HYBRID AND SWITCHED SYSTEMS
全国计算机等级考试三级网络技术英文单词
第一章计算机基础Computer计算机Client客户机Server服务器Peer To Peer对等，P2P计算机辅助工程：Computer Aided Design CAD计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM计算机辅助制造Computer Aided Engineering CAE计算机辅助工程Computer Aided Instruction CAI计算机辅助教学Computer Aided Testing CAT计算机辅助测试GIS地理信息系统计算机分类：Mainframe大型主机Minicomputer小型计算机/迷你电脑Personal Computer个人计算机，Microcomputer微型计算机Workstation工作站Supercomputer巨型计算机/超级计算机Minisuper小巨型计算机/小超级计算机服务器按处理器体系结构划分：Complex Instruction Set Computer CISC复杂指令集计算机Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC精简指令集计算机Very Long Instruction Word VLIW超长指令字Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing EPIC清晰并行指令计算/简明平行指令计算Intel Architecture IA英特尔架构Blade Serer刀片式服务器计算机分类：Server服务器Workstation工作站Desktop PC台式机Notebook笔记本，Mobile PC便携机/移动PCHandheld PC掌上电脑，Sub-Notebook亚笔记本Ultra Mobile PC UMPC超便携计算机PDA个人数字助理LCD液晶显示器Serial Advanced Technology Attachment SATA串行高级技术附件Serial Attached SCSI串行SCSI硬盘Redundant Array Of Independent Disks RIAD独立磁盘冗余阵列，Disk Array磁盘阵列计算机的技术指标：Million Instruction Per Second,MIPS,单字长定点指令的平均执行速度Million Floating Instruction Per Second,MFLOPS,单字长浮点指令的平均执行速度Bits Per Second,Bps,每秒传输位数Mean Time Between Failure,MTBF,平均无故障时间Mean Time To Repair,MTTR,平均故障修复时间奔腾芯片的技术特点：Superscalar超标量Superpipeline,超流水线Peripheral Component Interconnect,PCI,外围部件互联Video Electronic Standard Association,VESA,视频电子标准协会Streaming SIMD Extension,SSE,流式的单指令流、多数据流扩展指令Mainboard主板、主机板，Motherboard,母版Adapter Card网卡、适配卡软件按授权方式分类：Commercial-Ware商业软件Share Ware共享软件Freeware自由软件信息的形式：Number数字Text文本Graphic图形Image图像Sound声音Media媒体Multimedia多媒体Videodisk视频光盘Speech语音Audio音响Multimedia PC,MPC,多媒体计算机Media Player媒体播放器Sound Recorder录音机Object Linking And Embedding,OLE,对象链接和嵌入数据压缩编码方法：Source Coding源编码Hybrid Coding混合编码Entropy Coding信息熵编码法Huffman Coding哈尔曼编码Run Length Coding游程编码Arithmetic Coding算术编码Prediction Coding预测编码法Differential Pulse Code Modulation,DPCM,微分脉码调制Delta Modulation,DM,Δ调制Transformation Coding变换编码法Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT,离散傅里叶变换Discrete Cosine Transform,DCT,离散余弦变换Discrete Hadamard Transform,DHT,离散哈达玛变换Vector Quantization Coding矢量量化编码法Joint Photographic Experts Group,JPEG,联合图像专家组International Organization For Standardization,ISO,国际标准化组织CCITT国际电报电话咨询委员会Baseline Sequential Codec基线顺序编解码Moving Picture Experts Group,MPEG,运动图像专家组HDTV高清晰度电视ITU国际电信联盟ISDN综合业务数字网IECNode结点Link链接Streaming Media流媒体第二章网络技术基础Advanced Research Projects Agency,ARPA,美国国防部高级研究计划局System Network Architecture,SNA,系统网络体系结构Distributed Computer Architecture,DCA,数字网络体系结构Open System Interconnection,OSI,开放系统互连Ethernet以太网Token Bus令牌总线Token Ring令牌环Fiber Distributed Data Interface,FDDI,光纤分布式数据接口National Information Infrastructure,NII,国家信息基础设施Global Information Infrastructure Committee,GIIC,全球信息基础设施委员会B-ISDN宽带业务综合数据网ATM异步传输模式IEEE美国电子电气工程师协会PSTN公用电话交换网CNNIC中国互联网网络信息中心计算机网络按覆盖的地理范围分类：Local Area Network,LAN,局域网Metropolitan Area Network,MAN,城域网Wide Area Network,WAN,广域网CATV有线电视网Nyquist奈奎斯特Shannon香农Circuit Switching电路交换Store-And-Forward Switching存储转发交换Message Switching报文交换Packet Switching报文分组交换Datagram,DG,数据报Virtual Circuit,VC,虚电路Message报文Packet报文分组Protocol协议Network Architecture计算机网络体系结构Implementation实现Interconnection互连性Interoperation互操作性Portability可移植性Service Definition服务定义Protocol Specification协议规格说明Physical Layer物理层Data Link Layer数据链路层Network Layer网络层Transport Layer传输层Session Layer会话层Presentation Layer表示层Application Layer应用层End-To-End端到端User Agent用户代理FTAM文件传送访问和管理VT虚拟终端TP事务处理RDA远程数据库访问MMS制造业报文规范Intercommunication互通Internet Layer互联层Host-To-Network Layer主机-网络层Transport Control Protocol,TCP,传输控制协议User Datagram Protocol,UDP,用户数据报协议Byte Stream字节流Byte Segment字节段Telnet远程登录协议File Transfer Protocol,FTP,文件传输协议Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,SMTP,简单邮件传输协议Domain