What Theory is Not_ Theorizing Is
2023年12月英语六级听力原文含翻译第二套
翻译在最终Conversation OneM: Guess what? The worst food I've ever had was in France.W.Really.That'.odd..though.th.Frenc.wer.al.goo.cooks.M.Yes.That'.right..suppos.it'.reall.lik.anywher.else.though.Yo.kno w.som.place.ar.good.Som.bad.Bu.it'.reall.al.ou.ow.fault.W: What do you mean?M.Well.i.wa.th.firs.tim.I'.bee.t.France.Thi.wa.year.ag.whe..wa.a.sc hool..wen.ther.wit.m.parents.friends.fro.m.father'.school.They'.hire..c oac.t.tak.the.t.Switzerland.W: A school trip?M.Right.Mos.o.the.ha.neve.bee.abroa.before.We'.crosse.th.Englis. Channe.a.night.an.w.se.of.throug.France.an.breakfas.tim.arrived.an.t h.coac.drive.ha.arrange.fo.u.t.sto.a.thi.littl.café.Ther.w.al.were.tire.an.hungry.an.the.w.mad.th.grea.discovery.W: What was that?M: Bacon and eggs.W: Fantastic! The real English breakfast.M.Yes.Anyway.w.didn'.kno.an.better.s.w.ha.it.an.ugh...!W: What was it like? Disgusting?M.Oh.i.wa.incredible.The.jus.go..bow.an.pu.som.fa.i.it.An.the.the.pu.som.baco.i.th.fat.brok.a.eg.ove.th.to.an.pu.th.whol.lo.i.th.ove.fo.a bou.te.minutes.W.I.th.oven.You'r.joking.Yo.can'.coo.baco.an.egg.i.th.oven!M.Well.The.mus.hav.don.i.tha.way.I.wa.hot.bu.i.wasn'.cooked.The r.wa.jus.thi.eg.floatin.abou.i.gallon.o.fa.an.ra.bacon.W: Did you actually eat it?M.No.Nobod.did.The.al.wante.t.tur.roun.an.g.home.Yo.know.bac.t. teabag.an.fis.an.chips.Yo.can'.blam.the.really.Anyway.th.nex.nigh.w. wer.al.give.anothe.foreig.speciality.W: What was that?M.Snails.Tha.reall.finishe.the.off.Lovel.holida.tha.was!Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Questio.1.Wha.di.th.woma.thin.o.th.French?Questio.2.Wh.di.th.ma.trave.wit.o.hi.firs.tri.t.Switzerland?Questio.3.Wha.doe.th.ma.sa.abou.th.breakfas.a.th.littl.Frenc.café?Questio.4.Wha.di.th.ma.thin.o.hi.holida.i.France?Conversation TwoM.Yo.sa.you.sho.ha.bee.doin.well.Coul.yo.giv.m.som.ide.o.wha.“doin.well.mean.i.fact.an.figures?W.Well.“doin.well.mean.averagin.￡1,lio.pounds.An.“s.year.w.di.slightl.ove.50,00.an.thi.y ear.w.hop.t.d.mor.tha.60,000.So.that'.goo.i.w.continu.t.rise.M.Now.that'.gros.earnings..assume.Wha.abou.you.expenses?W.Yes.that'.gross.Th.expenses.o.course.g.u.steadily.An.sinc.we'v.move.t.t hi.ne.shop.th.expense.hav.increase.greatly.becaus.it'..muc.bigge.shop.S..coul dn'.sa.exactl.wha.ou.expense.are.The.ar.somethin.i.th.regio.o.si.o.seve.thous merciall.speaking.it'.fairl.low.an.w.tr.t.kee. ou.expense.a.lo.a.w.can.M.An.you.price.ar.muc.lowe.tha.th.sam.good.i.shop.roun.about.Ho.d.th.lo ca.shopkeeper.fee.abou.havin..sho.doin.s.wel.i.thei.midst?W.Perhap..lo.o.the.don'.realiz.ho.wel.w.ar.doing.becaus.w.don'.mak..poin. o.publicizing.Tha.wa..lesso.w.learne.ver.earl.on.W.wer.ver.friendl.wit.al.loca.sh opkeeper.an.w.happene.t.mentio.t..loca.shopkeepe.ho.muc.w.ha.mad.tha.wee k.H.wa.ver.unhapp.an.neve.a.friendl.again.S.w.mak..poin.o.neve.publicizin.th. amoun.o.mone.w.make.Bu.w.ar.o.ver.goo.term.wit.al.th.shops.Non.o.the.hav. plaine.tha.w.ar.puttin.the.ou.o.busines.o.anythin.lik.that..thin.it'..nic.f riendl.relationship.Mayb.i.the.di.kno.wha.w.made.perhap.the.wouldn'.b.s.frien dly.