采购与供应链管理习题库06第六章 习题及参考答案
采购与库存管理答案及附录杨赞等
各章练习题答案第一章练习题答案（一）名词解释1. 狭义的采购，是指企业基于生产、销售、管理等目的购买所必需的所有货物和服务的交易行为。
它包括根据需求提出采购计划，选好供应商，经过商务谈判确定价格、交货条件，最终签订合同并按要求收货付款的全过程。
广义的采购就是指企业为了满足某种特定的需求，以购买、租赁、交换、外包等途径，取得商品及服务的使用权的活动过程。
2. 采购管理是指为了维护企业利益、实现企业的经营目标，对企业的采购活动和过程进行的计划、组织、协调和控制等，它包括管理供应商关系所必需的所有活动。
3. 库存管理是以控制库存为目的的方法、手段、技术以及操作过程的集合，它是对企业的库存进行计划、协调和控制的工作。
（二）填空题1. 采购人员采购流程采购资金2. 集中化职能化专业化一体化3. 降低库存成本提高客户服务水平（三）单项选择题1. D2. B（四）多项选择题1. ABCD2. ACD（五）简答题1. 简述采购监控的方法。
（1）建立健全完善的采购规章制度；（2）实施采购标准化作业；（3）建立采购评价制度；（4）及时对采购人员进行奖惩。
2. 采购具有哪些类型?按采购主体分类：个人采购和集团采购；按采购方法分类：传统采购和科学采购（订货点采购、MRP采购、JIT采购、供应链采购、电子商务采购）；按采购的价格分类：招标采购、询价采购、比价采购、议价采购、定价收购、公开市场采购；按采购形态分类：有形采购和无形采购（技术、服务、工程发包）。
3. 采购管理的基本目标是什么?费用最省；协调供应商，管好供应链；保证质量；适时适量保证供应。
4. 采购管理的内容是什么?1）计划①接收采购请求；②进行采购决策；③编制计划。
2）组织实施①采购部门选择供应商；②采购部门向供应商订货；③验收入库；④合同监督；⑤购后评价和调整。
3）监控5. 什么是采购管理，采购管理与采购在概念上有什么不同?采购管理是指为了维护企业利益、实现企业的经营目标，对企业的采购活动和过程进行的计划、组织、协调和控制等，它包括管理供应商关系所必需的所有活动。
《供应链管理》习题答案
习题目录第1章绪论 (1)第2章供应链的设计和构建 (4)第3章供应链管理方法 (9)第4章供应链合作伙伴关系管理 (11)第5章供应链采购管理 (13)第6章供应链库存管理 (17)第7章供应链物流管理 (19)第8章供应链风险管理 (21)第9章供应链绩效管理 (23)第1章绪论【习题答案】1．选择题（1）B（2）D（3）B（4）A（5）B（6）C（7）D（8）A（9）C2．简答题（1）供应链的概念。
答：供应链是指围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的网链结构和模式。
（2）供应链包括哪4个流程？答：供应链一般包括物资流通、商业流通、信息流通、资金流通4个流程。
（3）简述推式供应链和拉式供应链的优缺点。
答：推式供应链的优点：能够稳定供应链的生产符合，提高机器设备利用率，缩短提前期，增加交货可能性。
缺点：需要有较多的原材料、在制品和制成品库存，库存占用的流动资金较大，当市场需求发生变化时，企业应变能力较弱。
拉式供应链的的优点：大大降低各类库存和流动资金占用，减少库存变质和失效的风险。
缺点：将面对能否及时获取资源和及时交货以满足市场需求的风险。
（4）供应链有哪些特征？答：供应链有4个主要特性：复杂性、动态性、用户需求驱动性及交叉性。
（5）陈述供应链管理的概念。
答：供应链由原材料零部件供应商、生产商、批发经销商、用户、运输商等一系列企业组成。
原材料零部件依次通过“链”中的每个企业，逐步变成产品，产品再通过一系列流通配送环节，最后交到最终用户手中，这一系列的活动就构成了一个完整供应链的全部活动。
（6）供应链管理的主要内容有哪几方面？答：供应链管理的主要内容有：物流网络职能管理、物流信息流管理、供应链流程管理以及供应链关系管理。
（7）简述推拉式供应链管理模式的内涵及其包含哪两种模式。
供应链管理第6版习题与案例集第6章 供应链管理环境下的库存控制
第6章供应链管理环境下的库存控制策略思考与练习1.简单阐述库存在企业运营中的重要性。
2.订货点法库存管理策略包括哪几种？3.如何看待供应链整合下的库存问题？它与传统的企业库存管理有何不同？举例说明？4.如何理解供应链管理中的不确定性？它对供应链的库存管理会产生怎样的影响？作为一个供应链管理执行经理，如何来控制供应链运作过程中的不确定性？5.怎样才能保证供应链上游供应端的物料供应的齐全配套性？为此，在库存管理上应做哪些创新？6.阐述VMI的基本思想。
如果您是一位采购经理，如何在实际管理中运用VMI？7.举例说明VOI、VMI、JMI三种库存管理模式的不同。
8.比较联合库存管理思想与多级库存管理思想之间的异同点。
9.供应链库存管理中涉及的成本主要包括哪些？讨论案例江铃发动机：探索全新汽配供应链王宗阳是生产发动机活塞簧的南平华闽公司副总裁，对于华闽蒸蒸日上的整车配套OE 业务王宗阳非常满意，但对于供应商必须压货三个月或者更长时间的整车配套供应链规则却不能说太满意。
在目前的整车OE供应链中，整车厂和一级供应商为了自己的零库存和低成本，都采用把库存全部转嫁到下级供应商的做法，于是在各个汽车厂或发动机厂附近建外库并备上三个月或者更长时间的库存成了华闽这样的汽配企业的负担。
库存也意味着企业资金的无效占压，即使“三个月甚至更长”成为汽配行业统一默认的“潜规则”，仍然意味着华闽这样的上游汽配厂不小的负担。
不过，这样的情况正在悄然发生变化。
江铃发动机采用了一种更加协同的供应链，它已经开始实施由第三方物流进行供应链管理的第三方物流直送工位模式，并将自己6个月内的生产计划通过供应链平台与上游供应商进行协同。
如何解释江铃发动机在供应链模式探索上的改变呢？汽车行业专家指出，用更协同、科学的供应链方式取代旧有不透明、不平等模式其实是汽车行业发展的需要，因为目前的整车OEM配套有一个鲜明的趋势，就是越来越紧密的合作和战略性结合的上下游关系。
(完整版)供应链管理第三版Unit6习题与答案.doc
Chapter 6Network Design in an Uncertain EnvironmentTrue/False1.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, cannot be altered in the short term.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate2.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, rarely remain in place for several years.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate3.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, define the boundaries within which the supply chain mustcompete.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4.Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in thefuture or if the price of warehousing goes up.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5.Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements will bemore effective if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6.The degree of demand and price uncertainty has a significant influence onthe appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousing space that afirm should carry.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7.If price and demand vary over time in a global network, flexibleproduction capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in the newenvironment. Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presenceof little demand or supply uncertainty if certainty exists in exchange rates or prices. Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate9.The present value of a stream of cash flows is what that stream is worth intoday ’ s dollars.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. Discretionary cash flow (DCF) analysis evaluates the present value of anystream of future cash flows and allows management to compare two streams ofcash flows in terms of their financial value.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11.The present value of future cash flows is found by using a discount factor.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The rate of return k is also referred to as the present value of capital.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy13. A negative NPV for an option indicates that the option will lose money for thesupply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate14.The decision with the lowest NPV will provide a supply chain with thehighest financial return.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate15.In reality, demand and prices are highly uncertain and are likely to fluctuateduring the life of any supply chain decision.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate16.For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation are unlikely to varyover time in different locations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy17.The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used forfactors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannot become negative.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate18. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factor takes on two values at the end of each period.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard19.If uncertainty is ignored, a manager will always sign long-term contracts becausethey are typically cheaper and avoid all flexible capacity because it is moreexpensive.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20.During network design, managers need a methodology that allows them toestimate the certainty in their forecast of demand and price and thenincorporate this certainty into the decision-making process.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard21.Decision trees with DCFs can be used to evaluate supply chain designdecisions given uncertainty in prices, demand, exchange rates, and inflation.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate22.Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should not be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard23.In a complex decision tree, there are thousands of possible paths that may resultfrom the first period to the last.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24.Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision where the pathitself is decision dependent.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard25.Simulation models require a higher setup cost to start and operate comparedto decision tree tools.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy26.The main advantage of simulation models is that they can provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate27.Strategic planning and financial planning should be combined during supplychain network design.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate28.The evaluation of supply chain networks should not use multiple metrics.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate29.Financial analysis should be used as an input to decision making, not asthe decision-making process.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate30.One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive ata good decision is to use estimates, except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.Answer: FalseDifficulty: EasyMultiple Choice1.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build, the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a.can be altered in the short term.b.cannot be altered in the short term.c.cannot be altered in the long term.d.can only be altered in the short term.e.all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy2.