Ielts writing topics
托福Independent Writing范文5篇(中英双语)

托福Independent Writing范文5篇(中英双语)第一篇:以下是一篇关于环保主题的托福Independent Writing范文。
题目(Topic):Some people believe that the best way to solve environmental problems is to increase the cost of fuel for cars and other vehicles. Others think that there are better ways to achieve this goal. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.范文(Essay):英文版(English Version):In my opinion, increasing the cost of fuel for cars and other vehicles is an effective way to address environmental problems. Higher fuel prices can encourage people to use public transportation, carpool, or even consider alternative methods of commuting, which can significantly reduce carbon emissions and alleviate environmental damage.Firstly, raising the cost of fuel makes public transportation a more appealing option. When fuel prices are high, people are more likely to choose buses, trains, or subways for their daily commute. This increased usage of public transportation not only reduces traffic congestion but also decreases the overall carbon footprint of a community.Secondly, higher fuel prices can promote carpooling among commuters. Carpooling allows multiple individuals to share a ride in onevehicle, thereby reducing the number of cars on the road. Fewer cars mean less pollution and reduced consumption of fossil fuels, leading to a healthier environment.Additionally, expensive fuel can drive innovation and adoption of eco-friendly vehicles, such as electric cars and hybrids. As fuel prices rise, the demand for fuel-efficient and electric vehicles increases, prompting automobile manufacturers to invest more in environmentally friendly technologies. This shift towards cleaner transportation options is crucialin combating environmental problems caused by traditionalgasoline-powered vehicles.中文版(Chinese Version):在我看来,提高汽车燃料和其他交通工具的成本是解决环境问题的有效途径。
英语作文29个子主题

英语作文29个子主题Here is an English essay with more than 1000 words, without a title, and without any extra punctuation marks in the body of the text.The English language is a rich and diverse means of communication that encompasses a wide range of topics and themes. From the intricacies of grammar and syntax to the nuances of vocabulary and idioms, the English language offers a multitude of avenues for self-expression and exploration. In this essay, we will delve into 29 sub-topics that encompass the breadth and depth of the English language.1. Vocabulary: The English language boasts an expansive vocabulary, with over a million words and counting. The ability to effectively utilize this vast lexicon is a hallmark of skilled communication, allowing individuals to convey their thoughts, emotions, and ideas with precision and clarity.2. Grammar: The grammatical structure of the English language is a complex and intricate system, governing the rules of sentence construction, word order, and the relationships between different parts of speech. Mastering the intricacies of English grammar isessential for producing coherent and well-structured written and spoken communication.3. Phonetics: The study of the sounds that make up the English language, known as phonetics, is a crucial aspect of language learning and understanding. Mastering the pronunciation of words and the subtle nuances of intonation and stress can greatly enhance one's ability to communicate effectively in English.4. Idioms and Expressions: The English language is rich in idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms, which add depth, color, and nuance to communication. Understanding and appropriately using these linguistic gems can greatly enhance one's command of the language and ability to engage in natural, conversational exchanges.5. Genres and Styles: The English language encompasses a diverse array of genres, from poetry and fiction to academic writing and technical documentation. Each genre has its own unique style, conventions, and rhetorical strategies, which must be understood and applied effectively to communicate effectively in different contexts.6. Dialects and Accents: The English language is spoken in many different regions and countries, each with its own distinct dialects and accents. Developing an appreciation for these linguisticvariations and the cultural contexts that shape them is essential for effective cross-cultural communication.7. Etymology: The study of the origins and evolution of words, known as etymology, can provide valuable insights into the history and development of the English language. Understanding the roots and etymologies of words can deepen one's understanding of language and enhance their ability to use it with precision and nuance.8. Figurative Language: The English language is replete with figurative language, such as metaphors, similes, and analogies, which can be used to convey complex ideas and emotions in vivid and evocative ways. Mastering the use of figurative language can greatly enhance one's ability to communicate effectively and creatively.9. Rhetoric and Persuasion: The art of rhetoric, or the effective use of language to persuade and influence others, is a crucial aspect of communication in the English language. Understanding the principles of rhetoric and the strategies of persuasive communication can be invaluable in a wide range of professional and personal contexts.10. Creative