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Questio.5.Wha.ar.th.speaker.mainl.talkin.about?Questio.6.Wha.doe.th.woma.sa.he.sho.trie.t.do?Questio.7.Wha.d.w.lear.abou.th.good.sol.a.th.woman'.shop?Questio.8.Wh.doesn'.th.woma.wan.t.mak.know.thei.earning.anymore?Passage OneBirds are famous for carrying things around.Some, like homing pigeons, can be trained to deliver messages and packages.Other birds unknowingly carry seeds that cling to them for the ride.Canadian scientists have found a worrisome, new example of the power that birds have to spread stuff around.Way up north in the Canadian Arctic, seabirds are picking up dangerous chemicals in the ocean and delivering them to ponds near where the birds live.Some 10,000 pairs of the birds, called fulmars, a kind of Arctic seabird, make their nests on Devon Island, north of the Arctic Circle.The fulmars travel some 400 kilometers over the sea to find food.When they return home, their droppings end up all around their nesting sites, including in nearby ponds.Previously, scientists noticed pollutants arriving in the Arctic with the wind.Salmon also carry dangerous chemicals as the fish migrate between rivers and the sea.The bodies of fish and other meat-eaters can build up high levels of the chemicals.To test the polluting power of fulmars, researchers collected samples of deposit from 11 ponds on Devon Island.In ponds closest to the colony, the results showed there were far more pollutants than in ponds less affected by the birds.The pollutants in the ponds appear to come from fish that fulmars eat when they're out on the ocean.People who live, hunt, or fish near bird colonies need to be careful, the researchers say.The birds don't mean to cause harm, but the chemicals they carry can cause major problems.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.Questio.9.Wha.hav.Canadia.scientist.foun.abou.som.seabirds?Questio.10.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.th.seabird.calle.fulmars?Questio.11.Wha.di.scientist.previousl.notic.abou.pollutant.i.th.Arctic?Questio.12.Wha.doe.th.speake.war.abou.a.th.en.o.th.talk?Passage TwoIn recent years, the death rate among American centenarians—people who have lived to age 100 or older— has decreased, dropping 14 percent for women and 20 percent for men from 2023 to 2023.The leading causes of death in this age group are also changing.In 2023, the top five causes of death for centenarians were heart disease, stroke, flu, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.But by 2023, the death rate from Alzheimer's disease for this age group had more than doubled—increasing from 3.8 percent to 8.5 percent—making the progressive brain disease the second leading cause of death for centenarians.One reason for the rise in deaths from Alzheimer's disease in this group may be that developing this condition remains possible even after people beat the odds of dying from other diseases such as cancer.People physically fit enough to survive over 100 years ultimately give in to diseases such as Alzheimer's which affects the mind and cognitive function.In other words, it appears that their minds give out before their bodies do.On the other hand, the death rate from flu dropped from 7.4 percent in 2023 to 4.1 percent in 2023.That pushed flu from the third leading cause of death to the fifth.Overall, the total number of centenarians is going up.In 2023, there were 72,197 centenarians, compared to 50,281 in 2023.But because this population is getting larger, the number of deaths in this group is also increasing— 18,434 centenarians died in 2023, whereas 25,914 died in 2023.