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java毕业设计中英文翻译
java毕业设计中英文翻译篇一：JAVA外文文献+翻译Java and the InternetIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a traditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional stand-alone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web.1. Client-side programmingThe Web’s initial server-browser design provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server. The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them. Basic HTML contains simple mechanisms for data gathering: text-entry boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset thedata on the form or “submit” the data on the form back to the server. This submission passes through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers. The text within the submission tells CGI what to do with it. The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory that’s typically called “cgi-bin.” (If you watch the address window at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi-bin” within all the gobbledygook there.) These programs can be written in most languages. Perl is a common choice because it is designed for text manipulation and is interpreted, so it can be installed on any server regardless of processor or operating system. Many powerful Web sites today are built strictly on CGI, and you can in fact do nearly anything with it. However, Web sites built on CGI programs can rapidly become overly complicated to maintain, and there is also the problem of response time. The response of a CGI program depends on how much data mustbe sent, as well as the load on both the server andthe Internet. (On top of this, starting a CGI program tends to be slow.) The initial designers of the Web did not foresee how rapidly this bandwidth would be exhausted for the kinds of applications people developed. For example, any sort of dynamic graphing is nearly impossible to perform with consistency because a GIF file must be created and moved from the server to the client for each version of the graph. And you’ve no doubt had direct experience with something as simple as validating the data on an input form. You press the submit button on a page; the data is shipped back to the server; the server starts a CGI program that discovers an error, formats an HTML page informing you of the error, and then sends the page back to you; you must then back up a page and try again. Not only is this slow, it’s inelegant.The solution is client-side programming. Most machines that run Web browsers are powerful engines capable of doing vast work, and with the original static HTML approach they are sitting there, just idly waiting for the server to dish up the next page. Client-sideprogramming means that the Web browser is harnessed to do whatever work it can, and the result for the user is a much speedier and more interactive experience at your Web site.The problem with discussions of client-side programming is that they aren’t very different from discussions of programming in general. The parameters are almost the same, but the platform is different: a Web browser is like a limited operating system. In the end, you must still program, and this accounts for the dizzying array of problems and solutions produced by client-side programming. The rest of this section provides an overview of the issues and approaches in client-side programming.2.Plug-insOne of the most significant steps forward in client-side programming is the development of the plug-in. This is a way for a programmer to add new functionality to the browser by downloading a piece of code that plugs itself into the appropriate spot in the browser. It tells the browser “from now on you canperform this new activity.” (You need to download the plug-in only once.) Some fast and powerful behavior is added to browsers via plug-ins, but writing a plug-in is not a trivial task, and isn’t something you’d want to do as part of the process of building a particular site. The value of the plug-in for client-side programming is that it allows an expert programmer to develop a new language and add that language to a browser without the permission of the browser manufacturer. Thus, plug-ins provide a “back door”that allows the creation of new client-side programming languages (although not all languages are implemented as plug-ins).3.Scripting languagesPlug-ins resulted in an explosion of scripting languages. With a scripting language you embed the source code for your client-side program directly into the HTML page, and the plug-in that interprets that language is automatically activated while the HTML page is being displayed. Scripting languages tend to be reasonably easy to understand and, because they aresimply text that is part of an HTML page, they load very quickly as part of the single server hit required to procure that page. The trade-off is that your code is exposed for everyone to see (and steal). Generally, however, you aren’t doing amazingly sophisticated things with scripting languages so this is not too much of a hardship.This points out that the scripting languages used inside Web browsers are really intended to solve specific types of problems, primarily the creation of richer and more interactive graphical user interfaces (GUIs). However, a scripting language might solve 80 percent of the problems encountered in client-side programming. Your problems might very well fit completely within that 80 percent, and since scripting languages