Writing: The English language offers vast opportunities for creative expression, from poetry and fiction to playwriting andscreenwriting. Developing the skills and techniques of creative writing can not only enhance one's ability to communicate but also foster personal growth and artistic expression.11. Academic Writing: The English language is the dominant language of academia, and the ability to effectively communicate complex ideas and research findings in academic writing is essential for success in higher education and research.12. Technical Writing: The English language is also widely used in the realm of technical communication, where the clear and concise conveyance of information is of paramount importance. Mastering the conventions and best practices of technical writing can be a valuable asset in a wide range of professional contexts.13. Intercultural Communication: As the world becomes increasingly globalized, the ability to communicate effectively across cultural boundaries is becoming increasingly important. Understanding the nuances of language and cultural differences can greatly enhance one's ability to engage in successful intercultural communication.14. Digital Communication: The rise of digital communication technologies has transformed the way we use the English language, introducing new forms of written expression, such as texting, emailing, and social media communication. Navigating the evolvinglandscape of digital communication requires a nuanced understanding of the language and its conventions.15. Storytelling: The English language is a powerful tool for storytelling, allowing individuals to craft narratives that captivate, inspire, and enlighten. From personal anecdotes to epic tales, the art of storytelling is a fundamental aspect of human communication and expression.16. Humor and Wit: The English language is rife with opportunities for humor, wordplay, and witty exchanges. Developing a mastery of linguistic devices such as puns, irony, and sarcasm can greatly enhance one's ability to engage in playful and entertaining communication.17. Multilingualism: In an increasingly interconnected world, the ability to speak multiple languages, including English, is becoming increasingly valuable. Developing proficiency in multiple languages can not only enhance one's communication skills but also foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures and perspectives.18. Language and Identity: The language we use can be a powerful reflection of our individual and cultural identities. Understanding the ways in which language shapes and expresses our sense of self canbe a valuable tool for personal growth and self-expression.19. Language and Power: The English language has historically been associated with power and privilege, both in political and social contexts. Examining the ways in which language is used to maintain or challenge power structures can provide valuable insights into the dynamics of social and political discourse.20. Language and Technology: The rapid advancement of technology has had a profound impact on the way we use and interact with the English language. From the development of language-based artificial intelligence to the emergence of new forms of digital communication, the relationship between language and technology is an increasingly important area of study.21. Language and Education: The teaching and learning of the English language is a cornerstone of education systems around the world. Understanding the pedagogical approaches and best practices for language instruction can be crucial for both educators and learners.22. Language and Literature: The English language has been the medium for some of the most renowned and influential works of literature in the world. Engaging with and analyzing these literary masterpieces can provide valuable insights into the nuances andcomplexities of the language.23. Language and Psychology: The ways in which we use language can reveal important insights into our cognitive and emotional processes. The field of psycholinguistics, which explores the relationship between language and the mind, is an increasingly important area of study.24. Language and Society: The English language is inextricably linked to the social and cultural contexts in which it is used. Examining the ways in which language reflects and shapes societal norms, values, and power structures can provide valuable insights into the dynamics of human interaction and communication.25. Language and Politics: The use of language in political discourse and policymaking is a critical area of study. Understanding the ways in which language is used to shape public opinion, influence decision-making, and assert political power is essential for effective civic engagement and democratic participation.26. Language and Law: The precise and nuanced use of language is of paramount importance in the field of law, where the interpretation of legal documents and the articulation of arguments can have significant real-world consequences. Developing a deep understanding of the language of law is a crucial skill for legalprofessionals and those engaged in the legal system.27. Language and Media: The English language is the dominant medium for communication in the global media landscape, from news reporting and journalism