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build, the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a.are realigned every few weeks.b.only remain in place for several years.c.rarely remain in place for several years.d.only remain in place for a few weeks.e.often remain in place for several years.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard3.Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a.define the boundaries within which the supply chain must compete.b.have little impact on how the supply chain must compete.c.are irrelevant regarding how the supply chain will compete.d.are the only consideration regarding how the supply chain will compete.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate4.Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirementswill be more effective ifa.the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b.the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c.demand drops in the future.d.the price of warehousing drops in the future.e. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate5.Short-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effectivea.if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b.if the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c.if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.d.only if demand drops in the future.e.only if the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate6.The degree of demand and price uncertainty hasa.no effect on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.b. a limited influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousing space that a firm should carry.c. a minor influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.d. a significant influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.e.None of the above are true.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate7.Uncertainty of demand and pricea.drives the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.b.eliminates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.c.facilitates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.d.has no effect on the value of building flexible production capacity ata plant.e.None of the above are true.Answer: a8.If price and demand do vary over time in a global network,a.flexible production capacity should not be used in the new environment.b.flexible production capacity will be ineffective in the new environment.c.flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to minimize profits in thenew environment.d.flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits inthe new environment.e.flexible production capacity should never be used in an uncertainenvironment.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate9. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presenceof little demand or supply uncertainty ifa.certainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.b.certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.c.uncertainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.d.uncertainty exists in exchange rates or prices.e.uncertainty exists only in exchange rates.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate10.The present value of a future stream of cash flows is what that streama.was worth in yesterday’ s dollars.b.is wo rth in today’ s dollars.c.will be worth in future dollars.d.might be worth in future dollars.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy11.The process of evaluating the present value of any stream of future cash flowsso that management can compare two streams of cash flows in terms of theirfinancial value isa.annual cash flow(ACF) analysis.b.discretionary cash flow(DCF) analysis.c.discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis.d.future cash flow(FCF) analysis.e.none of theabove Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate12.The present value of future cash flow is found bya.locating the correct factor on a z-table.ing a discount factor.c.plotting the function on a graph.d.adding the total of all future cash flows.e.none of the aboveAnswer: b13.The discount factor used to obtain the present value of money in the next periodwhere k represents the rate of return isa.k.b.1+k.c.1/(1+ k).d.k /(1+ k).e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate14.The rate of return k is also referred to as thea.discount rate.b.hurdle rate.c.opportunity cost of capital.d.all of the abovee.none of theabove Answer: dDifficulty: Easy15.What is the present value of a $27 revenue that will be received in one yearwhere the rate of return is 8% (.08)?a.$2.50b.$15.00c.$25.00d.$30.00e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy16.The net present value (NPV) of a stream of cash flows is equal toa.the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered.b.the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered divided bythe number of periods.c.the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered.d.the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered multipliedby the number of periods.e.the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered discountedby the rate of return for each period.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard17. A negative NPV (net present value) for an option indicates that the option willa.gain money for the supply chain.b.lose money for the supply chain.c.maximize profit for the supply chain.d.minimize profit for the supply chain.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate18.The decision with the highest NPV (net present value) will provide a supply chainwitha.the highest financial return.b.the lowest financial return.c. a reasonable financial return.d.the least desirable financial return.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate19.The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $100 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea.379.07.b.416.98.c.500.00.d.610.51.e.671.56.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate20.The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $75 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea.221.37.b.284.30.c.312.74.d.375.00.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate21.In reality, demand and prices area.highly certain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.b.highly certain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.c.highly uncertain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.d.highly uncertain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.e.none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate22.For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation area.likely to vary over time in different locations.b.not likely to vary over time in different locations.c.not likely to vary over time in any locations.d.likely to be stable over time in all locations.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy23.The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumption that whenmoving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor (such asdemand or price)a.has only one possible outcome.b.has only two possible outcomes - up or down.c.has many possible outcomes.d.cannot be accurately determined.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate24.In the commonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlyingfactora. moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p.b. moves down by a factor u > 1 with probability p.c. moves down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 –p.d.either a or be.either a orc Answer: eDifficulty: Hard25.The multiplicative binomial can be used for factors like demand, price, andexchange rates that cannot become negative because ita.can take on negative values.b.cannot take on negative values.c.can take on positive values.d.cannot take on positive values.e.all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard26. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factora.takes on only one of two possible values at the end of each period.b.takes on two values at the end of each period.c.takes on one of many possible values at the end of each period.d.takes on several of many possible values at the end of each period.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate27.If uncertainty is ignored, a manager willa.always sign long-term contracts because they are typically moreexpensive and avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.b.always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaperand avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.c.always sign long-term contracts because they are typically cheaperand avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.d.always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaperand avoid all flexible capacity because it is less expensive.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard28. A decision tree isa. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.b. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.c. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.d. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate29. Decision tree analysis is based on Bellman ’ s principle, which states that for anychoice of strategy in a given state,a. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the first period.b. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the last period.c. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the last period.d. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the next period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard30.The first step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa.identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whosefluctuation will be considered over the next T periods.b.identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c.start at period T, work back to Period 0 identifying the optimal decisionand the expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at eachstep in a given period should be discounted back when included inthe previous period.d.identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the numberof periods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e.identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate31.The last step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in agiven period should be discounted back when included in the previous period.d.identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e.identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate32.Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions, becausea.the exclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.b.the exclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.c.the inclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.d.the inclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact onthis evaluation.e.none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard33.Flexibility should be valued by taking into account uncertainty in demandand economic factors. In general, flexibility will tend toa.decrease in value with a decrease in certainty.b.increase in value with an increase in uncertainty.c.decrease in value with an increase in uncertainty.d.increase in value with an increase in certainty.e.None of the above are accurate.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate34. A major factor that makes the decision tree methodology quite powerful isa.the choice of certainty.b.the choice of discount rate.c.the choice of uncertainty level.d.the choice of additive factor.e.all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate35.The appropriate discount rate used in decision tree methodologya.should be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decision node.b.should be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.c.should not be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decisionnode.d.should not be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period anddecision node.e.None of the above are accurate.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate36.Alternative approaches to decision tree analysis includea.contingent claims analysis (CCA) for discrete time analysis.b.real options for the continuous time case.c.real options for the discrete time analysis.d.all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate37.Contingent claims analysis (CCA) and real optionsa.adjust hurdle rate so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.b.adjust opportunity cost of capital so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.c.adjust rate of return so that the risk-free discount rate may be appliedin each period.d.adjust transition probabilities so that the risk-free discount rate maybe applied in each period.e.none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate38.Firms should use simulation for evaluating decisions whena.underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.b.underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.c.underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are easy to obtain.d.underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions forthe underlying decision tree are easy to obtain.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39.In a complex decision tree there area.only a few possible paths that may result from the first period to the last.b.less than thirty possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.c.thousands of possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.d.an infinite number of possible paths that may result from the first periodto the last.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40.Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision wherea.the path itself is decision dependent.b.the path itself is not decision dependent.c.the discount rate is decision dependent.d.the discount rate is not decision dependent.e.none of theabove Answer: bDifficulty: Hard41.Simulation modelsa.require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared to decisiontree tools.b.require a lower setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.c.require a higher setup cost to start but less to operate comparedto decision tree tools.d.require a lower setup cost to start but more to operate comparedto decision tree tools.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Hard42.The main advantage of simulation models is that they cana.provide high-quality evaluations of simple situations.b.provide high-quality evaluations of complex situations.c.provide low-cost evaluations of simple situations.d.provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.e.provide low-quality evaluations of complex situations.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy43.Strategic planning and financial planninga.should be performed independently during supply chain network design.b.should be performed sequentially during supply chain network design.c.should be performed hierarchically during supply chain network design.d.should be performed concurrently during supply chain network design.e.should be combined during supply chain network design.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard44.The evaluation of supply chain networksa.should use only one metric.b.should use multiple metrics.c.should not use more than one metric.d.should not use multiple metrics.e.should be subjective.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate45.Financial analysis should be used asa.the decision-making process.b.an alternative decision-making process.c.an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process.d.all of the abovee.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate46.One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive ata good decision is toe estimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate inputwould take an inordinate amount of time.e estimates backed up by sensitivity analysis when it appears thatfinding a very accurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.e estimates of inputs except when it appears that finding avery accurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.d.make sure that every detail is very accurate.