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.Questio.13.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.th.ris.o.dyin.fo.America.centenari an.i.recen.years?Questio.14.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.Alzheimer'.disease?Questio.15.Wha.i.characteristi.o.peopl.wh.liv.u.t.10.year.an.beyond?Recording OneOkay.S.let'.ge.started.And to start things off I think what we need to do is consider a definition.I'm going to define what love is but then most of the experiments I'm going to talk about are really focused more on attraction than love.And I'm going to pick a definition from a former colleague, Robert Sternberg, who is now the dean at Tufts University but was here on our faculty at Yale for nearly thirty years.And he has a theory of love that argues that it's made up of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment, or what is sometimes called decision commitment.And these are relatively straightforward.He argued that you don't have love if you don't have all three of these elements.Intimacy is the feeling of closeness, of connectedness with someone, of bonding.Operationally, you could think of intimacy as you share secrets, you share information with this person that you don't share with anybody else.Okay.That'rmatio.tha.i sn'.share.wit.othe.people.The second element is passion.Passion is the drive that leads to romance.You can think of it as physical attraction.And Sternberg argues that this is a required component of a love relationship.The third element of love in Sternberg's theory is what he calls decision commitment, the decision that one is in a love relationship, the willingness to label it as such, and a commitment to maintain that relationship at least for some period of time.Sternberg would argue it's not love if you don't call it love and if you don't have some desire to maintain the relationship.So if you have all three of these, intimacy, passion and commitment, in Sternberg's theory you have love.Now what's interesting about the theory is what do you have if you only have one out of three or two out of three.What do you have and how is it different if you have a different two out of three?What's interesting about this kind of theorizing is it gives rise to many different combinations that can be quite interesting when you break them down and start to look them carefully.So what I've done is I've taken Sternberg's three elements of love, intimacy, passion and commitment, and I've listed out the different kinds of relationships you would have if you had zero, one, two or three out of the three elements.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.Questio.16.