2001年英语专业八级考试全真试卷
2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases【B1】the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant【B2】of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a【B3】bill that will propose making payments to witnesses【B4】and will strictly control the amount of【B5】that can be given to a case【B6】a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he【B7】with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not【B8】sufficient control. 【B9】of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a【B10】of media protest when he said the【B11】of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges【B12】to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which【B13】the European Convention on Human Rights legally【B14】in Britain, laid down that everybody was【B15】to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands【B16】our British judges”, he said. Witness payments became an【B17】after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were【B18】to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised【B19】witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to【B20】guilty verdicts.1．【B1】A．as toB．for instanceC．in particularD．such as正确答案：D解析：本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。
专八历年英译汉真题
2009-01-06 | 专业八级历年英译汉真题解析（1996-2000）1996年专八英译汉试题原文Four months before Election Day 1, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters 2 and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o'clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted 3. Even so, the men kept the door slut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting 4. Their aim was to devise a strategy 5 that would guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans 6 with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics 7 as well as any in the country. The backdrop 8 of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed 9 , with plenty of money for a top-flight staff 10 , travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills 11. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America — a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government 12.【概述】本文是一篇典型的关于美国政治的时事杂文，用词色彩强烈，修饰语具有极端性和渲染性的特点。
年英语专八真题及其答案
T E S T F O R E N G L I S H M A J O R S(2010) -G R A D E E I G H T- PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically & semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.First category: vocal paralinguistic featuresA.(1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________B.Examples1. whispering: need for secrecy2. breathiness: deep emotion3. (2)_________: unimportance (2)__________4. nasality: anxiety5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacySecond category: physical paralinguistic featuresA.facial expressions1.(3)_______ (3)__________----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome2.less common expressions----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________B.gesturegestures are related to culture.1.British culture----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)__________----- scratching head: puzzlement2.other cultures----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________----- pointing at nose: secretC.proximity, posture and echoing1.proximity: physical distance between speakers----- closeness: intimacy or threat----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_________Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________2.posture----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indeicate(9)_____ (9)________----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude3.echoing----- definition: imitation of similar posture----- (10)______: aid in communication (10)___________----- conscious imitation: mockerySECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. According to Dr Johnson, diversity meansA. merging of different cultural identities.B. more emphasis on homogeneity.C. embracing of more ethnic differences.D. acceptance of more branches of Christianity.2. According to the interview, which of the following statements in CORRECT?A. Some places are more diverse than others.B. Towns are less diverse than large cities.C. Diversity can be seen everywhere.D. American is a truly diverse country.3. According to Dr Johnson, which place will witness a radical change in its racial makeupby 2025?A. MaineB. SelinsgroveC. PhiladelphiaD. California4. During the interview Dr Johnson indicates thatA. greater racial diversity exists among younger populations.B. both older and younger populations are racially diverse.C. age diversity could lead to pension problems.D. older populations are more racially diverse.5. According to the interview, religious diversityA. was most evident between 1990 and 2000.B. exists among Muslim immigrants.C. is restricted to certain places in the US.D. is spreading to more parts of the country.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.6. What is the main idea of the news item?A. Sony developed a computer chip for cell phones.B. Japan will market its wallet phone abroad.C. The wallet phone is one of the wireless innovations.D. Reader devices are available at stores and stations.Question 7 and 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.7. Which of the following is mentioned as the government’s measure to control inflation?A. Foreign investment.B. Donor support.C. Price control.D. Bank prediction.8. According to Kingdom Bank, what is the current inflation rate in Zimbabwe?A. 20 million percent.B. 2.2 million percent.C. 11.2 million percent.D. Over 11.2 million percent.Question 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.9. Which of the following is CORRECT?A. A big fire erupted on the Nile River.B. Helicopters were used to evacuate people.C. Five people were taken to hospital for burns.D. A big fire took place on two floors.10. The likely cause of the big fire isA. electrical short-cut.B. lack of fire-satefy measures.C. terrorism.D. not known.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet. TEXT AStill, the image of any city has a half-life of many years. (So does its name, officially changed in 2001 from Calcutta to Kolkata, which is closer to what the word sounds like in Bengali. Conversing in English, I never heard anyone call the city anything but Calcutta.) To Westerners, the conveyance most identified with Kolkata is not its modern subway—a facility whose spacious stations have art on the walls and cricket matches on television monitors—but the hand-pulled rickshaw. Stories and films celebrate a primitive-looking cart with high wooden wheels, pulled by someone who looks close to needing the succor of Mother Teresa. For years the government has been talking about eliminating hand-pulled rickshaws on what it calls humanitarian grounds—principally on the ground that, as the mayor of Kolkata has often said, it is offensive to see “one man sweating and straining to pull another man.” But these days politicians also lament the impact of 6,000 hand-pulled rickshaws on a modern city’s traffic and, particularly, on its image. “Westerners try to associate beggars and these rickshaws with the Calcutta landscape, but this is not what Calcutta stands for,” the chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, said in a press conference in 2006. “Our city stands for prosperity and development.” The chief minister—the equivalent of a state governor—went on to announce that hand-pulled rickshaws soon would be banned from the streets of Kolkata.Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. (Actually, I saw almost no tourists in Kolkata, apart from the young backpackers on Sudder Street, in what used to be a red-light district and is now said to be the single place in the city where the services a rickshaw puller offers may include providing female company to a gentleman for the evening.) It’s the people in the lanes who most regularly use rickshaws—not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are people who tend to travel short distances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a rickshaw, have the rickshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance service. Proprietors of cafés or corner stores send rickshaws to collect their supplies. (One morning I saw a rickshaw puller take on a load of live chickens—tied in pairs by the feet so they could be draped over the shafts and the folded back canopy and even the axle. By the time he trotted off, he was carrying about a hundred upside-down chickens.) The rickshaw pullers told me their steadiest customers are schoolchildren. Middle-class families contract with a puller to take a child to school and pick him up; the puller essentially becomes a family retainer.From June to September Kolkata can get torrential rains, and its drainage system doesn’t need torrential rain to begin backing up. Residents who favor a touch of hyperbol e say that in Kolkata “if a stray cat pees, there’s a flood.” During my stay it once rained for about 48 hours. Entire neighborhoods