托福写作必备词汇:常用逻辑关系词整理

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托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍

托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍

托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读部分信号词一览阅读为通知,政策等表示要求的词require, decide,ask, demand, announce, be supposed to, should, be ought to etc.托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词:并列,递进and, also, as well, besides, what’s more, in addition,托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词:列举,增加and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词:顺序first, to begin with, first of all, initially,first thing first, second, apart from that, on top of that, more than that,another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last butnot least, 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词:转折but, however, nevertheless, yet, although托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词:解释That is, in particular, I mean, In this way,To put it another way, In other words, That is to say, …so to speak, …let’ssay 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词:因果As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Therefore, Due to, Thanks to, On account of, since托福口语备考之独立口语:用新建筑取代旧建筑独立话题Should old buildings be replaced by new buildings?I think the old buildings should be preserved. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, old buildings are precious property of human being. We will lose those valuable historical buildings permanently if we don't preserve them. Once ahistorical building is destroyed, we can never restore it. Secondly, old buildings are a symbol of a city and a valuable tourist resource. Think about the Forbidden City and The Summer Palace in Beijing. They are the relics of the city and carrying great historical and cultural information. Every year they attract visitors from all over the world, which generates profound tourist income.More information1. Old buildings attract people.America’s downtown revivals suggest that people like old buildings. Whether the feeling is patriotic, homey, warm, or reassuring, older architecture tends to fit the bill. Regardless of how they actually spend their lives, Americans prefer to picture themselves living around old buildings. Some eyes glaze over when preservationists talk about “historic building stock,” bu t what they really mean is a community’s inventory of old buildings ready to fulfill new uses.2. Old buildings are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity.By seeing historic buildings — whether related to something famous or recognizably dramatic —tourists and longtime residents are able to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of an area. Just as banks prefer to build stately, old-fashioned facades, even when located in commercial malls, a city needs old buildings to maintain a sense of permanency and heritage.托福口语备考之独立口语:哪个职业应该高薪Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?From my perspective, nurse should receive the highest salary among these three. First of all, nurse has a great deal of responsibility. They provide hands on care to patients, make patients feel more comfortable, and assist in many aspects ofpatient care from dispensing medicine to drawing blood to simply talking with patients. Secondly, nurses have educational requirements. Depending on the type of nurse, their schooling may involve 6-8 years of education, which means they have to spend a lot of money and efforts in finishing their school. Therefore, nurses should definitely receive a higher pay.More informationThe must-know cons of being a nurseYou will be exposed to all types of germs and viruses. If you are squeamish, nursing is probably not your best career choice. Nurses deal with blood and other bodily fluids. They are also exposed to all types of viruses and other pathogens.Some days will be overwhelming. The job can be stressful for a variety of reasons. For example, there may be times you are short staffed or get a sudden increase in new patients to treat.Patients do not always want or appreciate help. It would be great if all your patients thanked you and were polite. But that is not how it works in the real world. Some patients are easy to work with and others are not.You will see sad situations. There will be times in your nursing career where you witness sad or tragic situations. Patients do not all make it, and watching someone die can be tough.You may have to work holidays, nights and weekends. Working as a nurse is not a 9-5 job Monday through Friday. Nurses who work in hospitals and nursing homes are needed around the clock.You may have to work varied shifts including nights.。

英语考试作文-托福写作常用关联词汇总

英语考试作文-托福写作常用关联词汇总

英语考试作文托福写作常用关联词汇总托福写作中,同学们经常会使用到一些关联词,关联词的使用往往为托福写作增加逻辑感。

那么托福写作中常用的这些关联词都有哪些呢?本文将带来托福写作常用关联词汇总的内容,帮助正在备战托福考试的同学们考出理想的托福成绩!托福写作中表示逻辑关系的连词分类:原因和结果:让步和转折、比较和对比、列举、并列和递进表示由于:due to/ because of/ owning to/ thanks to/ because/ as/ now that/ considering that表示因此:therefore/ hence/ thus/ as a consequence/ as a result/ consequently/ so that表示导致产生:lead to/ result in/ be responsible for/ give rise to/ cause/ generate表示转折:however/ but/ yet/ nevertheless/ nonetheless表示让步:although/ though/ even though/ despite/despite the fact that/ in spite of表示比较和对比:unlike/ like; compared with;on the contrary/ by contrast/ by comparison/ in contrast/ conversely/ oppositely;as…as…; …than….表示列举、举例:for example/ for instance/ a (good) case in point is…; one example is…/ that is…/ just as…; especially/ specifically/ in particular/ particularly; such as/ namely; likely/ to illustrate/ that is to say…表示并列和递进:and/ as well as…; also/ besides; too/ again; in particular/ after all/ especially/ in addition(to)/ similarly/ likewise; furthermore/ moreover/ and then/ not only ... but also…; even/ besides this(that)/ what is more 以上就是为同学们整理的托福写作常用关联词汇总的内容,希望能够帮助到正在备战托福的同学们!。