to entertainment and advertising. Examining the ways in which language is used in media can provide valuable insights into the power and influence of mass communication.28. Language and the Environment: The English language has been used to describe, analyze, and discuss environmental issues and concerns, from climate change to biodiversity conservation. Understanding the linguistic tools and strategies used in environmental discourse can be a valuable asset in addressing global environmental challenges.29. Language and the Future: As the world continues to evolve and change, the role and importance of the English language will likely continue to transform. Exploring the potential future developments and applications of the English language can provide valuable insights into the ongoing evolution of human communication and expression.In conclusion, the English language is a rich and multifaceted means of communication that encompasses a vast array of sub-topics andareas of study. From the intricacies of grammar and vocabulary to the nuances of cultural and social contexts, the English language offers endless opportunities for exploration, growth, and self-expression. By delving into these 29 sub-topics, we can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the power and versatility of this remarkable linguistic tool.。
英文作文有哪些主题

英文作文有哪些主题英文:When it comes to the themes of English compositions, there are countless possibilities. However, some common themes include personal experiences, social issues, current events, and literary analysis.Personal experiences can be a great source of inspiration for writing. For example, one could write about a memorable trip, a difficult decision they had to make, or a significant life event. These types of compositions often allow the writer to connect with the reader on a personal level and can be very effective in conveying emotions and experiences.Social issues are another popular theme for English compositions. This could include topics such as poverty, discrimination, or environmental concerns. Writing about these issues can be a way to raise awareness and encourageaction. It can also be a way for the writer to expresstheir opinions and beliefs on important topics.Current events are also a common theme for English compositions. This could include topics such as politics, the economy, or international relations. Writing about current events can be a way to stay informed and engaged with the world around us. It can also be a way to share opinions and perspectives on important issues.Finally, literary analysis is a common theme for English compositions. This could include analyzing a novel, poem, or play. Writing about literature can be a way to deepen one's understanding and appreciation of a work of art. It can also be a way to explore themes and ideas that are relevant to our lives today.中文:说到英语作文的主题,有无数的可能性。
英文作文主题大全

英文作文主题大全As a writer, it is essential to have a wide range of topics to choose from when composing an English essay. Here is a comprehensive list of English essay topics covering various subjects such as education, technology, environment, health, relationships, and many more. By referring to this list, writers can find inspiration and ideas for their essays, ensuring that they can produce highquality and engaging pieces of writing. Some possible essay topics include the importance of higher education, the impact of social media on society, the role of technology in modern classrooms, ways to protect the environment, the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, the significance of communication in relationships, the effects of globalization on culture, the challenges of mental health in today's world, the history of women's rights movement, and the future of artificial intelligence. With this diverse range of topics to choose from, writers can explore different themes and perspectives, allowing them to enhance their writing skills and express their thoughts and opinions effectively. Ultimately, having a wide selection of English essay topics can help writers engage readers, spark discussions, and make a meaningful impact with their writing.。
雅思口语Part3精彩范文:与朋友共进晚餐

雅思口语Part3精彩范文:与朋友共进晚餐我们在备考雅思口语的时候最好多多积累一些语料和素材,从不同话题的雅思范文中积累就是一个好方法,下面小编给大家带来雅思口语Part3精彩范文:与朋友共进晚餐,来参考哦!雅思口语Part3:与朋友共进晚餐Describe a dinner that you had with your friendsDescribe a dinner that you had with your friendsWhen it happenedWhere it happenedWho you had dinner withAnd how you felt about the dinner?回答示例I have had many memorable dinners with my friendsHere I would like to talk about a dinner, which I had with my friends Ravi and Mohan at Rangla Punjab last month.Rangla Punjab literally means colorful PunjabIt is a very famous restaurant on the national highway, between Jalandhar and Phagwara.It was Ravi’s’s birthday and so he treated us to a dinner at Rangla Punjab.I felt really good about the dinner because I had never been to this restaurant beforeThe entry ticket to the restaurant is Rs.400It includes dinnerCultural programs go on throughout the eveningDinner is pure vegetarian and is served with traditional Punjabi hospitalityFirst they served us buttermilkThen they served fritters and saladIn the Main course there were three four types of vegetables, dal and many types of flat breadsIn dessert we were served rice puddingIn the end they offered jiggery, which had cardamom and cinnamon added to it.I loved all the dishesWe all enjoyed a lotThe waiters were very friendly and literally forcing us to eat more than moreWe even took a camel ride over there.On the whole it was a wonderful experience.