英语语言学概论论文

英语幽默的语用分析

中文摘要

语言幽默效果的产生，关键是对语言常规用法的突破，它多依赖于指示语、语用先设、言语行为、关联程度以及质量准则、数量准则、关系准则、方式准则等语用因素的反常使用。

“所谓语言幽默，即由语言的各种要素的变异使用而创造的幽默。”“语言幽默氛围得以成功地在话语中得到动态显现，最根本源于其超常规的语言结构方式，即在辩证逻辑的制约下，突破语言学、文字学、词汇学、语法学和形式逻辑的一般规律，变格运用语言材料，造成不能按字面来理解的话语。言语幽默之所以能够生效，关键是对语言常规用法的突破。分析言语幽默仅从修辞角度出发是不够的，本文拟借助语用学理论，从指示语、语用预设、言语行为理论、会话含义理论、关联理论等方面对英语言语幽默予以分析。

【论文关键词】言语幽默语用先设言语行为理论关联理论

Abstract

Break conventional usage of language is the key to Produce language humorous effect. It is more dependent on instruction, pragmatic first set, abnormal use of speech acts, the degree of association and the quality standards, the number standards, norms, standards and other ways of pragmatic factors.

"The so-called language of humor, that is to use the various elements of language variation to create humor." "Language humorous atmosphere to successfully get dynamic appear in discourse, from the most basic language constructs its unconventional way, that dialectical under the constraints of logic, the general rules of breakthrough linguistics, philology, vocabulary, grammar and formal logic, declension use of language materials, resulting in not to understand the words literally. verbal humor was able to take effect, the key is to language conventional usage breakthrough. analyze humor only from the perspective of rhetoric is not enough, this article intends to help pragmatic theory, from the instructions, pragmatic default, aspects of speech act theory, conversational implicature, relevance theory of English humor be analyzed.

Key words: language humour、Pragmatic presupposition、The theory of speech acts、 Relevance theory

一、指示语与英语言语幽默

指示语包括人称代词、指示代词和指示副词等。它们的指示对象要根据话语的使用时间、地点、说话人、听话人的身份、实际情景中的物体和事件决定话语的意义。话语中的指示信息是理解话语的关键，指示语不明确，话语会令人费解甚至引起误解。说话者在进行言语交际时，必须根据语境适当转换指示语。当指示语应该进行转换，而说话者由于某种原因未能加以转换时，往往会制造一种由于违反常规而产生的幽默。如:

A schoolboy wanted a few more day’s holiday.He phoned to the teacher and in a voice，that，hehoped sounded like his fathers:

"I regret to say that Smith is ill in bed and willnot be able to return to school for three or four days."

"Oh，”said the teacher，"I’m sorry to hear that;who is speaking?"

"My father，sir."

在这则幽默故事里，小男孩以爸爸的名义给老师打电话请假，但当老师问到是谁在打电话时，他没有及时进行人称指示代词的转换仍然回答“我爸爸”，幽默的效果由此产生，小男孩的计谋也因为这个指示语错误而被识破。

由此可以看出，语法上的代词和语用上的指示语虽有某些相通之处，但是语用上的指示语是以发话人为基础，受话人理解话语时要对

指示语作相应的变换。

二、语用先设与英语语言幽默

先设是使用一个句子的先决条件。当一个句子预设另一个句子时，第二个句子必为真，不论第一个句子是真是假。如He stopped beating his wife的先设是他以前打过他的妻子。“而考虑语境因素的先设就是语用先设”是指通过一句话来有效地实施某一言外行为所必须满足的条件。语用先设有两个特征:一是合适性，即先设要与语境紧密结合，先设是言语行为的前提条件;二是共知性，也就是说，语用先设应该是说话双方共知的信息。说话人通过话语表达出来，听说人可以明白。但先设有时失去共知性，会造成交际失败，有时也会引发幽默。如:

Brown was out walking one day with his wife andhis very large family in the street. He was stopped bya policeman who grabbed him by the shoulder.

"Hold on，"protested Brown，"what have I done?”

"I certainly don’t know what you’ve done，”answered the policeman，"but I do want to know whythe crowd is following you."

在这则幽默里，警察抓Brown先生的先设是他作为警察应该对坏人进行询问;Brown先生又被一群人追着，肯定是坏人。可这个先设