Giving a good presentation
How to make a presentation—商务英语知识
At some time or other, most of us will have to give a presentation. The idea of speaking in public can be frightening enough if you're a native English speaker, but it's even more so if English is your second language.In this first article on presentation skills, we show you how to take the stress out of giving presentations with eight tips to help you plan a perfect presentation.1. Know your audienceTo give an effective presentation, you need to know something about your audience. How good is their English? How much do they know about the subject of your talk? Why will they be interested in listening to you? It’s a good idea to find out who is attending your presentation so that you can make the information relevant and interesting to them. For example, a presentation on your company’s financial results to financial analysts will focus on results, reasons and analysis. A presentation on new auditing software will focus on the benefits and features of the software.Also ask yourself what you want to achieve from your presentation. Sales presentations are different from information-giving presentations, for example. It’s always a good idea to work out what you want your audience to think or do at the end of your talk, as this will help you focus on the language and content of your presentation.2. Use a strong opening statement or question to interest your audienceThe first minute of your presentation is crucial. In this time you should interest your audience and give them a reason to listen to you. What you say in the first minute depends on your audience and their interests, but it must mean something important to them. Perhaps it is a problem that you know how to solve, or a fact or statistic that they need to know.3. Don’t forget the physical detailsYou’ll need to make sure the room is big enough for the number of people attending, and that you have all the equipment you need. Find out when you are giving your presentation – your audience may be less attentive if it’s right before lunch or at the end of the week and you’ll need to make especially sure that the presentation is interesting if it’s at a difficult time.4. Plan the content of your presentationPlanning helps you focus on your presentation goals, and minimises the chances of anything going wrong.If you know who you are talking to and why you are talking to them, you can put yourself in your audience's position. You can decide what information to include and how to order it.Aim to speak for no longer than 30 minutes, and leave time for questions and answers at the end. Remember that it’s difficult to absorb lots of new information, so don’t aim to include too much.Many presentations are divided into five areas:a) The introduction (Get someone else to introduce you to the audience. This gives you credibility as a speaker and means that you don't have to waste time telling people who you are and why you are there)b) The overviewc) The main body of the presentationd) Your summarye) A question and answer sessionMake brief notes about all the points you want to make in your presentation and make a plan. Organise your presentation into main points and supporting evidence.During the presentation, remember that it is a good idea to refer back to your opening statement and remind your audience why they are listening to you.5. Use index cardsPut your points on individual index cards to help you during the presentation. If you put the key words onto cards (1 card for 1 key word or point) you can refer to them at any time if you forget where you are in the presentation.Use your index cards for any words that you might find difficult to remember, or words that are difficult to pronounce.You can also use the index cards to write the links between points, such as:“this brings me to…”“now I’d like to move on to..”“Right…”6. Keep visuals simpleDon't put too much information in visuals and only use them to illustrate information that would otherwise take too long to explain.Simple graphic visuals such as pie charts and bar graphs work better than visuals with lots of labelling or words. Use colour and different fonts to help information stand out.7. Practice makes perfect!Practise your presentation as often as you can using your index cards. By practising, you will know how long it will take, and where the difficult areas are in your talk. The more you practise, the more confident you will feel!8. Prepare questions and answersYou're likely to have questions at the end of your presentation, so try to think of some in advance, as well as possible answers. The more you prepare these, the better you'll feel able to deal with them.。
Giving Presentations
Giving PresentationsTask 1: Prepare a five-minute presentation, explaining either why someone should visit your hometown.Directions: As students have been asked to prepare for this presentation before class, let them first work in pairs to give the presentation to each other and follow it with comments. Then choose two students to give their presentations to the whole class. Ask students to comment on their performance.Task 2: What criteria do you think are important in a presentation?Put your criteria into appropriate categories in the box below.Content (What you say)Structure (Where you say it)Delivery (How you say it)∙Language used (Signposts, formal vocabulary)∙Body language (eye contact)∙Materials used in the presentation (handouts, OHT, computer)∙Voice (pause, intonation, speed, loudness)Compare your ideas with a partner.TASK 3: What is the purpose of a presentation?∙To inform∙To instruct∙To persuade∙To explainIt is essential to state the purpose of your presentation at the beginning and to state your purpose at each stage of your talk.TASK 4: You are going to read about a business consultant describing basic techniques for giving presentations. Make notes as you read under the headings on the following page. NB: L istening taken from ‘Cotton, D., Falvey, D. & Kent, S. (2003) Market Leader: Intermediate Business English, Harlow, Longman (Unit 7, p.58, exercise 7.1)’‘The key is preparation. So the first step is to find out who you’re going to be presenting to. Now you need to do this on two levels. Firstly, how much does the audience know about the subject? Are they experts or do they know very little? Secondly, are you presenting to a group from the same or from different countries? And adjust your language so that everybody can understand. If possible, visit the room where you’ll be giving the presentation beforehand and organise it precisely to your own requirements. Check you’re familiar with the equipment, re-arrange the seating, and try to make yourself feel comfortable and relaxed in it. So once you know who you’re presenting to and where, you’re ready to start preparing what exactly you’re going to say.’