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.mos.o.th.experiment.mentione.i.h i.talk?Questio.17.Wha.doe.Rober.Sternber.argu.abou.love?Questio.18.Wha.questio.doe.th.speake.thin.i.interestin.abou.Sternberg'.th re.element.o.love?Recording TwoHi! I am Elizabeth Hoffler, Master of Social Work.I am a social worker, a lobbyist, and a special assistant to the executive director at the National Association of Social Workers.Today we are going to be talking about becoming a social worker.Social work is the helping profession.Its primary mission is to enhance human well-being and help meet thebasic needs of all people, with a particular focus on those who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.We often deal with complex human needs.Social work is different from other professions, because we focus on the person and environment.We deal with the external factors that impact a person's situation and outlook.And we create opportunity for assessment and intervention, to help clients and communities cope effectively with their reality and change that reality when necessary.In thousands of ways social workers help other people, people from every age, every background, across the country.Wherever needed, social workers come to help.The most well-known aspect of the profession is that of a social safety net.We help guide people to critical resources and counsel them on life-changing decisions.There are more than 600,000 professional social workers in the country, and we all either have a bachelor's degree, a master's degree, or a PhD in Social Work.There are more clinically trained social workers than clinically trained psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses combined.Throughout this series you will learn more about the profession, the necessary steps to get a social work degree, the rich history of social work, and the many ways that social workers help others.Later in this series, you will hear from Stacy Collins and Mel Wilson, fellow social workers at the National Association of Social Workers.Stacy is going to walk you through the step-by-step process of becoming a social worker, and Mel will tell you about the range of options you have once you get your social work degree, as well as the high standards of responsibility he social workers must adhere to.The National Association of Social Workers represents nearly 145,000 social workers across the country.Our mission is to promote, protect, and advance the social work profession.We hope you enjoy this series about how you can make a difference by becoming a social worker.Next, we are going to talk about choosing social work.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.Questio.19.Wha.doe.th.speake.mainl.tal.about?Questio.20.Wha.d.socia.worker.mainl.do?mon.accordin.t.th.speaker?Questio.22.Wha.i.Me.Wilso.goin.t.tal.abou.i.th.series?Recording ThreeToday, I'd like to talk about what happens when celebrity role models get behind healthy habits, but at the same time, promote junk food.Currently, there's mounting criticism of Michelle Obama's “Let's Move!”campaign, which fights childhood obesity by encouraging youngsters to become more physically active, and has signed on singer Beyoncéand basketball player Shaquille O'Neal, both of whom also endorse sodas, which are a major contributor to the obesity epidemic.Now there's a lot more evidence of how powerful a celebrity— especially a professional athlete— can be in influencing children's behavior.In a report published by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University, researchers studied 100 professional athletes