文献检索摘要-模板
论文摘要怎么写 (菁选最新6篇

论文摘要怎么写 (菁选最新6篇(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如工作资料、求职资料、报告大全、方案大全、合同协议、条据文书、教学资料、教案设计、作文大全、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic model essays, such as work materials, job search materials, report encyclopedia, scheme encyclopedia, contract agreements, documents, teaching materials, teaching plan design, composition encyclopedia, other model essays, etc. if you want to understand different model essay formats and writing methods, please pay attention!论文摘要怎么写 (菁选最新6篇无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。
文献信息检索综述模板

⽂献信息检索综述模板《⽂献信息检索》结课综述(字体:华⽂⾏楷,字号:初号,对齐⽅式:居中)综述题⽬(若太长,可分为两⾏;字体:⿊体,字号:⼩⼀,对齐⽅式:居中)学⽣姓名(⿊体,三号):姓名(宋体,三号)学号(⿊体,三号):学号(宋体,三号)学院(⿊体,三号):学院(宋体,三号)班级(⿊体,三号):班级(宋体,三号)完成⽇期(⿊体,三号):⽇期(宋体,三号)综述题⽬(若太长,可分为两⾏;字体:⿊体,字号:⼩⼀,对齐⽅式:居中)作者姓名(字体:宋体,字号:⼩三,对齐⽅式:居中)摘要:(⿊体,三号,⽆缩进)内容要求200字左右(摘要格式要求:⼩四宋体字,⾏距1.5倍)关键词:(⿊体,三号,⽆缩进)关键词1;关键词2;关键词3(关键词格式要求:3到5个关键词,⽤分号隔开,⼩四宋体字,⾏距1.5倍)中图分类号:(⿊体,三号,⽆缩进)中图分类号(中图分类号格式要求:Times New Roman⼩四,⾏距1.5倍)1 引⾔(四号,⿊体字,⽆缩进)引⾔内容⼤概在300字左右,格式要求:⼩四号宋体字,1.5倍⾏距,⾸⾏缩进2字。
2 综述正⽂⼀部分(标题⾃拟,四号,⿊体字,⽆缩进)在⼀级标题下,如需分多个层次进⾏描述撰写,可使⽤⼆级标题、三级标题、四级标题,格式如下所⽰:2.1⼆级标题(标题⾃拟,⼩四号,⿊体字,缩进2字符)⼆级标题下的正⽂。
如在正⽂中需要插⼊图⽚和表格,具体格式如下:图1 图题(五号宋体字,西⽂使⽤Times New Roman字体)如在正⽂中需要插⼊图⽚和表格,具体格式如下:表1 表题(五号宋体字,西⽂使⽤Times New Roman字体)2.1.1 三级标题(标题⾃拟,五号,⿊体字,缩进2字符)三级标题下的正⽂。
(所有正⽂⽂本,不论⼏级标题下的正⽂,全部⼩四号宋体字,西⽂使⽤Times New Roman字体,1.5倍⾏距,⾸⾏缩进2字。
)1)四级标题及其内容(使⽤正⽂格式,全部⼩四号宋体字,西⽂使⽤Times New Roman字体,1.5倍⾏距,⾸⾏缩进2字。
文献检索报告范例

近年来,油田化学品用量愈来愈大,国外发达国家以每年10%的增长率迅速发展,所以了解当前油田化学品的应用现状不但有助于石油工业的发展,而且可以指示其未来发展的方向,对加快技术的革新也有及其重要的作用。
自2001年以来,我国东部油田的开发已经进入中后期,进入了二次三次采油阶段,工作难度增大,工作量增加。
而油田化学品的利用多,恰好可以改善这些问题,所以这又为油田化学品的开发利用提供了契机。
近年来,国内针对油田实际,重点围绕新聚合物和天然改性聚合物方面开展了大量的研究,并取得了长足进步;同时还有针对性的进行了专用新单体的开发【2】。
国内油田化学品主要用在油田四大部门钻井公司、井下公司、采油厂和油建公司。
其发展现状各有不同【1】。
1.钻井用化学剂【3】
钻井用化学品方面的研究比其他化学
品更活跃。
据不完全统计,钻井用化学品的
使用量达到所有油田化学品使用量的40%,
这方面的研究占油田化学品研究总量的近
50%【4】。
钻井用化学剂又分为1钻井液处理
剂和2水泥外加剂两大类。
我国目前已有
18类260多种的钻井液处理剂,有的品种
已赶上或接近世界水平,并开始出口国外;
水泥外加剂按其作用特性可分为10类200
多个商品牌号【4】。
1. 1.钻井液处理剂(泥浆处理剂)
(1)抗温泥浆处理剂
22丙烯酰氨基222甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)聚合物(包括两性离子产品)主要采用AMPS单体与丙烯酰胺、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)等进。
文献检索模板

医学文件检索综合报告一、对于该课题的整体检索思想课题背景简介:最近几年来炎症学说在胰岛素抵挡, 肥胖及2-型糖尿病发病体制中的作用备受瞩目 ,炎症是指免疫系统所介导的、频频的慢性和亚临床性的过程, 脂肪细胞也是重要的炎症细胞。
脂肪堆积是一个复杂的生理过程,受饮食、内分泌、神经及脂肪组织自己等多方面的调控。
本课题研究方向即探究高脂饮食与免疫体制的互相作用来研究糖尿病在这一方面的发病体制。
检索课题波及的主题观点:高脂饮食、自然免疫体制和 2 型糖尿病。
选择数据库种类:该课题较新奇,重视于基础和外文数据库的查问,而且兼备中文数据库,以认识国内外的基本状况,为保证能够赶快认识最新进展,初步考虑查问近 5~6 年的文件。
查问范围包含我校购置的电子数据库以及网络信息检索。
查问文章种类不限能够是一次文件(按期刊论文),也能够是二次文件、三次文件(如综述)等。
中文数据库检索重点词包含:“高脂饮食” 或“高胆固醇饮食” 、“自然免疫” 或“免疫”、“糖尿病”。
外文数据库检索重点词包含:high-fat diet/high cholesterol diet/high CHO diet(ary)Immune/immunity/immuno/immune,natural diabetes mellitus/diabetes/diabetic 基于不一样单词词形多变,可采纳通配符来取代:high-fat diet or high cho* diet,immun*,diabet*.检索的整体思路:先查问CBMDisc 数据库,认识各检索内容的中、英文主题辞并且查问文件,可获取文件纲要及部分全文(与VIP链接);再查问CNKI等全文数据库,利用主题辞与自由词相联合的方法提升查全率和查准率。
英文数据库可先参MEDLINE供给的主题辞库,并同时查问文件纲要;再查问PubMed 获取题录、纲要及部分全文。
接着查问全文数据库如OVID 平台、 blackwell 数据库、 SCI 等;最后查问事实型数据库及网络信息资源。
英文文献摘要范例

英⽂⽂献摘要范例 下⾯是店铺为⼤家整理的⼀些关于“英⽂⽂献摘要范例”的资料,供⼤家参阅。
