’re still within the window where we don’tyet know the outcome of the highly complex top kill procedure that the federal government authorized 14 BP to use to try to stop the leak. If it is successful, it would obviously be welcome news. If it’s not, a team of some of the world’s top scientists, engineers and experts, led by our Energy Secretary and Nobel Prize-winning physicist 15 Steven Chu, has for some time being -- has for some time been exploring any and all reasonable contingency 16 plans （应急计划） .But our response will continue with its full force regardless of the outcome of the top kill approach -- because even if the leak was stopped today it wouldn’t change the fact that these waters still contain oil from what is now the largest spill in American history. And more of it will come ashore 17 .To ensure that we’re fully 18 prepared for that, and in accordance with（依照，一致） input 19 from folks down here, I’ve directed Secretary Napolitano and Admiral Allen to triple the manpower in places where oil has hit the shore or is within 24 hours of impact. This increase will allow us to further intensify 20 this already historic response, contain and remove oil more quickly, and help minimize the time that any oil comes into contact with our coastline. That means deploying 21 more boom, cleaning more beaches,performing more monitoring of wildlife and impact to this ecosystem 22 （生态系统） .We’re also going to continue to do whatever it takes to help Americans whose livelihoods have been upended（竖立，颠倒） by this spill. Gulf Coast residents should know that we’ve gathered all pertinent 23 information regarding available assistance and the federal response in one place at .We have ordered BP to pay economic injury claims, and we will make sure they deliver. And the parish presidents and governors here in Louisiana were already giving us some sense of some of the bureaucratic 24 （官僚政治的）problems that we’re going to have to cut through, but we are going to cut through them. And for those who are in economic distress 25 , if you’ve already filed a claim and you’re not satisfied with the resolution, then will point you in the right direction.As I said yesterday, the Small Business Administration has stepped in to help businesses by approving loans, but also as important, allowing many to defer 26 （推迟，延期） existing loan payments. A lot of folks are still loaded up with loans that they had from Katrina and other natural disasters downhere, so they may need some additional help.■文章重点单词注释：1coordinationn.协调，协作参考例句：Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
墨西哥湾漏油事件中的bp公司危机公关-逻辑版
墨西哥湾漏油事件中的ｂp公司危机公关引言墨西哥湾漏油事故中ＢＰ公司的危机公关行为体现了全媒体时代危机公关处理的一些特征。
我们将结合BP对墨西哥漏油事故的危机公关处理过程，探讨企业主动告知和健全危机公关制度、体系的重要性，以及告知方式的选择和技巧；强调危机公关处理的三个原则,即ｃompｅｔｅnt(胜任）、ｃonfiｄenｔ（自信）以及cｏmｐａsｓｉoｎａte(富有同情心）;同时建议企业重视对新媒体的应用，倾听消费者和网民的声音和诉求，并加强网络舆情的疏导。
突发危机中止以后，企业危机公关并没有结束，还需要耐心地进行企业形象恢复和品牌形象重塑。
将对此给出具体建议。
事件历程2010年4月20日，美国石油钻井平台起火爆炸，大约36小时后沉入墨西哥湾，致7人重伤11人死亡。
这一平台属于瑞士越洋钻探公司，由英国石油公司(BＰ)租赁。
钻井平台底部油井自２0１0年4月24日起漏油不止。
事发半个月后,各种补救措施仍未有明显突破,沉没的钻井平台每天漏油达到50００桶,并且海上浮油面积在2010年４月３0日统计的990０平方公里基础上进一步扩张。
2０1０年6月23日美国墨西哥湾原油泄漏事故再次恶化:原本用来控制漏油点的水下装置因发生故障而被拆下修理,滚滚原油在被部分压制了数周后，重新喷涌而出，继续污染墨西哥湾广大海域。
2010年7月15日,在墨西哥湾漏油事件发生近3个月后，英国石油公司15日宣布,新的控油装置已成功罩住水下漏油点,“再无原油流入墨西哥湾”。
重塑品牌形象事件发生前，BP花了几千万美金进行企业形象推广，成功地塑造了石油行业中为数不多的亲和环保的品牌形象。
品牌塑造无非就是公众期待。
越是突出良好企业公民的形象,人们对企业的期望就越高。
可是,从２005年的得克萨斯炼油厂爆炸到2006的石油管道腐蚀，接连发生这么些事故,还是能看出BP在安全管理等方面存在一些漏洞,并不是像其品牌宣传中的那么好，公众就会有受骗上当的感觉。
《学术英语(综合)》课后答案
《学术英语(综合)》书本答案以下答案对书本习题中类似于“Do you(think/agree)”“give a presentation”等的部分问题进行了省略。