couldn’t be reached by motorized vehicles, and the newspapers showed pictures of rickshaws being pulled through water that was up to the pullers’ waists. When it’s raining, the normal customer base for rickshaw pullers expands greatly, as does the price of a journey. A writer in Kolkata told me, “When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws.”While I was in Kolkata, a magazine called India Today published its annual ranking of Indian states, according to such measurements as prosperity and infrastructure. Among India’s 20 largest states, Bihar finished dead last, as it has for four of the past five years. Bihar, a couple hundred miles north of Kolkata, is where the vast majority of rickshaw pullers come from. Once in Kolkata, they sleep on the street or in their rickshaws or in a dera—a combination garage and repair shop and dormitory managed by someone called a sardar. For sleeping privileges in a dera, pullers pay 100 rupees (about $2.50) a month, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera（防护评估和研究机构）. They gross between 100 and 150 rupees a day, out of which they have to pay 20 rupees for the use of the rickshaw and an occasional 75 or more for a payoff if a policeman stops them for, say, crossing a street where rickshaws are prohibited. A 2003 study found that rickshaw pullers are near the bottom of Kolkata occupations in income, doing better than only the ragpickers（拾破烂的人）and the beggars. For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar.There are people in Kolkata, particularly educated and politically aware people, who will not ride in a rickshaw, because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they regard the hand-pulled rickshaw as a relic of colonialism. Ironically, some of those people are not enthusiastic about banning rickshaws. The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata’s Telegraph—Rudrangshu Mukherjee, a former academic who still writes history books—told me, for instance, that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled rickshaws on the road. “I refuse to be carried by another human being myself,” he said, “but I question whether we have the right to take away their livelihood.” Rickshaw supporters point out that when it comes to demeaning occupa tions, rickshaw pullers are hardly unique in Kolkata.When I asked one rickshaw puller if he thought the government’s plan to rid the city of rickshaws was based on a genuine interest in his welfare, he smiled, with a quick shake of his head—a gesture I interpreted to mean, “If you are so naive as to ask such a question, I will answer it, but it is not worth wasting words on.” Some rickshaw pullers I met were resigned to the imminent end of their livelihood and pin their hopes on being offered something i n its place. As migrant workers, they don’t have the political clout enjoyed by, say, Kolkata’s sidewalk hawkers, who, after supposedly being scaled back at the beginning of the modernization drive, still clog the sidewalks, selling absolutely everything—or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas. “The government was the government of the poor people,” one sardar（司令官）told me. “Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people.”But others in Kolkata believe that rickshaws will simply be confined more strictly to certain neighborhoods, out of the view of World Bank traffic consultants and California investment delegations—or that they will be allowed to die out naturally as they’re supplanted by more modern conveyances. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, after all, is not the first high West Bengal official to say that rickshaws would be off the streets of Kolkata in a matter of months. Similar statements have been made as far back as 1976. The ban decreed by Bhattacharjee has been delayed by a court case and by a widely held belief that some retraining or social security settlement ought to be offered to rickshaw drivers. It may also have been delayed by a quiet reluctance to give up something that has been part of the fabric of the city for more than a century. Kolkata, a resident told me, “has difficulty letting go.” One day a city official handed me a report from the municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated.“Which option has been chosen?” I asked, noting that the report was dated almost exactly a year before my visit.“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.“When will it be decided?”“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.11. According to the passage, rickshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for the followingEXCEPTA. taking foreign tourists around the city.B. providing transport to school children.C. carrying store supplies and purchasesD. carrying people over short distances.12. Which of the following statements best describes the rickshaw pullers from Bihar?A. They come from a relatively poor area.B. They are provided with decent accommodation.C. Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.D. They are often caught by policemen in the streets.13. That “For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living inBihar” (4 paragraph) means that even so,A. the poor prefer to work and live in Bihar.B. the poor from Bihar fare better than back home.C. the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.D. the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata.14. We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware peopleA. hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.B. strongly support the ban on rickshaws.C. call for humanitarian actions fro rickshaw pullers.D. keep quiet on the issue of banning rickshaws.15. Which of the following statements conveys the author’s sense of humor?A. “…not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor.” (2 paragraph)B. “…,.which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera.” (4 paragraph)C. Kolkata, a resident told me, “ has difficulty letting go.” (7 paragraph).D.“…or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely ever y thing but umbrellas.” (6paragraph)16. The dialogue between the author and the city official at the end of the passage seems tosuggestA. the uncertainty of the court’s decision.B. the inefficiency of the municipal government.C. the difficulty of finding a good solution.D. the slowness in processing options.TEXT BDepending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts).The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers(people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.Airports resemble France before the Revolution: first-class passengers enjoy "élite" security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jetway.At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada--get this--"we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else."Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay "waiters" or "placeholders" to wait in line for them outside Apple stores.Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted official business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he's first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.As early as elementary school, we're told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty would allow illegal immigrants "to cut in line ahead of millions of people."Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line,unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it's out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah's Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called will secure you a coveted "A" boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn't even wait in line when he or she is online.Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very Important Persons, who don't wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do--unhappily.For those of us in the latter group-- consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, too poor or proper to pay a placeholder --what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting for Godot: "We wait. We are bored."17. What does the following sentence mean? “Once the most democratic of institutions,lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers…Poor suckers, mostly.” (2 paragraph)A. Lines are symbolic of America’s democracy.B. Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.C. Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.D. Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.18. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?A. Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.B. Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.C. First-class passenger status at airports.D. Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.19. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen)A. prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.B. advocate the value of waiting in lines.C. believe in and practice waiting in lines.D. exploit waiting in lines for their own good.20. What is the tone of the passage?A. Instructive.