语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释汇总
语言学名词解释汇总一、名词解释。
1、语言学：①～是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；②从方法上分为历史…、比较…、历史比较…、描写…；从研究对象上可分为个别…和普通…；③19世纪初的历史比较学标志着语言学的诞生。
2、语文学：…是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。
3、小学：指我国古代传统的文学学、音韵学和训诂学,虽然我国古代没有语文学，但一般认为…属于语文学的范围。
4、训诂：是解释字义和研究它的演变的一门学科，其目的是从词义方面来解释古书的文字。
5、专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为…。
＊共时语言学和历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化,把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,共时…研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系,如对现代汉语的研究;历时…研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。
＊普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。
＊历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学称为…。
＊比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的叫…。
6、表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。
7、语言：是从言语中概括出来的音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统。
＊言语：是说的行为和结果。
＊说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。
8、语言层级性（二层性）：语言是一种分层装置。
语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。
语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节；上层分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。
语言学名词解释
1、能指：语言符号的物质实体，能够指称某种意义的成分。
2、结构主义语言学：由索绪尔创立的语言学，它主要研究语言系统本身的内在规律。
我国语言学界常说的“结构语义语言学”“结构主义语法”等名词往往指美国结构主义描写语言学，它只是当代接结构主义语言学的一个流派，并不等于受索绪尔影响的整个结构主义语言学。
3、音位变体：音位是从社会功能角度划分出来的特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小语音单位，同属于一个音位的不同因素叫做“音位变体”，音位变体又可分为条件变体和自由变体。
例如汉语普通话/a/的音位变体【a】等。
4、元辅音分析法：就是一元辅音为基本分析单位的一种音节结构分析法，将音节结构分为V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C四种不同的结构类型。
5、定位语素：指在最小的合称结构（词结构或词组结构）中的位置总是固定的，或者总前置，或者总后置的语素。
例如现代汉语的“第”总是前置，“者”总是后置，它们都是定位语素。
6、变性成词：指语素转变词性而成为另一类词。
即某些成语素在语法功能上本来只是单一性的，但在形成词的时候，却同时形成了两种词性的词。
7、外围语法：又叫大语法，主要研究与语法有关的词语知识、语义知识和语音知识。
8、向心词组：指整个词组的功能相当于词组的中心语功能的词组，包括偏正结构的词组、动宾词组、动补词组和联合词组。
9、语义场：在词义上具有类属关系的词语集合在一起所形成的一个聚合体。
10、变元：变元又称“题元”“项”等，是与谓词有直接语义关系并受谓词支配的语义成分。
变元一般都是名词性的词语，在句子中经常充当主语或宾语。
如“他给我一支笔”中“我”和“一支笔”就是谓词“给”的变元；“小李走了”中“小李”就是谓词“走”的变元。
11、理性意义：也叫逻辑意义或称意义，是对主客观世界的认识。
在词语平面上，它是与概念相联系的那部分意义；在句子平面上，它是与判断和推理相联系的那部分意义。
12、自源文字：不依傍其他文字而独立创在出来的文字。
普通语言学名词解释
普通语言学名词解释
普通语言学是一门研究语言的学科，它涉及语言的结构、功能和演化等方面。
以下是一些与普通语言学相关的重要术语的解释：
1. 语言：人类沟通和表达思想的系统，通过声音、符号或手势传达信息。
2. 语音：语言中有关音的方面的研究，如语音的产生、感知和分类等。
3. 语法：语言中句子和词汇的组织方式，包括词法、句法和语义等。
4. 语义：研究语言中的意义和概念的学科，涉及词义、句义和篇章意义等。
5. 语用学：关注语言使用情境和交际意图的学科，研究语言在实际交流中的功能和影响。
6. 语境：指语言使用中的环境和背景，包括物理环境和社会文化因素等。
7. 方言：同一语言在不同地区或社群中存在的变体，通常包含词汇、发音和语法等方面的差异。
8. 语族：具有共同历史和语言特点的语言群体，比如印欧语系和汉藏语系等。
9. 句子：语言中表达完整意思的一系列词或短语的组合。
10. 词汇：语言中的基本单位，可以代表具体事物、抽象概念或动作等。
11. 词法：研究词汇构成和词形变化等的学科，包括词根、词缀和派生等。
12. 句法：语法中关于句子结构和组成成分之间关系的研究，包括主语、谓语和宾语等。
13. 语言演化：语言在历史进程中的变化和发展，包括语音演化、词汇变化和语法变化等。
14. 语言习得：人类通过接触和经验逐渐学习掌握语言的过程。
15. 第二语言习得：学习其他语言的过程，通常指非母语的学习。
这些术语是普通语言学研究中常用的概念，有助于我们理解和探索语言的本质和使用。
语言学名词解释
Define the following terms:1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But itis an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. 529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections35. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.36. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.37. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 38. Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.39. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.40. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.41. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.43. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.44. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.45. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.46. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.47. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".48. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.49. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.53. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.54. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualised.55. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience56. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.57. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.58. Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.59. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones60. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.61. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.62.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.63. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.64. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.65.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.66. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.67. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.68. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.69. two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.37. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 39. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40. sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;42. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.。
语言学概论名词解释
名词解释1.语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学。
2.口语：口语是指有声的口头语言。
3.书面语：书面语是文字记录的语言的书面形式。
4.符号:是指根据社会约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的实体和意义的结合体。
5.能指:是语言符号的物质实体，即能够指称某种意义的成分。
6.所指：是语言符号所指的意义的内容。
7.聚合关系：在同一位置上可以相互替换出现的各个语言单位处在可以联想起来的关系中，因而聚合成为一个类，这种关系成为聚合关系。
8.组合关系：一个语言单位和前一个语言单位或后一个语言单位，或前后两个语言单位，或语言单位与互相关联的语言单位组合而成的整体之间所具有的关系称为组合关系。
9.语言学: 研究语言的科学叫做语言学10.普通语言学:研究人类语言这种社会现象的一般理论的语言学学科称为普通语言学11理论语言学: 侧重语言理论探讨的语言学学科叫做理论语言学12.应用语言学:侧重语言学理论和成果的实际应用的语言学学科称为应用语言学13.传统语言学:传统语言学一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学，特别是指索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学以前的语言学。
14.结构主义语言学: 由索绪尔创立的研究语言系统本身的内在规律的语言学称为结构主义语言学。
15. 语音：由人的发音器宫发出的，负载着一定的意义并作为语言符号系统载体的声音。
16. 振幅：发音体振动时离开平衡位置的最大偏移距离叫做振幅17. 频率：发音体在每一秒内振动的次数叫做频率18. 音高：音高是指声音的高低19. 音强：音强是指声音的强弱20. 音长：音长是指声音的长短21.音质：又叫音色，指声音的个性或特色，是一个声音区别于其他声音的基本特征22.基音：一般的声音都是由发音体发出的一系列频率、振幅各不相同的振动复合而成的，其中频率最低的振动发出的声音叫做“基音”23.陪音：一般的声音都是由发音体发出的一系列频率、振幅各不相同的振动复合而成的，其中频率最低的振动以外的振动发出的声音叫做“陪音”.24.乐音：当基音和陪音的频率之间存在着整数倍的比例关系时，会形成一种复杂而有规则的、具有周期性重复特征的声波形式，这种声音叫做乐音。
语言学概论必背名词解释
语言学概论名词解释1、语言符号的任意性：指语言符号的能指和所指,即声音和意义的结合是任意的,二者并没有必然联系;2、书面语：书面语是用文字记录的语言形式,它是文字产生后在口语的基础上产生的;书面语是经过加工的、提炼和发展的口语的书面形式;3、语言相关论：是萨丕尔和沃尔夫提出的关于语言和思维关系的观点,主张语言决定思维,不同的语言就有不同的思维方式;4、大脑语言功能临界期：是指大脑的单侧化、大脑左半球的分区以及语言的遗传机制,都只提供人具有语言能力的潜在可能性,这些潜能必须在一定期限内被一定的语言环境激活才可使用;5、语系：语系是按照语言的同源关系对语言进行谱系分类,凡有亲缘关系的语言属于同一语系;6、机器翻译：是通过计算机把一种语言自动翻译成另外一种或多种自然语言的信息处理技术;7、语音：语音是人的发音器官发出的、用于人和人之间交际并表达一定意义的声音;8、词：词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立运用的语言单位;9、语用：语用是指语言运用,即人们在一定的交际环境中对语言的实际运用;10、文字：文字是记录语言的书写符号系统;11、单纯词：是由一个构词语素构成的词;12、语素：是语言中音义结合的最小单位;13、屈折：通过词的内部发生语音的交替变换来改变词的语法意义的手段;14、语音对应关系：方言或亲属语言之间所具有的、有规律的而非个别的语音之间的互相对应的关系;15、意译词：是用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词,把外语中的某个词的意义翻译过来;16、主谓词组：两个成分之间具有被说明和说明关系的词组