Unit1EconomicsText A:Lead-in:omittedCritical reading and thinking:Task1:Body:Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of“the invisible hand”End:Echo the beginning,emphasizing we should be grateful to the miracle on this Thanksgiving Day and every dayTask2:1.It is not difficult at all to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving.There seemsto be no miracle in it.2.The use of so many“and’s”helps to emphasize that a series of actions and all kinds of work are involved inthe sale of Thanksgiving turkey.3.Here“from above”means“from God”.The phrase is used to show that there is something wondrous andalmost inexplicable in the social order of freedom.Task3:Market has its own way of punishing business malpractice.For example,if a fast food chain sells contaminated food,nation-wide demand for their food will go down,along with their profit.When a company sells defective products,they have to deal with liability costs.Language building-up:Task1:1．1．饲料经销商；饲料批发商2．为他自己的收益而工作3．技能与劳动力4．制造塑料5．私人交易6．包装并定价7．无形之手2．1.pricedbor3.transactions4.gainbor;manufactured6.the invisible hand7.distributorTask2:1.Today,in millions of homes across the nation,God will be thanked for many gifts,for the feast on thetable and the company of loved ones,for health and good fortune in the year gone by,for peace privilege of having been born—or having become—American.(Line2,Para.1)2.And yet,isn't there something wondrous—something almost inexplicable—in the way your Thanksgivingweekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers?(Line1,Para.4)3.…Thanksgiving Turkey,there would be one—or more likely,a few dozen—waiting.(Line3,Para.6) Task3:1.very many2.buying or selling3.a large group of4.more huge5.understand6.troubledText B:Critical reading and thinking:Task1:1.Considering that her boyfriend doesn’t even bother to choose a gift for her,the girl concludes that hedoesn’t love her.Therefore,she breaks off the relationship.In the case where the strength of affection is most in question,people care a lot about what is given as a gift.2.The following is one more example where the signaling theory can be applied:In the job market,anemployer may not know whether a candidate is qualified for a post or not.Very often,the candidate will show the employer education credentials,which can be used as a signal to the employer.Thus the information gap is narrowed.Task2:(以下所有表格题若未说明，顺序皆为从上到下，从左到右)Internet browser;Windows operating system;deter;entering the market and offering new products;cars today include many built-in products;monopoly;80;reliable;easier to use;severely limited;changing;competitors;low;Researching:The U.S.economy is a free market economy with some government regulation ad there has been a lasting debate about how much government regulation is necessary.Those who argue for less regulation claim that the free market itself will require business to protect consumers and provide good products or services and the interference from the government can do nothing but increase the cost of doing corporations are not concerned about the public’s interest,so regulation is indispensable.Interestingly, Adam Smith himself believed that government had an important role to play in economic life.For example, he believed that the government should enforce contracts and grant patents and copyrights.Text C:Task:每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那就永远不要尝试在家里生产。
2010年发生什么了英语作文
2010年发生什么了英语作文The year 2010 was a significant one, marked by a number of events that shaped the world around us. From natural disasters to technological advancements, the year was filled with both triumphs and challenges that left an indeluring impact on our global community.One of the most notable events of 2010 was the devastating earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12th. With a magnitude of 7.0 on the Richter scale, the quake caused widespread destruction, leaving over 300,000 people injured and an estimated 230,000 dead. The international community quickly mobilized to provide humanitarian aid, with countries and organizations around the world sending rescue teams, medical supplies, and financial assistance to support the recovery efforts. The Haiti earthquake served as a stark reminder of the fragility of our world and the importance of being prepared for natural disasters.Another major event that captured