托福写作因果逻辑关系解析

托福写作因果逻辑关系解析

托福写作因果逻辑关系解析托福写作因果逻辑关系解析托福作文是托福考试中非常重要的一部分,同时也是广大考友们必须攻克的一大难关。

以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于托福写作因果逻辑关系解析,供大家备考。

一. 因果逻辑之表达原因的基本词汇Causes :due to, because of, owing to, as a result of, on account of, for, on the ground of, through, because, since, as, on the ground that例如:(我们可以做做以下的.翻译练习来帮助我们理解事物的原因,即原因这一概念。

)1.据报道,因为处于这位新领导人管理的目前形势下,残疾人面临抑郁和财政困难。

译文:Disabled people are reported to face depression and financial difficulties owing to the current situation under a new leader's governing.2.由于他亲身父母的对其的放任不管,这个极富天赋的小孩被酒精和毒品给毁了。

Such a gifted child was ruined by alcohol and drugs because of the ignorance of his biological parents.二. 因果逻辑之表达结果的基本词汇effects:therefore, so, as a result, consequently, accordingly, because of, thus, hence, for this reason, result in例如:他不断出现抑郁症状,结果只好咨询心理医生了。

He continued to suffer from depression ,accordingly, and consulted a psychiatrist三. 因果逻辑之表达原因和结果关联的升级词汇(关系是棘手的问题。

英语写作逻辑关系词语较全面归纳

英语写作逻辑关系词语较全面归纳

表逻辑关系的词语归纳:1.表顺承、补充与递进:and; similarly; also; either; too; what’s more; besides; moreover; in addition; additionally; furthermore; further(而且, 况且); what’s worse; worse still; to make matters/things worse(使事情更糟的是).如:I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired.The rent is reasonable, and moreover, the location is perfect.Then again, we must consider the other aspects of the problem.2.表转折:but; yet; however; instead; on the other hand(另一方面); on the contrary(相反地); nevertheless(然而); otherwise; after all(毕竟).Eg: It’s too hot to go for a walk, let’s go swimming i nstead.3.表因果:(1)引出原因: for; as; since; now that; because; thanks/owing/due to; because of; on account of(=because of); as a result/consequence of; in consequence of; result from(vt,由。

引起);Eg: We should be more careful, for it is already dark.Let’s stay at home, for it’s raining hard outside.(2)引出结果: so; therefore; thus; hence; as a result; as a consequence;in consequence; consequently; accordingly; account for(v,是。

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理托福非常着重对考生语言逻辑性的考察,这一点在托福阅读和托福写作中都有所体现,对于托福阅读来说,掌握必要的逻辑关系词有助于我们更好更迅速地判断文章行文结构与语篇逻辑,下面我们就来关注一下托福阅读常见十类逻辑关系词。

托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理1、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on2、Time 时间 (when )before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as3、Summary 总结 (in a word)作者的最后总结in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word4、Example举例 (for example)for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是5、Reason原因 ( because)since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause6、And 并列关系 (and)in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that7、Sequence 顺序 (then)出现的时候表示列举first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards8、Consequence 结果 (so)前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。

托福写作常用连接词12个

托福写作常用连接词12个

托福写作常用连接词12个很多初学托福写作的同学不知道连接词有哪些,该如何使用。

笔者总结了常用的12个连接词,请大家先牢记,然后做到活学活用。

托福写作常用连接词12个托福写作常用连接词:1. However1)We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.我们原以为这些数据正确,不过我们现在发现了一些错误。

2)However, he smothered, as best he was able, these feelings.然而,他尽其所能抑制住了这些感情。

3)If, however, you are an extrovert you are quite likely to enjoy it.然而,如果你是一个性格外向的人,你很可能会喜欢它。