是主谓词组;17、词类：词类是词在语法上的分类;它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类,即具有聚合关系的词的类;18、复辅音：一个音节内处于同一个肌肉紧张的渐强阶段或渐弱阶段上的两个或两个以上辅音的组合叫复辅音;19、复合构词：词根语素加词根语素构成一个新词叫复合构词;20、语言迁移：学外语的人的母语叫“来源语”,所要学的外语叫“目标语”,作为来源语的母语对作为标语的外语会产生影响,这就是“语言迁移”;21、双语现象：指某一言语社团使用两种或多种语言的社会现象,具体而言是社团内的全成员或部分成员双语并用的现象;22、亲属语言：从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言叫亲属语言,亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系;23、词形变化：指通过词的形态变化产生一定语法的形式,主要包括附加、屈折、异根、零形式四种情况;24、调位：利用音节的音高差别来起辩义作用的语音单位叫做调位;调位是一种非音质单位,依附在音位的组合序列上;25、语法意义：是语法形式所体现的意义,是语言中通过一类形式或功能所获得的意义;如“动词+名词”具有动宾关系的意义,汉语所有的同类组合都是如此,这种意义就是一种语法意义; 26、语音合成：是语音信息处理研究中的主要工作;就是让计算机模拟人的发声器官的动作并发出类似的声音;如汉语的语音合成目前已初步实现自动生成声韵调结合的音节;27、句子：句子是词或词组按照一定规则组合而成的、能表达相对完整的意义、前后有较大停顿并带有一定语气和句调的语言单位;28、异化：是指语流中两个相同或相近的音,其中一个因受另一个印象而变得不相同或不相近;29、词尾：附着在词干后的,能改变词的语法形式,但不能构成新词的语素;30、声韵调分析法：是汉语传统的一种音节结构分析方法；可以将音节分为声母、韵母、声调三部分;31、同化：语流中两个不同的音,其中一个因受到另一个影响而变得跟它相同或相近的现象;32、语言转用：在民族接触和融合的过程中,一个民族的全部或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言而改说另一民族语言的现象;33、借词：又叫外来词,是指音与义都来自外语的词;34、词组：是由词和词组合的语法单位,它结构上大于词,在句子中的作用与词相当;。
[语言学]胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(ICanalysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command forshort)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(ICanalysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism心灵主义new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论The theory of government and binding(GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统Modular theory模块理论Spell-out拼写Language faculty语言机制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势Context culture 文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivot words轴心词mental construct心理构念theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism类型学功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义external functionalism外部功能主义integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射two-segment category两节语类complement domain补足语区域minimal domain最小区域internal domain内部区域checking domain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizing chain link最小语链联结representational system表达系统strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件structure-preserving principle结构保存原则C-commanding condition成分统领条件articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统interface conditions中介条件full-interpretation完全解释原则procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则the shortest movement principle最短移位原则primarycomplement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)secondary complement(non- referentialNP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category principle空范畴原则aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征ASPP is functional projection .ASPP是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支across the board extraction抽取跨界移动principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法head parameter中心语参数logical form(LF)逻辑形式phonetic form(PF)语音形式spell-out拼读phonological component音韵部分overt component显性部分covert component隐性部分core computation核心运算asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理adjunction加接determiner限定词concatenate联结linearization线性化functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设right-branching右向分支X’(V,N,A,P)词项X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构Y’’=指示语specifierZ’’=补述语complementIP=屈折短语inflection phraseXP=general phrase structureC HL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for humanlanguageLCA线性对应定理=linearcorrespondence axiomXmin=X0=最小投射。