global attention in 2010 was the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. On April 20th, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig resulted in the largest marine oil spill in history, with an estimated 134 million gallons of crude oil beingreleased into the ocean. The environmental impact of the spill was devastating, with widespread damage to marine life, coastal habitats, and local economies that relied on the fishing and tourism industries. The cleanup and recovery efforts continued for months, and the long-term effects of the spill are still being studied and felt today. The BP oil spill highlighted the need for stricter regulations and better safety measures in the oil and gas industry to prevent such catastrophic events from occurring in the future.In the realm of technology, 2010 saw the release of several groundbreaking products that would go on to shape the way we interact with the world around us. One of the most notable was the introduction of the iPad, Apple's first tablet computer. The iPad quickly gained popularity, revolutionizing the way we consume media and access information on the go. The device's portability, user-friendly interface, and vast array of apps made it a must-have for many consumers, and it paved the way for the development of similar tablet devices by other tech companies.Another significant technological advancement in 2010 was the launch of the Kinect for the Xbox 360 gaming console. The Kinect allowed users to control games and navigate the console's interface using only their body movements and gestures, without the need for a traditional controller. This innovative technology opened up new possibilities for gaming and interactive entertainment, and it inspiredthe development of similar motion-sensing devices in the years that followed.In the realm of politics, 2010 was a year of significant change and upheaval. In the United States, the midterm elections saw the Republican Party gain control of the House of Representatives, while the Democrats maintained control of the Senate. This shift in the political landscape led to a period of increased partisanship and gridlock, as the two parties struggled to find common ground on key issues.Internationally, 2010 was marked by a number of significant political events, including the Arab Spring uprisings that swept across the Middle East and North Africa. These protests, driven by a desire for greater political freedoms and economic opportunities, led to the overthrow of several long-standing authoritarian regimes, including those in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. The impact of the Arab Spring is still being felt today, as the region continues to grapple with the challenges of democratic transition and political instability.Another major political event in 2010 was the signing of the New START treaty between the United States and Russia, which aimed to reduce the stockpiles of nuclear weapons held by the two countries. This agreement was seen as a significant step towards nuclear disarmament and the reduction of global tensions between the twosuperpowers.In the realm of sports, 2010 was a year of both triumph and tragedy. The FIFA World Cup, held in South Africa, was won by Spain, marking the first time the country had ever won the prestigious tournament. The event was a massive success, with over 3.2 million people attending the matches and millions more watching from around the world. However, the year was also marked by tragedy, with the sudden death of legendary Argentine footballer Diego Maradona in November.In the realm of popular culture, 2010 saw the release of several blockbuster films that would go on to become cultural touchstones. These included the science-fiction epic "Inception," the animated film "Toy Story 3," and the highly anticipated final installment of the "Harry Potter" film series. The year also saw the rise of social media platforms like Instagram and Snapchat, which would go on to revolutionize the way we share and consume digital content.Overall, 2010 was a year of both triumph and tragedy, marked by a series of events that would go on to shape the world we live in today. From natural disasters to technological advancements, political upheaval to cultural milestones, the year was a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the human spirit. As we look back onthis pivotal year, we are reminded of the importance of coming together as a global community to face the challenges that lie ahead.。