Name Service,DNS,域名服务Router Information Protocol,RIP,路由信息协议Network File System,NFS,网络文件系统Hypertext Transfer Protocol,HTTP,超文本传输协议Page页面Web Site Web站点CERN欧洲粒子物理实验室Podcast播客Blog,Weblog博客，网络日志，网志Internet Protocol Television,IPTV,互联网协议电视/网络电视：Video On Demand,VOD,视频点播技术Live TV直播电视Time Shift TV时移电视Instant Messaging,IM,即时通信Wireless MAN,WMAN,无线城域网Bluetooth蓝牙Personal Operating Space,POS,个人操作空间Personal Area Network,PAN,个人区域网络Wireless Personal Area Network,WPAN,无线个人区域网络Mobile Ad Hoc Network,MANET,移动Ad Hoc网络Wireless Sensor Network,WSN,无线传感器网络Packet Radio Network,PRNET,分组无线网第三章局域网基础Fast Ethernet,FE,快速以太网Gigabit Ethernet,GE,千兆以太网Collision冲突Media Access Control,MAC,介质访问控制Logical Link Control,LLC,逻辑链路控制WG工作组TAG技术行动组Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection,CSMA/CD,带冲突检测的载波侦听多路访问Truncated Binary Exponential Backoff截止二进制指数后退延迟Unicast Address单一节点地址Multicast Address多点地址Broadcast Address广播地址FCS帧校验字段CRC循环冗余校验Registration Authority Committee,RAC,注册管理委员会Company-Id公司标识Organizationally Unique Identifier,OUI,机构唯一标识符Extended Unique Identifier扩展的唯一标识符EPROM网卡的只读存储器Share LAN共享式局域网Switched LAN交换式局域网Media Independent Interface,MII,介质独立接口Gigabit Media Independent Interface,GMII,千兆介质独立接口High Speed Study Group,HSSG,高速研究组Switched Ethernet交换式以太网Ethernet Switch以太网交换机Hub集线器Cut Through直通Store And Forward存储转发Virtual Network虚拟网络Virtual LAN,VLAN,虚拟局域网Nomadic Access漫游访问Infrared Radio,IR,红外无线Channel Encoder信道编码器Frequence Hopping Spread Spectum,FHSS,跳频扩频通信Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum,DSSS,直接序列扩频Point Coordination Function,PCF,点协调功能Distributed Coordination Function,DCF,分布协调功能Collision Avoidance,CA,冲突避免Interframe Space,IFS,帧间间隔Bridge网桥网桥按路由表的建立方法分类：Transparent Bridge透明网桥Source Routing Bridge源路由网桥Spanning Tree生成树Discovery Frame发现帧第四章服务器操作系统Network Operating System,NOS,网络操作系统Process进程File Handle文件句柄File Allocation Table,FAT,文件表Virtual File Allocation Table,VFAT,虚拟文件表High Performance File System,HPFS,高性能文件系统Basic Input/Output System,BIOS,基本输入/输出系统Graphics Device Interface,GDI,图形设备接口Application Programming Interface,API,应用编程接口Kernel内核Monolithic Kernel单内核Microkernel微内核Nanokernel超微内核Exokernel外核Hardware Abstract Layer,HAL,硬件抽象层Directory Service,DS,目录服务Network Server网络服务器Network Station网络工作站网络操作系统的基本功能：File Service文件服务Print Service打印服务Database Service数据库服务Communication Service通信服务Message Service信息服务Distributed Service分布式服务Network Management Service网络管理服务IntranetSQL结构化查询语言Graphic User Interface,GUI,图形用户界面Domain域Primary Domain Controller主域控制器Backup Domain Controller备份域控制器Thread线程Preemptive抢占式NDIS网络驱动接口规范TDI传输驱动接口Netbeui扩展用户接口Active Directory Manager活动目录管理Tree域树Forest域森林Organizational Unit,OU,组织单元Role角色DEP数据执行保护NAP网络访问保护NAT自动网络地址转换Server Core服务器内核Powershell外壳Business Intelligence,BI,商务智能Netware Core Protocol,NCP,Netware核心协议System Failure Tolerance,SFT,系统容错File Server Mirroring文件服务器镜像Transaction Tracking System,TTS,事物跟踪系统Novell Directory Services,NDS,Novell目录服务Swapping对换Independent Software Vendors,ISV,独立软件厂商Dynamic Logic Partition动态处理器备用SWA软件助手OE操作环境第五章Internet基础ISP互联网服务提供商Remote Access Server远程访问服务器Modem调制解调器ADSL非对称数字用户线路Hybrid Fiber Coaxial,HFC,混合光纤同轴电缆网Cable TV,CATV,有线电视网DDNATMNetid网络号Hosted主机号NATAddress Resolution Protocol,ARP,地址解析协议Dynamic Binding动态绑定Cache缓存区Datagram数据报Maximum Transmission Unit,MTU,最大传输单元源路由选项的分类：Strict Source Route严格源路由选项Loose Source Route松散源路由选项Time Stamp时间戳Universal Time格林尼治时间Internet Control Message Protocol,ICMP,互联网控制报文协议Source Quench源站抑制Routing路由选择Router路由器Metric度量值度量值中经常使用的特征：Hop Count跳数Bandwidth带宽Delay延迟Load负载Reliability可靠性Cost开销应用最广的路由选择协议：Routing Information Protocol,RIP,路由信息协议Open Shortest Path First,OSPF,开放式最短路径优先协议Vector-Distance,V-D,向量-距离，Bellman-FordLink-Status,L-S,链路-状态Convergence收敛CIDR无类域间寻址DHCP动态主机配置协议Qos服务质量保证TCP提供的服务的特征：Connection