Chapter 8(学术写作)
pof参考文献格式
pof参考文献格式POF（Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association）是美国心理学协会出版的一本关于学术写作和引用格式的指南。
下面是关于POF参考文献格式的详细说明：1. 书籍（Book）：姓，名（年份）。
书名。
出版地，出版社。
2. 期刊文章（Journal Article）：姓，名（年份）。
文章标题。
期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
3. 网页（Website）：作者/组织（年份）。
标题。
检索日期，来自URL。
4. 学位论文（Thesis or Dissertation）：作者（年份）。
论文标题（学位类型）。
学校。
5. 会议论文集（Conference Proceedings）：作者（年份）。
论文标题。
在编辑（Eds。
）的论文集名称（页码）。
出版地，出版社。
6. 报纸文章（Newspaper Article）：作者（年份，月日）。
文章标题。
报纸名，页码。
7. 杂志文章（Magazine Article）：作者（年份，月）。
文章标题。
杂志名，卷号（期号），页码。
8. 电子书（E-book）：作者（年份）。
书名[版本号]。
检索日期，来自URL。
9. 图书章节（Book Chapter）：章节作者（年份）。
章节标题。
在编辑（Eds。
）的书名（页码）。
出版地，出版社。
10. 电子期刊文章（Electronic Journal Article）：作者（年份）。
文章标题。
期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
检索日期，来自URL。
以上是一些常见文献类型的参考文献格式，根据具体情况，还可以根据POF指南进行进一步调整。
请注意，在引用文献时，还需要在正文中使用适当的引用标注，如作者姓氏和出版年份。
新东方GRE强化班笔记整理
新东方GRE强化班第一讲笔记整理主要内容：GRE写作基本情况介绍和英文写作基础，以及对Academic Writing的简要介绍。
主要强调GRE作文的特点：GRE作文不是考英语水平的，而是考察逻辑思维、分析问题的能力，考察思维深度，因而应走出大量背诵范文或者记忆网上的范文提纲的误区，注意按照GRE作文的考查重点进行有针对性的准备。
第一部分，Introduction to Analytical Writing1.Analytical Writing。
从字面上理解，Analytical Writing译为“分析性写作”。
所谓“分析”，即切分和解析。
将一个复杂对象切分成不同的方面或者部分，再分别加以分析。
GRE 作文考试既不是考语言，也不是考察回答问题的能力，而是分析问题的能力，逻辑思维的能力。
要注意意识到问题的复杂性（一般中国考生习惯将问题尽量简化，这几乎成为一种思维定势，要注意克服）。
考试分为Analyze an Issue task和Analyze an argument task。
所有题目都从question pool 中选出，且一般各大网站总结的高频题都会出现。
2.Scoring。
由两个阅卷老师阅卷。
不使用e-rator，但会使用similarity detection software。
3.analytical，logical and critical writing vs. language skills。
前者是根本。
4.split-test。
注意锻炼一下打字速度。
可从网上下载GRE作文模考软件推荐范文书籍：《北美GRE范文》。
很多其他范文书并不能体现GRE作文的考察重点。
第二部分，Analytical Writing Score Level Description（讲义29页，GRE考试评分标准）1.Sustains insightful, indepth analysis of complex ideas.观点复杂，论证深入。
英文学术论文写作方法
P5: Nominalization 名物化，名词化。
根词： Nominal( 名词)。意思是把原来不是名词的词当作名词来使用的 现象。这一现象在学术写作中非常普遍。它是把动词短语、形容词短 语等压缩之后形成一个名词短语，把 过程（动词）或性质（形容词） 变成现象（名词），使得信息密度加大，并且使这个名词放在主语位 置，以便让新的信息有机会被介绍进来。例如：
Genre ：语类，语体，体裁，即根据写作目的把天下文章归 类划分的行为。
Swales (1990) ： A class of communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative purposes .
矛盾，是因为有创新；统一，是因为脱胎于旧有体 系。
P3 作者的隐身：指在叙述研究方法、结果等 时不用人称代词“我”“我们”，而是用被 动语态，用客体（受事）作句子的主语。例 如
200 students were invited to participate in this survey.