‘So stage one is the opening – that all important first few moments that can make or break the presentation. Then stage two, a brief introduction about the subject of your talk. Then three, the main body of the presentation. And four, the conclusion, which should include a summary of your talk and your final opinion or recommendations. Finally, the question and answer session. Now the most important stage is the opening minute or so and I’d suggest that people memorise it exactly as if they were actors. Write down the opening with all the pauses and the stress clearly marked, and then record it, listen to it, and practise it again and again. This is so important because if it’s properly done, you not only get the audience’s attention immediately, but you feel confident during what can be the most frightening part of the presentation. After that, you can start using your notes. So the first step is to write those notes. Write the whole presentation out just like an essay. Then select the key points. But read the full version over and over again until it’s imprinted on your mind. The next ste p is to buy some small white postcards and write no more than one or two of the key points or key phrases onto each one.’‘Now visual aids, like PowerPoint, are very important of course. But most people put far too much information on them. Don’t – be cause it’s difficult to read and it bores the audience. Limit yourself to a maximum of five points on each. And don’t talk to the computer, or the screen, which again, lots of people do. Face the audience at all times. Finally, remember that it’s not j ust what you say. How you say it is just as important. Quite unlike meetings and negotiations, a good presentation is very much a performance.’Before the presentation:Find out who you are going to be presenting to.How much does the audience know.Are you presenting to a group from the same or different countries.Visit the room before hand and organize it appropriately.Check you are familiar with the equipment and seating arrangements. Stages of the presentation:Opening & introductionMain bodyConclusionQuestion and answer sessionPreparing notes:Write down opening with pauses and stress marks.Write it out as an essay.Put key points on postcards.Visual aids:Use OHPs but don’t put too much information on them.Limit each one to a maximum of 5 points.Turn off the projector when you are not using it (so people focus on you and not your notes.Talk to and face the audience.How to become a good presenter(Powell, 2002)IntroductionsIt is essential that you achieve impact at the beginning of a presentation.TASK 5: How can you get your presentation off to a good start?∙Ask the audience a question.∙Tell them an interesting or surprising fact.∙Give them a participatory activity.∙Give them a problem to consider.“Many things contribute to the success of a presentation- new and unusual content, a clear structure, a good sense of timing, imaginative use of visuals, the ability to make people laugh and think. But above and beyond all of these is enth usiasm.” (Powell, 2002)TASK 6: How can you demonstrate enthusiasm?∙Voice and delivery∙Language∙Q uestionsTASK 7: How can you use your voice to its maximum effect?∙Clear articulation: pronouncing key words correctly∙Using correct word stress/Highlighting∙Using word partnerships to sound more fluent∙Pausing in the appropriate place∙Presenting information in comprehensible chunks∙Varying speed∙IntonationLanguage Focus: SignpostingTASK 8: Make a list of phrases that you can use during a presentation that help to guide the audience.Beginning the presentation Adding Introducing newpointConcluding thepresentationI would like to begin by (+verb in the ‘ing’ form)I would like to comment on the problem of…Let’s start with …(+noun)In addition…Furthermore…Moreover…Now, turning to…My next point is…Now what about…Let me conclude bysaying (+ that clause)I’d like to conclude bystating (+ that clause)In conclusion, I wouldlike to say (+ thatclause)Task 9: Now look at these expressions and decide which heading they should go under.∙I would like to begin by…∙I would like to make a few remarks concerning…∙I would like to comment on the problem of…∙There are three points I’d like to make…∙To begin with…∙Firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly…∙I would now like to turn briefly to the problem/issue/topic of…∙The next problem/issue/topic I would like to focus on is…∙In addition…∙I might add…∙As well as…, there are also…∙Furthermore,….∙Let me give an example…∙To illustrate this point, let us consider…∙ A case in point is…∙On the one hand…, but on the other hand…∙Although…, we mustn’t forget…∙Whereas…, we have to remember…∙On the whole…∙In general…∙Generally speaking…∙By and large…∙All in all…∙All things consider ed…∙Let me conclude by saying…∙I’d like to conclude by stating that…∙Allow me to conclude by highlighting that the fact that…∙In conclusion, I would to reiterate that…Write your answers here:Beginning Ordering∙I would like to begin by…∙I would like to make a few remarks concerning…∙I would like to comment on the problem of…∙There are three points I’d like to make…∙To begin with…∙Firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly…Introducing a new point Adding∙I would now like to turn briefly to the problem/i ssue/topic of…∙The next problem/issue/topic I would like to focus on is… ∙In addition…∙I might add…∙As well as…, there are also…∙Furthermore,….Giving an example Balancing∙Let me give an example…∙To illustrate this point, let us consider…∙ A case in po int is… ∙On the one hand…, but on the other hand…∙Although…, we mustn’t forget…∙Whereas…, we have to remember…Generalizing Concluding∙On the whole…∙In general…∙Generally speaking…∙By and large…∙All in all…∙All things considered… ∙Let me conclude by saying…∙I’d like to conclude by stating that…∙Allow me to conclude by highlighting that the fact that…∙In conclusion, I would to reiterate that…Task 10: Now prepare a small presentation on the following subject: EuthanasiaThink about the following ideas that could be used in your presentation, and add some of your own:∙Murder.∙Often a cure.∙Modern medicine progresses fast.∙Who does it?∙Mercy killing.∙Human vegetable.∙The right to die.∙Better than unbearable pain.Sources:Cotton, D., Falvey, D. & Kent, S. (2003) Market Leader: Intermediate Business English, Harlow, Longman.Goodale, M. (1987) The language of meetings. Hove: Language Teaching Publications. Powell, M. (2002) Presenting in English: how to give successful presentations, Boston, USA: Thomson Heinle.A checklist for giving effective presentations∙Check everything before you are due to speak – room, seating, visibility, acoustics and equipment∙Plan the first minute of your presentation down to the last detail. Try to memorise your words. This will help you to sound confident and in control.∙Many of the best presentations sound more like conversations. So, keep referring back to your audience, ask them questions, respond to their reactions.∙Certain things are always popular with an audience: personal experiences, dramatic comparisons, interesting facts they didn’t know.∙Speak for your audience, not yourself. Take every opportunity to show how much common ground you share with them. Address their goals, their needs, their concerns.∙Never talk down or up to your audience. Treat them as equals no matter who they are. ∙When members of your audience ask you a question, it is usually because they have an interest in what you are saying and want to know more. Treat questions as an opportunity to get your message across better.∙Don’t waste time on long boring introductions. Try to make at least one powerful statement in the first two minutes.∙Whenever you make an important point, pause and let the full significance of what you have said sink in before you move on.