Orientation面向连接Complete Reliability完全可靠性Full Duplex Communication全双工通信Stream Interface流接口Reliable Connection Startup&Graceful Connection Shutdown连接的可靠建立和优雅关闭Retransmission重发Acknowledgement确认Round Trip Time,RTT,往返时间3-Way Handshake3次握手Window窗口Well-Known Port著名端口第六章Internet基本服务服务器处理多个并发请求的方案：Iterative Server重复服务器Concurrent Server并发服务器First In,First Out先进先出Daemon守护进程Master主服务器Slave从服务器Worm蠕虫互联网的命名机制：Flat Naming无层次命名机制Hierarchy Naming层次型命名机制Label标号Domain域域名解析的两种方式：Recursive Resolution递归解析Iterative Resolution反复解析资源记录的组成：Domain Name域名Time To Live,TTL,最大生存周期，有效期Type类型Class类别Value（域名的）具体值Network Virtual Terminal,NVT,网络虚拟终端Real Terminal实终端数据连接建立的模式：Active主动模式Passive被动模式电子邮件传输协议：Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,SMTP,简单邮件传输协议Post Office Protocol,POP,邮局协议Interactive Mail Access Protocol,IMAP,RFC822将电子邮件报文分为两部分：Mail Header邮件头Mail Body邮件体Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions,MIME,多用途Internet邮件扩展MIME-Version版本号Content-Type数据类型Content-Transfer-Encoding数据编码类型Quoted-Printable打印编码World Wide Web,WWW,European Center For Nuclear Research,CERN,欧洲核物理研究中心Hyper Text Markup Language,HTML,超文本标记语言Uniform Resource Locator,URL,统一资源定位符History历史Bookmark书签Default默认状态Tag标记Attitude属性Secure Sockets Layer,SSL,安全套接层NTFS第七章网络管理与网络安全网络管理的功能：Configuration Management配置管理Fault Management故障管理Accounting Management计费管理Performance Management性能管理Security Management安全管理NME网管代理模块IETF Internet工程任务组SNMP简单网络管理协议Manager管理者Agent代理者Polling轮询Interrupt-Based基于中断MIB管理信息库Trap-Directed Polling陷入制导轮询方法CIMP公共管理信息协议Association Control Protocol,ACP,联系控制协议Remote Operation Protocol,ROP,远程操作协议Protocol Data Unit,PDU,协议数据单元NCSC国家计算机安全中心Trusted Computer Standard Evaluation Criteria可信任计算机标准评估准则Orange Book橘皮书Dos拒绝服务Ddos分布式拒绝服务DES数据加密标准DEA数据加密算法AES高级加密算法RSANIST美国国家标准和技术研究所Key Distribution Center,KDC,密钥分发中心Certification Authority,CA,认证中心信息完整性认证方法：Massage Authentication Code,MAC,消息认证码Manipulation Detection Code,MDC,篡改检测吗认证函数：Message Encryption Function,MEF,信息加密函数Massage Authentication Code,MAC,信息认证码Hash Function散列函数DSS数字签名标准Token持证MIT麻省理工学院安全电子邮件常用技术：Pretty Good Privacy,PGP,非常好的私密性Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension,S/MIME,安全/通用Internet邮件扩充Passphrase口令短语Clear-Signed透明签名Ipsec IP安全协议：Authentication Head,AH,身份认证头Encapsulation Security Payload,ESP,封装安全负载TLS运输层安全Internetwork Security Monitor,互联网安全监视器HAR主机审计记录Generic Decryption,GD,类属解密第八章网络应用技术Multicast Backbone,Mbone,组播主干网Unicast单播Broadcast广播Multicast组播IANA管理局组播的相关协议：Internet Group Management Protocol,IGMP,互联网组管理协议CGMPRouter-Port Group Management Protocol,RGMP,路由器-端口组管理协议Dense-Mode Multicast Routing Protocol密集模式组播路由协议Flooding洪泛Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol,DVMRP,距离矢量组播路由协议Multicast For Open Shortest Path First,MOSPF,开放最短路径优先的组播扩展协议Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode,PIM-DM,独立组播密集模式Core Based Trees,CBT,基于核心的Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol,MBGP,多协议边界网关协议Multicast Source Discovery Protocol,MSDP,组播源发现协议Centralized Topology集中式拓扑结构Decentralized Unstructured Topology分布式非结构化拓扑Distributed Hash Table,DHT,分布式散列表Node ID结点标识符Object ID资源标识符Chum波动Hybrid Structure混合式结构Instant Messaging And Presence Protocol Working Group,IPPWG,IMPP工作小组Request For Comment,RFC,请求评论Internet Engineering Task Force,IETF,Internet工程任务组IM系统的附加功能：Voice/Video Chat音频/视频聊天Application Sharing应用共享File Transfer文件传输File Sharing文件共享Game Request游戏邀请Remote Assistance远程助理Whiteboard白板Session会话Session Initiation Protocol,SIP,会话初始化协议SIP For Instant Messaging And Presence Leverage Extension,SIMPLEExtensible Messaging And Presence Protocol,XMPP,SIP系统的组成：User Agent用户代理User Agent Client,UAC,用户代理客户机User Agent Server,UAS,用户代理服务器Proxy Server代理服务器Redirect