Result shows… , it is found that …
Introduction to the Course
Chapter 1 Week 9
Our learning focus will be on the following two points:
1. The macro-structure (moves and steps ) of each section or chapter (the second section of chapters in this book, e.g. P10-16, P31-40, etc)
如何提高写作能力？学术英语写作的基础知识
如何提高写作能力？学术英语写作的基础知识无论是在海外的留学生或在国内读书的硕士生，撰写学术作品本来是一件不容易的事，而用英文表达来进行写作却根本不会让学生们的任务更为简单化。
对中国留学生来说，学术英语写作是学习过程当中的一大痛处。
有意思的是，绝对多数中国学生在写作中都会犯同样的错误，引起西方研究者为中国留学生常见写作错误进行总结，并专门给他们编造英语写作指南，像平卡姆的“中式英语之鉴”。
下面一起看看，英文学术写作到底有什么特点，要用什么样的语言，同学们经常会犯哪些错误，于是怎样去改善自己的英文写作习惯。
不过，提高写作能力是比较长时间的一个任务，如果想掌握学术写作，请务必每天抽出时间进行练习！学术英语写作VS个人写作首先，“学术写作”(A c a d e m i c W r i t i n g)这个概念可以分为两个主要部分，即“学术”以及“写作”。
与个人写作不同，学术写作使用规范以表达某种观点，这就是“学术”部分的解释。
个人写作(P e r s o n a l W r i t i n g)缺乏规范，因此没有特定结构组织、使用俚语和缩写等限制，就像个人日记那样个人写作过于主观，在此我们可以依靠个人经验论证作文核心思想。
学术写作可以说是个人写作上面锦上添花：基于作者个人观点的论文通过对修辞和思路框架应用清晰规范，使写作变成更为客观。
从内容结构和语言表达两方面来讲，后者可能更让同学们一头雾水。
真的是，如果已经写了几篇学术论文就可以发现，无论什么话题或研究领域，所有学术论文都以下面逻辑结构来组织的：•为什么做这个研究(w h y)；•以什么方法进行研究(h o w)；•最终获得了什么成果(w h a t)。
在此同时，一篇具有逻辑性内容组织的论文只用简洁和准确的表达才会让读者理解作者所传达的观点。
上面列出的内容组织三个部分都要讲清楚才可以使写作达到学术水平并做出良好整体印象。
除了内容的逻辑性之外，同学们还需要注意以下学术论文的主要特征：•正式书面语言，从此在根本上不同于口语传统；•学术作品不会透露作者对被研究话题的个人主观态度，所以学术写作中非个人语气以及高冷风格是主要要求之一；•为了强调论文的客观性，学术e s s a y务必采用精确论证来提高其可信度。
学术写作中元话语的互动功能
互动式资源 指语篇中 作者吸 引读者的 方 式, 也就是提醒读者注意作者对待命题信息的 观
26 8
外语教学与研究
山东财经大学英语教材
山东财经大学英语教材Introduction：山东财经大学英语教材是为山东财经大学的学生开设的一门英语课程所准备的学习资料。
本教材旨在提升学生的英语综合能力，并满足他们在学术和职业生涯中的语言需求。
本文将对该教材的内容和特点进行详细介绍。
Chapter 1: 基础知识在这一章节中，教材提供了英语语法、词汇以及基本句型的介绍和讲解。
通过对英语基础知识的学习，学生可以建立起扎实的语言基础，为进一步的学习打下坚实的基础。
Chapter 2: 读写技巧本章主要介绍了提高英语阅读和写作技巧的方法。
教材中包含了各种阅读材料，如新闻报道、文章、故事等，以帮助学生培养阅读理解能力，并提供了写作指导和范文，以提高学生的写作水平。
Chapter 3: 听力训练这一章节着重强调英语听力技巧的训练。
通过听力材料的选择和设计，学生可以提升听力理解能力，并加强对不同口音和语速的适应能力。
教材同时提供了听力材料的文本，便于学生进行听写和反复练习。
Chapter 4: 口语表达在这一章节中，教材注重培养学生的口语交际能力。
通过对对话、口语练习和角色扮演等活动的设计，学生可以提高口语流利度、准确度和自信心，使他们能够更好地运用英语进行日常交流和表达观点。
Chapter 5: 阅读理解本章节主要通过对各类文章的阅读，帮助学生提高阅读理解和分析能力。
教材中包含了不同难度和题型的阅读材料，并提供了相关的问题和练习，以巩固学生的阅读技巧和理解能力。
Chapter 6: 学术写作这一章节主要针对高年级学生和研究生，提供了学术写作的指导和技巧。
通过对学术论文和研究报告的结构和语言特点的介绍，教材帮助学生提升学术写作水平，并使他们能够独立完成学术研究和论文撰写。
Conclusion：山东财经大学英语教材通过系统的内容安排和多样化的教学方法，旨在提升学生的英语综合能力。
教材的编写遵循科学严谨的原则，注重培养学生的学术和职业需求。
希望这份教材能够对山东财经大学的学生在英语学习中起到积极的推动作用。
论文上浮的大括号
论文上浮的大括号我们在学术写作中会遇到四种类型的括号：圆括号( )，方括号[ ]，波形括号或花括号｛ }，尖括号或角括号〈 >。
笔者会在接下来的内容中详细介绍这四种括号的用法。
圆括号Parentheses: ( )一般来说，圆括号Parentheses，在英式英语中也被称为“round brackets”、“open brackets”或“brackets”，主要功能就是用于将括号里的信息从正文中区分出来。
(1)This example (which was written in January) is intended to illustrate the use of parentheses.圆括号里可以是附加信息，也可以是不同的信息，不一定是为了解释。
圆括号里包含的附加信息必须是完整的和可理解的，即使删除圆括号里的附加信息也不会影响文本的内容。
如果我们把上面例句（1)的括号全部去掉，那么我们得到了例句(2):(2)This example is intended to illustrate the use of parentheses.然而，也存在其他特殊情况，例如，例句(3)删除圆括号里的内容以后，得到的例句就不符合语法规则，甚至句子本身让人难以理解。
(3)When you use parentheses (parentheses should not be used too often, by the way), do not forget to close them.括号内的附加信息通常是额外的信息，使读者更容易理解文本内容，或给感兴趣的读者一个更完整的内容或引人思考的东西。
在例句(4)中，圆括号的功能与脚注非常类似，它们只包含对原文的引用。
(4)Many people who use parentheses (or brackets, as they are called in less formal British English) should consider using footnotes instead.我们也可以删除整个括号，而不会造成语法错误或严重地理解困难，如例句(5)。
化学专业英语第一课解答
wet weather conditions, but in countries with a hot,
these still could not give humid climate, but these still
enough raw rubber to meet could not supply sufficient
the needs of growing raw rubber to satisfy the
industry.
requirements of developing
industry.
It was not satisfactory It was unsatisfactory for
for industry to depend industry to depend on
Chapter 1 Introduction
What is
“Specialized English for Chemistry” ?
专业英语和日常英语
1. 词汇的专业性
plant： 植物 ——工厂、车间 charge：负责、收费 ——电荷 positive charge：正电荷 base： 基础 ——碱
on supplies, which come supplies coming from so
from so far away from far away from the
the industrial areas of industrial areas of
Europe. It was always Europe. It was always
and more rubber. They developed, more and more
东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8
Unit Six1.3.11. We observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.2. We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer.3. Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer.1.3.21. Provide a brief synopsis of key findings, with particular emphasis on how the findings add to the body of pertinent knowledge.2. Summarize the result in relation to each research objective or hypothesis3. Relate findings back to the literature or the results reported by other researchers4. Discuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings. Compare study results with relevant findings from other published work. Briefly state literature search sources and methods. Use tables and figures to help summarize previous work when possible.5. Discuss the limitations of the present study and any methods used to minimize or compensate for those limitations, or mention any crucial future research directions.6. Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a straightforward and circumspect manner the clinical implications of the work.2.12Like, like, Although, similarity, similar, most, most, But, equal2.2.12.3In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was mainly a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a possible effect of vitamin A supplementation3.2Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.3.3The following is taken from a discussion section of a research paper.DiscussionA thorough analysis of both …worst‟ and …best‟ rankings shows that the onsite containment technique leads to the best LCA result in the light of the taken hypotheses. Unlike other treatment techniques, onsite containment requires not only few materials (geosynthetics only) but alsosmall-scale excavation works. Actually the more a technique includes heavy technical operations involving materials and equipment, the worst is the result of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching and offsite landfilling, which include, on the one hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other hand, removal of soil and the transportation of huge quantities of materials over large distances.As mentioned above, besides the LCA, it is necessary to take into account the ability of techniques to substitute for each other as well as the environmental burdens which may be associated with them. Viewed in this light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and offsite landfilling provide complete remediation of the site, contrary to other treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a real onsite decontamination of the polluted soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to coming generations. Nevertheless, in addition to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is still poorly known and its efficiency is not quite proven for large-scale applications as yet. As regards offsite landfilling, if the site is left usable without any risk, the huge quantities of non-stabilized waste, which have to be disposed of in landfill, may disturb the organization of local waste management. This point emphasises the bad result of LCA.In return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite containment is due to light treatment operations, this very thing brings environmental issues up into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of awater-resistance device entails onsite storage of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning that the initial problem is actually postponed, but not solved.As regards liming, which gives intermediate LCA results, an embankment of stabilized soil plays an important part in site rehabilitation. Indeed, in the absence of embankment, liming offers no chance of reuse for the whole site, whereas the site becomes partly reusable when an embankment of limed soil is achieved. However, stabilization provided by the liming technique is not reliable in the long term and it cannot be assured that the site will be safe for coming generations.To conclude, with the view to treating the site contaminated by sulfur in the short-term, the LCA has been a useful tool in determining the most environmentally friendly technique: onsite containment has been revealed to offer the best resource productivity.On the basis of these interesting results, it would be useful to take into account a wider range of environmental flows in order to get a more exhaustive inventory. And furthermore, a more conventional LCA format could be achieved by using impact categories (global warming,acidif ication…) as inputs in the multi-criteria analysis, instead of environmental flows.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Unit 72.1 Summerizing(Key: This text describes the experience of a Taiwanese man who has lived in Canada for several years. He considers Canadian women better off than Taiwanese. However, he notes some Canadian women feel nostalgic about the days when they received special courtesies. For example, formerly men opened doors for women or paid for their meals. At this time, most Canadians endeavor to treat men and women equally. Women today therefore are expected to cover the cost of their own meals. ) 2.2 Paraphrasing(Key for reference: Aries claims that beginning in the 1400s the way we viewed the family and the actual reality of the family changed. However, the change was so slow and subtle