∙Good visuals are just that- visuals. Don’t put boring tables of figures and long lines of text on the overhead and read them out. Keep to the main points. Experiment with three-dimensional charts, cartoons, interesting typefaces- anything to catch your audience’s attention.∙When showing a visual, keep quiet and give people time to take it in. Then make brief points only. If you want to say more, switch off your projector to do so.∙Learn from other public speakers but don’t try to copy them. Be comfortable with your own abilities. Don’t do anything that feels unnatural for you just because it works for someone else.∙As far as possible, speak to a large audience in much the same way you would speak to a few people.∙The secret of being an excellent speaker is to enjoy the experience of speaking – try to enjoy the experience.∙Keep your sentences short and simple. Use deliberate pauses to punctuate your speech.∙Don’t be afraid to hesitate when you speak, but make sure you pause in the ri ght places. Remember, you are not an actor trying to remember lines. A certain amount of hesitation is natural.∙When you are ready to finish your presentation, slow down and lower your voice. Look at your audience and deliver your final words slowly and clearly.。
Giving Presentations
Giving PresentationsWe give presentations when we need to present ideas or information to other people. The number of people n the audience may vary from one person to many; however, the information and ideas should always be presented in a clear and structured way so that it is easy for the listeners to understand. Some people are afraid of presenting or speaking in public and they feel nervous. What are some tips that we should follow that we should follow to avoid getting nervous and enable us to deliver our speech with confidence?Preparation and planning are essential. If you have prepared properly, you will feel more confident and the audience will be able to relax and take in the information. If you appear nervous, the audience will feel nervous for you and they may not be able to focus on the content of the presentation.The first question to ask yourself before you start planning your presentation is, ‘Why am a giving this presentation?’You must think about your objective. For example, are you trying to sell something to the audience? Or are you trying to persuade them to do something? Alternatively, you might be training them or informing them.Another point to think about before starting to plan your presentation is the audience. Who are they? Do you know them? Do they belong to your company? Are they external clients you are trying to impress? How many people will be there? Will it be a group of six colleagues or a presentation at an international conference with an audience of 500? How much does the audience know about the subject already? The answers to these questions will influence the language you use in your presentation and what you say.As a presenter, you must also think about the venue that you ‘ll be presenting in. Will it be a small meeting room at the office or a large conference hall? What will the seating arrangements be? Try and visualize yourself in the room presenting so that you can think about how you will stand and move.You should also think about the equipment that will be available to you. Most business presentations are accompanied by slides on a laptop, projected on a screed using a projector. Make sure you practice so that you are confident moving through the slides when you present. This way you will be able to focus on what you are saying. Any visual aids you should add to your presentation rather than become your presentation. Ultimately, it is you that makes your presentation. Think about whether you want to give out handouts or not. Many expert presenters suggest that you only give these out ant the end so that the audience listens to you rather than reads the handouts.Once you have answered these questions. You can start to write your presentation. When writing your presentation, first brainstorm ideas. Think about all the things you want to say. You will find that you have quite a lot that you want to say. However, you will need to be selective and only choose what is relevant to the audience and to your objective. Don’t forget these two points. Then you need to think about the structure. Usually presentations have an introduction, followed by themain body of the presentation, and then a conclusion. Next you need to think of a title for your presentation and create your slides.In addition to creating the visual aids for your audience, you’ll need to write yourself some notes containing the keywords of the presentation, which will act as prompt.And the final, and most important point: You need practice, practice and more practice. This way you’ll be able to check the timing and flow of the presentation and make any necessary changes. More importantly, you will become familiar with what you want to say and gain confidence to deliver an excellent presentation.Answer questions:1.How do some people feel when delivering presentations?2.What four objectives might you be trying to achieve when presenting?3.What format do business presentations usually take?4.Why should you not use all the points that you have brainstormed in your presentation?5.What is the most important thing you need to do as a presenter?。
Giving a presentation
How many people will you be presenting for? Will the room feel very full with people, or will many areas of the room be unoccupied?
What will you be presenting?
The Finishing touch.
Do not ever finish your presentation by saying, “That’s all.”
Acceptable finishing lines are:
“Thank you for the opportunity to talk with you today.”
If possible, practice the presentation in the room where you will be giving the presentation.
If your presentation is a .ppt, make sure to save it on two different devices in the event that one of them fails.
Байду номын сангаас
Are there other options available for giving the presentation if electronic devices fail?
How will you need to give your presentation?
Is the event, conference, organization, or group of people you are presenting for requiring you to give the presentation in a specific way or manner? Are there time constraints on the presentation? How long or short does the presentation need to be? Are you required or encouraged to do a .ppt? Do you need any specific equipment for giving your presentation, such as a computer, projector, working speakers, a microphone, etc.?
高级商务英语 Unit 4 Business Presentations
4
Contents
1
Starting Up
1
2
Listening Task
2
3
Speaking Task
3
4
Reading Task
4
5
Writing Task
5
6
Follow-up Practice
6
The human voice can be powerfully persuasive or weakly ineffective – successful people understand the difference.
4
Learning Objectives
Understand the role and types of presentations; Understand what makes a good presentation; Organize and give an effective
business presentation.
presenting to. 7) Use your personal experiences to help illustrate your points. 8) Keep eye contact with the group. 9) Gather feedback from your audience. 10) End your presentation with a Question and Answer session.
4
In this part you will listen to three passages about job interviews. Try to finish the exercises while listening.