语言学概论名词解释
语言学概论名词解释语言是人类进行社会交际和思维认知的工具，是一种复杂的符号系统。
言语活动是指运用语汇材料和语法规则交流思想的活动，简言之就是说话。
自然语言是由社会群体在日常交际活动中自然形成的语言，如汉语、英语等。
人工语言是由个别人人工设计出来的语言（严格的说是副语言）。
音位是某种语言或方言中能够区别语素或词的语音形式的最小语音单位。
音节是一种语言中的音位和音位组合在一起成为一种最基本的自然音节。
语素是最小的语音语义结合体。
词是最小的能够独立运用的语言单位。
句子是最小的语言交际单位。
基本语汇是语汇系统中具备全民性、常用性和稳固性的词语。
非基本语汇缺乏全民性或常用性或稳固性的词语都属于非基本语汇。
通用语汇是不受使用者和使用场合限制的语汇。
专用语汇是某些特定的区域、社群中的人们所使用的词语，或在特定的使用场合使用的词语。
传承语汇是从古至今一直沿用下来的词语。
组合关系是若干较小的语言单位组合成较大的语言单位，其构成成分之间的关系就是组合关系，又称线性序列关系。
结构类是具有相同组合关系的语言单位构成的类，就是结构类。
聚合关系是具有相同组合功能的语言单位之间的关系，就是聚合关系，又称联想关系。
功能类是具有相同聚合关系的语言单位，就构成某种聚合类，即功能类。
语音是在人类大脑神经支配下由发音器官发出的负载一定意义并能为人们所理解的声音。
音素是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
音质音位是一般把从音素的音质角度划分出来的音位叫做音质音位，因为它占有一个时段，所以也叫音段音位。
非音质音位是语流中音高、音强、音长这些非音质特征也能区别词的语音形式，由这些音律形式构成的音位叫做非音质音位。
音位变体属于同一个音位的不同语音形式，就是这个音位的音位变体。
条件变体是指那些出现条件受环境限制的音位变体，即一个音位的各个变体从不在相同的语音环境中出现，只出现在不同的语音环境下，处于互补分布的状态。
自由变体是指那些在相同的语音环境中可以无条件变读的音位变体，即一个音位的各个变体可以自由替换，它们的差别不会造成意义的改变。
语言学名词解释汇总
语言学名词解释汇总一、名词解释。
1、语言学：①～是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；②从方法上分为历史…、比较…、历史比较…、描写…；从研究对象上可分为个别…和普通…；③19世纪初的历史比较学标志着语言学的诞生。
2、语文学：…是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。
3、小学：指我国古代传统的文学学、音韵学和训诂学,虽然我国古代没有语文学，但一般认为…属于语文学的范围。
4、训诂：是解释字义和研究它的演变的一门学科，其目的是从词义方面来解释古书的文字。
5、专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为…。
＊共时语言学和历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化,把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,共时…研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系,如对现代汉语的研究;历时…研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。
＊普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。
＊历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学称为…。
＊比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的叫…。
6、表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。
7、语言：是从言语中概括出来的音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统。
＊言语：是说的行为和结果。
＊说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。
8、语言层级性（二层性）：语言是一种分层装置。
语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。
语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节；上层分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。
语言学概论名词解释
语言学概论名词解释语言学概论名词解释精选1、口语：口语是语言的有声客观存在形式，是书面语产生的基础，相对于书面语是第一性的。
2、书面语：书面语是语言的客观存在形式之一，在口语的基础上产生，相对于口语是第二性的，是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。
3、语言：语言是从言语中概括出来的，为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。
4、言语：是个人说的行为（说话）和结果（所说的话）。
5、符号：是根据社会的约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体。
6、能指：是语言符号的物质实体。
7、所指：是符号所指的意义内容。
8、语言符号的任意性：是指语言符号的物质实体和意义内容之间没有必然的理据关系。
9、语言符号的强制性：指语言符号在同一社会、同一时代，对使用同一种语言的每一个社会成员来说，是不能任意改变的。
10、聚合关系：在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起来的关系中，因而聚合成为一个类。
11、组合关系：在语言结构的同一层级上组合起来的各个单位之间所形成的关系。
12、普通语言学：指从理论上研究人类各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点的一门语言学分支学科。
13、理论语言学：指从理论上研究人类语言的性质、功能、结构等的语言学分支学科。
以研究对象的不同，可分为个别语言学和一般语言学。
14、应用语言学：指运用语言学的理论知识来解决其他学科领域的各种问题的语言学分支学科，可分为狭义应用语言学和广义应用语言学。
15、传统语言学：一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学，特别是指索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学以前的语言学。
16、结构主义语言学：指索绪尔创立的语言学，它旨在语言系统本身的规律。
17、语音的生理属性：指发音器官发音动作、发音部位和发音方法。
18、语音的物理属性：指物体受外力的作用，发生振动，从而使周围的空气也发生震荡，形成一种音波。
音波传到人的耳朵里，使鼓膜发生相应的振动，刺激听觉神经，于是人们就产生了声音的感觉。
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名词解释1.Prescriptive and Descriptive规定性的和描述性的Prescriptive and descriptive represent two kind of different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.描述性的研究主要以观察和描述人们实际所使用的语言为目的。