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Teasing.TEXT CA bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the café of his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned. Bbylonian, a while palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the other building like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, behind the ten thousand llights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls andblack-coated floor managers and temperamental long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farming, who knew how many units of electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress( five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen life to the table in the far corner. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such as the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him.It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were al there. It seemed with humanity. The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. Disdaining the lifts, Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached his favourite floor, whre an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, s sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured deferentially: “ For one, sir? This way, please,” Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him.21. That “behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel” suggests thatA. modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance.B. there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café..C. the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials.D. the café was based on physical foundations and real economic strength.22. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPTA. “…turned Babylonian”.B. “perhaps a new barbarism’.C. “acres of white napery”.D. “balanced to the last halfpenny”.23. In its context the statement that “ the place was built for him” means that the café wasintended toA. please simple people in a simple way.B. exploit gullible people like him.C. satisfy a demand that already existed.D. provide relaxation for tired young men.24. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?A. The café appealed to most senses simultaneously.B. The café was both full of people and full of warmth.C. The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.D. It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.25. The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraph EXCEPTthatA. the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.B. the orchestra is compared to a magnet.C. Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldier.D. the interior of the café is compared to warm countries.26. The author’s attitude to the café isA. fundamentally critical.B. slightly admiring.C. quite undecided.D. completely neutral.TEXT DI Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe’s last pristine wilderness. But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is compli catedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can’t do anything about. But the truth is, once you’re off the beat-en paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they’re all bad, so Iceland’s natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhab-itants. For them the land has always just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited—the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the “Mona Lisa.”When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter, those who had been dreaming of some-thing like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world’s richest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long life expectancy. But the proj-ect’s advocates, some of them getting on in years, wer e more emotionally attuned to the country’s century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially had ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a sod hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegeta-tion and livestock, all spirit—a world revolving almost entirely around the welfar e of one’s sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does.Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions—the remote and sparsely populated east—where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many indi-vidual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies, and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing every-thing they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and their children move away. With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. “Smelter or death.”The contract with Alcoa would infuse the re-gion with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verve, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself.“We have to live,” Halldór Ásgrímsson said in his sad, sonorous voice. Halldór, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving forc e behind the project. “We have a right to live.”27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something ofA. environmental value.。
英语专业八级考试模拟试题
NAME: NUMBER:________________（英语专业八级考试全真模拟试卷）TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJIORS-----GRANT EIGHT----TIME LIMIT:70MINPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION(15MIN)SECTION A INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions1to5are based on an interview.A t the end of the interview,you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following5questions.Now listen to the interview.()1.According to Richard,what was the concept of health before the1940s?[A]Mechanical operation of the body.[B]Absence of disease or illness.[C]Physical,mental and social well-being.[D]Clean water,improved sanitation and housing.()2.When did the Who define health in terms of the holist ic operation of a person’s mind,body and sprite?[A]In the1940s.[B]In the1970s.[C]In the1980s.[D]In the1990s.()3.What attitude does Richard hold toward individualistic lifestyles approach?[A]Supportive.[B]Prejudiced.[C]Negative.[D]Confused.()4.According to the socio-ecological view of health.All of the following relate to people’s health EXCEPT[A]Society.[B]Gender.[C]Economy.[D]Environment.()5.Which city holed the first International Conference of Health Promotion in1986?[A]London.[B]T okyo.[C]New Y ork.[D]Ottawa. SECTION B GAP-FILLINGIn this section,you will hear a mini-lecture;you will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening,take notes on the important points.Y our notes will not be marked,but you will need them to complete the gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.When the lecture is over,you will be given2minutes to check and complete the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture.More than40years ago,Lee Kuan Y ew6________what was a poor,decaying colony into a shining,rich and modern city,all the time7________by hostile powers.With his brilliant intellect and powers of8________,he is one of the world’s most b lunt and9__________statemen.O ne of the10__________successes of Lee Kuan Yew’s11________of Singapore was his making Singapore the least corrupt nation in Asia.He says,“They must be12________a wage equal with what men of their ability and integrity are earning for managing a big corporation or13__________legal or other professional practice.They have to manage a Singapore economythat14__________an annual growth rate of eight to nine percent in the last two decades,giving its citizens an15__________income that in1995was the ninth highest in the world.”Part II READING COMPREHENSION(15MIN)SECTION ADirections:In this section,there is a short passage with5questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully.Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the FEWEST possible answers questions are based on the following passage.Since the Americans with Disabilities Act became law10years ago,the phrase“assistive technology”has become a common phrase and a booming business.In addition to the installation of sidewalk curb cuts and specially designed access ramps,lifts and b ath r ooms in public places,a wide array of electronic devices and other e quipme nt has been designed to help those with varying degr ees of disabilities lead more enjoyable and productive lives.The popularization of products to assist the disabled has triggered a business boom life of many people with disabilities.The advances have allowed people to live independently,to work and participate in their communities.”Many entrepreneurs get into the assistive technology business literally by accident.For example,one of the world’s top10motorcycle racers was involved in a car accident in1978 which left him blind.He the n studied computer science,started his own company,and developed a p r og ram that reads the content of a computer screen thr ough specialized software and simulated speech synthesizers.Large companies are investing in products for those with disabilities.In June2000,the California Council on the Blind and Wells F argo Bank announced what they said might be the nation’s first effort to install talking automated teller machines.Wells pledged to install audio headphones for visually impaired customers at each of its more than1,500ATMs in California. Despite technological advances and the law that for10years has banned employers from discriminating against job applicants because they have a physical or mental disability,not all the news is good.The Center for an accessible Society reports that American employers have yet to successfully tap the mark et of43million working-age Americans with disabilities.Although the unempl oymen t rate is the lowest in30years,Americans with disabilities still have an unempl oymen t rate of70percent,the same level as a decade ago.16.According to p aragraph one,assistive technology refers to technology u sed to__________________________________________________.17.According to the passage,the disabled people can operate wireless devices by_______________________________________________instead of hands.18.According to p aragraph3,technology is a godsend in that it provides the disabled___________________________________________.19.Which b ank will be the first in America to install talking ATM machines?