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1.Explain additive and multiplicative binomial representations of uncertainty.Answer : The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumptionthat when moving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor(such as demand or price) has only two possible outcomes - up or down. In thecommonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factoreither moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p, or down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 –p. In the additive binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factorincreases by u in a given period with probability p and decreases by d withprobability 1 –p. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values andcan be used for factors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannotbecome negative. It also has the advantage of the growth or decline in the givenfactor being proportional to the current value of the factor and not fixedindependent of size. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additivebinomial is the fact that the underlying factor takes on only one of two possiblevalues at the end of each period. Certainly a price can change to more than justtwo values. But by making the period short enough, this assumption may bejustified.Difficulty: Hard2.Summarize the steps in the decision tree analysis methodology.Answer: The decision tree analysis methodology is summarized as follows:1.Identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.2.Identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.3.Identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.4. Identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.5.Represent the decision tree with defined states in each period, as well asthe transition probabilities between states in successive periods.6. Starting at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in a givenperiod should be discounted back when included in the previous period. Difficulty:Moderate3.Discuss the ideas that managers should consider to make better supply chainnetwork design decisions under uncertainty.Answer: Managers should consider the following ideas to help them make betternetwork design decisions under uncertainty:1. Combine strategic planning and financial planning during network design.Inmost organizations, financial planning and strategic planning are performedindependently. Strategic planning tries to prepare for future uncertainties butoften without rigorous quantitative analysis, whereas financial planning performsquantitative analysis but assumes a predictable or well-defined future. Decisionmakers should design supply chain networks considering a portfolio of strategicoptions —the option to wait, build excess capacity, build flexible capacity, signlong-term contracts, purchase from the spot market, and so forth. The variousoptions should be evaluated in the context of future uncertainty.2. Use multiple metrics to evaluate supply chain networks.As one metric canonly give part of the picture, it is beneficial to examine network design decisionsusing multiple metrics such as firm profits, supply chain profits, customerservice levels, and response times. Often, different metrics will recommenddifferent decisions and by using multiple metrics, the differences between thestrategic choices will become clearer. The best decisions can be made when amultitude of metrics are available, because each metric enhances the overallview of the alternatives being considered.e financial analysis as an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process. Financial analysis is a great tool in the decision-making process,as it often produces an answer and an abundance of quantitative data to back upthat answer. However appealing this may be, management should not rely solelyon financial analysis to make decisions. Use of this analysis as a large part of thedecision-making process is fine, but other inputs into the decision process that aredifficult to quantify should be included in the analysis as well. Financialmethodologies alone do not provide a complete picture of the alternatives. Theseimpacts should be considered in addition to the raw financial analysis. In the finalanalysis, management must use other inputs beyond financial analysis in thedecision-making process to get the most complete view of the alternatives possible.4. Use estimates along with sensitivity analysis. Many of the inputs into financialanalysis can be difficult, if not impossible, to nail down in a very accurate fashion.This can cause financial analysis to be a long and drawn out process. One of thebest ways to speed the process along and arrive at a good decision is to useestimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate input would take aninordinate amount of time. Using estimates is fine when the estimates are backed upby sensitivity analysis. By performing sensitivity analysis on the input ’ s。
供应链管理(第5版)课后习题答案
供应链管理课后习题答案第一章、供应链管理导论1.供应链的结构特征是什么？将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构。
2.何谓供应链管理？简述供应链管理与传统企业管理的区别和联系。
供应链管理就是使以核心企业为中心的供应链运作达到最优化，以最低的成本，另供应链从采购开始，到满足最终用户的所有过程，包括工作流、实物流、信息流、资金流等均高效率运作，把合适的产品，以合理的价格，及时准确的送到消费者手中。
区别：①传统企业的运营思想是生产是为了销售，而供应链企业运营的思想是按订单准时生产、快速响应客户需求②传统企业的管理手段是控制库存、降低库存成本，而供应链管理的手段是供应链企业协同创新、共创价值③传统企业提高生产效率的主要方法是扩大批量、增加规模效应，而供应链企业提高效率的主要方法是提升企业的柔性和敏捷性联系：供应链管理主要是以物流运行作为流程的，是开放性的，传统企业只是供应链管理中的一个环节，是闭环的。
3.供应链管理的关键在于实现企业内部及企业之间资源的集成。
从这个角度，分析互联网在供应链管理中的重要地位。
从管理难度的角度：现在的客户关系管理、企业资源计划等系统使得管理更加容易，尤其是对于一些全球性企业和跨区域企业从效率的角度：通过IT系统，从客户需求到计划、采购、生产、运输等供应链的整个过程更加迅速、高效。
当然也包括上下游企业和核心企业之间的沟通。
从成本的角度：管理难度下降，效率提升，这实际上降低了企业的成本4.电子商务将成为21世纪最主要的商业模式之一，它将对企业传统的业务流程带来巨大变革。
请阐述供应链管理对我国企业成功实施电子商务的重要意义。
基于电子商务的供应链的管理的主要内容涉及订单处理、生产组织、采购管理、运输与配送管理、库存管理、客户服务、支付管理等，供应链管理可促进电子商务的发展，使资源在供应链网络中合理流动，来缩短交货周期、降低库存，并且通过提供自助交易的自助式服务以降低成本，提高速度和精确性，增强企业竞争力。
采购与供应链管理 参考答案 (1)[1页]
![采购与供应链管理 参考答案 (1)[1页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4246da1efe00bed5b9f3f90f76c66137ee064ff0.png)
同步测试答案
一、单项选择题
1、A
2、D
3、A
4、C
5、A
6、D
7、A
8、A
9、A 10、C
二、多项选择题
1、BC
2、ABCD
3、CDE
4、ABD
5、ABCE
三、案例分析
分析要点：
1、宜家研发与设计特殊性体现在其“模块”式研发与设计方法，一方面可以降低研发与设计成本，而且也可以提高其研发设计的高效率，进而降低产品的成本。
2、宜家在选择供应商时的评估标准在于价格、环保、质量、物流、环境、发货准时性、员工工作条件、劳动时间和强度、安全性因素和供应商管理方式等。
宜家选择供应商基本标准是全球统一的；在达成供货协议前，宜家对供应商非常严格选择，在达成协议后就会采取相互谅解的态度。
3、宜家的竞争优势体现在：全球采购模式、独特的研发和设计体系、严格的供应商选择和管理、精心设计的物流体系、全球连锁分销模式以及绿色环保理念。
4、宜家绿色采购与供应理念体现在：第一，原材料使用、能源消耗和其他资源利用上厉行节约、减少浪费和降低损耗。
第二，尽量使用天然及可循环使用的原料，生产出来的产品在使用后能够被回收利用；第三，宜家还将环保意识贯彻到供应商的选择上，要求供应商也必须符合相应的环保标准等。
1。
高级经济师-工商管理-章节练习-第六章供应链管理
高级经济师-工商管理-章节练习-第六章供应链管理[问答题]1.供应商管理库存有哪些原则？正确答案：详见解析参考解析：(1)合作性原则（合作精神）。
实施供应商管理库存，共享信息和信息透明（江南博哥）是很重要的，供应商和用户都要有较好的合作精神，才能够保持较好的合作关系。
(2)互惠原则（使双方成本最小)。
供应商管理库存解决的不是关于成本如何分配或者谁来支付的问题，而是通过实施供应商管理库存使双方的成本都得到减少，双方都受益。
(3)目标一致性原则。
双方都要在观念上达成一致目标。
例如，库存放在哪里、什么时候支付、是否要支付管理费、要花费多少等问题都需要双方达成一致并体现在目标框架协议中。
(4)总体优化原则。
供需双方共同努力消除浪费并共享收益。
[问答题]3.订单驱动的采购方式有哪些特点？正确答案：详见解析参考解析：①由于供应商与制造商建立了战略合作伙伴关系，办理供应合同的手续大大简化，不再需要双方询盘和报盘的反复协商，交易成本也因此大为降低；②在同步化供应链计划的协调下，制造计划、采购计划、供应计划能够并行进行，缩短了用户响应时间，采购与供应的重点在于协调各种计划的执行，使制造计划、采购计划、销售计划保持同步；③采购物资直接进人制造部门，减少采购部门的工作压力和不增加价值的活动，实现供应链的精细化运作;④信息传递方式发生变化，供应链管理环境下供应商能共享制造商的相关信息，提高供应商应变能力，减少信息失真，同时在订货过程中不断进行信息反馈，修正订货计划，使订货量与需求量保持较高的一致性。
[问答题]4.简述物流运作模式该如何选择？正确答案：详见解析参考解析：1.如果物流在企业战略中起关键作用，但自身物流管理水平却较低，对这类企业来说，组建物流联盟将会在物流设施、运输能力、专业管理技能上受益极大；2.对物流在其战略中不占关键地位，但其物流水平却很高的企业来说，可以寻找伙伴共享物流资源，通过增加物流业务获得规模效益，降低成本；3.如果企业有很高的客户服务需求标准，物流成本占总成本的比重极大，自身物流管理能力强，一般不会选择外购物流服务而采用自营方式；4.对于那些物流在其战略中地位并不是很重要、自身物流管理能力也比较欠缺的企业来说，采用第三方物流是最佳选择，因为这样能大幅度降低物流成本，提髙物流水平。
(完整版)供应链管理第三版Unit6习题与答案