bp所有辩题
bp所有辩题英文回答：Motion 1: British Petroleum (BP) is solely responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.BP was the operator of the oil rig and had the ultimate responsibility for safety.BP failed to take adequate precautions to prevent the blowout, including ignoring warnings from its own engineers.BP's negligence directly caused the spill and its devastating consequences.Motion 2: The BP oil spill had a minimal impact on the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem.The spill caused extensive damage to marine life,including killing hundreds of thousands of fish, birds, and other animals.The spill also polluted the coastline and caused long-term damage to the ecosystem.The spill's impact is still being felt today, and the ecosystem has not fully recovered.Motion 3: BP has fully compensated for the damages caused by the oil spill.BP has paid billions of dollars in compensation to individuals, businesses, and governments.However, many people believe that BP has not done enough to compensate for the full extent of the damage.The compensation process has been criticized for being slow and inadequate.Motion 4: BP should be allowed to continue operatingin the Gulf of Mexico.BP has a long history of operating in the Gulf of Mexico and has the expertise to do so safely.The company has taken steps to improve its safety protocols since the oil spill.Banning BP from the Gulf of Mexico would cost jobs and harm the economy.Motion 5: The BP oil spill was a wake-up call for the oil industry.The spill led to new regulations and increased scrutiny of the industry.The industry has made significant changes to improve safety and reduce the risk of future spills.The spill has helped to raise awareness of the environmental risks of oil drilling.中文回答：辩题 1: 英国石油公司（BP）应对深水地平线漏油事故负全责。
oil spills
OIL SPILLS
BP OIL SPILL
BP: British Petroleum (petroleum /pəˈ ʊliəm/ n.石油；原油 ) trə 石油； 石油 英國石油公司
• On April 20, 2010, a semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig(海上石 海上石 油钻机半潜探索)in the Gulf of Mexico 油钻机半潜探索 exploded after a blowout and sank two days later . • Than oil has been spewing from a deepwater well in the Gulf of Mexico which destroy the environment. • BP is responsible to this accident.
• 2.Meanwhile,BP is trying to compensate the loss of the accident.and try to save our environment.
• President Obama condemned BP and other firms which try to duck responsibility as they shifted blame in US congressional hearings.
Oil leak is a kind of environmental disaster mostly because of human’s carelessness!!
Poor creature!!
人大芸窗研究生英语阅读教程Lesson 1讲解
Warm-up Questions
1. Do you think British Petroleum is the victim of an unfortunate accident, or did the company fail in the management of potential risks? 2. At the time of maximizing profits, what should a responsible company do?
3. What are the challenges in developing economy without harming the environment?
14
Main Idea
Humans often participate in very risky behavior, particularly if events are extremely rare, the rewards are large and the consequences seem to be small. The author begins with two examples of risky behaviors that resulted in serious unexpected consequences: 1) A major undersea oil spill in 2010. 2) The collapse of the U.S. financial markets in 2009. In the first
●回想起来，我们本应该为学校多节约些钱。 In retrospect, we should have saved more money for college.