英⽂⽂献摘要范例 ABSTRACT William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century. As a leader ofAmerican “Southern Renaissance”, he won the Nobel Prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”. (Faulkner,1949) Light in August is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old South. This thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-Joe Christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory. Identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements. It is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside. In the novel, Joe Christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty. Caged within the racism-rooted southern society, Joe'suncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community. On the one hand, Joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society. He is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart. It turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences. In a certain sense, Joe createsthe predicament for himself. Having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, Joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society. He is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime. On the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down Joe's clear identity in his own will, regardless ofJoe's intention. In a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct Joe as a part nigger. There are four chapters in the thesis besides Introduction and Conclusion parts. Chapter One is the literature review of Light in August both at home and abroad. Chapter Two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation. Chapters Three andFour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof Joe's identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories. In conclusion, the indeterminacy of Joe Christmas' identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings. ABSTRACT The term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by French literary critics JuliaKristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts. And it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut. Kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts. The theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory. Biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern Chinese writer Shen Congwen. The story happened in a border town namedChadong of Xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of Xiangxidistrict. At the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called Cuicui. The novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor. The thesis deals with the two representative English versions of Biancheng, one isfrom the famous British translator Gladys Yang, the other is from the Americansinologist Jeffrey C. Kinkley. The author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of Biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation. All in all, two research methods are included in this thesis. First and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part. It expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different Chineseculture-specific items (CSI) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture. The