and their endorsement contracts.The team focused on athletes since they are theoretically the best role models for active, healthy lifestyles for children.After sorting the deals by category, they determined that among the 512 brands associated with the athletes, most involved sporting goods, followed closely by food and beverage brands.Sports drinks, which are often high in sugar and calories made up most ofthe food and drink deals, with soft drinks and fast food filling out the remainder.Of the 46 beverages endorsed by professional athletes, 93% relied exclusively on sugar for all of their calories.It's no surprise that high-profile athletes can influence children's eating behaviors, but the scientists were able to quantify how prevalent these endorsements are in the children's environment.Advertisements featuring professional athletes and their endorsed products tend to get impressive exposure on TV, radio, in print and online.And in 2023, the researchers reported that children ages 12 to 17 saw more athlete-endorsed food and beverage brand commercials than adults.One reason any campaign wants a popular celebrity spokesperson is because kids are attracted to them no matter what they are doing.We can't expect kids to turn off that admiration when the same person is selling sugar.At best, kids might be confused.At worst, they'll think the messages about soda are the same as the messages about water, but those two beverages aren't the same.If children are turning to athletes as role models, it's in their best interest if their idols are consistent.Consistent messaging of positive behaviors will show healthier lifestylesfor kids to follow.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.Questio.23.Wha.i.th.ai.o.Michell.Obama'.campaign?Questio.24.Wha.doe.researc.fin.abou.advertisement.featurin.professiona. athletes?Questio.25.Wha.doe.th.speake.thin.kids.idol.shoul.do?对话一男: 你猜怎么着？我吃过旳最难吃旳食物是在法国吃旳。
theorically单词
theorically单词单词：theorically1.1 词性：副词1.2 中文释义：理论上；从理论上说1.3 英文释义：In a theoretical way; according to theory.1.4 相关词汇：theory（名词，理论），theoretical（形容词，理论的）---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自“theory”，表示与理论相关的方式或程度。
2.2 趣闻：在学术讨论中，常常会先从理论上探讨各种可能性，这时“theorically”就会频繁被使用，它像是打开理论大门的一把钥匙，引导人们深入思考各种抽象的概念和假设情境。
---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：- theorically speaking：理论上来说例句：Theoretically speaking, this plan should work perfectly.翻译：理论上来说，这个计划应该能完美运行。
- based on theorically analysis：基于理论分析例句：Based on theoretically analysis, we can predict the outcome.翻译：基于理论分析，我们可以预测结果。
---4 实用片段(1). “Theoretically, if we have unlimited resources, we could achieve anything.” The scientist said with a thoughtful look.翻译：“理论上，如果我们有无限的资源，我们可以达成任何事。
”科学家若有所思地说道。
(2). “Theoretically, this new design should be more efficient. But we need to test it in practice.” The engineer explained to his team.翻译：“理论上，这个新设计应该更高效。
四年级英语哲学思想单选题30题
四年级英语哲学思想单选题30题1. What is the meaning of "truth" in philosophy?A. LieB. FalseC. CorrectnessD. Uncertainty答案：C。
“truth”在哲学中意为“正确；真实；真理”。
选项A“Lie”意为“谎言”；选项B“False”意为“错误的”；选项C“Correctness”有“正确性”的意思，与“truth”的含义相近；选项D“Uncertainty”意为“不确定性”。
所以选择C。
2. Which one is related to philosophy?A. AppleB. ThoughtC. DogD. Chair答案：B。
在哲学中，“Thought”（思想）是相关的概念。
选项A“Apple”（（苹果）是水果；选项C“Dog”（（狗）是动物；选项D“Chair”（椅子）是家具。
只有“Thought”与哲学思考相关，所以选B。
3. What does "wisdom" mean in philosophy?A. StupidityB. IgnoranceC. KnowledgeD. Confusion答案：C。
“wisdom”在哲学中表示“智慧”。
选项A“Stupidity”意为“愚蠢”；选项B“Ignorance”意为“无知”；选项C“Knowledge”有“知识；学问”的意思，与“wisdom”有一定关联；选项D“Confusion”意为“困惑”。
因此选择C。
4. In philosophy, "goodness" is opposite toA. EvilB. BeautyC. KindnessD. Happiness答案：A。
在哲学中，“goodness”（（善）的对立面是“Evil”（（恶）。
选项B“Beauty”意为“美”；选项C“Kindness”意为“仁慈；善良”；选项D“Happiness”意为“幸福”。
英语哲学思想解读50题
英语哲学思想解读50题1. The statement "All is flux" was proposed by _____.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. HeraclitusD. Socrates答案：C。
本题考查古希腊哲学思想家的观点。
赫拉克利特提出了“万物皆流”的观点。
选项A 柏拉图强调理念论；选项B 亚里士多德注重实体和形式；选项D 苏格拉底主张通过对话和反思来寻求真理。
2. "Know thyself" is a famous saying from _____.A. ThalesB. PythagorasC. DemocritusD. Socrates答案：D。
此题考查古希腊哲学家的名言。
“认识你自己”是苏格拉底的名言。
选项A 泰勒斯主要研究自然哲学；选项B 毕达哥拉斯以数学和神秘主义著称；选项C 德谟克利特提出了原子论。
3. Which philosopher believed that the world is composed of water?A. AnaximenesB. AnaximanderC. ThalesD. Heraclitus答案：C。
本题考查古希腊哲学家对世界构成的看法。
泰勒斯认为世界是由水组成的。
选项A 阿那克西美尼认为是气；选项B 阿那克西曼德认为是无定；选项D 赫拉克利特提出万物皆流。
4. The idea of the "Forms" was put forward by _____.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. EpicurusD. Stoics答案：A。
这道题考查古希腊哲学中的概念。
柏拉图提出了“理念论”，即“形式”。
选项B 亚里士多德对其进行了批判和发展；选项C 伊壁鸠鲁主张快乐主义；选项D 斯多葛学派强调道德和命运。
5. Who claimed that "The unexamined life is not worth living"?A. PlatoB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Epicurus答案：C。
1-What-Theory-is-Not笔记
1-W h a t-T h e o r y-i s-N o t笔记(总3页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除What Theory is Not1.参考reference、数据data、变量variable、表格diagram和假设hypotheses都不是理论。
尽管大家同意这一点，但作者还是经常使用这五项元素代替理论；2.我们建议，如果在某领域创造强有力的理论很重要，那么期刊就需要重新考虑他们的经验上的需要。
我们期望期刊接受更多对于证明部分理论并用illustrative data的论文；3.ASQ提到，如果原稿中不含theory，那么它的价值就值得被怀疑。
一篇论文不被发表的最基本的原因往往都是因为其中没有足够的theory；4.想要写出strong theory的作者会先浏览大量寻求定义theory的文章。
AMR发表了有关1989年10月建立的理论的论坛，详细描述了什么是理论，strong和weak theory之间的区别——Disciplined imagination；5.理论很有可能变得meaningless，因为它的references太广泛，包括minorworking hypotheses，以及综合但模糊的推断，axiomatic(无需证明的)的思想系统。
文字往往会让人更懵懂；6.在行为科学上，对于理论究竟是什么的异议可能可以解释为什么很难写出strong theory。
理论家面临更多的阻碍因为何种理论观点能最好地形容组织&人员没有一致观点。
最后，building theory本身内部过程也是矛盾的，组织学者不得不在generality/simplicity和accuracy中交换，并面临挑战去写出逻辑连贯的综合arguments。
这些困难就可以来解释组织研究期刊为什么有如此高的退稿率。
对于最有经验的学者来说，写一篇strong theory的论文依旧很费时间，并且伴随着大量试验和错误。
高二英语哲学思想应用单选题30题
高二英语哲学思想应用单选题30题1. Which of the following best represents the concept of "dialectical materialism" in the real world?A. A constantly changing climate.B. A perfectly stable society.C. An unchanging natural law.D. A fixed economic system.答案：A。
解析：辩证唯物主义强调事物是不断变化和发展的。
气候变化是一个不断变化的过程，体现了辩证唯物主义的观点。
B选项中完美稳定的社会不符合事物变化发展的观点。
C选项不变的自然法则与辩证唯物主义中事物的动态变化相悖。
D选项固定的经济系统也没有体现出变化和发展。
2. In the context of philosophical thinking, which statement reflects the idea of "empiricism"?A. All knowledge is innate.B. Knowledge comes from sensory experience.C. Intuition is the main source of truth.D. Abstract reasoning leads to absolute knowledge.答案：B。
解析：经验主义认为知识来源于感官经验。
A选项所有知识是天生的不符合经验主义观点。
C选项直觉是真理的主要来源并非经验主义的主张。
D选项抽象推理导致绝对知识也不是经验主义的看法。
3. When considering the philosophy of "rationalism", which of the following is most relevant?A. Decisions based on emotions.B. Conclusions drawn from logical reasoning.C. Judgments based on popular opinions.D. Actions influenced by random events.答案：B。