___________________________________________________________________________20. According to the passage,the unemploy ment rate among the American disabilities10years ago was_______.Section BDirections:There is one passage in this section.The passage is followed by five questions.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United S tates has been that England’s pol icy toward these colonies before1763was dictated by commercial interests and that a ch ange to a more imperial policy,d omi n ate d by the objectives of exp anding the territory by force,ge ne rate d the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.In a recent study,S tephen Saunders Webb has pr e sen ted a formidable challenge to this view.According to Webb,England already had a military imperial policy for more than a century before the American Revolution.He sees that monar chs in the sixteenth century were bent on extending centralized executive power over England’s possessions through the use of what Webb calls “garrison(要塞)government”.Garrison government allowed the colonists a legislative assembly, but real authority,in Webb’s view,belonged to the colonial governor,who was appointed by the king and supported by the“garrison”,that is by the local delegation of English troops under the colonist governor’s command.According to W ebb,the purp ose of garrison government was to provide military support for a royal policy designed to limit the power of the u ppe r classes in the American colonies.Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the interests not of the common people but of the colonial u p pe r classes,an alliance of merchants and nobles who favored self-rule and sou g h t to elevate legislative authority at the expense of the executive.It was,according to Webb, the colonial governors who favored the small farmer,opposed the plantation system,and tried thr oug h taxation to break up large holdings of land.Backed by the military presence of the garrison,these governors tried to prevent the gentry and merchants,allied in the colonial assemblies,from transforming colonial America into a capitalistic oligarchy（寡头政治）.W eb b’s study illuminates the political alignments that existed in the colonies in the century prior to the American Revolution,but his view of the crown’s use of the military as an instrument of colonial policy is not entirely convincing.England during the seventeenth century was not noted for its military achievements.Not until the war with France in1697did WilliamⅢpersuade Parliament to create a professional standing army,and Parliament’s price for doing so was to k eep the army under tight legislative control.While it may be true that the crown attempted to cut down the power of the colonial uppe r classes,it is hard to imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided significant military support for such a policy. ()21.According to the long held view,which of the following is NOT the reason that the American Revolution started?A England’s policy toward American colonies had changed.B England u se d to care more about commercial interests.C England’s Kings had lost control of American colonies.D England wanted to use military forces to achieve their objectives.()22.According to W ebb,what is the reason leading to American Revolution?A Monarchs were determined to extend centralized executi ve power over England’spossessions.B The colonial governors w an ted to get away from the royal government.C The royal taxation to the colonies was too much.D The policy of garrison government was not welcomed by the colonial governors at all. ()23.Who does“the executive”(Para2.Line5)refers to in this passage?A The monarchs.B The colonial legislative assemblies.C The colonial governors.D The common people.()24.According to W ebb,what conclusion can be drawn regarding garrison government?A Garrison government gave legislative assemblies in the colonies relatively littleauthority,compared to the authority that it gave the colonial governors.B Garrison govern ment became a less viable colonial policy as the English P arliamentbegan to exert tighter legislative control over the English military.C Garrison govern ment did not favor the smaller farmer.D The creation of a professional standing army in England in1697actually weak enedgarrison governme nt by diverting tr oops from the garrison stationed in the American colonies.()25.What do you think of the author’s attitude toward Webb’s view?A Supportive.B Unbelievable.C Sarcastic.D Doubtful. PART III WRITING(30MIN)Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher.Which do you prefer?Use specific reasons to develop your essay.Write an essay o f300words.Y ou should supply an appropriate title for your essay.In the first part o f your writing you should present your thesis statement,and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details.In the last pare you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. TITLE:PART IV ORAL TEST(10MIN)Directions:Please read the following passage carefully and then express your views on the given event.Y ou will have FOURminutes for preparation.The timelimit for your comment is FIVEminutes.Nowadays,students with“hot”degr ees like compute r science orfinance are more likely to get a jobthan students with a“cold”degreelike geography.Should universitiesgive priority to practical ortraditional courses?Why?参考答案及评分标准:全卷满分100分，以总分的60%计为合格。
英语历年真题2001
2001 年专接本综合考试试卷（英语）年专接本综合考试试卷（英语）I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.9. 10. 在每组单词中，在每组单词中，有一个单词的下划线部分与其他单词的划线部分读音不找出该单词（同，找出该单词（10 分）A. camera A. perhaps A. shouted A. association A. society A. younger A. character A. births A. always A. ghost B. waste B. harvest B. closed B. profession B. piece B. anger B. moustache B. paths B. salt B. exposure C. hatch C. Fahrenheit C. proved C. suggestion C. field C. stronger C. stomach C. baths C. chalk C. comb D. matter D. forehead D. damaged D. version D. receive D. singer D. school D. mouths D. also D. tombII.词汇与结构（词汇与结构（20 分）11. Only when they _______ the importance of the plan, will they make up their minds to carry it on. A. realized C. have realized B. will realize D. will have realize12. None of the machines ____________ by the time we have to start wor king, I’m afraid. A. will be ready B. will have been ready C. has been ready D. is ready13. To raise the labor ____________ of our factory, the engineers, technicians and workers made a lot of suggestions. A. effect B. efficiency C. resolution D. influence14. _________ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun and V an Allen Belts. A. What B. Which C. How D. That15. ____________ Sundays, the elderly couple go to the park for a walk every evening. A. ExceptB. Except forC. BesidesD. Beside16. The doctor ____________ is going abroad quite soon. A. whom the nurse is talking第1页B. which the nurse is talking to本试卷册共12 页C. the nurse is talking to himD. the nurse is talking to17. ____________ for you help ,we’d never have been able to get over the difficulties. A. If we had not been C. Had it not been B. If it were not D. Had it not18. Looking at the cloudy morning sky, the mountain climbers decided to put off the plan ____________ the next weekend. A. for B. in C. on D. until19. After several sleepless nights, Mr. Johnson ____________ a perfect solution to the financial problems of his company. A. came up with B. put up with C. kept up with D. ended up with20.