Tips for Giving a Good Speech
TIPS FOR GIVING A GOOD SPEECHTips for Giving a Good SpeechAnonymousThere are some tips about how to give a good speech. I collected them both from my experience and Internet. I hope it could help.1. Four objectives of the speechTo offer information; To entertain the audience; To touch emotions; To move to action;2. What to sayPlan well in advance; Make sure you fully understand your role in the program; Devote care to structuring your speech logically; Devote care to setting the proper tone.3. How to beginTo tell a story (about yourself); To acknowledge the occasion of the gathering; To pay the listeners a compliment; To quote; To use unusual statistics; To ask the audience a challenging question; To show a video or a slide.4. How to organize the speechTo have a structure: such as first, second, third; geographically, north, south, east, west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive;To label the materials such as jokes, funny anecdotes, favorite sayings, interesting statistics;5. How to closeTo repeat your opening; To summarize your presentation; To close with an anecdote; To end with a call to action; To ask a rhetorical question; To make a statement; To show an outline of your presentation.6. No, nos in public speakingTalking too rapidly; Speaking in a monotone; Using too high a vocal pitch; Talking and not saying much; Presenting without enough emotion or passion; Talking down to the audience; Using too many "big" words; Using abstractions without giving concrete examples; Using unfamiliar technical jargon; Using slang or profanity; Disorganized and rambling performance; Indirect communication i.e. beating around the bush;7. How to communicate with the audienceA message worth communicating; Gain the listeners' attention: capture their interest and build their trust; Emphasize understanding; Obtain their feedback; Watch your emotional tone; Persuade the audience;8. How to use gesturesMake sure all your gestures are smooth and natural; Don't put your hands in your pockets; Let your hands and arms drop naturally to your side, gently fold fingers together, without wringing or gripping your hands in any way; Let your hands do what they want to do as long as they don't go back into your pockets or make obscene gestures; Point at imaginary objects and don't point at others with your index finger; Size or quantity can also easily be shown by expanding or contracting the hands; Gracefully show your audience the appropriate number of fingers by holding your hands at a 45 degree angle from your head; To emphasize physical size such as length, width, hold your hands out in front you widely apart to move them up and down.9. How to gain confidenceSmile and glance at the audience; Start very slowly, with your shoulders back and your chin up; Open your speech by saying something very frankly; Wear your very best clothes; Say something positive to yourself;10. Eye contactMove your eyes slowly from person to person, and pause two or three seconds with each listener; Look at people straight or look at the bridge of their noses or chins; Look for the friendlier faces and smile at them one by one, then move on to the more skeptical members and smile at them one by one also; Imagine the audience in bathrobes in case you are nervous.Finally, I wish everyone give an excellent speech!How to Give a Good SpeechGrey FoxPublic speaking is considered the number one fear of all people. Death comes in second. I wonder how giving speeches is more fearful than death. Well, public speaking comes in different ways for many people. Some are scared to give a speech in front of a big crowd, and others are not. But at some point in their lives, everybody will have to get over that fear and nervousness to achieve the goal of public speaking.Giving a speech is actually not that hard as it sounds. Most people have trouble with it because they have not prepared correctly. The best and easiest way to prepare yourself for speaking is to practice, practice, practice. Nothing will prepare you more. When you have practiced enough, you will speak as you are just talking normal.Here are some tips on how to give a good speech:1) Pick a speech that you feel comfortable talking about and are not embarrassed of.2) It is better to talk about something that you have experienced on your own and not just heard of.3) Make eye contact while you are giving a speech.4) Talk loud and clearly, so everybody can hear you.5) Put some jokes in between your speech. That way you will not lose the attention of your audience.6) Do not shake your legs, hands, or make any unnecessary movements.With all these tips, you should be ready to give your first speech. And again, the easiest way to give a speech is to practice as many times as you can before giving it.How to Give a Good Speech演讲或发言是自我展示的机会，也是领导才能的重要组成部分。
最新Giving_oral_Presentation
Organising presentation
Four main sections of an oral presentation: 1. The introduction
2. The body
3. The conclusion
4. The question and answer session
Introduction
Giving_oral_Presentation
Good or Bad Presentation
The followings will be subconsciously considered by audience
Your voice - how you say it is as important as what you
Write out the draft for presentation, and review it. If You will find things that are irrelevant - delete them.
If there are things you cannot easily express, possibly because of doubt about your understanding, it is better to leave them unsaid.
The introduction needs an objective, that is, the purpose or goal of the presentation. (This not only tells you what you will talk about, but it also informs the audience of the purpose of the presentation).
Unit 1 听力原文
听力原文：Unit 1 Academic PresentationPart C-a Giving A PresentationRJ—Rosemary Jane JC—John CrossRJHello, my name is Rosemary Jane. And I‘m a senior tutor here in University of Forthmouth where I teach English for Academic Purposes. On the short video it‘s going to teach you how to make an academic presentation.I know many of you worry about how to make a presentation. You worry about the structure. But if you follow the guidelines in this video, you won‘t have any trouble at all.It‘s very important at the beginning of a presentation to introduce yourself, to tell your audience your name, and why you are qualified or how you are qualified to give the talk that you‘re going to give, to make sure that the audience know the title of your presentation. (That) They know roughly what you‘re going to be talking about; they know how long it‘s going to take and very importantly they know when they can ask questions. You‘re going to watch a teacher giving an academic presentation about how to make a presentation. And I want you to notice how he introduces himself.JCGood afternoon, everybody. Thank you for coming to this presentation this afternoon. My name is John Cross, I‘m a senior university tutor here in the School of Language and Area____ Studies.I‘m going to talk to you this afternoon about academic presentations—how to give an oral academic presentation. It‘s a very important thing for all students as you know you have a lot of accessed oral presentations on your courses here in Sulax??? And in other part of the University. I t‘s a very important part of your student life. Firstly, I am going to talk about the structure of a presentation. The second part we are going to more detail of the elements of that structure. Thirdly, I am going to talk about something called signposting. Signposting, how to make the audience follow what you‘re saying, giving directions, that‘s the third part. The forth part: how to make what you say easy to understand, how to make yourself clear. to your audience. Fifthly, I‘m going to talk about the importance of conclusions, summing up what you have said. And the last and the sixth part is about questions--how to ask for and deal with questions from your audience.Transitions & SignpostsRJAfter you introduce yourself and outline your talk, you make your first transition. About transition, I mean, the things that you would say to let your audience know that you‘re moving onto a new point. What you do is telling the audience the point you have talked about is finished and you are really to start a new point. See you say something like ‗Well, let me move on now to my point about‖, or ‗I move to my next point which is‘JC―Simple word like ‗next‘ and ‗then‘, ‗ numbers—first, second, third, finally‘ ; even little gestures ‗next and now‘; changing in the pitches of your voice—if you say something in a slightly higher pitch ―and now‖, usually that‘s shown a move from one section to another.