考官后续提问1. Do Indian people like to eat at home?Yes, Indian people like to eat at home. Occasionally, they go out and enjoy different types of food.2. How often do Indian people eat out?Well, India is the very vast country, and it is very difficult to answer this question. Usually Indian people like to eat at home, and only sometimes go out on some special occasion, or when they have guests3. Why do some people like to eat alone?Some people like to eat alone, maybe because they don’t like other people’s company or maybe they don’t want to share their food.4. Are there any disadvantages of eating outside?Eating outside is expensive and not healthy. To make the food more tasty, they add too much oil and spices, which are not good for health.5. What’ s the dif ference between having meals at home and in a restaurant?Meals at home are healthier as we generally do not add too much oil, and also add spices and salt according to our taste. Where as, this is not the case when we eat out. Secondly, eating out is generally costlier.6. Why do some people keep eating unhealthy food even if they already know the harm?Some people keep eating unhealthy food even if they already know that it is harmful, because they go after the taste and ignore the risks to health. Another reason maybe, that they cannot afford healthy food.雅思口语Part2答案:一顿特别的晚餐I had many meals and I took part in many celebrations and parties and among them the meal I had with my teachers and classmates in my high school was a very important one and I still remember it.I had the meal at our school community center. The meal was thrown as part of the fare-well of our batch from the high school. The party was help in the evening and our teachers, classmates and some of the members of the school committee as well as our guardians were present. My father was present with me and he was sitting next to me in the meal.This was a special meal because this was the last meal I had with my classmates who had been my friend for more than 4 years. I was bit sad to admi t to myself that I won’t see most of them in my life again and I was happy that I had such a good memory about my school, teachers and friends.There was a short speech by 2-3 of our teachers and by 2-3 guardians and after that the meal was served. Many items were served in the feast and we all ate voraciously as we were hungry.I enjoyed the desert very much. I returned home at late nightwith my father and started feeling that I will never forget this event and the good meal I had with my teachers and friends whom I might not meet again.Similar Cue Card T opicsYour ability to talk about this Cue Card would enable you to talk about the following Cue Cards as well:Describe an outdoor meal you enjoyed.Describe meal that you had with your friends.Describe a meal or food item you know how to cook.Describe a skill you have.Describe a picnic you enjoyed.雅思口语考试重点在于会交流蹦出一个话题:What kinds of things make you laugh? 剑7中TEST 2的题目。
同桌雅思分享经验英文作文

同桌雅思分享经验英文作文英文:As my classmate asked me to share my experience of taking the IELTS test, I am happy to share it with you all.I took the IELTS test last year and got a score of 8.5 overall. Here are some tips that I think might be helpful:Firstly, practice as much as possible. The more you practice, the more familiar you will become with the test format, and the more confident you will be when taking the test. I used to practice speaking with my friends and record myself to check my pronunciation and grammar. For writing, I practiced writing essays on various topics and asked my teacher to give me feedback.Secondly, familiarize yourself with the test format. Before taking the test, I read the IELTS handbook carefully to understand the test format and requirements. Knowing what to expect can help you feel more prepared and lessanxious on test day.Thirdly, manage your time well during the test. I found it helpful to divide my time into sections for each section of the test. For example, I gave myself 20 minutes to complete each writing task, and 30 seconds to prepare for each speaking question. This helped me stay on track and not waste time.Lastly, stay calm and focused during the test. It's important to take deep breaths and relax before the test, and to stay focused on the task at hand during the test. Don't let your nerves get the best of you.中文:同桌让我分享一下我参加雅思考试的经验,我很乐意和大家分享。
综合英语CambridgeIelts9 Test01
TEST 1SPEAKINGPART 1The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar topics.EXAMPLEGamesWhat games are popular in your country? Why?Do you play any games? Why / Why not?How do people learn to play games in your country?Do you think it’s important for people to play games? Why/ Why not?PART 2Describe an open-air or street market which you enjoyed visiting.You should say:Where the market isWhat the market sellsHow big the market isAnd explain why you enjoyed visiting this market.PART 3Discussion topics:Shopping at marketsexample questions:Do people in your country enjoy going to open-air market that sell things like food or clothes or old objects? Which type of market is more popular? Why?Do you think markets are more suitable places for selling certain types of things? Which ones? Why do you think this is?Do you think young people feel the same about shopping at market as older people? Why is that?Shopping in generalExample questions:What do you think are the advantages of buying thins from shops rather than markets?How does advertising influence what people choose to buy? Is this true for everyone?Do you think that any recent changes in the way people live have affected general shopping habits? Why is this?LISTENINGSECTION 1 Questions 1-10Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. JOB ENQUIRYExample●Work at: a restaurant●Type of work: 1____________________________●Number of hours per week: 12 hours●Would need work permit●Work in the: 2_________________branch●Nearest bus stop: next to 3______________________●Pay: 4£______________________an hour●Extra benefits:- a free dinner-extra pay when you work on 5__________________-transport home when you work 6__________________●Qualities required:-7______________________-Ability to 8__________________●Interview arranged for: Thursday 9___________________at 6 p.m.●Bring the names of two referees●Ask for: Samira 10_____________________SECTION 2 Questions 11-20Questions 11-16Complete the notes below.Write ONE WORLD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.SPORTS WORLD● a new 11___________________of an international sports goodscompany●local in the shopping centre to the 12___________________ofBradcaster●has sport 13_________________and equipment on floors 1-3●can get you any item within 14_________________days●shop specializes in equipment for 15____________________●has a special section which just sells 16___________________Questions 17 and 18Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.17 A champion athlete will be in the shopA on Saturday morning only.B all day Saturday.C for the whole weekend.18 The first person to answer 20 quiz questions correctly will winA gym membership.B a video.C a calendar.Questions 19 and 20Choose TWO letters, A-E.Which TWO pieces of information does the speaker give about the fitness test?A You need to reserve a place.B It’s free to account holders.C You get advice on how to improve your health.D It takes place in a special clinic.E It is cheaper this month.SECTION 3 Question 21-30Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Course Feedback21 One reason why Spiros felt happy about his marketingpresentation was thatA he was not nervous.B his style was good.C the presentation was the best in his group.22 What surprised Hiroko about the other students’presentations?A Their presentations were not interesting.B They found their presentations stressful.C They didn’t look at the audience enough.23 After she gave her presentation, Hiroko feltA delightedB dissatisfiedC embarrassed24 How does Spiros feel about his performance in tutorials?A not very happyB really pleasedC fairy confident25 why can the other students participate so easily indiscussions?A They are polite to each other.B They agree to take turns in speaking.C They know each other well.26 Why is Hiroko feeling more positive about tutorials now?A She finds the other students’ opinions more intresting.B She is making more of a contribution.C The tutor includes her in the discussion.27 To help her understand lectures, HirokoA consulted reference materials.B had extra tutorials with her lectures.C borrowed lecture notes from other students28 What does Spiros think of his reading skills?A He reads faster than he used to.B It still takes him a long time to read.C He tends to struggle with new vocabulary.29 What is Hiroko’s subject area?A environmental studiesB health educationC engineering30 Hiroko thinks that in the reading classes the students shouldA learn more vocabulary.B read more in their own subject areas.C develop better reading strategies.SECTION 4 questions 31-40Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS FOR EACH ANSWER.Mass Strandings of Whales and DolphinsMass strandings :situations where groups of whales, dolphins, etc. swim onto the beach and dieCommon in areas where the 31 _____________ can change quicklySeveral other theories:Parasitese.g. some parasites can affect marine animals’32 ___________, which they depend on for navigationToxinsPoisons from 33 ________________ or _____________ are commonly consumed by whales.e.g. Cape Cod (1988) – whales were killed by saxitoxinaccidental StrandingsAnimals may follow prey ashore, e.g. Thurston (1995)Unlikely because the majority of animal were not 34 ___________ when they strandedHuman Activity35__________ from military tests are linked to some recent strandingsThe Bahamas (2000) stranding was unusual because the whales●were all 36___________●were not in 37 ___________Group BehaviourMore strandings in the most 38__________________species of whales1994 dolphin stranding-only the 39________________was illFuther ReadingMarine Mammals Ashore(Connor)-gives information about sranding 40________________READINGREADING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Henry PerkinThe man who invented synthetic dyesWilliam Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, perkin’scuriosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grand father’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.As a student at the City of London School, perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthus iasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not long after that,Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his famil y’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experiment process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, providing the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, thepurple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, nature dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that perkin’s discovery was made.Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breaking through, he lost no time in patenting it, But perhaps the most f ascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities. Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve(from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast(i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited b yproduct of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the EmpressEugénie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Verysoon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in Englans as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and anline black (1863) and, in the late 1860’s, Perkin’s green. It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dye also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write.True if the statement agree with the informationFalse if the statement contradicts the informationNot given if there is no information on this1 Michael Faraday was the first person to recognize Perkin’s abilityas a student of chemistry.2 Michael Faraday suggest Perkin should enroll in the Royal Collegeof chemistry.3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.4 Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that madehim rich and famous.5 The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in SouthAmerica.6 Perking hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar wasteproduct.7 Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientistLouis Pasteur.Questions 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answer in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.8 Before Perkin’s discovery, with what group in society was thecolour purple associated?9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his newdye had?10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkininvented?11 what was the name of the person Perkin consulted before settingup his own works?12 In what country did Perkin’s newly invented colour first becomefashionable?13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted byresearcher using synthetic dyes?READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B –E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. List of HeadingsI Seeking the transmission of radio signals from the planetsIi Appropriate responses to signals from other civilizationsIii Vast distances to Earth’s closest neighboursIv Assumptions underlying the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence V Reasons for the search for extra-terrestrial intelligenceVi Knowledge of extra-terrestrial life forms\Vii Likelihood of life on other planetsExample AnswerParagraph A v14 Paragraph B15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph EIS THERE ANYBODY OUT THERE?The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence The question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilizations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one, although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technologywhere we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.AThe primary reason for the search is basic curiosity – the same curiousity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that we see around us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilization on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threat of nuclear wars and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilizations do survive in our galaxy, their age will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and givesus some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven’t yet discovered.BIn the discussion whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.CEven when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still several limited. We do not even know, for example, howmany stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.DAn alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHZ travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to dat have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of thesearches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is targeted search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHZ. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network.EThis is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have not be addressed by the global community before any replay could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, anda further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.Questions 18-20Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.18 What is life expectancy of Earth?19 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilizations are SETIscientists searching for?20 How many stars are the world’s most powerful radio telescopesearching?Questions 21-26Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this21 Alien civilizations may be able to help the human race toovercome serious problems.22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembleshumans in many ways.23 The Americans and Australians have co-operated on jointresearch project.24 So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from severalstars.25 The NASA project attracted criticism from some members ofCongress.26 If signal from outer space is received, it will be important torespond promptly.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes to Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The history of the tortoise If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. As various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in the blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and hand crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediated might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be landcreatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestor. They don’t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedi and Palaeocherisis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appears to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossil look like dolphins and they surely live like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.Water Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise speciesformed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. questedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggest that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. questedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back to the land in (relatively) more recent times.Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestorswere marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.Questions 27-30Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals couldmigrate?28 Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animalshad to make big changes as they moved onto land?29 Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whaleslack?30 Which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled? Questions 31-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, write.TRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this31 Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back tothe sea.32 It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when itsfossilized remains are incomplete.33 The habit of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearanceof their fossilized remains.Questions 34-39Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come fromStep 171 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a total of 34——————were taken from the bones of their forelimbs.Step 2The data was recorded on a 35 ________ (necessary for comparing the information).。
雅思作文vince模板
雅思作文vince模板Vince Template for IELTS Writing。
Introduction。
The IELTS Writing test is an important part of the IELTS exam, and it can be a challenging task for many test-takers. However, by using a structured and effective template, such as the Vince Template, test-takers can improve their writing skills and increase their chances of achieving a high score.Vince Template Overview。
The Vince Template is a popular and widely-used framework for IELTS Writing Task 2, which is the essay-writing component of the test. It consists of a clear and organized structure that helps test-takers to present their ideas in a logical and coherent manner. The template is divided into four main sections: Introduction, Body Paragraph 1, Body Paragraph 2, and Conclusion.Introduction。
The introduction is the first part of the essay, and it serves to introduce the topic and provide a clear thesis statement. In the Vince Template, the introduction should begin with a general statement about the topic, followed by some background information and the writer's opinion. The thesis statement should be the last sentence of the introduction and should clearly state the writer's position on the topic.Body Paragraph 1。
ielts12 test2 范文
ielts12 test2 范文Nowadays, with the increasing popularity of the IELTS test, more and more candidates are striving to achieve high scores. In this article, we will discuss some useful tips and strategies for preparing for the IELTS12 Test2 and improving your overall performance.First and foremost, it is crucial to familiarize yourself with the test format and structure. The IELTS12 Test2 consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Each section assesses different language skills, so it is essential to allocate sufficient time to practice each one.In the Listening section, it is advisable to focus on improving your listening comprehension skills. Start by listening to various English audio materials, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, and interviews. Pay attention to different accents and understand how they affect your understanding. Additionally, practice taking notes while listening, as this will help you better capture key information.Moving on to the Reading section, it is essential to develop efficient reading strategies to complete the given tasks within the time limit. Familiarize yourself with different question types, such as multiple-choice, matching headings, and True/False/Not Given. Skimming and scanning techniques can be incredibly helpful in quickly locating relevant information.When it comes to the Writing section, it is crucial to plan and structure your essays effectively. Start byanalyzing the given question and identifying its key features and requirements. Create an outline before writing, outlining your arguments and supporting evidence. Make sure to use a wide range of vocabulary and grammatical structures to showcase your language proficiency.Last but not least, the Speaking section requires candidates to demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively in spoken English. To prepare, engage in conversations with native English speakers, either through language exchange programs or online platforms. Practice speaking about various topics and take note of any areas for improvement, such as pronunciation and fluency.In conclusion, to excel in the IELTS12 Test2, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the test format, develop effective strategies for each section, and prioritize regular practice. Remember to stay focused, manage your time wisely, and continuously seek feedback to identify areas for improvement. With dedication and perseverance, you can achieve your desired score in the IELTS12 Test2. Good luck!。
雅思写作推荐好用书籍
雅思写作推荐好用书籍一般在备考雅思写作时会用到2大类的资料,一类巩固基础带讲解型的书,教你雅思写作的基本词汇和写作的方法,思路。
另一类是雅思写作的范文和句型之类的资料,这些资料重在为我们的作文添光加彩。
下面看看具体内容!雅思写作书籍推荐1.9分雅思写作--经典范文70篇《9分雅思写作:经典范文70篇》主要内容包括:议论文70篇、雅思考试真题、新颖的创新手法、独特的写作思路等,全面记录了老师在课堂上总结的有效方法和精辟例文。
2.雅思写作官方题库速背精选本书是一本精简,易于背诵,话题高频而精华,范文典型且易于背诵,点评权威而直击要害,体例清晰,针对性强为一体的写作书。
话题考频高,范文经典,讲解独特。
特别适合备考时间短,构建文章能力差,语法错误连篇,复习抓不到要点,又要取得高分的考生。
3.最新版雅思写作官方题库范文大全本书中收录262篇雅思考官审定的高分范文,囊括亚太、欧美考区全部官方真题,精心分类雅思写作官方题目。
书中所列举的题目几乎包括了目前雅思写作官方题库的所有题目。
写作题目分类精细,范文典型且附有准确译文。
这本书对于将要备考雅思写作的广大考生们而言,是一本难得的适宜背诵的复习参考书。
4.雅思写作速背360本书中的写作句式附有例句,词汇,附录内有范文,以便于读者理解使用,部分句式的填入部分还提供了万能选填内容以备低水平考生选择。
全篇句式组合提供的不仅仅是模板,它实际上是高分句式和读者个人独特思路的结合,让考生能够在掌握模板的同时,达到灵活的运用的目的,以拓展考生的思路,帮助考生写出自己独特的高分作文。
5.雅思真题高频词汇-写作本套丛书是继《80天攻克雅思》丛书之后,又一套雅思系列图书。
紧扣考试,简明实用,针对性极强。
其中《雅思真题高频词汇写作》分册收录了高频词汇和8分词汇两部分,其中高频词汇又按词性分为:名词、动词、形容词、副词、短语、连词、介词和代词等8部分,每个单词都配有例句,不同于市面上仅仅简单罗列单词的雅思词汇书,更加详细具体。
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1 Ielts practice tests plus Under British and Australian laws a jury in a criminal case has no access to information about the defendant‟s past criminal records. This protects the person who is being accused of the crime. Some lawyers have suggested that this practice should be changed and that a jury should be given all the past facts before they reach their decision about the case. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
Some employers reward members of staff for their exceptional contribution to the company by giving them extra money. This practice can act as an incentive for some but may also have a negative impact on others. To what extent is this style of management effective? Are there better ways of encouraging employees to work hard?
In the past, sporting champions used to be motivated primarily by the desire to win a match or to break world records. These days, they are more likely to be motivated by prize money and the opportunity to be famous. What message does this send to young people and how does this attitude to sport affect the sports themselves? Give reasons for your answers.
“Failure is proof that the desire wasn‟t strong enough.” To what extend do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. 2
To be labeled a “work of Art”, a painting, sculpture or other art form should display certain qualities that are unique. However, over the past century there has been a decline in the quality of prize-wining artwork and it is now possible for quite ordinary pieces of art to be labeled „masterpieces‟ whilst true works of art ass unnoticed. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
Popular hobbies and interests change over time and are more a reflection of trends and fashions than an indication of what individuals really want to do in their spare time. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
Cambridge.IELTS.7 It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. 3
What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?
Some people think that universities should prove graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake, regardless of whether the course is useful to an employer. What, in your opinion, should be the main function of a university?
Some people prefer to live in a house, while others feel that there are more advantages to living in an apartment. Are there more advantages than disadvantages of living in a house compared with living in an apartment?
Some people feel that entertainers (e.g. film stars, pop musicians or sports stars) are paid too much money. Do you agree or disagree? Which other types of job should be highly paid?
Cambridge IELTS6 Some people believe that visitors to other countries should follow local customs and behavior. Others disagree and think that the host country should welcome cultural differences. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 4
Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Cambridge IELTS5 Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful adults. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.