Server重定向服务器Registrar注册服务器SIP消息的类型：Request请求Response响应SIP消息的组成：Start-Line起始行Field字段Message Body消息体Entity Header实体头Request-Line请求行Status-Line状态行Message Session Relay Protocol,MSRP,消息中断协议Presence Information呈现信息Presence Service呈现服务呈现服务包括：Presence User Agent,PUA,呈现用户代理Presence Agent,PA,呈现代理Presence Server,PS,呈现服务器Watcher申请者Set Top Box机顶盒Near Video On Demand,NVOD,就近式点播电视True Video On Demand,TVOD,真实点播电视Interactive Video On Demand,IVOD,交互式点播电视Voice Over IP,Voip,IP电话，Internet Protocol PhoneIP电话的实现方法：PC-to-PCPC-to-PhonePhone-to-PhoneIP电话的组成：Terminal终端设备Gateway网关Multipoint Control Unit,MCU,多点控制单元Gatekeeper网守Common Gate Interface,CGI,公共网关接口Page Rank网页等级Store Server存储服务器Searcher搜索器Spiders蜘蛛/搜索器Robot机器人/搜索器Crawlers爬虫/搜索器Indexer索引器Sorter排序器Repository知识库Work Stemming词干法Word Truncation截词Link popularity链接流行度Hyperlink超链接。
中英文文献翻译-混合动力汽车
附录附录A.英文文献Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles have advantages in many fields，such as technology, economy and environment will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation.Mastered the core technology of key components, developed a series of products, a comprehensive follow-up of key components and parts industry. In the core of hybrid cars - battery technology research and development, China has independently developed the capacity to 6Ah-100Ah Ni-MH and Li-ion battery products, energy density and power density close to the international level and break through the security technology bottlenecks the scale of the world's first urban public transportbuses used; the following self-developed 200kW permanent magnet brushless motors, induction motors and switched reluctance motor, motor power to weight ratio than 1300w/kg,Motor system to achieve maximum efficiency 93%; self-developed fuel cell engine technology advanced, more than 50% efficiency, control the world's few car a hundred kilowatt fuel cell engine development, manufacturing and testing technology one of the countries. At the same time, the key components of hybrid car industry, a comprehensive follow-up of production capabilities and complete.Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization.A vehicle that has two or more power trains is called a hybrid vehicle. The power train is defined as the combination of the energy source and the energy converter A hybrid vehicle drive train usually consists of no more than two power trains. More than two power trains will make the drive train very complicated. For the purpose of recapturing braking energy that is dissipated in the form of heat in conventional IC engine vehicles, a hybrid drive train usually has a power train that allows energy to flow bidirectionalA hybrid drive train can supply its power to the load by a selective power train. There are many available patterns of operating two power trains to meet the load requirement:1. Power train 1 alone delivers its power to the load.2. Power train 2 alone delivers its power to the load.3. Both power train 1 and power train 2 deliver their power to the load simultaneously.4. Power train 2 obtains power from the load (regenerative braking).5. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1.6. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and the load simultaneously.7. Power train 1 delivers power to the load and to power train 2 simultaneously.8. Power train 1 delivers its power to power train 2, and power train 2 delivers its power to the load.9. Power train 1 delivers its power to the load, and the load delivers the power to power train 2.In the case of hybridization with a gasoline (diesel)–IC engine (power train 1) and a battery–electric machine (power train 2), pattern (1) is the engine alone propelling mode. This may be used when