features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translator'ssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way. Thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the macroscopicconstruction of the translation studies. This thesis can be divided into six parts. In the Introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively. Chapter One is the review of the previous studies on Biancheng and its Englishtranslations both at home and abroad. Chapter Two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented. Chapter Three is about Biancheng and its two English translations. It not onlypresents a brief introduction of Shen Congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---Gladys Yang and Jeffrey C. Kinkley. Meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two English versions. Chapter Four is the main body of the thesis. The author initiates the comparativestudy of the two English versions of Biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,The last part is the Conclusion. The author holds that Biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of Chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts. At the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators' different choices of different translation strategies. Gladys Yang's version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage. Asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the English speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while Kinkley's version was out in 2009, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of Gladys Yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of China and Chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of Chinese culture. In addition, Kinkley's versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit Chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study. Abstract With the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary. Traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.“Multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem. This system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of OTDR block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.It establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.In this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of OTDR,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital OTDR block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of MCU,OTDR block,opticalswitching,Ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify IP address ofMCU,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.meanwhile its monitoring function has no impact on the networkscommunication and it could discover the potential threatto optical networks by setting ofmanagement software,promoting the reliability and stability of optical network. Abstract The paper regards THE DRESS CODE as the theoretical basis, systematicallyresearching and finishing the man's shirt custom culture connotation and process. Through thedomestic on-the-spot investigation and foreign online survey the author gets to know shirt'scustom status quo, combing