____________ more than 100 elements are known to us, only 25 of them are common and important. A. Although B. If C. Because D. Since21.That is one of those remarks ____________ to start argument. A. that is intended B. that are intended C. which intend D. which intended22.There was plenty of time then. So we ____________. A. must not hurry C. needn’t have hurried B. should not hurry D. couldn’t have hurried23.The lady recently found a brother who was thought ____________ ten years before. A. being killed B. have been killed C. to be killed D. to have been killed 24.I asked him to ____________ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems. A. spend B. spare C. stay D. take 25.We’d better plant some trees on the ____________ hillside. A. bare B. empty C. hollow D. blank26.My bother is looking forward to __________a trip to Shanghai next month. A. make B. makingC. have madeD. having made27.The police found that George had still another __________of income. A. means B. base C. origin D. source28.Tom is a good son of the family, honest, diligent, and ____________ A. works very hard B. he also works very hard第2页本试卷册共12 页C. hard-workingD. hard works29.Only if you lend me a hand ____________ A.I will succeed B. I can succeed C. do I have to succeed D. can I succeed 30.We all left the police station, ____________ that Tom was innocent.A. convinceB. convincedC. to convinceD. having convinced III. 在下列各句的四组划线部分中找出错误的一组（在下列各句的四组划线部分中找出错误的一组（10 分）31. Man a million years ago was a little more than an animal; but early man was A superior than the animals in that he had a large brain and an upright body. B C D32. The food often looked and tasted differently after it was treated by older A methods of food preservation. 33.The quality of service in the hospital has been greatly improved in spite the A fact that there are not enough doctors and nurses. D 34.With modern industry being developed more and more waste is produced and A many of this waste is harmful. D 35.We are doubtful that the new bridge is not strong enough for many vehicles to A B C B C B C B C Dcross over at one time. D 36.I went to the airport by taxi .I would spend less money if I had takena bus. A B C D37.As is known to us all, television is changing the lives of millions of people who A B Cwould otherwise use their free time different. D 38.Some TV stations are financed, though are not controlled, by governments, A第3页B本试卷册共12 页while others get the money from advertising. C D39.Professor Wang was exciting as he thought that he had made a new discovery A in science D40.When asking to tell the students the way to improve their memory, the teacher A B C B C suggested that they exercise their memory regularly. D IV. 完形填空（完形填空（20 分）Religious and private schools receive little support from public taxes in the United States, and __41__ a result , are usually somewhat expensive to__42__. The largest group of religious schools in America __43__ by the Roman Catholic Church. While religious schools tend to be __44__ expensive than private schools, there are usually some __45__. When there __46__ free education available to all children in the United States, why do people __47__ money on private schools? Americans offer __48__ great variety of reasons for doing so, including the desire of some parents to __49__ their children to schools __50__ classes tend to be smaller, or where religious instruction __51__ as part of the educational program, or because, __52__ their opinion, the public schools in their area are not __53__ high enough quality to meet their needs. Private schools in the United States __54__ widely in size, quality, and in the kind of programs that are offered to meet __55__ of certain students. The degree __56__ American parents are satisfied with their children’s schools often __57__ people of other countries. Most schools have organizations __58__ of both parents and teachers, usually called P.T.A for Parent-Teacher Association. They meet together to __59__ various matters concerning the schools. Parents often give time __60__with classroom or after-school activities. 41. A)as 42. A)go B)to B)attend C)in D)forC)take part in D)enroll C)is run D)is running第4页本试卷册共12 页43. A)were run B)run44. A)lessB)more C)rather D)much B)boarding B)have been B)pay B)they C)cost C)tuition C)is D)takeD)fees D)are45. A)lodging 46. A)was 47. A)spend 48. A)aC)some D) / C)send D)sending C) in that D)where49. A)bring B)bringing 50. A)which B)what51. A)is included B)are include C)includes D)had included 52. A)to 53. A)// 54. A)differ B)in B)inC)on C)of B)varies D)for D)on C)extend D)differs55. A)the needs B)the satisfaction C)needs D)need 56. A)on which B)to which C)whic h D)what57. A)surprises B)surprised C)surprising D)striking 58. A)consisting B)comprising C)composingD)making up 59. A)talk to 60. A)helping V. B)comment C)discuss D)exchangeB)to help C)for helping D)on helping阅读理解（阅读理解（30 分）Passage 1 Making a film takes a long time and is a very hard work. Writing the story for the film may take many weeks. Filming the story being acted or shooting the film, as it is called, often takes at least six months. Actors and cameramen work from very early in the morning until late at night. Each scene has to be acted and reacted, filmed and re-filmed, until it is just right. Sometimes the same scene may have to be acted twenty or thirty times. The film studio is like a large factory, and the indoor stages are very big indeed. Scenery of all kinds is made in the studio: churches, houses, castles, and forests are all built of wood and by actors and actresses. The director of the film, however, is the most important person In a film studio, he decides now the scene should be filmed and how the scene should be arranged. Most people go to see a film because they know the film stars in it. Sometimes the film may be very poor. It is best to choose a film made by a good director. Some famous directors make their films very real. People第5页本试卷册共12 页feel that they themselves are among the people in the film. 61. Making a film usually involves__________. A) writing a story C) shooting the film B) film studio D) all of the above 62. The sentence “sometimes the same scene may have to be acted twenty or thirty times” means______ A) every scene must be acted at least twenty or thirty times before it is a success. B) on occasion the same scene has to be acted again and again before it is a success. C) every scene has to be acted again and again in order to make it perfect. D) not all films are made smoothly. 63. It is implied but not stated in the passage that_________. A) every famous director can make his film real B) not all famous directors can make their films real C) every director is a good director D) most famous directors can make their films real 64. The most important person in making a film is __________. A)an actor or actress B)a cameraman C) a director D)a writer of the story 65.Which of the following statements is true as far as the making of a film is concerned? A) It is an easy job and usually takes a long time. B) It is a difficult job and usually takes a long time. C) It is a fun when actors or actresses can act freely. D) V ery often each scene can just be acted once. Passage 2 No author in American literature is better known or more loved than Samuel Langhome Clemens. Born in Missouri in 1835, he grew up on the banks of the Mississippi River and becamea river boat pilot when he was 21 years old. So he adopted the pen name of “Mark Twain”, which was derived from a phrase meaning “two fathoms deep” used by the boatmen on the Mississippi as they measured the depth of the river. The river environment inspired the two novels which brought him his第6页本试卷册共12 页greatest name : “Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn”. Another book ,“Life on the Mississippi”, told of his adventures on the river boats of that period. It was during the Civil War that Mark Twain’s life as a writer started. At that time he w as working as a newspaper man in Nevada and California. His short story “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaberas County” was an immediate success and his new career began ,“A Million Pound Note” written in 1893 was another well-known short story. In 1870, Mark Twain married Olivia Langdon. He had fallen in love with her picture even before he met her. According to his biographers, his wife had a great influence on Twain’s later books. Mark Twain was also a very successful lecturer. His travels around the country giving talks on a variety of subjects helped make him famous and increased the sale of his books. “Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn” are considered Twain’s best works. They are marked by humor and salty and provide his readers with an excellent picture of his era. His last book was finished before his death. He was then 74 years old. 66.Samuel Langhome Clemens adopted the pen name of “Mark Twain” ______. A) when he was 21 years old. B) after he wrote the novel “Life on the Mississippi”. C) from a ph rase used by the boatmen on the Mississippi. D) because the boatmen called him “Mark Twain” when he worked as a riverboat pilot. 