can allow easier and faster development, you should probably consider a scripting language before looking at a more involved solution such as Java or ActiveX programming.The most commonly discussed browser scripting languages are JavaScript (which has nothing to do withJava; it’s named that way just to grab some of Java’s marketing momentum), VBScript (which looks like Visual Basic), andTcl/Tk, which comes from the popular cross-platform GUI-building language. There are others out there, and no doubt more in development.JavaScript is probably the most commonly supported. It comes built into both Netscape Navigator and the Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE). In addition, there are probably more JavaScript books available than there are for the other browser languages, and some tools automatically create pages using JavaScript. However, if you’re already fluent in Visual Basic or Tcl/Tk, you’ll be more productive using those scripting languages rather than learning a new one. (You’ll have your hands full dealing with the Web issues already.)4.JavaIf a scripting language can solve 80 percent of the client-side programming problems, what about the other 20 percent—the “really hard stuff?” The most popular solution today is Java. Not only is it a powerfulprogramming language built to be secure, cross-platform, and international, but Java is being continually extended to provide language features and libraries that elegantly handle problems that are difficult in traditional programming languages, such as multithreading, database access, network programming, and distributed computing. Java allows client-side programming via the applet.An applet is a mini-program that will run only under a Web browser. The applet is downloaded automatically as part of a Web page (just as, for example, a graphic is automatically downloaded). When the applet is activated it executes a program. This is part of its beauty—it provides you with a way to automatically distribute the client software from the server at the time the user needs the client software, and no sooner. The user gets the latest version of the client software without fail and without difficult reinstallation. Because of the way Java is designed, the programmer needs to create only a single program, and that program automatically works with all computers that havebrowsers with built-in Java interpreters. (This safely includes the vast majority of machines.) Since Java is a full-fledged programming language, you can do as much work as possible on the client before and after making requests of theserver. For example, you won’t need to send a request form across the Internet to discover that you’ve gotten a date or some other parameter wrong, and your client computer can quickly do the work of plotting data instead of waiting for the server to make a plot and ship a graphic image back to you. Not only do you get the immediate win of speed and responsiveness, but the general network traffic and load on servers can be reduced, preventing the entire Internet from slowing down.One advantage a Java applet has over a scripted program is that it’s in compiled form, so the source code isn’t available to the client. On the other hand, a Java applet can be decompiled without too much trouble, but hiding your code is often not an important issue. Two other factors can be important. As you will seelater in this book, a compiled Java applet can comprise many modules and take multiple server “hits” (accesses) to download. (In Java 1.1 and higher this is minimized by Java archives, called JAR files, that allow all the required modules to be packaged together and compressed for a single download.) A scripted program will just be integrated into the Web page as part of its text (and will generally be smaller and reduce server hits). This could be important to the responsiveness of your Web site. Another factor is the all-important learning curve. Regardless of what you’ve heard, Java is not a trivial language to learn. If you’re a Visual Basic programmer, moving to VBScript will be your fastest solution, and since it will probably solve most typical client/server problems you might be hard pressed to justify learning Java. If you’re experienced with a scripting language you will certainly benefit from looking at JavaScript or VBScript before committing to Java, since they might fit your needs handily and you’ll be more productive sooner.to run its applets withi5.ActiveXTo some degree, the competitor to Java is Microsoft’s ActiveX, although it takes a completely different approach. ActiveX was originally a Windows-only solution, although it is now being developed via an independent consortium to become cross-platform. Effectively, ActiveX says “if your program connects to篇二：JAVA思想外文翻译毕业设计文献来源：Bruce Eckel. Thinking in Java [J]. Pearson Higher Isia Education,XX-2-20.Java编程思想 (Java和因特网)既然Java不过另一种类型的程序设计语言，大家可能会奇怪它为什么值得如此重视，为什么还有这么多的人认为它是计算机程序设计的一个里程碑呢？如果您来自一个传统的程序设计背景，那么答案在刚开始的时候并不是很明显。
毕业设计外文翻译模版2012