and summarizing the relevant literature in different countries, andsummed up the basic theories and methods of shirt customization system. THE DRESS CODE is the basic rule of international society and luxury culture. It containsrules of clothing and clothing of practice. In THE DRESS CODE system, is divided into fourtypes: formal dress, informal dress ,outdoor clothing and coats. Shirt is indispensable to theformal dress and informal dress as well, which is the main type of outdoor clothing. Inner wearshirt goes with formal dress and informal dress, which are divided into dress shirt and businessshirt. The dress shirt includes Tailcoat dress shirt, Tuxedo dress shirt, Morning coat dress shirt,Director's suit dress shirt; Business shirt includes formal shirt, business casual shirt. Outdoorclothing includes casual shirt and sport shirt. They all have special expression language andstandardize the shape. For shirt shows tasty characteristics and rules can be seen when wearing it,which contains more than just a piece of clothing. It is restrained to demonstrate the family of anassortment of shirts, the “family rules” to determine the basic rules of custom shirt industry andpath. The system always shows men's shirt characters, intentionally or unintentionally and leadsto social ethics and correction. The paper aimed at each sort of custom shirt's gentleman culture,shape characteristics, choice of colors, fabrics, accessories and social regulation has carried onthe detailed reading, translation, analysis and sorting, and then established a gentleman shirtcustomization system based on THE DRESS CODE. Designed to provide a reliable theoreticalbasis and successful cases shirt in China custom industry and enhance the international brand ofrelated research. Abstract Patent documentations translation plays an important role for the spreading andexchanging of scientific information. As an important component of patent documentations,the translation of terms has a significant effect on the translation quality of patentdocumentations. At present, machine translation method has been fully developed, various kinds oftranslation systems emerged one after another. When translators translate the terms in thepatent documentations, they often translate them with the help of these translation systems. At the same time, in the process of translation for patent documentations, translators willproduce large translation examples stored in the term example library and can use it tooptimize the results from the translation systems, thereby provide better reference for thetranslators to assist them translate the term. This paper presents an automatic English-Chinese term translation method based onmulti-strategy. The work of this thesis mainly consists of two parts as follows: Firstly, through analyzing the characteristics of terms, this paper introduced three kindsof features that adequately describe term translation fluency, compactness and loyalty, namelyterm word formation feature, mutual information feature and term example library feature. These three features are combined with basic features, and regression algorithm in machinelearning is