‖Ok, let‘s move on to the forth part.RJYou‘d use a phrase like that to introduce each new point in your presentation. So now for example, you move from your introduction to your main body, you need to let the audience know that the presentation is about to begin, and each point you tell them the same thing.JC―Ok, that‘s my introduction. Let‘s start with the first part. The first part is about the basic structure of an academic presentation. You could say that there‘re 3 fundamental parts—the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The main body is the biggest part. The introduction and the conclusion are relatively short. The introductionshould tell the audience what you‘re going to talk about. The main body should develop those themes or points in more detail in the order that you have introduced them in your introduction. The conclusion should pick out the main points from the main body and summarize them for your audience. So the conclusion is very similar to the introduction, in fact. Now I‘m going to talk about the third part, the third thing, which as I said is signposting. Now you can think about signposting in this way, when you‘re out in the street, walking around or in your car or on your bicycle, you can see a lot of signposts around you. The signposts tell you how fast you can go, where the place you want to go is, how to get there, tell you to turn left, tell you turn right, tell you to stop, that kind of thing. Now go back to the presentation. In the presentation, the signposts also tell your audience the direction they‘re going, when they‘re going to get there, where they are at the moment, where to stop and move on to something else.‖RJAnd even write the end when you finish your body and about to conclude your presentation. You use another signpost and there are a lot that you can use. For example, you could say ―Now I am going to conclude my presentation‖ or ―let me sum up the main points again‖.Helping your audience understandRJOne of the things that‘s very important in the presentation is that you help your audience to understand you. And there‘re number of ways that you can do this. The first is to remember is that you have conversation with them or be it on one-sided conversation. You‘re not giving a lecture and you‘re not reading from a script of your Powerpoint screen. You have to maintain eye-contact by looking at everybody in your audience while you‘re talking to them. About body language: make sure that you‘re not distracting your audience by certain mannerism such as scratching your hair or blowing your nose or sticking your hand in your pocket or wandering around in front of them. You need to think about key words and how you can use particular words to help your audience understand what you‘re talking about, maybe putting those key words on visual aid. You need to think about your intonation, about stressing important words like your key words, you need to think about your voice and how loud or how quiet it is. And perhaps introducing some different kinds of speed. Not make it all sound the same. Pausing after important points to let them sinkin before you begin the next point.JC―Ok, coming back to the main point, I would say being clear is very important and the way you speak, the way you look at your audience, the words that you choose are all important elements in that.‖ConclusionRJYou need to finish your presentation very strongly so they‘ll go out with a very good memory of you as a presenter and your ability to cover your topic well. You need to make your transition or signposts the fact that you‘re going to make your conclusion.JCOK, so that brings me to the end of my presentation. And I talked about how to give an oral academic presentation.I said that it‘s very important for all students. In fact, of course, it‘s important for teachers too. That‘s part of our job. And in my presentation, I talked about 6 main things. I talked about the basic structure of an oral presentation, then I went on to some detail about those elements about the structure. That was secondly. Thirdly, I talked about signposting. What are signposts and how to use them. I talked about fourthly how to make yourself clear, how to make what you say easy to understand for the audience. And the fifth thing were the importance of summing up—make a conclusion to your presentation. And six and last, I talked about how to encourage and manage questions from the audience.RJAnd when you‘ve done that before you sit down, you have to remember to remind your audience to ask you some questions.JCOK. That‘s it. Thank you very much for listening. And now any questions?Student 1OK. Do I have to have to have a conclusion in all my presentations?JCI think conclusion is very important. It‘s very helpful to the listeners to have the main points of your presentation picked up one more time. So, yes, I would say always putting in a conclusion.Student 1OK. Thank you.Part C-b Al Gore warns on latest climate trendsLast year I showed these two slides so that demonstrate that the arctic ice cap, which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower 48 states, has shrunk by 40 percent. But this understates the seriousness of this particular problem because it doesn't show the thickness of the ice. The arctic ice cap is, in a sense, the beating heart of the global climate system. It expands in winter and contracts in summer. The next slide I show you will be a rapid fast forward of what's happened over the last 25 years. The permanent ice is marked in red. As you see, it expands to the dark blue. That's the annual ice in winter. And it contracts in summer. The so-called permanent ice, five years old or older, you can see is almost like blood, spilling out of the body here. In 25 years it's gone from this, to this.This is a problem because the warming heats up the frozen ground around the arctic ocean where there is a massive amount of frozen carbon which, when it thaw s, is turned into methane by microbes. Compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere, that amount could double if we cross this tipping point. Already in some shallow lakes in Alaska methane is actively bubbling up out of the water. Professor Katey Walter from the University of Alaska went out with another team to another shallow lake last winter.Video: Whoa! (Laughter)Al Gore: She's okay. The question is whether we will be.And one reason is, this enormous heat sink heats up Greenland from the north. This is an annual melting river. But the volumes are much larger than ever. This is the Kangerlussuaq River in southwest Greenland. If you want to know how sea level rises from land-base ice melting this is where it reaches the sea. These flows are increasing very rapidly. At the other end of the planet, Antarctica the largest mass of ice on the planet. Last month scientists reported the entire continent is now in negative ice balance. And west Antarctica cropped up on top some under-sea islands, is particularly rapid in its melting. That's equal to 20 feet of sea level, as is Greenland.In the Himalayas, the third largest mass of ice, at the top you see new lakes, which a few years ago were glacier s. 40 percent of all the people in the world get half of their drinking water from that melting flow. In the Andes, this glacier is the source of drinking water for this city. The flows have increased. But when they go away, so does much of the drinking water. In California there has been a 40 percent decline in the Sierra snowpack. This is hitting the reservoirs. And the predictions, as you've read, are serious.This drying around the world has lead to a dramatic increase in fires. And the disasters around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and unprecedented rate. Four times as many in the last 30 years as in the previous 75. This is a completely unsustainable pattern. If you look at in the context of history you can see what this is doing.In the last five years we've added 70 million tons of CO2 every 24 hours -- 25 million tons every day to the oceans. Look carefully at the area of the eastern Pacific, from the Americas, extending westward, and on either side of theIndian subcontinent, where there is a radical depletion of oxygen in the oceans. The biggest single cause of global warming, along with deforestation, which is 20 percent of it, is the burning of fossil fuel s. Oil is a problem, and coal is the most serious problem. The United States is one of the two largest emitter s, along with China. And the proposal has been to build a lot more coal plants.But we're beginning to see a sea change. Here are the ones that have been cancelled in the last few years with some green alternatives proposed. (Applause) However there is a political battle in our country. And the coal industries and the oil industries spent a quarter of a billion dollars in the last calendar year promoting clean coal, which