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：年月日cannot be duplicated, transplanted, and copied. Using the fingerprint to carry on the status recognition is one of mature biological recognition technologies. As a kind of information carrier, IC card can carry on the encryption to the stored information. It deposits and withdrawals data quickly, favors carrying on modernized information management. The fingerprint IC card system is a perfect integration of the advanced fingerprint recognition technology and the smart IC card technology. The system can compare the registered fingerprint with original fingerprint saved in the IC card which is taken with the user. In addition, the fingerprint IC card system can save all the necessary information of a person such as fingerprint and identification, thus ensuring its flexibility and generality . So it can be widely used in finance, transportation, medical service, credential and other domains that need identification. It has broad application prospect.This article is from …….指纹是人体生物特征之一。
外文翻译译文格式
计算机学院2012届毕业设计译文的格式要求根据教务处的相关文件的规定，2012 届毕业设计译文格式规范如下：1）封皮：译文的封皮采用学校统一的模板，模板的格式见“08届毕业设计指导手册及模板”要求，各位同学将封皮各项全部填写好以后用A4纸张打印出来，到经管学院文印室（D区组团2楼）加土黄色封皮（理工科统一封皮）进行装订；2）内容：a.译文部分的格式要求：前面附翻译好的中文部分，按照学校的要求，可以打印或手写。
装订时在中文译文后面增加一空白页，供指导老师写评语用。
手写的格式要求如下：（1）采用“中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸”，到计算机学院统一购买（由教务处统一印发）；（2）书写工整，必须用黑色钢笔（或黑色签字笔）书写；（3）翻译的汉字部分要求3000字以上打印的格式要求如下：（1）采用Word 格式排版（2）中文：正文采用宋体小4号（3）英文：采用新罗马体12（4）题目用黑体小2号字（5）纸张大小：A4（6）行间距为2倍行距，便于老师批改（7）页边距：采用A4默认的格式（8）页眉：中间标明：中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸右上角标明：第页b.原文部分的格式要求后面附英文原文，可以打印，或原件复印。
打印时，Word 排版格式如下：（1）英文：采用新罗马体12，1.5倍行距，内封题目用黑体小2号字；（2）纸张大小：A4（3）页边距：采用A4默认的格式（4）页眉：中间标明：中原工学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸右上角标明：第页（5）原文出处：在英文的首页注明原文出处二O一O年十二月。
毕业设计外文翻译_英文版
A Design and Implementation of Active NetworkSocket ProgrammingK.L. Eddie Law, Roy LeungThe Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TorontoToronto, Canadaeddie@, roy.leung@utoronto.caAbstract—The concept of programmable nodes and active networks introduces programmability into communication networks. Code and data can be sent and modified on their ways to destinations. Recently, various research groups have designed and implemented their own design platforms. Each design has its own benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, there exists an interoperability problem among platforms. As a result, we introduce a concept that is similar to the network socket programming. We intentionally establish a set of simple interfaces for programming active applications. This set of interfaces, known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP), will be working on top of all other execution environments in future. Therefore, the ANSP offers a concept that is similar to “write once, run everywhere.” It is an open programming model that active applications can work on all execution environments. It solves the heterogeneity within active networks. This is especially useful when active applications need to access all regions within a heterogeneous network to deploy special service at critical points or to monitor the performance of the entire networks. Instead of introducing a new platform, our approach provides a thin, transparent layer on top of existing environments that can be easily installed for all active applications.Keywords-active networks; application programming interface; active network socket programming;I. I NTRODUCTIONIn 1990, Clark and Tennenhouse [1] proposed a design framework for introducing new network protocols for the Internet. Since the publication of that position paper, active network design framework [2, 3, 10] has slowly taken shape in the late 1990s. The active network paradigm allows program code and data to be delivered simultaneously on the Internet. Moreover, they may get executed and modified on their ways to their destinations. At the moment, there is a global active network backbone, the ABone, for experiments on active networks. Apart from the immaturity of the executing platform, the primary hindrance on the deployment of active networks on the Internet is more on the commercially related issues. For example, a vendor may hesitate to allow network routers to run some unknown programs that may affect their expected routing performance. As a result, alternatives were proposed to allow active network concept to operate on the Internet, such as the application layer active networking (ALAN) project [4] from the European research community. In the ALAN project, there are active server systems located at different places in the networks and active applications are allowed to run in these servers at the application layer. Another potential approach from the network service provider is to offer active network service as the premium service class in the networks. This service class should provide the best Quality of Service (QoS), and allow the access of computing facility in routers. With this approach, the network service providers can create a new source of income.The research in active networks has been progressing steadily. Since active networks introduce programmability on the Internet, appropriate executing platforms for the active applications to execute should be established. These operating platforms are known as execution environments (EEs) and a few of them have been created, e.g., the Active Signaling Protocol (ASP) [12] and the Active Network Transport System (ANTS) [11]. Hence, different active applications can be implemented to test the active networking concept.With these EEs, some experiments have been carried out to examine the active network concept, for example, the mobile networks [5], web proxies [6], and multicast routers [7]. Active networks introduce a lot of program flexibility and extensibility in networks. Several research groups have proposed various designs of execution