the batteries are almost completely depleted and the engine has no remaining power to charge the batteries, or when the batteries have been fully charged and the engine is able to supply sufficient power to meet the power demands of the vehicle. Pattern (2) is the pure electric propelling mode, in which the engine is shut off. This pattern may be used for situations where the engine cannot operate effectively, such as very low speed, or in areas where emissions are strictly prohibited. Pattern (3) is the hybrid traction mode and may be used when large power is needed, such as during sharp accelerating or steep hill climbing. Pattern (4) is the regenerative braking mode, by which the kinetic or potential energy of the vehicle is recovered through the electric motor functioning as a generator. The recovered energy is then stored in the batteries and reused later on. Pattern (5) is the mode in which the engine charges the batteries while the vehicle is at a standstill, coasting, or descending a slight grade, in which no power goes into or comes from the load. Pattern (6) is the mode in which both regenerating braking and the IC engine charge the batteries simultaneously. Pattern (7) is the mode in which the engine propels the vehicle and charges the batteries simultaneously. Pattern (8) is the mode in which the engine charges the batteries, and the batteries supply power to the load. Pattern (9) is the mode in which the power flows into the batteries from the heat engine through the vehicle mass.The abundant operation modes in a hybrid vehicle create much more flexibility over a single power train vehicle. With proper configuration and control, applying a specific mode for a special operating condition can potentially optimize the overall performance, efficiency, and emissions. However, in a practical design, decidingwhich mode should be implemented depends on many factors, such as the physical configuration of the drive train, power train efficiency characteristics, load characteristics, and so on. Operating each power train in its optimal efficiency region is essential for the overall efficiency of the vehicle.附录B.中文翻译混合动力汽车及电动汽车在技术、经济和环境等方面的综合优势使其成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。
移相器
The Switched-Line approach is the most straightforward approach because it uses the simple time delay difference between two direct paths to provide desired phase shift .The switching elements in digital phase shifters are : mechanical switches , PIN diodes ,Field Effect Transistors ,or micro electro mechanical systems.PIN diodes are common used in Phase Shifters due their high speed switching time, low loss, and relative simple bias circuits, which provides changes of PIN resistance approximately from 10 kilo-ohms to 1 ohm.The PIN diode switched line Phase Shifter can be classified as follow:Type of the transmission lineNumber of biteStructure (reflection or non-reflection)With reciprocal and non-reciprocal devicesNumber of switched inputs/outputPIN diode connection with transmission lineBandwidth configuration of elements (distributed, lumped-elements, or combination of lumped and distributed)The standard switched line Phase Shifter is using switched transmission line segments, getting different path length and determining in this way the amount of phase shifter.The simplest switched line Phase Shifter is dependent only on the lengths of line used .One of the two transmission lines is labeled as a reference line ,and the other as a delay line .An important advantage of this circuit is that the phase shifter will be approximately a liner function of frequency; getting a wideband frequency rang of the circuit.The phase shifter created is dependent only by the length of the transmission lines, making the Phase Shifter very stable over time and temperature.PIN diodes may suffer for insertion loss tolerance or peak power capability, but both characteristics don’t affect the phase shifter.The contribution of the Schiff man Phase Shifter is that the phase difference between aquarter wave coupled section , compared to a 3/4 wave straight section, would provide a nearly flat 90°phase differential .这个交换线的方法是最简单的方法,因为它使用简单的延时区别两个直接的路径来提供所需的相移。