奥巴马演讲 深海漏油事件的深度调查
Good morning, everybody. I just met with these gentlemen, former Senator Bob Graham of Florida and former EPA Administrator, Bill Reilly. They will lead the National Commission on the BP oil spill（漏油，浮油）in the Gulf, which is now the greatest environmental disaster of its kind in our history. Their job, along with the other members of the commission, will be to thoroughly examine the spill and its causes, so that we never face such a catastrophe（大灾难）again.At the same time, we're continuing our efforts on all fronts to contain the damage from this disaster and extend to the people of the Gulf the help they need to confront this ordeal（痛苦的经验）. We've already mounted the largest cleanup effort in the nation's history, and continue to monitor -- minute to minute -- the efforts to halt or capture the flow of oil from the wrecked（失事的）BP well. Until the well is stopped, we'll multiply our efforts to meet the growing threat and to address the widespread and unbelievably painful losses experienced by the people along the Gulf Coast. What's being threatened -- what's being lost -- isn't just the source of income, but a way of life; not just fishable waters, but a national treasure.There are now more than 20,000 men and women in the region working around the clock to contain and clean up the oil. We've authorized more than 17,000 National Guard members to respond across four states. More than 1,700 vessels are currently aiding in the response. And we'll ensure that any and all responsible means of containing this leak are pursued as we await the completion of the two relief wells. I've also directed Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano and Admiral Thad Allen, who is the National Incident Commander, to triple the manpower in those places where oil has hit shore or is within 24 hours of impact.The economic response continues as well. We've ordered BP to pay economic injury claims, and we will make sure they deliver. The Small Business Administration has stepped in to help businesses by approving loans and allowing deferrals（延期货）of existing loan payments. We've stationed doctors and scientists across the region to look out for people's health and monitor any ill effects felt by cleanup workers and residents. And we will absolutely continue to hold BP and any other responsible parties accountable for financial losses borne by the people in the region.But our responsibility doesn't end there. We have an obligation to investigate what went wrong and to determine what reforms are needed so that we never have to experience a crisis like this again. If the laws on our books are insufficient to prevent such a spill, the laws must change. If oversight was inadequate to enforce these laws, oversight has to be reformed. If our laws were broken, leading to this death and destruction, my solemn pledge is that we will bring those responsible to justice on behalf of the victims of this catastrophe and the people of the Gulf region.When Interior Secretary Ken Salazar took office, for example, he found a Minerals and Management Services agency that had been plagued（折磨，困扰）by corruption for years -- corruption that was underscored by a recent Inspector General's report that uncovered appalling （震惊的，可怕的）activity that took place before last year. Secretary Salazar immediately took steps to clean up that corruption. But this oil spill has made clear that more reforms are needed. For years, there's been a far too cozy（舒适的，惬意的）relationship between oil companies and the agencies that regulate them. That's why we've decided to separate the people who permit offshore leases, who collect revenues, and who regulate the safety of drilling.In addition, we've placed a six-month moratorium（暂停，中止）on drilling new deepwater oil and gas wells in the Outer Continental Shelf. And now that a 30-day safety and environmentalreview is complete, we're making a series of changes. The review recommended aggressive new operating standards and requirements for offshore energy companies, which we will put in place. And I've also called on Congress to pass a bill to provide critical resources to respond to this spill and better prepare us for any spills in the future.Now, all that has to do with dealing with the crisis at hand. But it's critical that we take a comprehensive look at how the oil and gas industry operates and how our government oversees those operations. That's why I signed an executive order establishing this national commission. And I'm extraordinarily pleased that Bob Graham and Bill Reilly have agreed to be its co-chairs.Bob served two terms as Florida's governor, represented Florida in the Senate for almost two decades. And during that time he earned a reputation（声望，名声）as a champion of the environment, leading the most extensive environmental protection effort in the state's history. Bill is chairman emeritus（名誉退休的）of the board of the World Wildlife Fund, and is also deeply knowledgeable of the oil and gas industry. He also was EPA Administrator during the first Bush administration, serving during the Exxon Valdez disaster.So I can't think of two people who will bring greater experience or judgment to this task. I personally want to thank both of them for taking on this arduous（费力的，努力的）assignment -- for demonstrating a great sense of duty to this country.Very soon I'll appoint five other distinguished Americans, including leaders in science and engineering, to join them. And they'll work alongside other ongoing reviews, including an independent examination by the National Academy of Engineers. And I've authorized the commission to hold public hearings and to request information from government, from non-for-profit organizations, and from experts in the oil and gas industry both at home and abroad, as well as from relevant（有关的，中肯的）companies -- including BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and others.I just said in our meeting: In doing this work, they have my full support to follow the facts wherever they may lead -- without fear or favor. And I'm directing them to report back in six months with options for how we can prevent and mitigate（减轻，缓和）the impact of any future spills that result from offshore drilling.As a result of this disaster, lives have been lost. Businesses have been decimated（摧毁）. Communities that had already known great hardship now face the specter of sudden and painful economic dislocations. Untold damage is being done to the environment -- damage that could last for decades. We owe all those who've been harmed, as well as future generations, a full and vigorous accounting of the events that led to what has now become the worst oil spill in U.S. history. Only then can we be assured that deepwater drilling can take place safely. Only then can we accept further development of these resources as we transition（过渡，转变）to a clean energy economy. Only then can we be confident that we've done what's necessary to prevent history from repeating itself.Thank you very much, everybody.END。
Gulf of Mexico oil spill
The oil spill posed a huge threat to fisheries and tourism.