environments to offer network computation within routers. Their performance and potential benefits to existing infrastructure are being evaluated [8, 9]. Unfortunately, they seldom concern the interoperability problems when the active networks consist of multiple execution environments. For example, there are three EEs in ABone. Active applications written for one particular EE cannot be operated on other platforms. This introduces another problem of resources partitioning for different EEs to operate. Moreover, there are always some critical network applications that need to run under all network routers, such as collecting information and deploying service at critical points to monitor the networks.In this paper, a framework known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP) model is proposed to work with all EEs. It offers the following primary objectives.• One single programming interface is introduced for writing active applications.• Since ANSP offers the programming interface, the design of EE can be made independent of the ANSP.This enables a transparency in developing andenhancing future execution environments.• ANSP addresses the interoperability issues among different execution environments.• Through the design of ANSP, the pros and cons of different EEs will be gained. This may help design abetter EE with improved performance in future.The primary objective of the ANSP is to enable all active applications that are written in ANSP can operate in the ABone testbed . While the proposed ANSP framework is essential in unifying the network environments, we believe that the availability of different environments is beneficial in the development of a better execution environment in future. ANSP is not intended to replace all existing environments, but to enable the studies of new network services which are orthogonal to the designs of execution environments. Therefore, ANSP is designed to be a thin and transparent layer on top of all execution environments. Currently, its deployment relies on automatic code loading with the underlying environments. As a result, the deployment of ANSP at a router is optional and does not require any change to the execution environments.II. D ESIGN I SSUES ON ANSPThe ANSP unifies existing programming interfaces among all EEs. Conceptually, the design of ANSP is similar to the middleware design that offers proper translation mechanisms to different EEs. The provisioning of a unified interface is only one part of the whole ANSP platform. There are many other issues that need to be considered. Apart from translating a set of programming interfaces to other executable calls in different EEs, there are other design issues that should be covered, e.g., • a unified thread library handles thread operations regardless of the thread libraries used in the EEs;• a global soft-store allows information sharing among capsules that may execute over different environmentsat a given router;• a unified addressing scheme used across different environments; more importantly, a routing informationexchange mechanism should be designed across EEs toobtain a global view of the unified networks;• a programming model that should be independent to any programming languages in active networks;• and finally, a translation mechanism to hide the heterogeneity of capsule header structures.A. Heterogeneity in programming modelEach execution environment provides various abstractions for its services and resources in the form of program calls. The model consists of a set of well-defined components, each of them has its own programming interfaces. For the abstractions, capsule-based programming model [10] is the most popular design in active networks. It is used in ANTS [11] and ASP [12], and they are being supported in ABone. Although they are developed based on the same capsule model, their respective components and interfaces are different. Therefore, programs written in one EE cannot run in anther EE. The conceptual views of the programming models in ANTS and ASP are shown in Figure 1.There are three distinct components in ANTS: application, capsule, and execution environment. There exist user interfaces for the active applications at only the source and destination routers. Then the users can specify their customized actions to the networks. According to the program function, the applications send one or more capsules to carry out the operations. Both applications and capsules operate on top of an execution environment that exports an interface to its internal programming resources. Capsule executes its program at each router it has visited. When it arrives at its destination, the application at destination may either reply it with another capsule or presents this arrival event to the user. One drawback with ANTS is that it only allows “bootstrap” application.Figure 1. Programming Models in ASP and ANTS.In contrast, ASP does not limit its users to run “bootstrap” applications. Its program interfaces are different from ANTS, but there are also has three components in ASP: application client, environment, and AAContext. The application client can run on active or non-active host. It can start an active application by simply sending a request message to the EE. The client presents information to users and allows its users to trigger actions at a nearby active router. AAContext is the core of the network service and its specification is divided into two parts. One part specifies its actions