规定性的研究以制定语言使用的规范和标准为主要目的，即为使用者指出语言的标准用法，什么是正确的用法，什么是错误的用法，为语言使用者提供典范。
ngue and Parole 语言和言语Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Parole is the concrete use of the convention and the application of rules.语言是一种社会机制、是一种语言的理想形式、是为一个团体所有成员所接受的社会惯例的抽象的语言系统。
言语是指语言体系在实际使用过程中的体现或者说具体化，具有个人特点并受语境的约束。
petence and Performance 语言能力和语言运用Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.乔姆斯基将语言能力定义为理想的用户对自己语言的规则的认识，并在语言交际中体现了这方面的知识。
语言运用是指一个人在自己的语言生成和理解过程中对语言知识的运用。
nguage 语言Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类交际中使用的任意性的语音符号系统。
arbitrary [ˈa:rbətreri] 随意的vocal [ˈvoʊkl] 有声音的5.Phonetics [fəˈnɛtɪks] 语音学Phonetics refers to the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.语音学：它是研究语言的声音媒介的学科，即研究人类语言中所使用的全部语音的学科。
语音学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是用于所有人类的语音。
phonic [ˈfa:nɪk] 声学的，声音的，有声的medium [ˈmidiəm] 媒介物，媒质6.International Phonetic Alphabet（IPA）国际英标IPA refers to a standardized and internationally accepted system of symbols used to represent the speech sounds used in communication; the principle of IPA is to use one letter(taken from the major European language) to represent one sound.IPA是一种规范和国际公认的用来表示语音通信中使用的符号系统；IPA的原理是用一个字母（从欧洲主要语言）来代表一个声音。
Standardized ['stændədaɪzd] 标准的，定型的Alphabet [ˈælfəˌbɛt] 字母表;字母系统;入门，初步7.Suprasegmental Features 超切分特征Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. (The major suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation.)超音切分特征指的是语音特征出现以上的音段层面。
（英语中主要的超音段特征是重音和语调。
）suprasegmental [ˌsu:prəsegˈmentl] 超音段的segment [ˈsɛgmənt] 环节;部分，段落phonological [ˌfɒnə'lɒdʒɪkl] 音系学的；（一种语言的）语音（或音位）体系的8.Derivation 派生词Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base. Once formed, derivation words become independent lexical items and receive their own entry in a speaker’s mental dictionary.派生词是一种词缀转化的过程，将一个词缀-前缀或后缀-附在一个基本词（base word）后，形成一个新的词，其词性可以改变，也可以不变。
一旦形成，派生词成为独立的词汇项目，并在一个演讲者的心理词典中获得自己的条目。
affixational 词缀category [ˈkætəgɔ:ri] 种类，类别distinct [dɪˈstɪŋkt] 明显的，清楚的lexical [ˈlɛksɪkəl] 词汇的9.Syntax [ˈsɪnˌtæks] 语法;句法;句法规则[分析]A branch of linguistics that studies the system of rules and categories underlying sentence formation in human language, i.e. the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.研究人类语言句子构成规则和范畴系统的语言学分支，即研究词如何组成短语和句子以及构成的规则。
10.Surface structure表层结构The structure that results from applying transformational rules to a deep structure.通过对深层结构进行转换而得到的结构。
11.Deep structure深层结构Any structure generated by the phrase structure rules of a transformational grammar.由转换语法短语结构规则生成的结构。
Generated 生成phrase[frez] 短语12.Reference 所指Reference means what a linguistic form（语言形态）refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element（语言要素）and the non-linguistic world（非语言世界）of experience.“所指”是某一语言形式对现实世界中某一实体的指称。
它涉及的语言要素和非语言世界的经验之间的关系。
13.Conventional implicature 规约含义Conventional implicature is based on the conventional meaning of certain words in the language; or to put it in another way, conventional implicature is the implied meaning that can be inferred from the conventional meaning of certain words in the language.“规约含义”是指某些单词本身固有的、约定俗成的意义，不受语言外语境因素的影响。
（书上的）“规约含义”是基于语言的某些词的传统意义或者把它以另一种方式表达出来。
规约含义是隐含的意义，可以从语言中的某些词的传统意义推断。
Implicature [ˈɪmplɪkətʃə(r)] 含义14.Standard dialect 标准语The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institution, including school setting where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.标准品语是一种叠加的、具有社会声望的方言。