is an oxymoron. That image reminded me of something. (Laughter) Around Christmas, in my home in Tennessee, a billion gallons of coal sludge was spill ed. You probably saw it on the news. This, all over the country, is the second largest waste stream in America. This happened around Christmas. One of the coal industry's ads around Christmas was this one.Video:♪♫ Frosty the coal man is a jolly, happy soul. He's abundant here in America, and he helps our economy grow. Frosty the coal man is getting cleaner everyday. He's affordable and adorable, and workers keep their pay. Al Gore: This is the source of much of the coal in West Virginia. The largest mountaintop miner is the head of Massey Coal.Video: Don Blankenship: Let me be clear about it. Al Gore, Nancy Pelosi, Harry Reid, they don't know what they're talking about.Al Gore: So the Alliance for Climate Protection has launched two campaigns. This is one of them, part of one of them.Video: Actor: At COALergy we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business. That's why we've made it our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an advertising effort to help bring out and complicate the truth about coal. The fact is, coal isn't dirty. We think it's clean -- smells good, too. So don't worry about climate change. Leave that up to us. (Laughter)Video: Actor: Clean coal, you've heard a lot about it. So let's take a tour of this state-of-the-art clean coal facility. Amazing! The machinery is kind of loud. But that's the sound of clean coal technology. And while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming, the remarkable clean coal technology you see here changes everything. Take a good long look, this is today's clean coal technology.Al Gore: Finally the positive alternative mesh es with our economic challenge and our national security challenge. Video: Narrator: America is in crisis, the economy, national security, the climate crisis. The thread that links them all, our addiction to carbon based fuels, like dirty coal and foreign oil. But now there is a bold new solution to get us out of this mess. Repower America with 100 percent clean electricity, within 10 years. A plan to put America back to work, make us more secure, and help stop global warming. Finally, a solution that's big enough to solve our problems. Repower America. Find out more.Al Gore: This is the last one.Video: Narrator: It's about repowering America. One of the fastest ways to cut our dependence on old dirty fuels that are killing our planet. Man: Future's over here. Wind, sun, a new energy grid. Man # 2: New investments to create high paying jobs. Narrator: Repower America. It's time to get real.Al Gore: There is an old African proverb that says, "If you want to go quickly, go alone. If you want to go far, go together." We need to go far, quickly. Thank you very much. (Applause)Part Ea. What Separates Us from the Apes?(Section One)Good morning everyone. And I feel –first of all, it‘s been fantastic being here over these past few days. And secondly, I feel it‘s a great honor to kind of wind up this extraordinary gathering of people – these amazing talks that we‘ve had. I feel that I‘ve fitted in, in many ways, to some of the things that I‘ve heard.I started off – I came directly here from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador, where I was out – you could only get there by a plane – with indigenous people with paint on their faces and parrot feathers on their headdresses. Where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies, and keep the roads, out of their forests. They‘re fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that‘s clean, a world that isn‘t contaminated, a world that isn‘t polluted.And what was so amazing to me, and what fits right in with what we‘re all talking about here at TED, is that there, right in the middle of this rainforest, was some solar panels – the first in that part of Ecuador – and that was mainly to bring water up by pump so that the women wouldn‘t have to go down. The water was cleaned, but because they got a lot of batteries, they were able to store a lot of electricity. So every house – and there were, I think, eight houses in this little community – could have light for, I think it was about half an hour each evening.And there is the Chief, in all his regal finery, with a laptop computer. (Laughter) And this man, he has been outside, bu t he‘s gone back, and he was saying, ―You know, we have suddenly jumped into a whole new era, and we didn‘t even know about the white man 50 years ago, and now here we are with laptop computers, and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world. We want to know about health care. We want to know about what other people do –we‘re interested in it. And we want to learn other languages. We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese, and we‘re good at languages. ― So there he is with hi s little laptop computer, but fighting against the might of the pressures –because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador –fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF, and of course the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil.And so, coming directly from there to here. But, of course, my real field of expertise lies in an even different kind of civilization –I can‘t really call it a civilization. A different way of life, a different being. We‘ve talked earlier – this wonderful talk by Wade Davis about the different cultures of the humans around the world – but the world is not composed only of human beings, there are also other animal beings. And I propose to bring into this TED conference, as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom. Too often we just see a few slides, or a bit of film, but these beings have voices that mean something. And so, I want to give you a greeting, as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania – Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh! (Applause)I‘ve been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960. During that time, there have been modern technologies that have really transformed the way that field biologists do their work. For example, for the first time, a few years ago, by simply collecting little fecal samples we were able to have them analyzed – to have DNA profiling done – so for the first time, we actually know which male chimps are the fathers of each individual infant. Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society, so this opens up a whole new avenue of research. And we use GSI – geographic whatever it is, GSI –to determine the range of the chimps. And we‘re using –you can see that I‘m not really into this kind of stuff –but we‘re using satellite imagery to look at the deforestation in the area. And of course, there are developments in infrared, so you can watch animals at night, and equipment for recording by video, and tape recording is getting lighter and better. So in many, many ways, we can do things today that we couldn‘t do when I began in 1960. Especially when chimpanzees, and other animals with large brains, are studied in captivity, modern technology is helping us to search for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals. So that we know today, they‘re capable of performances that would have been thought absolutely impossible by science when I began.(Section Two)I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan –her name means love –and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her. She loves her computer –she‘ll leave her big group, and her running water, and her trees and everything. And she‘ll come in to sit at this computer –it‘s like a video game for a kid, she‘s hooked. She‘s 28, by the way, and she does things with her computer screen and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans. She does very complex tasks, and I haven‘t got time to go into them, but the amazing thing about this female is she doesn‘t like making mistakes. Ifshe has a bad run, and her score isn‘t good, she‘ll come and reach up and tap on the glass –because she can‘t see the experimenter – which is asking to have another go. And her concentration –she‘s already concentrated hard for 20 minutes or so, and now she wants to do it all over again, just for the satisfaction of having done it better. And the food is not important – she does get a tiny reward, like one raisin for a correct response – but she will do it for nothing, if you tell her beforehand. So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer.Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language. But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960 – I remember so well, so vividly, as though it was yesterday – the first time, when I was going through the vegetation, the chimpanzees were still running away from me, for the most part, although some were a little bit acclimatized – and I saw this dark shape, hunched over a termite mound, and I peered with my binoculars. It was, fortunately, one adult male who I‘d named David Greybeard – and by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn‘t name the chimps they should all have numbers, that was more scientific. Anyw ay, David Greybeard – and I saw that he was picking little pieces of grass and using them to fish termites from their underground nest. And not only that – he would sometimes pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves. Modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose – the beginning of tool making. The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough is at that time, it was thought that humans, and only humans, used and made tools. When I was at school, we were defined as man, the tool-maker. So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news, he said, ―Ah, we must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as humans.‖ (Laughter) We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes. Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa, wherever chimps have been studied, there are completely different tool-using behaviors. And because it seems that these patterns are passed from one generation to the next, through observation, imitation and practice – that is a definition of human culture.What we find is that over these 40-odd years that I and others have been studying chimpanzees and the other great apes, and, as I say, other mammals with complex brains and social systems, we have found that after all, there isn‘t a sharp line dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. It‘s a very wuzzy line. It‘s getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human. The chimps –there‘s no time to discuss their fascinating lives –but they have this long childhood, five years of suckling and sleeping with the mother, and then another three, four, or five years of emotional dependence on her, even when the next child is born. The importance of learning in that time, when behavior is flexible –and there‘s an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society. The long-term affectionate supportive bonds that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother, with the brothers and sisters, and which can last through a lifetime, which may be up to 60 years. They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity, so we‘ve only done 40 years in the wild so far. And we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism. We find in their non-verbal communication – this is very rich – they have a lot of sounds, which they use in different circumstances, but they also use touch, posture, gesture, and what do they do? They kiss, they embrace, and they hold hands. They pat one another on the back, they swagger, they shake their fist – the kind of things that we do – and they do them in the same kind of context. They have very sophisticated cooperation. Sometimes they hunt – not that often, but when they hunt they show sophisticated cooperation, and they share the prey. We find that they show emotions, similar to – maybe sometimes the same – as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair. They know mental as well as physical suffering. And I don‘t have time to go into the information that will prove some of these things to you, save to say that there are very bright students, in the best universities, studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals. We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures can recognize themselves in mirrors – self as opposed to other. They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives. But this teaches us a new respect –and it‘s a n ew respect not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest, but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet.b. Unusual Climate Change IdeaYou‘ve all seen lots of articles on climate change, and here‘s yet another New York Times article, just like every other darn one you‘ve seen. It says all the same stuff as all the other ones you‘ve seen. It even has the same amount of headline as all the other ones you‘ve seen. What‘s unusual about this one, maybe, is that it‘s from 1953. And the reason I‘m saying this is that you may have the idea this problem is relatively recent. That people have just sort of figured out about it and now with Kyoto and the Governator and people beginning to actually do something, we may be on the road to a solution. The fact is: uh-uh. We‘ve known about this problem for 50 years, depending on how you count it. We have talked about it endlessly over the last decade or so. And we‘ve accomplished close to zip. This is the growth rate of CO2in the atmosphere. You‘ve seen thi s in various forms, but maybe you haven‘t seen this one.What this shows is that the rate of growth of our emissions is accelerating. And that it‘s accelerating even faster than what we thought was the worst case just a few years back. So that red line there was something that a lot of skeptics said the environmentalists only put in the projections to make the projections look as bad as possible. That emission would never grow as fast as that red line. But in fact, they‘re growing faster. Here‘s some data from actually just 10 days ago, which shows this year‘s minimum of the Arctic Sea ice, and it‘s the lowest by far. And the rate at which the Arctic Sea ice is going away is a lot quicker than models. So despite all sorts of experts like me flying around the planet and burning jet fuel and politicians signing treaties, in fact you could argue the net effect of all this has been negative because it‘s just consumed a lot of jet fuel. (Laughter) No, no! In terms of what we really need to do to put the brakes on this very high inertial thing – our big economy –we‘ve really hardly started.Really, we‘re doing this, basically. Really, not very much. I don‘t want to depress you too much. The problem is absolutely soluble, and even soluble in a way that‘s reasonabl y cheap. Cheap meaning sort of the cost of the military, not the cost of medical care. Cheap meaning a few percent of GDP. No, this is really important to have this sense of scale. So the problem is soluble, and the way we should go about solving it is, say, dealing with electricity production, which causes something like 43-or-so percent and rising of CO2 emissions. And we could do that by perfectly sensible things like conservation, and wind power, nuclear power and coal to CO2 capture, which are all things that are ready for giant scale deployment and work. All we lack is the action to actually spend the money to put those into place. Instead we spend our time talking. But nevertheless, that‘s not what I‘m going to talk to you about tonight. What I‘m goin g to talk to you about tonight is stuff we might do if we did nothing. And it‘s this stuff in the middle here which is what you do if you don‘t stop the emissions quickly enough. And you need to deal – somehow break the link between human actions that change climate, and the climate change itself. And that‘s particularly important because of course, while we can adapt to climate change –and it‘s important to be honest here –there will be some benefits to climate change. Oh yes, I think it‘s bad. I‘ve spen t my whole life working to stop it.But one of the reasons it‘s politically hard is there are winners and losers – not all losers. But of course, the natural world, polar bears. I spent time skiing across the sea ice for weeks at a time in the high Arctic. They will completely lose. And there‘s no adaptation. So this problem is absolutely soluble. This geo-engineering idea, in its simplest form, is basically the following: You could put signed particles, say sulfuric acid particles – sulfates –into the up per atmosphere, the stratosphere, where they‘d reflect away sunlight and cool the planet. And I know for certain that that will work. Not that there aren‘t side effects, but I know for certain it will work. And the reason is: it‘s been done. And it was done not by us, not by me, but by nature. Here‘s Mount Pinatubo in the early‘90s that put a whole bunch of sulfur in the stratosphere with a sort of atomic bomb-like cloud. The result of that was pretty dramatic. After that, and some previous volcanoes we have, you see a quite dramatic cooling of the atmosphere. So this lower bar is the upper atmosphere, the stratosphere, and it heats up after these volcanoes. But you‘ll notice that in the upper bar, which is the lower atmosphere and the surface, it cools do wn because we shielded the atmosphere a little bit. There‘s no big mystery about it. There‘s lots of mystery in the details, and there‘s some bad side effects, like it partially destroys the ozone layer –and I‘ll get to that in a minute. But it。