at its source and destination routers. Its role is similar to that of the application in ANTS, except that it does not provide a direct interface with the user. The other part defines its actions when it runs inside the active networks and it is similar to the functional behaviors of a capsule in ANTS.In order to deal with the heterogeneity of these two models, ANSP needs to introduce a new set of programming interfaces and map its interfaces and execution model to those within the routers’ EEs.B. Unified Thread LibraryEach execution environment must ensure the isolation of instance executions, so they do not affect each other or accessThe authors appreciate the Nortel Institute for Telecommunications (NIT) at the University of Toronto to allow them to access the computing facilitiesothers’ information. There are various ways to enforce the access control. One simple way is to have one virtual machine for one instance of active applications. This relies on the security design in the virtual machines to isolate services. ANTS is one example that is using this method. Nevertheless, the use of multiple virtual machines requires relatively large amount of resources and may be inefficient in some cases. Therefore, certain environments, such as ASP, allow network services to run within a virtual machine but restrict the use of their services to a limited set of libraries in their packages. For instance, ASP provides its thread library to enforce access control. Because of the differences in these types of thread mechanism, ANSP devises a new thread library to allow uniform accesses to different thread mechanisms.C. Soft-StoreSoft-store allows capsule to insert and retrieve information at a router, thus allowing more than one capsules to exchange information within a network. However, problem arises when a network service can execute under different environments within a router. The problem occurs especially when a network service inserts its soft-store information in one environment and retrieves its data at a later time in another environment at the same router. Due to the fact that execution environments are not allowed to exchange information, the network service cannot retrieve its previous data. Therefore, our ANSP framework needs to take into account of this problem and provides soft-store mechanism that allows universal access of its data at each router.D. Global View of a Unified NetworkWhen an active application is written with ANSP, it can execute on different environment seamlessly. The previously smaller and partitioned networks based on different EEs can now be merging into one large active network. It is then necessary to advise the network topology across the networks. However, different execution environments have different addressing schemes and proprietary routing protocols. In order to merge these partitions together, ANSP must provide a new unified addressing scheme. This new scheme should be interpretable by any environments through appropriate translations with the ANSP. Upon defining the new addressing scheme, a new routing protocol should be designed to operate among environments to exchange topology information. This allows each environment in a network to have a complete view of its network topology.E. Language-Independent ModelExecution environment can be programmed in any programming language. One of the most commonly used languages is Java [13] due to its dynamic code loading capability. In fact, both ANTS and ASP are developed in Java. Nevertheless, the active network architecture shown in Figure 2 does not restrict the use of additional environments that are developed in other languages. For instance, the active network daemon, anted, in Abone provides a workspace to execute multiple execution environments within a router. PLAN, for example, is implemented in Ocaml that will be deployable on ABone in future. Although the current active network is designed to deploy multiple environments that can be in any programming languages, there lacks the tool to allow active applications to run seamlessly upon these environments. Hence, one of the issues that ANSP needs to address is to design a programming model that can work with different programming languages. Although our current prototype only considers ANTS and ASP in its design, PLAN will be the next target to address the programming language issue and to improve the design of ANSP.Figure 2. ANSP Framework Model.F. Heterogeneity of Capsule Header StructureThe structures of the capsule headers are different in different EEs. They carries capsule-related information, for example, the capsule types, sources and destinations. This information is important when certain decision needs to be made within its target environment. A unified model should allow its program code to be executed on different environments. However, the capsule header prevents different environments to interpret its information successfully. Therefore, ANSP should carry out appropriate translation to the header information before the target environment receives this capsule.III. ANSP P ROGRAMMING M ODELWe have outlined the design issues encountered with the ANSP. In the following, the design of the programming model in ANSP will be discussed. This proposed framework provides a set of unified programming interfaces that allows active applications to work on all execution environments. The framework is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of two layers