Chapter 6Network Design in an Uncertain EnvironmentTrue/False1. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, cannot be altered in the short term.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate2. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, rarely remain in place for several years.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate3. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space, define the boundaries within which the supply chain mustcompete.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in thefuture or if the price of warehousing goes up.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6. The degree of demand and price uncertainty has a significant influence on theappropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousing space that a firmshould carry.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7. If price and demand vary over time in a global network, flexible productioncapacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in the new environment.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presence oflittle demand or supply uncertainty if certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate9. The present value of a stream of cash flows is what that stream is worth intoday’s dollars.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. Discretionary cash flow (DCF) analysis evaluates the present value of anystream of future cash flows and allows management to compare two streams of cash flows in terms of their financial value.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11. The present value of future cash flows is found by using a discount factor.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The rate of return k is also referred to as the present value of capital.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy13. A negative NPV for an option indicates that the option will lose money for thesupply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate14. The decision with the lowest NPV will provide a supply chain with the highestfinancial return.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate15. In reality, demand and prices are highly uncertain and are likely to fluctuateduring the life of any supply chain decision.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate16. For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation are unlikely to vary overtime in different locations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy17. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used forfactors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannot become negative.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate18. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factor takes on two values at the end of each period.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard19. If uncertainty is ignored, a manager will always sign long-term contracts becausethey are typically cheaper and avoid all flexible capacity because it is moreexpensive.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20. During network design, managers need a methodology that allows them toestimate the certainty in their forecast of demand and price and then incorporate this certainty into the decision-making process.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard21. Decision trees with DCFs can be used to evaluate supply chain design decisionsgiven uncertainty in prices, demand, exchange rates, and inflation.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate22. Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should not be included in thefinancial evaluation of supply chain design decisions.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard23. In a complex decision tree, there are thousands of possible paths that may resultfrom the first period to the last.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24. Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision where the path itselfis decision dependent.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard25. Simulation models require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared todecision tree tools.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy26. The main advantage of simulation models is that they can provide low-costevaluations of complex situations.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate27. Strategic planning and financial planning should be combined during supplychain network design.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate28. The evaluation of supply chain networks should not use multiple metrics.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate29. Financial analysis should be used as an input to decision making, not as thedecision-making process.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate30. One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive at agood decision is to use estimates, except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.Answer: FalseDifficulty: EasyMultiple Choice1. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. can be altered in the short term.b. cannot be altered in the short term.c. cannot be altered in the long term.d. can only be altered in the short term.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy2. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. are realigned every few weeks.b. only remain in place for several years.c. rarely remain in place for several years.d. only remain in place for a few weeks.e. often remain in place for several years.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard3. Decisions made during the supply chain design phase regarding significantinvestments in the supply chain, such as the number and size of plants to build,the number of trucks to purchase or lease, and whether to build or leasewarehouse space,a. define the boundaries within which the supply chain must compete.b. have little impact on how the supply chain must compete.c. are irrelevant regarding how the supply chain will compete.d. are the only consideration regarding how the supply chain will compete.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate4. Long-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effective ifa. the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b. the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c. demand drops in the future.d. the price of warehousing drops in the future.e. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate5. Short-term contracts for both warehousing and transportation requirements willbe more effectivea. if the demand and price of warehousing do not change in the future.b. if the price of warehousing goes up in the future.c. if either demand or the price of warehousing drops in the future.d. only if demand drops in the future.e. only if the price of warehousing drops in the future.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate6. The degree of demand and price uncertainty hasa. no effect on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-term warehousingspace that a firm should carry.b. a limited influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.c. a minor influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.d. a significant influence on the appropriate portfolio of long- and short-termwarehousing space that a firm should carry.e. None of the above are true.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate7. Uncertainty of demand and pricea. drives the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.b. eliminates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.c. facilitates the value of building flexible production capacity at a plant.d. has no effect on the value of building flexible production capacity at aplant.e. None of the above are true.Answer: a8. If price and demand do vary over time in a global network,a. flexible production capacity should not be used in the new environment.b. flexible production capacity will be ineffective in the new environment.c. flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to minimize profits in thenew environment.d. flexible production capacity can be reconfigured to maximize profits in thenew environment.e. flexible production capacity should never be used in an uncertainenvironment.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate9. A firm may choose to build a flexible global supply chain even in the presence oflittle demand or supply uncertainty ifa. certainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.b. certainty exists in exchange rates or prices.c. uncertainty exists in both exchange rates and prices.d. uncertainty exists in exchange rates or prices.e. uncertainty exists only in exchange rates.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate10. The present value of a future stream of cash flows is what that streama. was worth in yesterday’s dollars.b. is wo rth in today’s dollars.c. will be worth in future dollars.d. might be worth in future dollars.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy11. The process of evaluating the present value of any stream of future cash flows sothat management can compare two streams of cash flows in terms of theirfinancial value isa. annual cash flow(ACF) analysis.b. discretionary cash flow(DCF) analysis.c. discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis.d. future cash flow(FCF) analysis.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate12. The present value of future cash flow is found bya. locating the correct factor on a z-table.b. using a discount factor.c. plotting the function on a graph.d. adding the total of all future cash flows.e. none of the aboveAnswer: b13. The discount factor used to obtain the present value of money in the next periodwhere k represents the rate of return isa. k.b. 1+k.c. 1/(1+k).d. k /(1+k).e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate14. The rate of return k is also referred to as thea. discount rate.b. hurdle rate.c. opportunity cost of capital.d. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Easy15. What is the present value of a $27 revenue that will be received in one yearwhere the rate of return is 8% (.08)?a. $2.50b. $15.00c. $25.00d. $30.00e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy16. The net present value (NPV) of a stream of cash flows is equal toa. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered.b. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered divided by thenumber of periods.c. the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered.d. the average of all cash flows for all periods being considered multiplied bythe number of periods.e. the sum of all cash flows for all periods being considered discounted bythe rate of return for each period.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard17. A negative NPV (net present value) for an option indicates that the option willa. gain money for the supply chain.b. lose money for the supply chain.c. maximize profit for the supply chain.d. minimize profit for the supply chain.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate18. The decision with the highest NPV (net present value) will provide a supply chainwitha. the highest financial return.b. the lowest financial return.c. a reasonable financial return.d. the least desirable financial return.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate19. The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $100 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea. 379.07.b. 416.98.c. 500.00.d. 610.51.e. 671.56.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate20. The NPV (net present value) of a cash stream that is equal to $75 per period for5 periods with a rate of return of 10% (.10) per period would bea. 221.37.b. 284.30.c. 312.74.d. 375.00.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate21. In reality, demand and prices area. highly certain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.b. highly certain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.c. highly uncertain and not likely to fluctuate during the life of any supplychain decision.d. highly uncertain and likely to fluctuate during the life of any supply chaindecision.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate22. For a global supply chain, exchange rates and inflation area. likely to vary over time in different locations.b. not likely to vary over time in different locations.c. not likely to vary over time in any locations.d. likely to be stable over time in all locations.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy23. The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumption that whenmoving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor (such asdemand or price)a. has only one possible outcome.b. has only two possible outcomes - up or down.c. has many possible outcomes.d. cannot be accurately determined.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate24. In the commonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlyingfactora. moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p.b. moves down by a factor u > 1 with probability p.c. moves down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 – p.d. either a or be. either a or cAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard25. The multiplicative binomial can be used for factors like demand, price, andexchange rates that cannot become negative because ita. can take on negative values.b. cannot take on negative values.c. can take on positive values.d. cannot take on positive values.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard26. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additive binomial is the fact thatthe underlying factora. takes on only one of two possible values at the end of each period.b. takes on two values at the end of each period.c. takes on one of many possible values at the end of each period.d. takes on several of many possible values at the end of each period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate27. If uncertainty is ignored, a manager willa. always sign long-term contracts because they are typically moreexpensive and avoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.b. always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.c. always sign long-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is more expensive.d. always sign short-term contracts because they are typically cheaper andavoid all flexible capacity because it is less expensive.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard28. A decision tree isa. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.b. a graphic device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.c. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under certainty.d. a tabular device used to evaluate decisions under uncertainty.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate29. Decision tree analysis is based on Bellman’s principle, which states that for anychoice of strategy in a given state,a. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the first period.b. the optimal strategy is the one that is selected if the entire analysis isassumed to begin in the last period.c. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the last period.d. the optimal strategy in the next period is the one that is selected if theentire analysis is assumed to begin in the next period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard30. The first step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whosefluctuation will be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0 identifying the optimal decisionand the expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at eachstep in a given period should be discounted back when included in theprevious period.d. identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the numberof periods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e. identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determinewhat distribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate31. The last step in decision tree analysis methodology is toa. identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.b. identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.c. start at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in agiven period should be discounted back when included in the previous period.d. identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.e. identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate32. Uncertainty in demand and economic factors should be included in the financialevaluation of supply chain design decisions, becausea. the exclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.b. the exclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.c. the inclusion of certainty may have a significant impact on this evaluation.d. the inclusion of uncertainty may have a significant impact on thisevaluation.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard33. Flexibility should be valued by taking into account uncertainty in demand andeconomic factors. In general, flexibility will tend toa. decrease in value with a decrease in certainty.b. increase in value with an increase in uncertainty.c. decrease in value with an increase in uncertainty.d. increase in value with an increase in certainty.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate34. A major factor that makes the decision tree methodology quite powerful isa. the choice of certainty.b. the choice of discount rate.c. the choice of uncertainty level.d. the choice of additive factor.e. all of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate35. The appropriate discount rate used in decision tree methodologya. should be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decision node.b. should be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.c. should not be risk-adjusted and risk may vary by period and decisionnode.d. should not be risk-adjusted and risk may not vary by period and decisionnode.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate36. Alternative approaches to decision tree analysis includea. contingent claims analysis (CCA) for discrete time analysis.b. real options for the continuous time case.c. real options for the discrete time analysis.d. all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate37. Contingent claims analysis (CCA) and real optionsa. adjust hurdle rate so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.b. adjust opportunity cost of capital so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.c. adjust rate of return so that the risk-free discount rate may be applied ineach period.d. adjust transition probabilities so that the risk-free discount rate may beapplied in each period.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate38. Firms should use simulation for evaluating decisions whena. underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.b. underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are difficult to obtain.c. underlying decision trees are simple and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are easy to obtain.d. underlying decision trees are very complex and explicit solutions for theunderlying decision tree are easy to obtain.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39. In a complex decision tree there area. only a few possible paths that may result from the first period to the last.b. less than thirty possible paths that may result from the first period to thelast.c. thousands of possible paths that may result from the first period to thelast.d. an infinite number of possible paths that may result from the first period tothe last.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40. Simulation methods are very good at evaluating a decision wherea. the path itself is decision dependent.b. the path itself is not decision dependent.c. the discount rate is decision dependent.d. the discount rate is not decision dependent.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Hard41. Simulation modelsa. require a higher setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.b. require a lower setup cost to start and operate compared to decision treetools.c. require a higher setup cost to start but less to operate compared todecision tree tools.d. require a lower setup cost to start but more to operate compared todecision tree tools.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Hard42. The main advantage of simulation models is that they cana. provide high-quality evaluations of simple situations.b. provide high-quality evaluations of complex situations.c. provide low-cost evaluations of simple situations.d. provide low-cost evaluations of complex situations.e. provide low-quality evaluations of complex situations.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy43. Strategic planning and financial planninga. should be performed independently during supply chain network design.b. should be performed sequentially during supply chain network design.c. should be performed hierarchically during supply chain network design.d. should be performed concurrently during supply chain network design.e. should be combined during supply chain network design.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard44. The evaluation of supply chain networksa. should use only one metric.b. should use multiple metrics.c. should not use more than one metric.d. should not use multiple metrics.e. should be subjective.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate45. Financial analysis should be used asa. the decision-making process.b. an alternative decision-making process.c. an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process.d. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate46. One of the best ways to speed up the process of financial analysis and arrive at agood decision is toa. use estimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate inputwould take an inordinate amount of time.b. use estimates backed up by sensitivity analysis when it appears thatfinding a very accurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.c. use estimates of inputs except when it appears that finding a veryaccurate input would take an inordinate amount of time.d. make sure that every detail is very accurate.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1. Explain additive and multiplicative binomial representations of uncertainty.Answer: The binomial representation of uncertainty is based on the assumptionthat when moving from one period to the next, the value of the underlying factor(such as demand or price) has only two possible outcomes - up or down. In thecommonly used multiplicative binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factoreither moves up by a factor u > 1 with probability p, or down by a factor d < 1 with probability 1 – p. In the additive binomial, it is assumed that the underlying factor increases by u in a given period with probability p and decreases by d withprobability 1 – p. The multiplicative binomial cannot take on negative values and can be used for factors like demand, price, and exchange rates that cannotbecome negative. It also has the advantage of the growth or decline in the given factor being proportional to the current value of the factor and not fixedindependent of size. A logical objection to both the multiplicative and additivebinomial is the fact that the underlying factor takes on only one of two possiblevalues at the end of each period. Certainly a price can change to more than justtwo values. But by making the period short enough, this assumption may bejustified.Difficulty: Hard2. Summarize the steps in the decision tree analysis methodology.Answer: The decision tree analysis methodology is summarized as follows:1. Identify the duration of each period (month, quarter, etc.) and the number ofperiods T over which the decision is to be evaluated.2. Identify factors such as demand, price, and exchange rate, whose fluctuationwill be considered over the next T periods.3. Identify representations of uncertainty for each factor; that is, determine whatdistribution to use to model the uncertainty.4. Identify the periodic discount rate k for each period.5. Represent the decision tree with defined states in each period, as well as thetransition probabilities between states in successive periods.6. Starting at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying the optimal decision andthe expected cash flows at each step. Expected cash flows at each step in agiven period should be discounted back when included in the previous period.Difficulty: Moderate3. Discuss the ideas that managers should consider to make better supply chainnetwork design decisions under uncertainty.Answer: Managers should consider the following ideas to help them make betternetwork design decisions under uncertainty:1. Combine strategic planning and financial planning during network design. Inmost organizations, financial planning and strategic planning are performedindependently. Strategic planning tries to prepare for future uncertainties butoften without rigorous quantitative analysis, whereas financial planning performsquantitative analysis but assumes a predictable or well-defined future. Decisionmakers should design supply chain networks considering a portfolio of strategicoptions—the option to wait, build excess capacity, build flexible capacity, signlong-term contracts, purchase from the spot market, and so forth. The variousoptions should be evaluated in the context of future uncertainty.2. Use multiple metrics to evaluate supply chain networks. As one metric canonly give part of the picture, it is beneficial to examine network design decisionsusing multiple metrics such as firm profits, supply chain profits, customer servicelevels, and response times. Often, different metrics will recommend differentdecisions and by using multiple metrics, the differences between the strategicchoices will become clearer. The best decisions can be made when a multitudeof metrics are available, because each metric enhances the overall view of thealternatives being considered.3. Use financial analysis as an input to decision making, not as the decision-making process. Financial analysis is a great tool in the decision-making process, as it often produces an answer and an abundance of quantitative data to back up that answer. However appealing this may be, management should not rely solely on financial analysis to make decisions. Use of this analysis as a large part of the decision-making process is fine, but other inputs into the decision process thatare difficult to quantify should be included in the analysis as well. Financialmethodologies alone do not provide a complete picture of the alternatives. These impacts should be considered in addition to the raw financial analysis. In the final analysis, management must use other inputs beyond financial analysis in thedecision-making process to get the most complete view of the alternativespossible.4. Use estimates along with sensitivity analysis. Many of the inputs into financialanalysis can be difficult, if not impossible, to nail down in a very accurate fashion.This can cause financial analysis to be a long and drawn out process. One of the best ways to speed the process along and arrive at a good decision is to useestimates of inputs when it appears that finding a very accurate input would takean inordinate amount of time. Using estimates is fine when the estimates arebacked up by sensitivity analysis. By performing sensitivity analysis on the input’s。
供应链管理(第三版)章节练习题题库及答案
供应链管理（第三版）章节练习题题库及答案第一章供应链认知（一）判断题（1）供应链不仅是一条连接供应商到用户的物料链、信息链、资金链，而且还是一条增值链。
（T ）（2）传统管理模式是以规模化需求和区域性的卖方市场为决策背景，通过规模效应降低成本，获得效益。
（ F ）（3）供应链管理这一名词最早出现于20世纪80年代，最初是由咨询业提出的。
（T ）（4）让最终顾客更满意是供应链全体成员的共同目标,顾客满意的实质是顾客获得超出他们承担的产品价格以上的那部分“价值”。
（T ）（5）供应链管理是以同步化、集成化生产计划为指导，以各种信息技术为支持，尤其以Internet/Intranet为依托。
（T ）（6）供应链管理整体成本最小化意味着每个节点企业的成本都是最小。
（ F ）（7）从成本方面来看，供应链管理是通过注重产品最终成本来优化供应链的。
（T ）（8）由于供应链节点企业有一个共同的追求目标，所以它们之间不再有竞争性。
（F ）（9）供应链管理中的“零库存”就是指节点企业的库存为零。
（ F ）（10）从系统的观点出发，改进服务、缩短时间、提高品质与减少库存、降低成本是可以兼得的。
（T ）二、单选题1、供应链是（C）结构。
A、直链B、支链C、网链D、环状2、供应链节点企业之间是一种（A ）关系。
A、需求与供应B、支配C、平等D、利益3、供应链管理因企业战略和适应市场需求变化的需要，链上节点企业需要动态地更新，这就使得供应链具有明显的（B ）。
A、复杂性B、动态性C、交叉性D、灵活性4、从20世纪80年代初到20世纪90年代初供应链管理处于（A ）。
A、初级阶段B、发展阶段C、成熟阶段D、建设阶段5、按照道格拉斯·兰伯特的思想，企业主动召回有问题的已售商品，属于供应链业务流程的（ B ）程序？A、订单配送B、反向物流（回流）C、需求管理D、制造流程管理三、多选题1、传统“纵向一体化”管理模式存在的弊端有（ABCD ）。
《全球采购与供应链管理》第六章思考题
第六章战略采购管理【本章思考题】参考答案1、战略采购为全球采购活动提供了哪些管理流程？答：第一，对采购需求、全球采购市场和供应商进行研究；第二，对物料、供应商和库存进行分类；第三，寻找、选择和评审全球供应商；第四，开展全球商务谈判；第五，发展和淘汰全球供应商。
2、ABC分类时为什么要对表6-1第4列“2017年10月物料成本”进行降序排列？答：对物料的采购成本或库存成本按照金额由大到小进行降序排列，能保证对采购成本或库存成本中较大项的累加百分比在80%以下。
因为一般约定，累加百分比值80%以下属于A区（对采购成本或库存成本影响最大的项），80%-95%属于B区，95%以上属于C区（对采购成本或库存成本影响最小的项）。
3.怎样提高我们在全球采购谈判中的主导权及优势地位？答：首先应在做好充分的谈判准备工作后，再行开展谈判。
谈判前的准备工作包括：（1）为自己建立谈判的目标，计划好可做出的让步。
（2）为谈判目标收集具有重大影响的事实。
（3）对双方强有力的地位作出估计，考虑共同利益点。
（4）准备好问题解决预案。
（5）在你的谈判小组中，确定角色组合和工作细分的原则。
（6）商定好你们将共同认可的谈判策略和谈判底线。
其次，学会运用谈判过程中促成谈判效果的技巧：（1）谈判开始时界定清楚双方的谈判任务。
（2）运用多种竞争力量与谈判方讨价还价。
（3）学会运用信息的不对称。
（4）表明你将怎样结束这次谈判。
4.技术谈判有哪些注意事项？答：首先，技术谈判的内容：（1）产品的质量；（2）产品的产量；（3）产品的合格率；（4）产品的原材料利用率；（5）原材料的使用；（6）能源的消耗；（7）环境的保护；（8）综合利用；（9）生产的管理。
其次，技术谈判的准备包括：（1）组织技术谈判班子；（2）背景情况调查；（3）制订技术谈判方案。
最后，技术谈判的注意事项：（1）基于双方互利共赢的目标；（2）和技术权威打交道；（3）寻求共同利益；（4）选择合适的谈判人员。
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同步测试
一、单项选择题
1. 以下哪个不属于库存（）。
C
A.在运输途中的货物
B.在仓库中的货物
C.销售给客户的货物
D.工厂里备用的原材料
2. 库存管理的重点是（）。
B
A. 如何维护货物不出现破损
B. 如何确定货物应该存多少，什么时候补货
C. 如何保证货物不丢失
D. 如何给货物定价
3. 用于日常运作，是基于采购或补货批量而产生的，在下一次采购或补货前陆续耗用以支持日常销售或生产的库存是（）。
B
A. 安全库存
B. 周转库存
C. 积压库存
D. 投机库存
4. 供应链库存控制区别于传统库存控制的主要特征是（）D
A. 需要考虑企业的成本压力
B. 需要考虑客户要求的服务水平
C. 需要考虑订货的提前期
D. 需要考虑供应链上下游各个企业的成本平衡与相互协作
5. 以下哪种库存是被动产生的（）C
A. 中转库存
B. 投机库存
C. 积压库存
D. 安全库存
6. 所谓订货提前期就（）。
A
A.是从发出订货算起到接收到该订货所用的时间
B.是从发出订货算起到下一次订货间隔的时间
C.是从接收到上一次订货的时间算起到下一次接收到订货所用的时间
D.是从接收到上一次订货算起到发出下一个订货所用的时间
7.公司计划在未来一年内采购C货物8000千克，每次采购相同的数量，已知每次采购成本为50元，每千克货物的全年库存成本为5元，C货物的价格为80元/千克。
C货物的经济订货批量为（）。
B
8、单次订购数量过小，会造成（）。
A
A、采购成本过高
B、储存成本过高
C、安全库存水平过高
D、库存风险成本过高
9、以下（）不属于有批量价格折扣的EOQ模型的假设条件。
C
A. 不考虑缺货成本
B. 每天的需求量是固定的
C. 采购价格与订货数量无关
D. 对单次采购量无最大或最小的限制
10、下列有关多周期库存的描述正确的是（）B
A. 也叫一次性订货
B. 在较长时间内需求反复发生，需要不断补充库存
C. 这种需求具有较高时效性
D. 只有订货量是该问题的决策变量
11. 以下（）是JMI与VMI的主要区别。
B
A. JMI需要合作双方的信息系统进行对接
B. JMI是一种风险分担模式，更强调互惠互利
C. 实施JMI需要进行组织结构的调整，成立专门的部门
D. JMI能减少或消除供应链牛鞭效应
二、多项选择题
1. 以下哪些是拉式供应链的特征（）AC
A. 客户响应的敏捷度高
B. 容易实现生产的规模效益
C. 产品定制化程度较高
D. 客户要求现货供应水平高
2. 以下有关存货缓冲点描述正确的有（）ACD
A. 存货缓冲点是指在供应链上推式的预测活动和拉式的订单响应活动的分界点，这里往往就是整个供应链上最适合进行库存储备的位置。
B. 存货缓冲点保有的存货是供应链的最终产品。
C. 按订单组装的供应链，其存货缓冲点位置一般在制造商组件库。
D. 按存货生产的供应链，主要依靠需求预测来生产
3. 以下哪些是库存的消极作用（）BC
A. 调节供需在时间上的不平衡
B. 增加贬值和损坏的风险
C. 占用企业资金
D. 为节日促销做准备
4. 以下有关库存相关成本的描述正确的有（）ABD
A. 在一定时间内，库存持有成本与订购成本之间存在悖反关系。
B. 库存相关成本包括库存持有成本、库存取得成本和缺货成本三大类。
C. 库存取得成本与单次订购批量总是无关。
D. 缺货成本有时难以准确估计。
5. 以下哪些属于库存持有成本（）ACD
A. 保有库存发生的空间占用费用
B. 订购产生的采购成本
C. 库存长时间存放产生的损耗费用
D. 库存占用的资金不能用于其他经营活动损失的可能回报
6. 以下对连续性库存检查策略描述正确的有（）ABC
A. 随时检查和关注库存量的变化
B. 预设再订货点的库存量，当监测到库存量等于或小于订货点的库存量时就发起补货
C. 工作量大
D. 适用于产品价值低、不重要的C类存货
7. 以下哪些是供应商管理库存可能带来的好处（）ABC
A. 有利于减少供应链总库存成本
B. 有利于提供用户的核心竞争力
C. 有利于提高服务水平
D. 有利于形成真正的供应链集成
8、以下哪些属于CPFR的实施步骤（）ACD
A. 合作方达成框架合作协议
B.合作双方建立联合库存
C. 合作方就销售预测进行协商，并鉴别和修正其中的异常
D. 供需双方就各自的公司发展计划交换信息，以便共同制定商务发展计划。
9、以下有关定量订货模型的描述正确的是（）ABD
A. 当库存降至再订货点时应该发出订货
B. 每次订货的数量相同
C. 订货的周期相同
D. 再订货点的库存量应能满足订货提前期内的需求
10、以下关于安全库存的说法正确的有（）AB
A. 用于防范因供应或需求的不确定性而产生的缺货风险
B. 其高低受订货提前期长短的影响
C. 其高低与客户的服务水平无关
D. 有了安全库存就一定不会再发生缺货
三、案例分析
某电脑经销商代销某品牌电脑，按主流配置主要使用3种处理器、3种内存和3种硬盘，一共可组装出27种型号的整机。
这27种型号整机的需求特征相似
且相互独立，月销售量均值为50台，标准差为10台，单价5000元左右，单次订购成本5000元，库存持有成本率12%，订货提前期为1个月。
目前经销商按整机采购，为了尽量避免缺货，给每种机型都设置了10台安全库存量，并采用连续检查的定量订货策略。
经营了一段时间之后发现，一方面，销售常常发生某个型号的缺货，而仓库中却几乎总有一千多台库存，占用了大量资金、存货空间，且盘点工作量巨大。
经过对销售数据的分析，发现各个机型的需求均值和标准差并无变化，排除了某些机型更畅销的猜测，可是却无法解决一手缺货，一手积压的困境。
另一方面，上游厂商开始抱怨经销商的订货时间太不规律，而且几乎每次只批量订购一种型号的机型，给备货和发货带来很多不确定性。
请从库存管理和补货策略方面为该经销商提出一些改进建议。
案例解析：
该经销商面对27个SKU的独立需求设置安全库存，则这是27个相互独立的安全库存，10台安全库存大概满足84%的现货供应率，采用连续检查，只要有哪个机型的库存量低于60台（根据ROP计算公式得知）就下达采购订单，每种机型每次按经济订货批量采购100台（根据EOQ计算公式得知）。
84%的现货供应率会常发生缺货，虽然有库存但型号不对也不能替代，所以一手缺货一手积压。
针对这个问题建议经销商改整机补货为组件补货，分别采购3种处理器、3种内存和3种硬盘，即9种组件，使用相同的机箱，按客户订单进行组装，因为这种组装非常简单，客户几乎是立等可取，与现货供应差别不大，这样可以减少库存品类，减轻盘点工作量。
且这样每种组件都在9种机型中出现，则组件需求的均值为450，标准差为30，保持同样的客服服务水平需保有每个组件30个安全存，即共270个，可以支持组装90台整机，与之前27个机型每个机型10台安全库存比起来，安全库存水平缩减为三分之一。
对于供应商抱怨的问题可以通过改连续检查为周期检查方式，每月检查一次，统一补货（1+1）*450+30=930件，统一发货有利于供应商操作，还可以此与供应商商量价格折扣。
另外还可以进一步与供应商共享需求信息，尝试采用VMI等供应链库存管理方式，以进一步降低库存、避免缺货。