67.Mark Twain’s career as a writer began when_______. A) he wrote “A Million Pound Note” B) he was working on the Mississippi C) the Civil War broke out D) he was working as a newspaper man 68.According to this passage , which of the following books was most probably written under the influence of Olivia Langdon? A) “The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaberas County”. B) “A Million Pound Note”. C) “Life on the Mississippi”.第7页本试卷册共12 页D) “Tom Sawyer”. 69.What helped Mark Twain become famous and made better sale of his books?A) His humorous style in writing. B) His experience on the Mississippi. C) His talks on a variety of subje cts during his travels around the country. D) His wife’s influence on his works. 70.Which of the following statement is not true about Mark Twain? A) He is considered the best author in American literature. B) He fell in love with Olivia Langdon when he saw her picture. C) He was a successful lecturer as well as famous writer. D) He completed his last work when he was 74 years old. Passage 3 Long before the white man came to the America, the land belonged to the American Indian nations. The nation of the Cherokees ( 柴罗基部落) lived in what is now the southeastern part of the United States. After the white man came, the Cherokees copied many of their ways. One Cherokees name Sequoyah saw how important reading and writing was to the white man. He decided to invent a way to write down the spoken Cherokee language. He began by making word pictures. For each word he drew a picture. But that proved impossible------there were just too many words. Then he took the 85 sounds that made up the language. Using his own imagination and an Engli。
2001年考研英语真题及解析（黄皮书）
2001年考研英语真题及解析（黄⽪书）2001年全国攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professionalgeological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen insciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesPassage 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of businessto universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_______.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment28. It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook [D] educational background32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readersowing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderPassage 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in thepace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition”on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S. vs. Microsoft case ?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds. [B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger. [D] to trade with more countries.34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______[A] the greater customer demands. [B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity. [D] the increase of the world's wealth.35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective[C] pessimistic [D] biasedPassage 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high pro although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I onceenjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life ——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _____[A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. Section V Writing46. Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第⼀部分英语知识应运试题解析⼀、⽂章总体分析本⽂是⼀篇报道性的⽂章，介绍了⾃露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发⽣后，政府、法院、媒体各⽅⾯对于付款给证⼈的反应。
2001年考研英语真题答案
ban v。
*1.明令禁止，取缔2.禁止某人做某事（或去某处等）［+sb from sth/from doing sth］例:He was banned from the meeting. 他被取消了出席会议的资格。
n。
禁令[+ (on sth）] (P1L1)buy up 买通，收买（P1L1）concernv。
1。
影响，涉及，牵涉（某人) 例：Don't interfere in what doesn’t concern you。
不要管与自己无关的事. 2.［也作be concerned with] to be about something 与……有关；涉及例：The story concerns the prince’s efforts to rescue Pamina. 这故事讲的是王子奋力解救帕米娜. 3。
让（某人）担忧［+sb］；关注，认为(做某事）重要［+n。
+to do] 例:It concerns me that you no longer seem to care. 你似乎不再在乎，这令我担忧。
She was concerned to write about situations that everybody could identify with。
她认为有必要写出让大家都能看得清楚的事态的本来面目。
n. *1.（尤指许多人共同的）担心，忧虑[+ (about/for/over sth/sb)］例：There is growing concern about violence on television. 人们对电视上充斥暴力内容的忧虑日益加重. 2。
关爱；关心例：parents’ concern for their children 父母对子女的关爱3。
（对人、组织等）重要的事情；（某人)负责的事，有权知道的事例:What are your main concerns as a writer？作为一名作家，你主要关注的是哪些问题？(P7L2)figuren。
2001年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲
2001年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.（71）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell-television，and digital age will have arrived.According to BT s futurologist，Ian Pearson，these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1000years），when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.（73）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine，including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,”, he says.（74）But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:”It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human befo re the end of the next century.”Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.二、翻译题解（71）Therewill betelevision chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitorsthatwill disablethem when they offend.句子拆分：拆分点参考：分词,标点符号，连词There will be television chat shows// hosted by robots//, and cars with pollution monitors// that will disable them// when they offend.解析：1）主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...2）两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hostedby robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases【B1】the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant【B2】of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a【B3】bill that will propose making payments to witnesses【B4】and will strictly control the amount of【B5】that can be given to a case【B6】a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he【B7】with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not【B8】sufficient control. 【B9】of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a【B10】of media protest when he said the【B11】of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges【B12】to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which【B13】the European Convention on Human Rights legally【B14】in Britain, laid down that everybody was【B15】to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands【B16】our British judges”, he said. Witness payments became an【B17】after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were【B18】to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised【B19】witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to【B20】guilty verdicts.1．【B1】A．as toB．for instanceC．in particularD．such as正确答案：D解析：本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。
2000年英语专业八级考试全真试卷答案部分
2000年英语专业八级考试全真试卷答案部分听力原文PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A TALKThe earliest libraries existed thousands of years ago in China and Egypt wh ere collections of records on tablets of baked clay were kept in temples and roy al palaces. In the western world, libraries were first established is Ancient Gr eece. For example, Aristotle once had a research library in the 3rd century B. C. The first library in the Unites States was a private library, which could only b e used by authorized readers. In 1633, John Harvard gave money and more than 300 books to a newly-established college in Massachusetts. In return for his genero sity, the legislature voted the school be named Harvard College. The librarian t here set rules for the new library. Only college students and faculty members co uld use the books. No book could be lent for more than one month.The earliest public library was established in Philadelphia in 1731. Although th is library was open to every one, all readers had to pay a membership or subscri ption fee in order to borrow books. Very few subscription libraries exist today. Some book and stationary stores maintain small rental libraries, where anyone m ay borrow books for a daily charge. The first truly free public library that cir culated books to every one at no cost was started at a small New England town in 1833. Today, there are more than 7,000 free public libraries throughout the US. They contain about 160 million books which were circulated to over 52 million r eaders.Historically, the major purpose of free public libraries was educational. They were expected to provide adults with the opportunity to continue their educ ation after they left school. So the function of public library was once des crib ed as “less reservoir than a fountain”. In other words, emphasis was to be pla ce d on wide circulation rather than on collecting and storing books. Over the year s public library services have greatly expanded. In addition to their continuing and important educational role, public libraries provide culture and recreation , and they are trying to fill many changing community needs. Most libraries offe r browsing rooms where readers can relax on comfortable chairs and read current newspapers and magazines. Many also circulate music records. Library programs of films, lectures, reading clubs, and concerts also attract library users. In