integrated within the active network architecture. These two layers can operate independently without the other layer. The upper layer provides a unified programming model to active applications. The lower layer provides appropriate translation procedure to the ANSP applications when it is processed by different environments. This service is necessary because each environment has its own header definition.The ANSP framework provides a set of programming calls which are abstractions of ANSP services and resources. A capsule-based model is used for ANSP, and it is currently extended to map to other capsule-based models used in ANTSand ASP. The mapping possibility to other models remains as our future works. Hence, the mapping technique in ANSP allows any ANSP applications to access the same programming resources in different environments through a single set of interfaces. The mapping has to be done in a consistent and transparent manner. Therefore, the ANSP appears as an execution environment that provides a complete set of functionalities to active applications. While in fact, it is an overlay structure that makes use of the services provided from the underlying environments. In the following, the high-level functional descriptions of the ANSP model are described. Then, the implementations will be discussed. The ANSP programming model is based upon the interactions between four components: application client , application stub , capsule , and active service base.Figure 3. Information Flow with the ANSP.•Application Client : In a typical scenario, an active application requires some means to present information to its users, e.g., the state of the networks. A graphical user interface (GUI) is designed to operate with the application client if the ANSP runs on a non-active host.•Application Stub : When an application starts, it activates the application client to create a new instance of application stub at its near-by active node. There are two responsibilities for the application stub. One of them is to receive users’ instructions from the application client. Another one is to receive incoming capsules from networks and to perform appropriate actions. Typically, there are two types of actions, thatare, to reply or relay in capsules through the networks, or to notify the users regarding the incoming capsule. •Capsule : An active application may contain several capsule types. Each of them carries program code (also referred to as forwarding routine). Since the application defines a protocol to specify the interactions among capsules as well as the application stubs. Every capsule executes its forwarding routine at each router it visits along the path between the source and destination.•Active Service Base : An active service base is designed to export routers’ environments’ services and execute program calls from application stubs and capsules from different EEs. The base is loaded automatically at each router whenever a capsule arrives.The interactions among components within ANSP are shown in Figure 3. The designs of some key components in the ANSP will be discussed in the following subsections. A. Capsule (ANSPCapsule)ANSPXdr decode () ANSPXdr encode () int length ()Boolean execute ()New types of capsule are created by extending the abstract class ANSPCapsule . New extensions are required to define their own forwarding routines as well as their serialization procedures. These methods are indicated below:The execution of a capsule in ANSP is listed below. It is similar to the process in ANTS.1. A capsule is in serial binary representation before it issent to the network. When an active router receives a byte sequence, it invokes decode() to convert the sequence into a capsule. 2. The router invokes the forwarding routine of thecapsule, execute(). 3. When the capsule has finished its job and forwardsitself to its next hop by calling send(), this call implicitly invokes encode() to convert the capsule into a new serial byte representation. length() isused inside the call of encode() to determine the length of the resulting byte sequence. ANSP provides a XDR library called ANSPXdr to ease the jobs of encoding and decoding.B. Active Service Base (ANSPBase)In an active node, the Active Service Base provides a unified interface to export the available resources in EEs for the rest of the ANSP components. The services may include thread management, node query, and soft-store operation, as shown in Table 1.TABLE I. ACTIVE SERVICE BASE FUNCTION CALLSFunction Definition Descriptionboolean send (Capsule, Address) Transmit a capsule towards its destination using the routing table of theunderlying environment.ANSPAddress getLocalHost () Return address of the local host as an ANSPAddress structure. This isuseful when a capsule wants to check its current location.boolean isLocal (ANSPAddress) Return true if its input argument matches the local host’s address andreturn false otherwise.createThread () Create a new thread that is a class ofANSPThreadInterface (discussed later in Section VIA “Unified Thread Abstraction”).putSStore (key, Object) Object getSStore (key) removeSStore (key)The soft-store operations are provided by putSStore(), getSSTore(), and removeSStore(), and they put, retrieve, and remove data respectively. forName (PathName) Supported in ANSP to retrieve a classobject corresponding to the given path name in its argument. This code retrieval may rely on the code loading mechanism in the environment