4)It was, however, a little disappointing.不过,这有点儿令人失望。

2. Nonetheless1) The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.这本书篇幅太长,但是很有知识性和趣味性。

2) The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.问题不严重,不过我们还是需要尽快处理。

3) Nonetheless, it contains an element of truth.然而它也有些道理。

3. Nevertheless1) He was very tired, nevertheless he kept working.他累得很,然而仍继续工作。

2) There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.我们几乎没有可能改变法律。

10大类托福阅读中常见的逻辑关系词

10大类托福阅读中常见的逻辑关系词托福阅读文章篇幅很长,为了能在有限时间内看完文章并顺当答完题目,把握一些快速读懂文章的技巧是很有必要的,今日我给大家带来了10大类托福阅读中常见的规律关系词,盼望能够关心到大家,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。

这10大类托福阅读中常见的规律关系词你都熟悉吗?1、Condition 条件/ 由于(if )后面跟随着某种状况发生的前提或者是条件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on2、Time 时间(when )before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as3、Summary 总结(in a word)的最终总结in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述// in short // in a word4、Example举例(for example)for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是5、Reason缘由( because)since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause6、And 并列关系(and)in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that7、Sequence 挨次(then)消失的时候表示列举first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards8、Consequence 结果(so)前面是后面的结果// 也就是这些词后面就开头给出结论了。

英语作文逻辑词大全

英语作文逻辑词大全以下是一些常用的英语逻辑词大全:1. 因果关系:- because(因为)- since(因为)- as a result(结果)- consequently(因此)- therefore(因此)- thus(因此)- hence(因此)- so(所以)2. 条件关系:- if(如果)- unless(除非)- provided that(条件是)- on the condition that(条件是)- in case(万一)- as long as(只要)- so long as(只要)- assuming(假设)3. 比较关系:- similarly(同样地)- likewise(同样地)- in the same way(以相同的方式)- in a similar manner(以类似的方式)- on the other hand(另一方面)- whereas(然而)- while(同时)- unlike(与...不同)4. 强调关系:- especially(尤其)- particularly(特别是)- notably(值得注意的是)- significantly(显著地)- importantly(重要地)- above all(尤其是)- indeed(确实)- in fact(事实上)5. 顺序关系:- firstly(首先)- secondly(其次)- thirdly(第三)- finally(最后)- eventually(最终)- subsequently(随后)- in conclusion(总结起来)- to sum up(总之)6. 解释关系:- in other words(换句话说)- that is to say(也就是说)- to put it simply(简单来说)- for example(例如)- for instance(例如)- such as(例如)- namely(也就是说)- in particular(特别是)。

常用逻辑关系词

1.因果关系过渡词语:〔因果〕…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for;hence; adv.因此,所以;今后,从此for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently2.并列关系过渡词语:〔并列〕and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too3.序列关系过渡词语:first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; ne*t; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; ne*t; and then; soon4.递进关系过渡词语:〔递进〕accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…5.时间关系过渡词语:afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; ne*t; not…until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then6.转折关系过渡词语:〔对立〕yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of7.条件关系过渡词语:as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless8.重复关系过渡词语:in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above9.比拟关系过渡词语:apart from; by the same token; pared with; in parison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when pared with; when in fact…10.举例关系过渡词语:a good e*ample would be; for e*ample; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an e*ample; you may say…11.比照关系过渡词语:after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while12.强调关系过渡词语:definitely; e*tremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is13.总结关系过渡词语:accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all考研写作常见单词替代公务书信尾段容1〕表示感:A My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.B Words fail me when I desire to e*press my sincere gratitude to you for your kind consideration my requirement/application/plaint.C I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for your generous assistance you rendered me2) 期待回信:A i am looking forward to your reply.B I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.C your prompt attention to my ……. Would be highly appreciated. 私人书信写法第一段客套话+写作目的It is great to hear from you again.Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you. You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的第三段问候语+期待回信I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.Please bring my best wished to your family.I wish you good health and lots of happiness.I wish every success for your career/study in the future.私人书信写法第一段客套话+写作目的It is great to hear from you again.Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的第三段问候语+期待回信I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.Please bring my best wished to your family.I wish you good health and lots of happiness.I wish every success for your career/study in the future.1. important=crucial,critical significant essential vital2. mon=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to beeverywhere)4. difficult=formidable5. understand=discern6. all the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetually7. as a result—consequently、8. before--prior to9. begin—mence10. better—superior11. big--major, significant, substantial12. have--be equipped with, possess13. if--in the event of, in case(of)14. in the end--eventually, finally, ultimately15. know--be aware of, be conversant with, familiar with16. less and less--decreasing(ly)17. more and more –increasingly18. money--funding, funds, resources19. more and more—increasingly20. need--demand, require21. now--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currently22. often--frequent(ly)23. quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)24. right--appropriate, correct, proper reasonable25. sharp--abrupt, drastic dramatic26. show--demonstrate, manifest reveal27. small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(不重要的,微小的)28. too many--an e*cessive number of, a disproportionate number of29. too much--e*cessive(ly)30. about : regarding concerning involving relating to, with respect to, withreference to31. Famous: well-known famed, noted, renowned, enjoy a nation-wide/worldwide reputation/fame be widely acknowledged/known32. poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , e*cellent, outstanding, superior替换good3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注:用many, if not most一定要小心,many后一定要有词。