addition to books, records, periodicals, and reference material, libraries pr ovide technical information such as books and pamphlets on gardening, carpentry and other specialized fields of interests. The largest public library in the US is the Library of Congress. It was originally planned as the reference library f or the federal legislature. Today in addition to that important function, it ser ves as the reference library for the public, and sends out many books to other l ibraries on inter-library-loan system.Unlike free pubic libraries, which open to everyone, private libraries can be u sed only by authorized readers. Many industrial and scientific organizations and business firms have collections of books, journals and research data for their staffs. Several private historical associations have research collections of spe cial interest to their members. In addition, many elementary and secondary schoo ls operate libraries for use by students and teachers. Prisons and hospitals mai ntain libraries too. The largest and the most important private libraries are operated by colleges an d universities, and axe used by students, faculty members, and occasionally by v isiting scholars. Many universities have special libraries for research in parti cular fields, such as law, medicine and education. Recent surveys report that me re than 300 million books are available in these academic libraries and they are regularly used by over 8 million students.SECTION B INTERVIEW(I: Interviewer N: Nancy)I: Hello, Nancy, I know you are one of a few women taxi drivers in the c ity now, and you drive for a living. What made you want to be a common taxi driver in the first place?N: I took pride in driving well, even when I was young for I have to wait until I have a car to learn to drive. When I finally learned, it was something I reall y enjoyed and still enjoy. I remember how smart those taxi drivers have seemed driving so well, and dressed so neatly in their uniforms.I thought I’d like to do that myself.I: You really enjoy driving, I see. And how long have you been a taxi driver?N: Eh, altogether 12 years.I: Mm, it’s been quite some time already, hasn’t it?N: Yeah.I: Then, what did you find the most difficult about becoming a taxi driver?N: I can still remember when I was first learning to drive. It was scary I didn ’ t know yet how to judge distance. And when a big truck came near, it seemed like a wheel was just coming right over me. Anyway, soon I learned to judge distance . I began to look ahead, stopped worrying about trucks and about what was moving on either side.I: In your opinion, what does it take to become a good taxi driver?N: Eh, besides driving well, the most important thing to a taxi driver needs to know is the streets and I know the city well because I have lived in it for a long time. I know all the main streets, and even the side streets. And of course, you ha ve to keep updating your knowledge of the streetsbecause the city changes. Ther e might be a new road appearing somewhere one day.I: Now, what about annual leaves? Do you have them?N: Oh, yes. When I first started, I had only 10 days. Now I have 3 weeks every y ear with pay.I: Just out of curiosity. When you go on vacation to another place or city, do y ou drive there as well?N: In most cases, not. I prefer to be driven by others if I go by car. I would a lso prefer to go by train or plane, if there is a choice. I have already had too much driving in my life, so when I’m on holiday, I just want to relax.I: Oh, I see. Let’s come back to your work. Are there any unpleasant aspects in your job?N: The only serious difficulty in this work is that it’s sometimes dangerous to drive at night. But you have choices, and I always choose to work days rather than at night.I: What’s the best part of your job?N: I soon found that what I like best about the job was being outdoors, seeing h ow this city changes from season to season. And there are places of scene I woul d probably never have seen in another job. And I love all kinds of weather. I li ke to leave the window down in a fine rain, and, and when I have a long drive, m aybe end-of the day, I sometimes go pass my home to tell my two little children I’ll be home soon, when they always want to come along in my car.I: Do they? I guess kids all like to be taken for a ride sometimes.N: Yes, but you can not take any all along, and thus they pay or you pay for the m. So I’ve to pay their fares one of these days, and take them out in my taxi, b ecause I really think it is fun out into the country side on the long drive, wit h the fresh air and sun shining. You just seem to want to drive for ever. At lea st that is how it’s for me.I: Being a taxi driver, you have to meet all kinds of people. How do you feel ab out that?N: I enjoy meeting many different people. I might not have met some of them if n ot for this job. I learned a lot how people behave in these years.I: Can you tell us a bit more about it?N: The biggest advantage is that you come across various characters in your work . Some people are interesting, some rushed, some pleasant, some funny, some talk ative, some so pressed for time that they change clothes in the taxi. Those who are in greatest rush would sometimes forget to pay.I: Have you ever met some people who don’t like women drivers?N: Yeah. Once a passenger really objected to having a woman driver. That I laugh ed him so much that he stopped his fussing. Although there has been one or two c ases like this, I still think most people are nice to woman drivers. So this is really an interesting part of my work.I: Now my last question. Have you ever thought of changing your job?N: Not yet. I might in a few years time, but not at this moment, because I reall y enjoy my work. And I do get lots of satisfaction out of it. So why should I?I: Ok. Our interview is coming to the end. I’d like to wind up our interview by wishing you good luck in your job. Thank you very much for your time, Nancy.N: Pleasure.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1(For Question 11)President Clinton has renewed his attacks on the American tobacco industry. Accusing of using delaying tactics to block anti-smoking legislation, the US co ngress is considering a bill which will place tight restrictions on tobacco adve rtising and impose penalties on tobacco companies if they continue to sell cigar ettes to children. Mr. Clinton said, it was a fight with the lives of the Amer i can children, and he urged congress to move ahead with the bill. But a spokesman f or one of the big tobacco companies called the legislation totally unreasonable, and he said the process had become wholly politicized.News Item 2(For Questions 12-13)The French President Jacques Chirac is to discuss the efforts to stimulate Japan’s economy during his visit to Japan which begins today. The French P r esident is no stranger to Japan. He’s visited the country 40 times before and t h is will be his second visit as President. Mr. Chirac will hold summit talks wit h Japanese Prime Minister next Monday. He is expected to discuss efforts to boos t Japanese economy as well as investment by Japanese companies in France. He’ll also meet the Emperor and Empress at a luncheon on Tuesday. But perhaps the event that will draw most attention is the launch of a-year-long festival of French ar t and culture in Japan. A replica of Arch de Triomphe that usually stands in Pad s has been transported to Tokyo Bay for the festival. And Mr. Chirac will unveil it. The festival includes films, theatrical performance, dance and exhibitions, as well as promotions for French food and wine, both of which are very popular in Japan.News Item 3(For Questions 14-15)Officials of the World Food Program (WFP) say they are receiving informati on that famine has great part of central Afghanistan. WFP offi cials say as the w inter’s snow begins to melt and high mountain paths begin to clear, local leade r s and international aid workers are reporting some people are dying of starvatio n. Officials say a major disaster affecting hundreds of thousands of people may be in the making. The Taliban are blocking food deliveries to central Afghanista n. The UN has warned for several months that more than one million people are su ffering from blockade and 160,000 face starvation. An emergency air-lift of food to central Bombay province was cancelled earlier this year when the Taliban bom bed the local airport. WFP officials say the existing food stocks in that area a re exhausted and an emergency effort will be launched to bring wheat and potatoe s into the area.