外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 国内混合动力汽车发展
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle DevelopmentWith the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical "To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009,Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334.Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fueleconomy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market.FAW GroupDevelopment Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000.FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric BusFAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%.Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid carsRed Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲemission standard.Besturn B70 hybrid carsBesturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models.SAICDevelopment Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market.In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key.2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress.Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1stApply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Powerplatform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people.Roewe 750 hybrid carsRoewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%.Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars.EQ7200HEV hybrid carsEQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱmodel (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤30%.EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric BusEQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system,electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the increase in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤30%.China ChanganDevelopment Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000."Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing.CheryDevelopment Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems.From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe ⅣStandard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations.Chery A5BSGChery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the leastfuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%.Chery A5ISGChery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards.Cherry A3ISGChery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses.FY 2BSGFY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%.BYD AutoDevelopment Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD.BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国内混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
HYBRID AND SWITCHED SYSTEMS ECE229 — WINTER 2004
Course description As computers, digital networks, and embedded systems become ubiquitous and increasingly complex, one needs to understand the coupling between logic-based components and continuous physical systems. This prompted a shift in the standard control paradigm—in which dynamical systems were typically described by differential or difference equations—to allow the modeling, analysis, and design of systems that combine continuous dynamics with discrete logic. This new paradigm is often called hybrid control.