that people at that time did not see it. But the event itself, the growing importance of school, was quite striking. Prior to that time children were educated from the age of seven by being placed out or apprenticed to other families. Once schools were no longer limited to religious study, they replaced apprenticeship as society‟s means of educating the young and initiating them into society.)3.1 Key: EFABDC3.21) The present study is designed to determine what in San Francisco attracts visitors more,…2) The purpose of this investigation is to explore whether employees as well as managers have tobe equally trained for working in…3) This study set out to tackle the rate of juvenile delinquency in 1994 in U. S. A.4) The aim of this study is to determine whether education plays a role in….5) The project undertaken is to evaluate the marketing strategies currently applied by….6) The current study aims to determine whether children sent to daycare or preschool start….7) This project is aimed to explore how the discovery of … may change the way we treat….Unit 8 Writing Abstracts1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs in abstracts; tenses in abstracts2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required that solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment.3.1.2The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail3.1.3The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.23.3Writing keywords4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstract 4.2 Outline an abstract4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and key words for the sample paper. Abstract:“Megacities” are defined as urban areas with more than ten million inhabi tants. By 2015 it is estimated that Asia (where much of the worldwide process of urbanization is taking place) may contain as many as 60 Megacities housing more than 600 million people in total. This number will dramatically increase over the next decades with more than 2 billion people living in Megacities by the end of this century. Low carbon performance is a fundamental aspect of the sustainable planning of a new urban development. Sustainable master planning has four components, namely operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, another infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc. These aspects need to be understood to inform the concept design at its earliest stage, especially if designing to cater for the needs of global megacities where ramifications of poorly integrated planning could result in prof;ound andlong-lasting impacts on carbon and energy intensity. This paper describes how these aspects of low carbon planning and design can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely the Energy and Environmental Prediction model (EEP-Urban),at a whole city and building plot level.Key words: Urban planning, High density, Urbanization, Energy modeling, Low carbon。
学术英语写作
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. V arious ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well withthis narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex写论文，参考文献的修改很麻烦，删除一个，添加一个，就需要改一长串数字。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Spacing the Key Words
Thank you for appreciation
generated automatically at proof stage
8.4 Features of Key Words
44.9%
44.9%
44.9%
Nominalization
Limited Number
Designated Choice
8.5 How to Select Key Words
•Chapter 8 •Key Words
Learning Objectiv es:
1 1.To learn the functions of key words;
2 2. To learn the linguistic features of key words;
3 3. To learn how to prepare and select key words.
Use simple, specific noun clauses. Avoid terms that are too common. Do not repeat key words from the title. Avoid unnecessary prepositions. Avoid acronyms. Spell out Greek letters and avoid mathematical symbols. Include only the names of people if they are part of an established terminology. Include, where applicable, mathematical or computer techniques. Include alternative or inclusive terminology. selecting words from a series of categories
no formal requirements ， no rules ， no instructions
键词
typical disciplinary differences
8.3. Who Supplies Key Words
authors to supply
fit into categories already prescribed by the journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.
8.1 Functions of Key Words
Readers judge whether they are interested
Easy to search
Helping indexers or editors
Allowing changes
Linking
8.2.Disciplinary Differences of Key Words
2.two basic principles you have to follow when you are selecting key words.
• words in the title cannot be selected • abstract cannot be used
8.6 How to Arrange Key Word