How to make a good presentation
How to make a good presentationIn many occasions, we need to make a presentation; a good presentation can show your excellent ability of expression and the logical capability of thought. Therefore, how to make a good presentation, some useful tips are as follows:1.Before having a presentation…(1)Think about the presentation beforehand.It is short-changing the organizers of the event and your audience if you only think about what you're going to say the day before or while travelling to the event. If necessary, clarify with the organizers exactly what is required of you and what facilities you will require.(2)Do use PowerPointDo use PowerPoint if the facilities are available. Although some speakers seem to have taken an aversion to PowerPoint, it is so convenient and ensures that your presentation has a clear structure and something for your listeners to take away. (3) E-mail your presentation to the event organizers in advance.Ask them to load it onto a laptop, run it through, check that it looks fine, and confirm that with you. Then you don't have to worry about the technology when you arrive at the venue; you can concentrate on the delivery of your material. Also it enables the event's organizers to run off copies of your slides, so that they are available to them in good time.(4) Make copies of your slides available.It is a matter of preference whether you do this at the beginning of your presentation or at the end. If your listeners have copies at the beginning, they can take notes simply by annotating the slides, instead of having to note down all the information on the slides. On the other hand, you might feel that, if they can see inadvance the slides you are going to use, you lose the element of control or surprise. It might depend on the content of the presentation: if you are going to show detailed tables or graphs with lots of figures, your audience will probably find it easier to have a copy on their lap. It might depend on the circumstances of the presentation: if there is a large audience, people at the back may not be able to see the screen clearly and would really appreciate having copies of the slides.(5) Ensure that the slides look good.This does not necessarily mean that they look flashy - although suitable pictures or illustrations are very effective - but it does mean using a consistent format and typeface and readable colors plus giving each slide the logo of the organization you are representing and a chronological number.2.When making a presentation…(1) Dress smartly.Entertain the audience with some amount of planned humor. Share anecdotes and stories.(2) Face your audienceFace your audience at all times even though the screen to which you are speaking is behind you. So that you know what your audience is viewing at any given time in the presentation, either have a computer screen on a desk in front of you showing the presentation or print off the slides and use the paper copies as a speaking aid.(3) Be very clear about how much time you have .Be very clear about how much time you have and stick to that time in preparing and delivering your presentation. It's very difficult to 'cut' a PowerPoint presentation at the event itself, so it's a great mistake to run out of time. Most presenters prepare too much material; but nobody ever complains that a presentation was too short (it always allows more time for questions).(4)Be very clear about how much time you have.Be very clear about how much time you have and ensure that everything in your presentation is both consistent with, and supportive of, that key message. You should be able to articulate the message in a phrase or a sentence and indeed you might want to use that phrase or sentence in one of your first slides, or one of your last, or even both.(4)Don't talk in a monotone. Pack in enthusiasm and energy into your voice.(5)if you do goof up, never apologize -- take a breath, smile and move on. You willbe surprised to know how many in your audience may not have even noticed the mishap until you made it obvious.(6)The speed of your voice can be controlled. When you introduce some uniquepoints, please slow down your speed and higher your voice. Make sure it is been emphasize in your representation.(7)Make sure you are not blocking the audience's view. Use a laser beam to identifythe points on the screen, never your arm. A flailing arm is a distraction.3. When making the PPT, we should pay attention that:(1) The first slide should announce the title of your presentation, the event and date,and your name and position. This may seem terribly obvious, but many speakers miss off some of this basic information and then weeks later listeners (or their colleagues back at the organization) are not clear who made the presentation or when. You should try to make the title catchy, so that you immediately have the interest of your audience. A challenging question works well - for instance, a presentation on the global economic crisis might ask: "Is this the end of capitalism as we've known it?" Or a play on words works too - for example, a presentation on next generation broadband could be titled "The Slow Arrival Of Fast Broadband".(2)The second slide should seize the attention of your audience for your presentation.It could be the central proposition of your presentation or a conventional wisdomthat you wish to challenge or a relevant or witty quote from a leader in your field.If it is amusing or controversial or both, so much the better.(3)The third slide should set out the structure of your presentation. The defaultstructure should consist of three themes that you intend to examine. For a very short presentation, there might only be time for two; if you want to look at more than five areas, write a book instead.(4)Each theme should be the subject of a small number of slides. Again, a goodworking assumption is that three slides for each theme is about right. Less than two and it isn't substantial enough to be a separate theme; more than five and it should probably be broken up into two themes.(5)Each slide should have a clear heading. A question is often a good way of winningattention - but, in that case, make sure you answer the question in the body of the slide.(6)Each slide should normally contain around 25-35 words, unless it is a quote (whenyou might use more) or contains an illustration (when you will probably use less).Too many words and your audience will have trouble reading the material; too few words and you're likely to be flashing through the slides and spending too much time clicking the mouse.(7)Each bullet point should consist of an intelligible phrase, rather than merely aword or two that is meaningless on its own or conversely a complete sentence that is better delivered orally. So, for instance, do use "Focus on profitable and growing markets" rather than simply "Focus" or "Markets" or "It is necessary to focus on those markets which are profitable and growing rather than those which are loss-making and declining". Consider this test: your slides should make sense and be useful to someone who was not present at your presentation.(8)Make appropriate use of pictures.It's a good idea to break up text with illustrations and it is true that a pictureis worth a thousand words.(9)Make appropriate use of anecdotesA very short story or case study or personal experience will act as aneffective illustration of a point, add 'color' to your presentation, and beremembered by listeners.(10)T he last slide should set out all appropriate contact details: certainly e-mailaddress and possibly snail mail address, plus the web site, Facebook page and Twitter address of your organization and any personal website or blog if you have one.。
怎样做好英文Presentation
怎样做好英文Presentation怎样做好英文Presentation在学习与工作中，经常需要我们用英文做一些主题展示，或表达思想，或介绍经验，或推广品牌... ... Presentation既像演讲，又不同于演讲，同在于都需要良好的语言组织能力和表达沟通技巧，异在于，相比于演讲的某些渲染效果，Presentation对于信息传达的精准性和简洁性要求更高，目的性更强，往往还会借助PPT这一媒介。
因此，不论是在课堂还是工作中，能做好一个英文Presentation的能力都极为重要。
Language 语言篇先说一点和语言不太相关的，毕竟声音对于语言的传达效果也有很大的影响。
在做presentation时，最基本的要求是要让观众听清，特别是在背过身去时。
除此之外，还要注意声音的变化，以吸引观众的注意。
声音主要可以通过以下三个方面变化：Speed语速在讲话的过程中，适当的调整语速，或者做适当的停顿可以很好的吸引观众。
Intonation音调高昂和低沉的音调可以产生不同的强调效果Volume音量回想上课时，老师突然提高的音量是不是立刻给你提神?接下来，咱们进入正题，谈一谈英文Presentation的语言1. Simplicity and Clarity 简洁明了Use short words and short sentences.虽然在写作中老师常常鼓励我们用长难句，但是在注重效率的presentation中，应该多用清楚明白的短句和易懂的`单词。
Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it.除非你确定面向的观众是内行人，否则慎用行业术语。
In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.总体上，多用使用具体的例子，少说抽象空洞的观点。