高三英语哲学观点词汇辨析单选题70题(答案解析)
高三英语哲学观点词汇辨析单选题70题(答案解析)1.The core concept of Hegel's philosophy is _____.A.idealismB.materialismC.dialecticsD.pragmatism答案：A。
黑格尔哲学的核心概念是唯心主义（idealism）。
选项B“materialism”是唯物主义；选项C“dialectics”是辩证法；选项D“pragmatism”是实用主义。
在黑格尔的哲学中，强调绝对精神，属于唯心主义。
2.Aristotle's philosophy is mainly based on _____.A.logicB.ethicsC.metaphysicsD.politics答案：C。
亚里士多德的哲学主要基于形而上学（metaphysics）。
选项A“logic”是逻辑；选项B“ethics”是伦理学；选项D“politics”是政治学。
亚里士多德对存在的本质等形而上学问题有深入探讨。
3.The fundamental principle of Plato's philosophy is _____.A.formsB.ideasC.essencesD.concepts答案：B。
柏拉图哲学的根本原则是理念（（ideas）。
选项A“forms”形式；选项C“essences”本质；选项D“concepts”概念。
柏拉图认为存在着永恒不变的理念世界。
4.In ancient Chinese philosophy, the concept of Yin and Yang belongs to _____.A.TaoismB.ConfucianismC.MohismD.Legalism答案：A。
在中国古代哲学中，阴阳的概念属于道家（Taoism）。
儒家主要强调仁、义、礼、智、信等；墨家主张兼爱、非攻等；法家强调以法治国。
中文翻译_whattheoryisnot
中文翻译_whattheoryisnot理论不是什么这篇文章描述了包含一些理论而不是没有理论的论文之间的差异。
在社会科学中，关于什么构成强与弱的理论，几乎没有一致意见，但是更多的共识是引用、数据、变量、图表和假设不是理论。
然而，尽管有这种共识，作者还是习惯性地用这五个要素来代替理论。
我们解释这五个要素中的每一个是如何与理论相混淆的，以及如何避免这种混淆。
通过明确地表达这一共识，我们希望帮助作者避免一些最常见、最容易避免的问题，这些问题导致读者认为论文的理论不足。
然后我们讨论期刊如何促进更强的理论的出版。
我们建议，如果该领域真的要产生更强的理论，期刊需要重新考虑它们的经验要求。
我们认为，期刊应该更善于接受那些测试部分而不是全部理论的论文，并使用说明性而非确定性数据。
在ASQ上发表文章的作者、评论家、读者和编辑们坚持认为，也许最重要的是，文章中包含了强有力的组织理论。
ASQ的《对稿件的通知》指出：“如果手稿没有理论，它们的价值就值得怀疑。
”评论家和编辑决定不发表提交的论文的一个主要原因，有时是主要原因，就是它含有不足的理论。
本文利用我们在ASQ和组织行为研究（ROB）的社论经验，找出论文理论薄弱的一些常见原因。
作者若想写出强理论，可以从阅读各种不同的文学作品开始，这些文学作品试图界定理论，并区分弱理论与强理论。
1989年10月，管理科学研究院发表了理论构建论坛。
关于什么是理论以及社会科学中强弱理论的区别的详细描述可以找到，例如，在杜宾（1976）关于应用领域理论构建的分析，弗里斯（1980）关于形式化的评论，卡普兰（1964）关于行为的哲学探究中。
拉尔科斯，默顿（1967）的理论社会学著作，以及韦克（1989）关于学科想象的理论建构思想。
不幸的是，文学理论的建立会让读者对如何写一篇包含强大理论的论文更加困惑（Freese，1980）。
一个模型和一个理论是否能够被区分，一个类型学是否被恰当地标记为一个理论，一个理论的强度是否取决于它有多有趣，以及可证伪性是否是理论存在的先决条件。
What Theory is Not Theorizing Is
What Theory is Not, Theorizing IsAuthor(s): Karl E. WeickSource: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 385-390Published by: Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell UniversityStable URL: /stable/2393789Accessed: 18/06/2009 13:50Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cjohn.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@.Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserveand extend access to Administrative Science Quarterly.。
高中英语哲学思想单选题30题
高中英语哲学思想单选题30题1. In Plato's philosophy, the concept of "Forms" is often described as _____.A. mutableB. immutableC. transitoryD. ephemeral答案：B。
本题主要考查形容词的含义。
A 选项“mutable”意为“可变的”；B 选项“immutable”意为“不变的”，符合柏拉图哲学中“形式”的概念；C 选项“transitory”表示“短暂的”；D 选项“ephemeral”意思是“转瞬即逝的”。
在柏拉图的哲学里，“形式”通常被认为是不变的，所以选B。
2. Aristotle emphasized the importance of ______ in understanding reality.A. empiricismB. rationalismC. idealismD. skepticism答案：A。
本题考查名词的用法。
A 选项“empiricism”指“经验主义”；B 选项“rationalism”是“理性主义”；C 选项“idealism”意为“理想主义”；D 选项“skepticism”表示“怀疑主义”。
亚里士多德强调通过经验来理解现实，所以应选A 选项“empiricism”。
3. The philosopher Kant believed that moral duties are ______.A. contingentB. absoluteC. relativeD. arbitrary答案：B。
此题考查形容词在哲学语境中的意义。
A 选项“contingent”意思是“依情况而定的”；B 选项“absolute”表示“绝对的”；C 选项“relative”是“相对的”；D 选项“arbitrary”意为“任意的”。
康德认为道德责任是绝对的，故选B。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。