used to predict the translation quality so as to select the best result. Secondly, this paper optimized the term translation results with low quality scores by theterm example library. String similarity algorithm is used to find several term translationexamples that are highly similar to the source language of the term to be optimized in theterm example library. According to the target language of these examples and the translationof the term to be optimized, a translation grid is constructed. With translation model featureand language model feature, the Viterbi decoding algorithm is adopted to search a top scoringpath in the grid, thereby generate a new term translation. On the basis of the above work, an English-Chinese term translation system based onmulti-strategy is constructed. Experimental results show that the method achieves goodperformance in term translation quality estimation and term translation optimization. Thesystem can help translator to translate the term of patent documentations.。
典型的学术论文摘要与文献示例(供国内作者参考)

典型的学术论文摘要和参考文献示例光束合金化合成Fe-Al系金属间化合物涂层的微观特征[示例]摘要:[目的]为了改善钢铁材料的耐高温腐蚀性能, [过程和方法]用光束合金化方法在45钢表面合成了Fe-Al金属间化合物涂层.采用扫描电子显微镜、能量弥散X射线分析和X射线衍射研究了光束合金化工艺参数(粉末预置量m和热输入量q)对合金化层的化学成分、显微组织及其物相组成的影响. [结果]实验结果表明: 减小比能量(E=q/m)将导致合金化层的熔宽和熔深减小, 从而使合金化层含Fe量减少, 含Al量增加;该实验条件下, 获得了Fe与Al原子数比为2.4~19.2的合金化层. 由比能量决定的Fe与Al原子数比是合金化层显微组织及其物相组成的重要影响因素, 合金化层的显微组织有3种类型: α-Fe固溶体、α-Fe固溶体+Fe3Al金属间化合物及FeAl+AlFe3C0.5金属间化合物. [结论]降低热输入或增加粉末预置量均可引起合金化层中Fe与Al原子数比的降低,有助于Fe-Al系(Fe3Al或FeAl)金属间化合物的合成.关键词:表面合金化; Fe-Al金属间化合物; 光束合金化涂层; 微观组织; 物相Microstructure characteristics of Fe-Al intermetallic compound coating synthesized by light beam alloying [Example]Abstract: The high temperature corrosion resistance of steel was improved with a Fe-Al intermetallic coating applied to Steel-45 by light beam alloying. The effect of alloying processing parameters (the pre-placed powder mass, m, and the heat input, q) on the chemical composition, microstructure and phases of the alloying coatings was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that reducing the specific heat input E (E=q/m) reduces the width and penetration of the alloying molten pool, which reduces the Fe content and increases the Al content of the coatings. The experiments resulted in coatings with 2.4-19.2 Fe/Al atomic ratios. The Fe/Al atomic ratio determined by the specific heat input is the most important factor affecting the microstructure and phases of the coatings. There are three kinds of coating microstructures, α-Fe solid solution, α-Fe solid solution + Fe3Al intermetallic compound, and FeAl + AlFe3C0.5 intermetallic compounds. Reducing the heat input and increasing the pre-placed powder mass both reduce theFe/Al atomic ratio of the coatings, which favors the synthesis of the Fe-Al(Fe3Al and FeAl) intermetallic compounds.Key words: surface alloying; Fe-Al intermetallic compound; light beam alloying coating; microstructure; phases→转背面→参考文献[示例][1] 张永刚,韩雅芳,陈国良.金属间化合物结构材料[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2001.53-55[2] 薛飞,刘江南,严文.Fe3Al金属间化合物研究现状与发展[J].西安工业学院学报,2000,20(1):67-72.[3] 范润华,刘英才,尹衍生.Fe3A l金属间化合物强韧化研究进展[J].材料科学与工程,1997,15(4):47-50.[4] 朱子新,徐滨士,马世宁,等.