托福写作常用的逻辑连接词汇总

托福写作常用的逻辑连接词汇总托福写作中,合理的运用一些连词,也能够帮助我们的作文建立一定的逻辑性。

因此在备考中,大家可以适当的多储备一些连词内容,并且能够将这些连词熟练的运用到我们的写作中。

下面小编为大家汇总了托福写作常用的逻辑连接词,供大家参考。

托福写作常用的逻辑连接词1初级连词o …,therefore… 因此o …,which … 引导定语从句,修饰前面的主句o Eventhough…,… 尽管… , …o Since/as… 因为...,...o …instead of… ...而不是...中级连词o As amatter of fact = in fact 事实上o Indeed确实, ... ...o Obviously/ apparently 显而易见的,...o Evenif 即使o Accordingly, ... 相应的托福写作常用的逻辑连接词2高级连词o Otherwise ...否则...o ...Ratherthan ... 而不是...o Regardlessof ...不管o Similarly类似地让步、递进、对比、举例、泛指关系让步关系:让步段落是提分的关键,也是ETS特别喜欢的一种论证段落。

本质就是:提出对方的观点+随后攻击该观点。

表示让步关系的连接词汇有:o Although…,…o Eventhough…,… 一定没有buto Evenif …, …o …aslong as… (只要,如果,既然)另外一些让步段落会用到的词汇表达:——Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that——May / might / possibly / probably——One / one or two / a couple of / minor / several——To some extent / to some degree托福写作常用的逻辑连接词3递进关系:o Besides,…o Apart from …, …o Inaddition to …, …o Additionally,o Moreover,o Further more,o More importantlyo Apartfrom hiking, Tom always go to swim in the river on the weekends.对比关系:o On theother hand, ….o …while…o …whereas…o In contrast …o By contrast…o The Northern Hemisphere is in winter on February. By contrast, the Southern Hemisphereis in the summer on February.举例关系:o Like…o Suchas…o Take …for example (不是连词)o Forinstance,…o Forexample,…o Take …into consideration (不是连词) o Take …into account (不是连词)托福写作常用的逻辑连接词4泛指关系:o … an d stuff like that. 事务o … and things like that. 事物o …or something like that.o … or whatever霸气类连词o …aswell. = … too.o …eithero …aswell as…o Interms of …o As faras …o Insteadof = rather than托福写作常用的逻辑连接词5借用类(副词)连词o Basically,基本上来说o Actually,事实上o Essentially,本质上o Indispensable= essentialo Specifically,具体来说o Currently,就目前来说o Unfortunately/Sadly,不幸的是o Honestly,老实说o Normally,通常o Hopefully,希望能够o Possibly,有可能...o Notonly … but also… 切记倒装转折关系o But;However,……; …,though; …while …因果关系o …so…;…so that…;…therefore…;…because…;…because of …。

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托福写作必备词汇:常用逻辑关系词整理在托福的写作过程中,除了词汇和句型力量的不断累积之外。

其实,对于托福写作对于每个同学的规律力量还是有着很高的要求。

下面,我们就为大家介绍一下在托福写作中常用的规律词汇有下面几类,盼望各位同学能娴熟把握.托福写作必备词汇:常用规律关系词1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 挨次关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently,in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的规律(句子):1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweighits disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that … bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But we can try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeed remarkable and impressive.托福写作(范文):A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become atreasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.托福写作范文:Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lotcapacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.托福写作范文:MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however, the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years, according to Philadelphia Museum of Art’s president.托福写作必备词汇:常用规律关系词文档内容到此结束,欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。

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