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGGood morning. Today I’d like to discuss with you the secrets of good conv ersation, that is, how to talk to anyone, anytime, anywhere.When someone tells you that you have to give a speech, your respo nse may b e ”I’ve got to do what? But it’s important to remember that speeches are like an ything else in life there’s always a “first time”. People, even those who are wo nderful talkers in a conversational setting, are often terrified over the prospe ct of giving their first speech. Some are scared about it no matter how many spe eches they have given before. I suspect you may have the same experience, or hav e seen others in similar situations. I give speeches many times a year to groups of every possible description. My secret is simply that I think of public speak ing as no different from any other form of talk. It’s a way of sharing my thoug h t with other people. You know, in one sense, it’s actually easier than social c o nversation because you are in complete control of where the talk is going. At th e same time you have to have something to say, of course. This leads us to the f irst key of being a successful public speaker: Talk about something you know abo ut.The second key to being a good speaker is to follow the motto of the Boy Sc outs-Be well prepared. Never go to a speech without some prior work on it. If yo u are talking about a subject you know well, as I’ve jus t advised, preparing th e speech itself should not be too difficult. If you let the audience know where y ou’re going at the beginning, they will follow you more easily through the body of your speech. At the end of your speech, try to summarize your most important points in slightly different words from the ones you used in your opening.Here are some other key tips based on my own speaking experience and what I’ve noticed in other good speakers. Look at your audience. I’ve already said ho w important it is to make eye contact. First, be sure to look up from you text o r notes. Second, don’t talk to the wall in the back, or to the window or to the side. They are not your audience. Each time you look up from your text, look at a different part of the audience, so the whole group feels they’re being addres s ed. Note the pacing and inflection you want to use in speech. Some speakers, if they’re reading from a complete text, underline the words they want to emphasiz e . If you are using an outline or notes, highlight ideas or phrases you should st ress in your speech with different-colored pen orsomething. This accomplishes t wo things: It guarantees that your emphasis will be where you intended it to be, and it assures your audience that you won’t be speaking in a dull monotone tha t wil l put them to sleep, especially if you’re talking after a heavy meal. Stand up straight. I don’ t mean that you have to assume a parade ground posture, but stand in a comfortable, natural way rather than hunching over the lectern. Hunch ing constricts your breathing, and it makes you look bad as well. If there’s a m icrophone in front of you, adjust it to the right height rather than forcing you rself to stoop during the speech. If you can, check this out before it’s your t u rn to speak. Talk normally into the microphone. If you speak at a high volume in to it, you will actually be harder to hear. And be careful to keep your mouth in the range of the mike; don’t wave around or turn away to answer a question fro m the side.Last but not the least, a speaker has to keep in mind the value of brevity. It’s not easy to be brief, especially on a topic you know a lot about. But in a ny kind of communication, it’s always worth taking the time to boil your messag e down to its essentials. That emphasis on brevity applies even more when you are delivering a speech. The show business expression “know when to get off” come s into play again. And the best public spe akers always know when. Some of the long est speeches ever inflicted on the American public have been the inaugural addre sses of their presidents. However one of the shortest inaugural addresses is als o one of the best remembered and most often quoted. It was delivered on January 20,1960 by John F. Kennedy. Kennedy spoke for less than 15 minutes. We can learn from these speakers, whose ability to talk effectively was central to their suc cess, as is the case with so many successful people in every profession. Brevity is the first thing we can learn from them. If people like Kennedy are willing t o keep it short to maximize their effectiveness as speakers, we should be smart enough to do the same thing.To sum up, I’ve mentioned several key points in becoming a successful pub l ic speaker, such as good preparation, audience awareness, brevity, etc. I hope y ou find them very useful in making your speeches effective. Thank you.PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENTIONSECTION A TALK1.答案：B【问句译文】是谁起草了美国第一所私人图书馆的规章制度的？【试题分析】本题为细节题。
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第 1 页 共 17 页 2001年英语专业八级考试全真试卷 改错 Part Ⅱ Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/’ and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example When∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an it never／ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit
During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1.___ they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2.___ favorite topic of conversation. War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3.___ not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts 4.___ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5.___ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6.___ but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7.___ least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government 9.___ appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10.___ buy, sell, and set prices.
阅读理解 A Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 min) 阳光家教网 www.ygjj.com 英语学习资料
第 2 页 共 17 页 SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 min) In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark answers on your Coloured Answer Sheet. TEXT A “Twenty years ago, Blackpool turned its back on the sea and tried to make itself into an entertainment centre” say Robin Wood, a local official. “Now t he thinking is that we should try, to refocus on the sea and make Blackpool a fami ly destination again.” To say that Blackpool neglected the sea is to put it mil d ly. In 1976 the European Community, as it then was called, instructed member nations to make their beaches conform to certain minimum standards of cleanliness wi thin ten years. Britain, rather than complying, took the novel strategy of conte nding that many of its most popular beaches were not swimming beaches at all. Be cause of Britain’s climate the sea-bathing season is short, and most people don’t go in above their knees anyway-and hence can’t really be said to be swimming. By averaging out the number of people actually swimming across 365 days of the y ear, the government was able to persuade itself, if no one else, that Britain ha d hardly any real swimming beaches. As one environmentalist put it to me: “You had the ludicrous situation in w hich Luxembourg had mere listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the Uni ted Kingdom. It was preposterous.” Meanwhile, Blackpool continued to discharge raw sewage straight into the sea. Finally after much pressure from both environmental groups and the European Union, the local water authority built a new waste-treatment facility for the whole of Blackpool and neighbouring communities. The facility came online in June 1996. For the first time since the industrial revolution Blackpool’s waters are safe to swim in. That done, the town is now turning its attention to making the sea-front me re visually attractive. The promenade, once a rather elegant place to stroll, ha d become increasingly tatty and neglected. “It was built in Victorian times and needed a thorough overhaul anyway,”says Wood, “so we decided to make aesthetic improvements at the same time, to try to draw people back to it.” Blackpool recently spent about $1.4 million building new kiosks for vendors and improving seating around the Central Pier and plans to spend a further $ 15 million on various amenity projects. The most striking thing about Blackpool these days compared with 20 years a go is how empty its beaches are. When the tide is out, Blackpool’s beaches are a vast plain of beckoning sand. They look spacious enough to accommodate comfortably the entire populace of northern England. Ken Welsby remembers days when, as he puts it,“ you couldn’t lay down a handkerchief on this beach, it was that crowded.” Welsby comes from Preston, 20 miles down the road, and has been visiting Blackpool all his life. Now retired, he had come for the day with his wife, Kitty, and their three young grandchildren who were gravely absorbed in building a sandcastle. “Two hundred thousand people they’d have on this beach sometimes.” Welsby said. “You can’t imagine it now, can you?” Indeed I could not. Though it was a bright sunny day in the middle of summer. I counted just 13 people scattered along a half mile or so of open sand. Except for those rare times when hot weather and a public holiday coincide, it is like this nearly always now.