高速电弧喷涂铁铝涂层的组织和性能[J].金属热处理,2002,27(3):12-13.[5] 闵学刚,余新泉,孙扬善,等.铁铝混合粉热喷涂及扩散处理组织分析[J].金属热处理,2001,26(5):4-7.[6] 闵学刚,余新泉,孙扬善,等.手弧堆焊Fe3A l堆焊层的组织形貌与抗氧化性能[J].焊接学报,2001,22(1):56-58.[7] 丁成钢,陈春焕,从国志,等.Fe-A l合金堆焊层的组织与性能研究[J].大连铁道学院学报,2000,21(2):58-60. Ding Chenggang,Chen Chunhuan,Cong Guozhi,et al.Study on microstructure and property of Fe-Al alloy clad metal [J].Journal of Dalian Railway Institute,2000,21(2):58-60.(in Chinese)[8]Agarwal A,Dahotre N B.In-situ synthesis of intermetallic and ceramic coating using pulse electrode surfacing [J].Scripta Materialia,2000,42(5):493-498.[9]Pillai S R,Shankar P,Rao R,et al.Diffusion annealing and laser surface alloying with aluminum to enhance oxidation resistance of carbon steels [J].Materials Science and Technology,2001,17(10):1249-1252.[10] Villars P, Prince A, Okamoto H. Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams [M].Materials Park,Ohio:ASM International,1995.[11] Shankar R V,Baligidad R G,Raja V S. Effect of A l content on oxidation behavior of ternary Fe-A l-C alloys [J].Intermetallics,2002,10(1):73-84.。
文献综述的摘要
文献综述的摘要文献综述的摘要范文文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文。
下面一起来看看文献综述的摘要范文是怎样的吧。
文献综述怎么写文献综述的撰写要求文献综述是一种重要的学术论文,它在研究生学位论文写作、课题申报与撰写和科研写作能力的培养等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。
因而,掌握这门写作技能对于提高科研能力大有裨益。
只有依照文献综述的基本特点,重新建构文献综述相关知识的理论体系,才能撰写出思路清晰、内容翔实、语言简练的文献综述,并为开展科学研究提供参考。
为此,根据文献综述的概念和特点,笔者提出了撰写文献综述的若干要求。
但是在撰写文献综述时,需要先回答以下基本问题:第一,国内外研究者对某一主题(或内容) 进行了哪些研究?回答“研究了什么”的问题。
第二,对于某一主题,国内外研究者是怎样进行研究的?这是回答“怎么研究”的问题。
第三,对于研究结果,国内外研究者的研究之间有什么关联性?即是回答“相关性研究的区别和联系是什么”的问题。
第四,该研究有何突出性的贡献或效果?后世对该研究做出了何种评价?回答“研究怎么样”的问题。
上述的问题是构思文献综述中最核心的问题,如果能比较清楚地回答,那么这篇文献综述的主体内容就基本形成了。
但是还要注意以下的若干原则,才能写出高质量和高水准的文献综述。
(一)选文献的“三最”原则在撰写文献综述时,收集和选用文献是前提。
根据笔者的经验,总结出选用文献时的“三最”原则,即“最权威、最经典和最新的”原则。
“最权威”是指当下某个研究领域内最有影响力和最知名的国内外学者、专家和教授的著作、论文、会议论文等各类文献资料,主要是学术论文;“最经典”是指在中外历史文化发展过程中,那些经历了历史和社会的检验的世界名著等,主要是书籍;“最新的”是指近几年来 (一般默认为 5 年) 发表的各种文章,而“最新的”资讯主要体现在报纸上,因为报纸信息更换速度和信息承载量都比较大,每日都在更新。
检索报告模板
检索报告检索员:XXX一、课题名称:XXXXXXXX二、研究内容:(150-300字之间)三、关键词:(3-5个)中文关键词:关键词1、关键词2、关键词3英文关键词:keyword1、keyword2、keyword3四、检索表达式:(包含字段限制以及逻辑算符的,能够反映检索策略的检索式)中文检索表达式1:xxxxxxxxxx中文检索表达式2:xxxxxxxxxx……英文检索表达式1:xxxxxxxxxx英文检索表达式2:xxxxxxxxxx……五、检索工具及对应的检索结果:(至少两种检索工具,包含一个外文数据库,每种检索工具检索结果数不超过500篇)例:(1)中国知网(检索时间范围2016年至今)采用中文检索表达式1,检索结果53篇;密切相关文献选取3篇:[1]戴小文,唐宏,朱琳.城市雾霾治理实证研究——以成都市为例[J].财经科学,2016(02):123-132.摘要:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx。
[2]蓝庆新,侯姗.我国雾霾治理存在的问题及解决途径研究[J].青海社会科学,2015(01):76-80.摘要:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx。
[3]张秋兰,马回,郑颖.国外雾霾治理的经验及其对我国的启示[J].鄱阳湖学刊,2014(02):40-47.摘要:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx。
(2)Web of Science(检索时间范围2017年至今)采用英文检索表达式1,检索结果340篇;密切相关文献选取4篇:(外文文献不要求摘抄摘要,要求用中文提炼文章主题。
)[4]……[5]……[6]……六、检索结果分析:比如,按照学科阶段性发展情况分类;按照原理属性分类;按照社会影响程度分类;按照实际应用分类等等。
论文摘要的万能模板
论文摘要的万能模板论文摘要怎么写?送你一个万能模板。
写论文不要一直憋着不动笔,每天15分钟,一定要坚持写,最后好论文都是改出来的。
1.论文摘要的万能模板今天推荐一个摘要万能模版,就是四句话。
第一句话,研究背景与不足,说明研究的大背景及现有研究不足。
第二句话,提出研究问题,说明自己打算用什么问题来解决上述不足。
第三句话,研究结论或者叫做研究发现。
这是主体部分。
第四句话,研究意义,说明你的研究为什么重要。
我们说一篇论文最基本的内容就是提出问题,给出答案。
因此,摘要中,最重要的元素就是问题和结论这两个部分。
当然,为了做到规范,这四句话最好都写上。
2.十五分钟写作原则身边很多小伙伴都是突击式写作,在deadline到来之前拼了命写作。