whennecessary.C. Application Client (ANSPClient)boolean start (args[])boolean start (args[],runningEEs) boolean start (args[],startClient)boolean start (args[],startClient, runningEE)Application Client is an interface between users and the nearby active source router. It does the following responsibilities.1. Code registration: It may be necessary to specify thelocation and name of the application code in some execution environments, e.g., ANTS. 2. Application initialization: It includes selecting anexecution environment to execute the application among those are available at the source router. Each active application can create an application client instance by extending the abstract class, ANSPClient . The extension inherits a method, start(), to automatically handle both the registration and initialization processes. All overloaded versions of start() accept a list of arguments, args , that are passed to the application stub during its initialization. An optional argument called runningEEs allows an application client to select a particular set of environment variables, specified by a list of standardized numerical environment ID, the ANEP ID, to perform code registration. If this argument is not specified, the default setting can only include ANTS and ASP. D. Application Stub (ANSPApplication)receive (ANSPCapsule)Application stubs reside at the source and destination routers to initialize the ANSP application after the application clients complete the initialization and registration processes. It is responsible for receiving and serving capsules from the networks as well as actions requested from the clients. A new instance is created by extending the application client abstract class, ANSPApplication . This extension includes the definition of a handling routine called receive(), which is invoked when a stub receives a new capsule.IV. ANSP E XAMPLE : T RACE -R OUTEA testbed has been created to verify the design correctnessof ANSP in heterogeneous environments. There are three types of router setting on this testbed:1. Router that contains ANTS and a ANSP daemonrunning on behalf of ASP; 2. Router that contains ASP and a ANSP daemon thatruns on behalf of ANTS; 3. Router that contains both ASP and ANTS.The prototype is written in Java [11] with a traceroute testing program. The program records the execution environments of all intermediate routers that it has visited between the source and destination. It also measures the RTT between them. Figure 4 shows the GUI from the application client, and it finds three execution environments along the path: ASP, ANTS, and ASP. The execution sequence of the traceroute program is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4. The GUI for the TRACEROUTE Program.The TraceCapsule program code is created byextending the ANSPCapsule abstract class. When execute() starts, it checks the Boolean value of returning to determine if it is returning from the destination. It is set to true if TraceCapsule is traveling back to the source router; otherwise it is false . When traveling towards the destination, TraceCapsule keeps track of the environments and addresses of the routers it has visited in two arrays, path and trace , respectively. When it arrives at a new router, it calls addHop() to append the router address and its environment to these two arrays. When it finally arrives at the destination, it sets returning to false and forwards itself back to the source by calling send().When it returns to source, it invokes deliverToApp() to deliver itself to the application stub that has been running at the source. TraceCapsule carries information in its data field through the networks by executing encode() and decode(), which encapsulates and de-capsulates its data using External Data Representation (XDR) respectively. The syntax of ANSP XDR follows the syntax of XDR library from ANTS. length() in TraceCapsule returns the data length, or it can be calculated by using the primitive types in the XDRlibrary.Figure 5. Flow of the TRACEROUTE Capsules.V. C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we present a new unified layered architecture for active networks. The new model is known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP). It allows each active application to be written once and run on multiple environments in active networks. Our experiments successfully verify the design of ANSP architecture, and it has been successfully deployed to work harmoniously with ANTS and ASP without making any changes to their architectures. In fact, the unified programming interface layer is light-weighted and can be dynamically deployable upon request.R EFERENCES[1] D.D. Clark, D.L. Tennenhouse, “Architectural Considerations for a NewGeneration of Protocols,” in Proc. ACM Sigcomm’90, pp.200-208, 1990. [2] D. Tennenhouse, J. M. Smith, W. D. Sicoskie, D. J. Wetherall, and G. J.Minden, “A survey of active network research,” IEEE Communications Magazine , pp. 80-86, Jan 1997.[3] D. Wetherall, U. Legedza, and J. Guttag, “Introducing new internetservices: Why and how,” IEEE Network Magazine, July/August 1998. [4] M. Fry, A. Ghosh, “Application Layer Active Networking,” in ComputerNetworks , Vol.31, No.7, pp.655-667, 1999.[5] K. W. Chin, “An Investigation into The Application of Active Networksto Mobile Computing Environments”, Curtin University of Technology, March 2000.[6] S. Bhattacharjee, K. L. Calvert, and E. W. Zegura, “Self OrganizingWide-Area Network Caches”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[7] L. H. Leman, S. J. Garland, and D. L. Tennenhouse, “Active ReliableMulticast”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[8] D. Descasper, G. Parulkar, B. Plattner, “A Scalable, High PerformanceActive Network Node”, In IEEE Network, January/February 1999.[9] E. L. Nygren, S. J. Garland, and M. F. Kaashoek, “PAN: a high-performance active network node supporting multiple mobile code system”, In the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Conference on Open Architectures and Network Programming (OpenArch ’99), March 1999. [10] D. L. Tennenhouse, and D. J. Wetherall. “Towards an Active NetworkArchitecture”, In Proceeding of Multimedia Computing and Networking , January 1996.[11] D. J. Wetherall, J. V. Guttag, D. L. Tennenhouse, “ANTS: A toolkit forBuilding and Dynamically Deploying Network Protocols”, Open Architectures and Network Programming, 1998 IEEE , 1998 , Page(s): 117 –129.[12] B. Braden, A. Cerpa, T. Faber, B. Lindell, G. Phillips, and J. Kann.“Introduction to the ASP Execution Environment”: /active-signal/ARP/index.html .[13] “The java language: A white paper,” Tech. Rep., Sun Microsystems,1998.。
采矿工程 毕业设计_外文翻译 英译汉 中英文
ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。
通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。
除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。
毕业设计外文翻译范例
毕业设计外文翻译范例引言在大学生的学习生涯中，毕业设计是一项重要的任务。
它是对学生在大学期间所学知识的综合运用，也是对学生能力的一次全面考核。
外文翻译作为毕业设计的一部分，对于提高学生的英语水平和跨文化交流能力有着重要的作用。
本文将探讨毕业设计外文翻译的重要性、挑战以及解决方法。
毕业设计外文翻译的重要性外文翻译在毕业设计中具有重要的地位和作用。
首先，外文翻译可以帮助学生扩大知识面，并且了解国际上的研究动态和前沿技术。
通过翻译外文文献，学生可以学习到最新的研究成果和方法，为毕业设计提供参考和借鉴。
其次，外文翻译能够提高学生的英语水平。
通过翻译外文文献，学生可以锻炼自己的听、说、读、写能力，提高对英语的理解和应用能力。
在全球化的背景下，具备良好的英语能力对于学生的就业和未来发展具有重要意义。
最后，外文翻译可以培养学生的跨文化交流能力。
在进行外文翻译的过程中，学生需要了解不同文化背景下的表达方式和思维方式，从而更好地与其他文化背景的人进行沟通和交流。
这对于提高学生的跨文化合作能力和全球视野具有重要意义。
毕业设计外文翻译的挑战尽管毕业设计外文翻译具有重要的作用，但也面临一些挑战。
首先，外文翻译需要学生具备良好的英语水平和专业知识。
许多外文文献使用专业术语和复杂的句式，对学生的英语能力和专业知识提出了较高的要求。
同时，外文翻译还要求学生具备良好的分析能力和逻辑思维能力，能够准确理解和表达文献中的内容。
其次，外文翻译需要花费大量的时间和精力。
翻译一篇外文文献需要学生仔细阅读和理解原文，然后进行翻译和校对。
这个过程需要反复推敲和修正，耗费了学生大量的时间和精力。
在繁重的学业任务中，学生可能面临时间不足的问题，影响翻译质量和效率。
最后，外文翻译还可能面临文化差异和语言障碍。
不同的语言和文化有着不同的表达方式和思维方式，学生需要充分理解和融入到原文的语言和文化中，才能进行准确和恰当的翻译。
这对学生的跨文化交流能力提出了较高的要求。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
超详细外文翻译模板及写法
XX学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式XX学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“XX学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
XX学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：系别：服装与艺术设计系专业：班级：学号：学生姓名：一、外文原文见附件（文件名：12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文．文件扩展名）。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）作者（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，加粗，1.5倍行距，居中）工作单位（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号，1.5倍行距)关键词：汽车产业纺织品，测试，控制，标准，材料的耐用性1 导言（一级标题，黑体五号，1.5倍行距，顶格）缩进两个字符，文本主体内容采用宋体（五号），1.5倍行距参考文献（一级标题，黑体五号， 1.5倍行距，顶格）略（参考文献不需翻译，可省略）资料来源：AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校（另起一页）三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
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第 页
西华大学毕业设计外文资料翻译
译文：
标题（四号宋体加粗、居中）
内容（小四宋体，行距1.25倍行距）
第 页
西华大学毕业设计外文资料翻译
原文：
标题（四号Times New Roman字体加粗、居中）
（内容为小四Times New Roman字体，行距1.25倍行距）
Error Control and Concealment for
Video Communication: A Review
The problem of error control and concealment in video communication is becoming
increasingly important because of the growing interest in video delivery over unreliable
channels such as wireless networks and the Internet. This paper reviews the techniques that
have been developed for error control and concealment in the past 10–15 years. These
techniques are described in three categories according to the roles that the encoder and
decoder play in the underlying approaches. Forward error concealment includes methods that
add redundancy at the source end to enhance error resilience of the coded bit streams. Error
concealment by postprocessing refers to operations at the decoder to recover the damaged
areas based on characteristics of image and video signals.Last, interactive error concealment
covers techniques that are dependent on a dialogue between the source and destination. Both
current research activities and practice in international standards are covered.
Keywords—Error concealment, error control in video transport,video communications.
I. INTRODUCTION
One inherent problem with any communications system is that information may be altered
or lost during transmission due to channel noise. The effect of such information loss can be
devastating for the transport of compressed video because any damage to the compressed bit
stream may lead to objectionable visual distortion at the decoder. In addition,
real-time/interactivity requirements exclude the deployment of some well-known
error-recovery techniques for certain applications. Last, issues such as audio-visual
synchronization and multipoint communications further complicate the problem of error
recovery.Transmission errors can be roughly classified into two categories: random bit errors
and erasure errors. Random bit errors are caused by the imperfections of physical channels,
which result in bit inversion, bit insertion, and bit deletion. Depending on the coding methods
and the affected information content, the impact of random bit errors can range from
negligible to objectionable. When fixed-length
coding is used, a random bit error will only affect one code word, and the caused damage