On May 2, 2010 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration closed commercial and recreational fishing in affected federal waters between the mouth of the Mississippi River and Pensacola Bay. By June 2, the NOAA had increased the area under closure thirteen times in a month, On May 24, the federal government declared a fisheries disaster for the states of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana Initial cost estimates to the fishing industry were $2.5 billion.
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1. BP is one of the world's largest energy companies. It reported a profit of about six billion dollars in the first three months of this year. That was more than double compared to a year ago.
2. BP 公司是全世界最大的能源公司之一。
该公司报告今年一季度利润约60 亿美元，这是去年同期利润的两倍多。
3. Now, BP faces growing political pressure越来越大的政治压力over the worst oil spill石油泄露事件in American history. Oil has been flowing from its damaged well in the Gulf of Mexico墨西哥海湾for almost seven weeks.
4. But the company formerly called British Petroleum英国石油公司also faces growing financial pressure金融压力. Investors fear the long-term costs for cleanup, recovery and fines清理、恢复和罚款. BP's market value市值fell more than 60 billion dollars as its share price fell股价下跌by as much as a third.
5. On Thursday BP was finally able to cut a damaged pipe受损的油管at the well 油井using robotic vehicles机械工具. The cut was not exactly as hoped, but it was progress进展. Crews then turned to placing a cap装了油盖over the pipe -- not to stop it, but to direct at least some of the oil to ships on the surface海面上的船内.
6. The leak泄露is about one thousand five hundred meters under the sea. Yet it may not be fully controlled before August.
Workers are drilling钻two relief wells减压井in an effort努力to ease pressure 减轻压力on the damaged well.
7. The White House said President Obama is returning to the Gulf on Friday for his third visit since the disaster began. The Deepwater Horizon深水地平线, an oil and gas drilling rig石油和天然气钻井平台, exploded on April 20th.
8. This week, Attorney General司法部长Eric Holder announced criminal刑事as well as civil民事investigations.
9. ERIC HOLDER: "The Department of Justice司法部will insure the American people do not foot the bill买单for this disaster and that our laws will be enforced 予以执行as much as possible.". By some estimates, the cost of the cleanup清理费用could reach 37 billion dollars.
10. The owner of the rig钻井平台, Swiss company Transocean瑞士跨洋公司, has asked to have its responsibility limited责任限制在to 27 million dollars. The request请求is based on a law from 1851. But the Justice Department says that is not enough.
11. The government could also use violations违反of other federal laws such as the Clean Water Act《洁净水法案》to collect money集资for the spill. Oil has already reached more than one hundred kilometers of coastline海岸线in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. And it threatens the west coast of Florida.
12. Areas of the Gulf have been closed to fishing禁捕. But job losses失业in the fishing industry水产捕捞业are not the only worry. The Atlantic hurricane season大西洋飓风季officially began Tuesday. Some people worry that officials could take their land夺走他们的土地if it becomes polluted by oil in a storm.
13. ONE RESIDENT居民: "If it gets on land, will they make us leave?"
ANOTHER RESIDENT: "If we have a hurricane and the oil washes over the land 石油洗刷了土地, they will condemn it宣布这片土地不能（居住）. We'll lose our homes, we'll lose everything."。