今天推荐另外一种写作习惯,就是15分钟原则,它的好处在于:第一,不需要进行心理建设,每天就15分钟,对于写作者来说,不会有太大压力。
第二,充分利用碎片化时间。
现在大家都很忙,有各种事情,15分钟完全可以做到忙里偷闲,用碎片化时间写出一个片段。
第三,积少成多,每天写,就会形成意想不到的累积效果。
其效果不亚于突击写作。
第四,最重要的,就是养成每天写作的习惯,到最后,有一天不写,你会觉得全身不舒服。
而对于靠写作和研究为生的人,养成写作习惯太重要了。
3.用好同一律,避免鸡同鸭讲逻辑学有4个基本规律,同一律、矛盾律、排中律、充足理由律。
这四条规律是不证自明的。
同一律指的是概念的内涵应清楚明白,应前后一致,一就是一,二就是二,不能混淆。
同一律要求我们必须对概念进行界定。
在学术领域有很多概念有多种内涵,例如制度、治理、机制等,不同的人有不同的理解,为了让读者对你的文章产生一致的理解,你应该对研究的核心概念和研究对象进行清楚界定,以免造成鸡同鸭讲,不利于学术交流的展开。
很多人写文章的时候不注意对核心概念进行界定,导致学术交流中误解的产生。
总结一下,同一律要求概念清晰,前后保持一致,体现在论文写作上,就是要清晰定义。
毕业论文的摘要如何书写(5篇模版)
毕业论文的摘要如何书写(5篇模版)第一篇:毕业论文的摘要如何书写论文摘要是对论文的简短陈述,摘要也就是内容提要,是论文中不可缺少的一部分。
论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方。
作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解,这些都应该在摘要中体现出来,是论文的精华所在,因此,写好摘要很重要。
工具/原料电脑中性笔论文纸方法/步骤摘要的的分类论文摘要一般位于论文正文之前,起总结概述作用。
根据内容的不同,摘要可分为以下三大类:报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
论文摘要怎么写摘要是论文的概述性语言,虽说篇幅不大,可却是一篇论文的精华之处。
一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。
对象:是论文研究调查的所具体的主题范围,体现出论文的论述内容、要解决的主要问题等。
方法:是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的各种途径,例如:原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺等,是完成研究对象的必要手段。
结果:是作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、数据,被确定的关系等,是进行科研所得的成果。
结论:是作者对结果的分析、研究等,是结果的总结,体现研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性,体现论文研究的价值与学术水平,是决定论文价值的体现。
撰写步骤摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文,书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。
用重要的事实开头,突出论文新的信息,即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等。
这些信息要能完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题,语句要精炼。
摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的,尽量列出他们的名字,将这些零散信息,组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子,再进一步组成通畅的短文,通读此短文,反复修改,达到摘要的要求。
写作技巧技巧—:上网查阅一些或阅读一些论文摘要的写作资料,仔细研究一下别人的写作步骤、方法和技巧。
技巧二:多向指导教师和同学请教,并根据提供的意见和建议及时修改,以期达到更高水平。
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【文摘名】 :内燃机排气歧管热应力分析 【关键词】 :内燃机;流固耦合;排气歧管;温度场;热应力 【作 者】 :李红庆,杨万里,刘国庆,张劲,周浩 【出 版】 :内燃机工程,2005年10月,第26卷第5期. 【摘 要】 :在国内,对活塞温度场和热应力进行了较多的研究,使用的方法是:首先实测几个关键点的温度,然后反复调整热边界条件,使几个关键点的计算值和实测值符合。这种方法计算量很大,经过一百多次的试算,才使几个关键点的计算值和实测值接近,而且该法在产品设计阶段不能计算零件的热应力。本文采用流固耦合方法计算了内燃机排气歧管的热应力。首先,计算了排气歧管的瞬态内流场和稳态外流场,得到了排气歧管内外壁面的对流换热系数和环境温度,再用有限元的方法计算了排气歧管的温度场和热应力。计算结果表明,排气歧管裂纹产生处就是热应力最大处,根据计算结果提出了改进建议,经试验验证改进措施是有效的。
【文摘名】 :涡轮增压发动机排气歧管CFD分析与改进 【关键词】 :排气歧管;不均匀性;STAR-CCM+ 【作 者】 :汪源利,王伟民,蔡志强,李宛珊 【出 版】 :中国用户论文集,2010. 【摘 要】 :对于涡轮增压发动机而言,如果排气歧管压损均匀性较差将导致增压器工作不稳定,进而影响汽油发动机的输出功率。排气歧管的压力损失越小,流通特性越好,发动机的性能就越好。由此可知,发动机的性能提升和排气阻力将直接取决于排气歧管的合理设计。因此利用三维流体分析软件对某款涡轮增压发动机的排气歧管进行CFD分析并对汽油发动机排气歧管的压力损失及其不均匀性,为排气歧管的设计提供理论依据和改进意见则显得十分重要。
【文摘名】 :基于双向流固耦合的汽油机排气歧管热应力分析 【关键词】 :排气歧管;热边界;耦合;ABAQUS;AVL-Fire 【作 者】 :邓帮林,刘敬平,杨靖,冯仁华,付建勤 【出 版】 :内燃机学报,第29卷(2011)第6期. 【摘 要】 :由于发动机受热零件(缸盖、活塞、排气歧管等)在运行过程中不断受热冲击而可能产生热疲劳破坏,因此热疲劳问题也一直被广泛关注。此篇文章联合AVL-Fire与ABAQUS软件,对一台汽油机排气歧管进行温度场、热应力分析.首先利用AVL-Fire 对排气歧管做内外流场CFD分析,得到排气歧管内外表面的热边界条件,即流体温度及换热系数;然后把热边界条件映射到有限元面单元,并通过有限元技术与排气歧管实体单元相耦合,通过ABAQUS 算出排气歧管温度场,并把壁面温度场返回作为下一轮CFD 计算的边界条件,再重复前一轮计算.如此反复,直至符合精度要求,最后计算热应力.
【文摘名】 :柴油机排气歧管流场分析与结构优化 【关键词】 :柴油机;排气管;CFD;流场 【作 者】 :李湘华,张小姣 【出 版】 :内燃机,第28卷(2006)第4期. 【摘 要】 建立了柴油机排气歧管的三维结构模型,并应用计算流体动力学软件CFD分析流场,描述了排气管中的典型流动,并根据计算结果对排气管进行了优化。优化后的排气歧管模型内腔容积减小,管内部分漩涡消失,流通阻力减小,各缸流量 均匀性提高。并且柴油机排气歧管三维CFD稳态计算是通过计算各支管流量的均匀性以及流场的流通性来衡量排气歧管设计的好坏。本计算结果表明。各支管流量越均匀,流场流通性越好。同时设计好的排气歧管内部气流漩涡较小,这样气流噪声也较小。