This course provides an introduction to hybrid control. We start by presenting a modeling framework for hybrid systems that combines elements from automata theory and differential equations. The students are then guided through a set of techniques that can be used to analyze and design hybrid control systems. The course also includes an overview of simulation tools for hybrid systems with emphasis on Simulink/Stateflow, SHIFT, and Modelica.
In the last part of the course, we cover several fundamental applications of hybrid control. These include the control of systems that cannot be stabilized by continuous control laws and the control of systems with large uncertainty using logic-based supervisors.
The course is essentially self-contained and the students are only expected to be familiar with linear algebra and basic differential equations.
Further information (including a detailed syllabus) is available on the web at: http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~hespanha/ece229/
Prerequisites Consent of instructor. This course is open to ECE, ME, ChE, and CS students. Recommended preparation: The students should be proficient in linear algebra and basic differential equations (at the level of MATH5A-C) and some scientific programming language (e.g., MATLAB). Basic knowledge of controls concepts (at the level of ECE147A) is helpful but not essential.
Instructor João P. Hespanha (hespanha@ece.ucsb.edu), phone: (805) 893-7042, office: Engineering I, 5157. Office hours: Please email or phone in advance to schedule for an appointment. This course was developed with support from the National Science Foundation.
Textbook There is no recommended textbook for the course. Most of the material taught is covered by the following references:
multiple-tank transmission
[1] A. van der Schaft and H. Schumacher. An Introduction to Hybrid Dynamical Systems. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 251, Springer-Verlag, 2000.
[2] Daniel Liberzon. Switching in Systems and Control. Systems & Control: Foundations and Applications series. Birkhauser, Boston, 2003.
[3] J. Hespanha. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Chapter Stabilization Through Hybrid Control. To appear.
[4] J. Hespanha. Tutorial on Supervisory Control. Lecture notes for the tutorial workshop “Control Using Logic and Switching” offered at the 40th Conf. on Decision and Control, Orland, FL, Dec. 2001.
Other papers and notes will also be posted in the course’s webpage to complement the lectures. See References below and right-most column of the Syllabus.
Assessment format Homeworks – 40% Final Project – 60% (one-page project proposal is due on Feb 5th.)
Projects The following two types of projects are possible in this course: 1. Solution of a research problem relevant to the student’s area of research 2. Independent study of a topic not covered in class (e.g., reading a paper or book chapter). A few project ideas: • Regularization of Zeno systems using stochastic hybrid systems [4,17,32] • Design of H-infinity controllers for slowly-switched systems [33] • Survey of controllability and observability results for linear switched and hybrid systems • Survey of recent work on networked control systems • Survey on the use of abstractions in (hybrid) control systems. For more project ideas, students are encouraged to look into the proceedings of the Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control workshop.
[A] P. Antsaklis, W. Kohn, M. Lemmon, A. Nerode, S. Sastry (Eds.): Hybrid Systems V, 1998. [B] F.W. Vaandrager, J.H. van Schuppen (Eds.): Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, Second International Workshop, HSCC'99, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands, March 1999.
[C] Nancy Lynch, Bruce H. Krogh (Eds.): Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, Third International Workshop, HSCC’00, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, March 2000.
[D] M.D. Di Benedetto, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli (Eds.): Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, 4th International Workshop, HSCC’01 Rome, Italy, March 28-30, 2001.