【文摘名】 :某发动机排气歧管流固耦合分析的应用 【关键词】 :排气歧管;流固耦合;温度场;变形;应力 【作 者】 :傅秋阳 【出 版】 :合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009年11月,第32卷增刊. 【摘 要】文章采用静态的流固耦合计算方法。先由CFD计算确定初始的排气歧管内外流场的表面温度和换热系数,将此边界条件插值给FEA计算传热,由此确定该排气歧管在工作中变形过大、漏气问题的设计缺陷,并提出优化方案。以确定排气歧管的温度分布,对修改方案进行验证计算,变形和残余应力与原方案计算结果相比,此种修改方案减小了排气歧管的残余变形,减小了残余应力,效果显著。
【文摘名】 :防爆柴油机排气歧管冷却系统固流耦合热分析 【关键词】 :防爆柴油机;排气歧管;冷却系统;固流耦合 【作 者】 :冯茂林,李静,韩鹏勃 【出 版】 :煤矿机械,2007年2月,第28卷第2期. 【摘 要】 :防爆柴油机排气歧管采用夹层水套来冷却,由于管壁与烟气和冷却水之间的边界条件复杂,所以施加边界条件困难。固流耦合的办法可以将固、流结合面上比较难确定的外部边界转化为系统的内部边界。以6105FB防爆柴油机排气歧管为例,对烟气-排气岐管- 冷却水系统进行三维温度场、热流场有限元计算。并通过实验测得了排气歧管外表面部分特征点的温度值。所得计算值与实测值进行了比较,结果令人满意,也就证明该模型具有较高的精度。
【文摘名】 :汽油机排气歧管内流场CFD模拟 【关键词】 :排气歧管;均匀性;CFD 【作 者】 :钱多德,姚炜 【出 版】 :内燃机与动力装置,2010年第5期(总第119期). 【摘 要】 :小型汽油机的排气歧管通常会直接连接三元催化器等后处理装置,排气歧管出口处气流分布的均匀性会影响后处理装置的利用效率,进而影响后处理的效果。本文利用CFD方法对某汽油机排气歧管中的内流场进行了模拟分析,重点考虑了歧管出口表面的气流分布均匀性,对产品开发有一定的指导意义。结果表明,CFD 模拟能够使设计人员在产品开发的初期预知产品的性能,避免了后期设计变更的风险,降低了产品的开发费用。
【文摘名】 :发动机排气歧管稳流试验研究 【关键词】 :排气歧管;数值仿真;稳流实验 【作 者】 :马帅营,陈传举,王雅丽 【出 版】 :内燃机与动力装置,2008年第5期(总第107期). 【摘 要】 :为了分析排气歧管各支路的压力损失,本文对排气歧管进行了稳流试验,并建立了排气歧管的三维实体内流场结构模型,应用计算流体动力学(CFD)三维软件AVL-FIRE 仿真了试验条件下排气歧管内流场。由仿真得到的排气歧管进出口压 力损失与试验结果具有较好的一致性。对引起排气歧管各支路压力损失差异的原因进行了分析,为排气歧管进行优化提供可靠的依据。通过仿真模拟,表明此对排气歧管的压力损失进行分析,从而为排气歧管的设计提供理论依据就显得尤为重要。
【文摘名】 :微型汽车发动机排气系统优化设计—基于流体数值模拟的应用研究 【关键词】 :汽油机;排气歧管;排气干涉;热应力;速度均匀性指数 【作 者】 :朱茂强,徐飞云 【出 版】 :内燃机,2011年8月第4期. 【摘 要】 :为了研究排气系统设计对整机的动力性、经济性及排放性能的影响,通过一维三维的数值模拟方法,分析了原排气歧管存在的排气干涉的问题,对新旧设计进行了一维模拟计算对比。利用CFD/FEM耦合方法,计算了在最大功率点排气歧管的温度分布及热应力分布。通过三维CFD计算,分析了氧传感器位置气流分布及催化转化器前端气流均匀性。制造排气系统实物并进行台架试验,结果表明整机性能有了显著的提高,并且耐久性与排放符合设计要求。
【文摘名】 :内燃机排气歧管瞬态热流体热应力耦合仿真的研究 【关键词】 :内燃机;排气歧管;瞬态传热;流固耦合仿真 【作 者】 :董非,蔡忆昔,范秦寅,姜树李,郭晨海 【出 版】 :汽车工程,2010年(第32卷)第10期. 【摘 要】 :采用直接耦合法对内燃机排气歧管进行瞬态热流体-热应力的耦合仿真。详细研究了仿真过程中瞬态温度加载、高阶单元生成及中间节点温度插值等问题的处理方法,分析了网格疏密、时间步长对计算精度、计算时间的影响。排气歧管瞬态热流场的仿真结果得到了试验的验证,同时比较了瞬态与稳态热流体-热应力计算结果的差异,从而证明了进行排气歧管瞬态热流体-热应力耦合仿真的必要性和有效性。
【文摘名】 :Thermomechanical Evaluation of Close Coupled Converter System 【关键词】 :CFD,FEA,Close Coupled Converter 【作 者】 :Lakshmikanth Meda, Xiaogang Zhang and Mathias Keck 【出 版】 :SAE 2005-01-1632. 【摘 要】 :Stricter emission standards are forcing automakers to attach catalytic converters directly to the exhaust manifold. Mountingcatalytic converter at or near the exhaust manifold helps to reduce the increase in emissions that occurs during the first few minutes after a cold engine is started. The spike occurs because cold engines require a richer air-fuel mixture to run smoothly. The emission standards can be met only by new designs of exhaust system with the catalyst being as close as possible to the engine,and with the thin walled exhaust manifolds. With concept-to-customer timing continuously shrinking in the automotive industry, the need to quickly validate the engineering designs is becoming ever more critical. It is no longer acceptable to design a component, produce soft tooling, build and test a prototype, analyze what failed, and then redesign. Instead, heavy use is being made of advanced CAE methods, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid