新托福独立写作必背话题词汇
【小站教育】托福独立写作- 主体段范例初级
托福独立写作
主体段范例: 初级
Sample 1
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论证: 慢生活对健康的好处 Main Idea: A slower pace of life is good for our health.
▪ 减少压力 ▪ 避免精神疾病 ▪ 减低肥胖几率
To start with, people who do things rapidly have higher working efficiency. First of all, they can perform more daily tasks within a shorter period time. Also, their high pace of life and work means that they are able to attend a lot of meetings and appointments. In addition, it is easier for them to complete their work projects before the deadline because of their keen sense of time urgency.
论证方法
TS: 对比
SS1: 因果
SS2: 转折
SS3: 事实
Sample 4
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论证: 做事速度快的人工作效率高 Main Idea: People who get things done quickly have higher efficiency.
▪ 在短时间内完成更多 ▪ 可参加更多的会议 ▪ 能在截止日之前做完 项目
▪ perform more tasks in a shorter time ▪ attend meetings and appointments ▪ complete work projects before the deadline
英语考试作文-托福独立写作task2高分范文 经济发展应该为了环境而减缓
英语考试作文托福独立写作task2高分范文经济发展应该为了环境而减缓托福写作task2又被称为托福独立写作，要求考生对于特定话题给出自己的观点和支持性论据。
相比于托福综合写作task1主要考察考生对听力和阅读中材料的信息整合能力，托福独立写作task2更要求考生有独立观点的体现和清晰表达，对考生英语书面表达能力提出了不小的要求。
下面我们来看一篇托福独立写作task2高分范文：Do you agree or disagree with the statement: economic growth should be slowed down concern about the environment.Increasing and developing economic growth is a key focus of many governments. In fulfilling these economic goals, many countries have debated whether or not the environment should be taken into consideration. I believe that in order to sustain a prolonged period of economic growth and development, governments should promote policies of environmental sustainability.A problem that many developed nations face now, is that many of their factories are several decades old and are no longer able to produce at the same rate as newer factories. Not only are their machines outdated and inefficient, but they also require huge amounts of energy and resources. Consequently these factories are not financially or environmentally sustainable. Converting and updating these factories is costly and time consuming, creating a challenge for developed countries who wish to remain competitive in the global market. Therefore, building factories and developing technology that are environmentally sustainable from this start is in the better interest of the long-term success of an economy. Even though the initial costs might be higher than building a traditional, non-environmentally friendly factory, in the long run it is better business to implement environmental policies now than later.Not only would the government enforcing eco-friendly regulations promote the financial sustainability of the national industry, but it would also create more overall stability in other sectors of economy. When governments neglect to enforce environmental regulations on industries and businesses, pollution and other environmental hazardsincrease and negatively affect the overall health of the population. A factory that dumps toxic waste into the surrounding regions main water supply will cause disease and other health defects of the hundreds of thousands of citizens living in the area. As a result, the local and national healthcare system is burdened with a large percentage of patients with serious health issues, stretching the resources and funding of a very expensive social program. If the government had enforced one simple law, it would not have to spend millions of dollars in healthcare and it could have spent the money on further developing the economy.In addition, economists all agree that green energy and green technology is a burgeoning market that has not yet been tapped by many developed countries, such as the US. A developing country that wants to gain a competitive edge in the global economy would be wise to get ahead of the competition and invest before the other developed countries come to their senses. Governments who want to give their countries a competitive edge should not ignore environmental sustainability.While developing an economy and industry based on environmental principles can be slower and initially moreexpensive than the traditional and unsustainable method of industrial development, in the long run a government who enforces environmental sustainability will establish a financially sustainable economy, a healthier and more stable social structure, and a more innovative and competitive economy.以上就是关于托福独立写作task2高分范文economic growth should be slowed down concern about the environment 的内容分享，托福写作不是一个可以轻松速成的单项，需要持续练习与反思，更需要借鉴学习一些优秀范文，做好亮眼表达的积累与应用。
托福写作TPO42独立题目+综合写作文本
在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
所以小编给考生们带来了托福写作TPO42，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
托福TPO42综合写作TASK 1 Integrated WritingGlass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it isalso very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguishbetween glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when theytry to fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions thatresponsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.One-Way GlassOne solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass thatis transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out,but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, theywill understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to flythrough it.Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regularwindow glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes paintedover the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in thedesign where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoidtrying to fly through the glass. Architects can be encouraged to includecolorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design ofbuildings.Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magnetic field to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions—either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly. A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.DirectionsYou have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Essay TopicSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how theycast doubt on the specific solutions proposed in the reading passage.You must finish your answer in 20 minutes托福TPO42独立写作TASK 2 Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and reviseyour essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:。
托福TPO63独立写作
Integrated Writing(Reading passage)This section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment.There will be2writing tasks.For the first writing task,you will read a passage,listen to a lecture,and then answer a question based on what you have read and heard.For the second writing task,you will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience.Integrated Writing(Reading passage and Listening script)DirectionsFor this task,you will read a passage about an academic topic.A clock at the top of the screen will show how much time you have to read.You may take notes on the passage while you read.The passage will then be removed and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic.While you listen,you may also take notes.You will be able to see the reading passage again when it is time for you to write.You may use your notes to help you answer the question.In an actual test,you will then have20minutes to write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage.Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture.The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion.Typically,an effective response will be150to225words.Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.Now you will see the reading passage for3minutes.Remember that it will be available to you again when you write.Immediately after the reading time ends;the lecture will begin,so keep your headset on until the lecture is over. ReadingNative to Europe and Asia,cheatgrass is an invasive species of grass that is causing problems in North American fields.The plant quickly dominates fields that it has invaded and drives out other plants.This can cause,among other problems,severe damage to animal habitats and to scenic areas.Several solutions to the cheatgrass problem have been proposed by ecologists. One option is to encourage animals such as cattle to feed on cheatgrass. Cattle and other livestock are known as grazers because they graze,or eat. small portions of grass or other plants throughout the day.If grazers were released in fields where cheatgrass is prevalent,the cheatgrass would be reduced That would create room for native species to reestablish themselves and flourish.This plan is appealing because cheatgrass is most prevalent in areas of North America where cattle and other livestock are raised. Another option is to burn the cheatgrass off the fields with controlled fires. This plan has the advantage of eliminating vast amounts of cheatgrass in a short time Cheatgrass,it turns out?is a highly flammable plant:it burns much more easily than the native plant species that have been crowded out. Strategically set fires could bum away the cheatgrass where it has come to dominate,creating space so the newly cleared fields could be reseeded with native grasses and other plants.Still another option is to introduce a fungal parasite that specifically attacks cheatgrass.In Europe and Asia,where cheatgrass is a native species,there is a species of fungus that has the ability to prevent cheatgrass from reproducing.Introducing this fungus in North American fields where cheatgrass has proliferated could slow the spread of cheatgrass,making it possible for native species to better compete against cheatgrass. ListeningNow listening to a lecture on the same topic.Directions:You have20minutes to plan and write your response Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage.Typically,an effective response will be150to225 words.Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture,being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific methods proposed in the reading passage.Independent WritingDirectionsFor this task,you will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to state,explain,and support your opinion on an issue.In an actual test and in Timed Mode in this practice test,you will have30minutes to write your essay.Typically,an effective essay will contain a minimum of300words Your essay will be judged on the quality of your writing This includes the development of your ideas,the organization of your essay,and the quality and accuracy of the language you use to express your ideas.Directions:Read the question below.You have30minutes to plan,write,and revise your essay.Typically,an effective response will contain a minimum of 300words.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Nowadays people are more willing to help people they don't know(for example,by giving clothing and food to people who need them)than they were in the past.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer Be sure to use your own words.Do not use memorized examples。
托福独立写作(Professors)
Somepeople thinkthatauniversityprofessor shouldfocustimeondoingresearch,whileothers think that the main role of a professor is to educate students in a university.What is the main role of a university professor, to educate students or to do research? Some peoplebelieve that professors should focus their time on doing research, but as far as I am concerned, it iseducating that deserves more devotion of professors.To begin with, professors are teachers in universities, so it is their responsibility to teachstudentswithabsolutededicationandenthusiasm.Universityprofessorsplayancriticalrol einstudents’learning knowledge and the methods for learning, by giving lectures in class as well as assigningthemtaskstodousingwhattheyhavelearned.Agoodprofessorshouldbe someone who canteach well and is patient with students.Inaddition,takingeducationasthemainresponsibilitydoesnotmeanthatprofessorsa renotsupposed to do research. On the contrary, those who have achieved success in research tend to bebetter teachers. Doing research allows professors to have a broader horizon, enabling them to seizethe point of the science and technology today and to have a deep understanding of the knowledgetheyaregoingtoteach.Furthermore,professors whodoresearch wellmayoffertheirstudentsbetter opportunities to do research in the field they study.Admittedly,therearescientistswho cannotteach wellbutstandoutintheirspecializedfield.Rather than teaching and doing research at the same time, I believe that they should concentrateon their research and not take the position as professors. There are many people who are merelyresearchers and whose achievement in their specialized areas is without parallel. As forprofessor,thisoccupationshouldbelefttothose who cangivequalitylecturesandhelpstudentstolearnwell.In conclusion, professors should regard educating students as their main responsibility and devotethemselves to teaching. In today’s society, however, there are some professors who do not teachstudents with dedication. They focus onresearch merely for money, which will not only do harmto students’study, but will hinder the development of science as well.。
托福考试独立写作备考习题
托福考试独立写作备考习题2017托福考试独立写作备考习题作文是整张考卷的重头戏，同学们在平时备考的时候一定要注意复习。
以下是店铺精心为大家整理的托福考试独立写作备考习题，希望对大家有所帮助!更多内容请关注应届毕业生网!托福写作范文：政府是否该支持艺术家政府/艺术类Do you agree or disagree: the government should not provide artists (musician，film-maker) with any financial support? 是否同意政府不应该为艺术家提供任何的经济支持?相关提问：1. Some people argue that arts (e.g. painting & music) do not directly improve people's quality of life, therefore， government should spend more money on other things，Do you agree or disagree?2. The government should not spend money on national defense. It should put the money in arts instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree?作家立场：政府应该给艺术家提供部分的经济援助：文章布局：让步反驳写法：思路拓展：反驳段：政府支持艺术家(电影导演，文学家，画家，雕刻家，音乐家等)的利好：1. 政府资助艺术家有助于各类艺术的健康发展和繁荣。
2. 艺术可以成为一个民族的信仰，增强民族凝集力和自豪感。
3. 资助艺术家会受到人们的欢迎，艺术家的成功带来大量的艺术馆以及美术馆的建设。
这些使人们的休闲生活更加多元化，给人们的生活增添更多的情趣。
2024托福独立写作范文
2024托福独立写作范文一、托福独立写作的通用思路。
1. 开头。
可以用一个有趣的小故事或者一个惊人的事实来引入话题。
例如，如果话题是关于“是否应该在学校里增加艺术课程”，你可以这样开头：“你知道吗？有个学校曾经做过一个疯狂的实验，他们把所有的艺术课程都取消了，结果呢？整个学校就像失去了色彩的世界，学生们每天都过得超级枯燥。
”然后明确表达自己的观点，比如“在我看来，学校绝对应该增加艺术课程。
”2. 主体段落。
每个主体段落都要有一个中心论点。
例如，对于增加艺术课程这个话题，一个主体段落的中心论点可以是“艺术课程能够激发学生的创造力”。
接着给出具体的例子来支持这个论点。
“就像我的朋友小明，他以前在数学和科学课上总是表现平平，但是自从学校开设了绘画课，他在绘画的过程中学会了从不同的角度看问题。
有一次在数学几何题上，他就用了绘画中对形状的理解方式，轻松地解出了难题。
这就说明艺术课程能给学生带来全新的思维方式，激发他们在其他学科上的创造力。
”可以有两到三个主体段落，每个段落从不同的角度来论证自己的观点。
3. 结尾。
简单总结自己的观点。
“所以说，学校增加艺术课程是非常有必要的，这对学生的全面发展有着不可忽视的作用。
”还可以再升华一下主题，“艺术就像生活中的魔法，它能让我们的校园生活更加丰富多彩，也能让学生们成为更有想象力和创造力的人，去创造一个更美好的世界。
”二、托福独立写作的技巧。
1. 语言表达。
不要使用过于复杂、生僻的单词，但是要保证用词准确。
用“big”不如用“enormous”或者“huge”更能体现词汇量。
多使用连接词，像“firstly”“secondly”“in addition”“moreover”“however”等，这样可以让文章的逻辑更清晰。
2. 避免语法错误。
在写作过程中要注意主谓一致、时态一致等基本语法规则。
写完后可以快速检查一下。
3. 针对题目要求。
一定要仔细阅读题目，确保自己的文章是紧扣题目要求来写的。
托福写作新题库题库
托福独立写作新题库— 188 题库一、教育类1. Teachers are appreciated and valued nowadays not as much as they werebefore. (Students nowadays do not respect teachers as much as they did in the past.) 难度 4 考频 42. University should spend more money supporting social activities rather thanimproving the food students eat. 难度 4 考频 33. When you are assigned an important presentation for work or school, you preferto work on it right away so that you can work on it a little bit every day,or wait until you have a good idea about the presentation? 难度 5 考频 34. Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous smallassignments,whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by onlya few large ones. Which do you prefer and why?4/25. In order to attract good students, many universities spend a lot of money in society activities.3/36 The student should be required to take history courses in the university no matterwhat their field of study is.5/37 Students can get as much benefits from participating student organizations or clubactivities as from their academic studies.4/38 Students can use their mobile phones to surf on the Internet or listen to the musicwhile studying.3/49 Teachers' performance should be evaluated by students rather than by otherteachers.3/410 All school teachers should be required to take courses every five years to updatetheir knowledge.3/311. Children should play and study rather than learn how to do household chores.3/412. some people think that it is an important part of children's education to go on field trips(eg. Museums).other people think a child's time is better spent in classroom at school.3/213. A high school has decided that all students must take a class in which they learna practical skill.School administrators are trying to decide whether to hold a class in cooking, managing personal finances or auto repair. Which do you think the school should require students to take? Why?4/114. The most important investment that can be made to the education of children aged from four to seven is giving them a computer.3/215. Which is more important: having more facilities or hiring more teachers?3/416. Teachers had a greater influence on young people in the past than they do today.3/317. If your teacher says something incorrect in a class, what will you do?3/21.)Interrupt your teacher right away;2.)keep silent;3.)correct your teacher after class.18. Students are more interested in politics today than before.4/119. The best way for a teacher to let student become interested in a subject is to help them know how to use it in their lives outside school.3/320. Online games， cell phones and networking Web Site make educating children a more difficult task.2/321. If one of your friends needs assistance in a one of the courses you are good at, it is better for him to turn to you for help or ask for a tutor?3/122. When teachers assign projects on which students must work together, students will learn much more effectively than ask them to do alone.3/223.What kind of universities do you prefer,universities whose graduates can find good jobs or universities where there are famous professors.3/324. Some people think university professors should spend more time doing research while others think they should spend more time educating students. What's your view? 3/425. To improve the quality of education， universities should spend more money on professors'salaries.3/426. Do you agree with the viewpoint that people are now easier to become educated than in the past?3/327. If children want to do well in school, parents should limit the hours of watching TV programs or movies.3/228. Do high school students should take a course on basic economics?4/129. University students should take part-time jobs.2/230. Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.4/331.Students are more influenced by teachers than by their friends.3/332.Children should only play sports for fun rather than play sports in competitions or contests.4/233. A serious and strict teacher is more effective than a teacher who is humorous and easygoing.3/334. Playing computer games is a waste of time for children.3/2二、人生&成功类35. In order to succeed, people should be more like others than be different with others.4/436. Students who keep their rooms neat and organized are more successful than those who do not.5/437. People who go out to live out of their native village or town tend to be more successful and happier than people who don’t.3/238.People who cannot accept the criticism from others will not be successful at working in a group. (In a cooperation of team, the people who cannot accept criticize couldn’t be successful.)4/539.It is better to wait in patience than take action?4/440.The most important characteristic of a successful politician or leader is good communication skill.3/341. For future career success, is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school?4/142. It is more likely for people with more skills to succeed.3/443. Successful leaders should make others part of the decision-making process.4/244. To remain happy and optimistic when you fail is more important than achieving success.5/345. It was easier to achieve success in the past than it is today.3/346. Good looks and clothing are more important for success than good ideas.4/347. Is necessary for people to let others know the strengths and accomplishments to get succeed?4/248.Successful people accept new things and take risks rather than hold on to the things that they have done well.3/249. Should people stick to your challenging dream or pay attention to carry out your real dream?5/250. Talented people's leadership is inborn and can't be learned by people.4/351.In order to become financially responsible adults,children should manage their own money at the young age.3/252. People should state their honest opinions even though they know others will disagree with their views.4/453.You are helping to elect a student leader for a student organization or a club. Do you agree or disagree that honesty is the most important thing to consider indeciding whom to vote for?3/254. Since people care public recognition more than money. They will work harder after their efforts are recognized--even if there is no more money given.3/455. The way a person dresses is a good indication of his/her personality and character.5/356. Do you agree that people will feel happier if they have fewer possessions?4/357. People can achieve happiness if they can make others happy. (The best way to achieve happiness is try to make other people happy.)5/358.In the past,it was easier for people to identify what types of career or job would lead to a secure, successful future.4/259.The most important characteristic for politician is to accept responsibility for mistake.3/260.It is better to finish a project and then start another one than to do several things at the same time.3/261. Spending money on traveling&vacation vs. saving for future.3/562. To solve the present and future problems, it is necessary to understand the past.4/263. Being creative is more important in finding the best solution to a problem than planning carefully.5/264. It is better to use one’s own knowledge and experience to solve problems than to get advice from others.4/365. Sports teach us lessons about life.4/2三、社交生活类66. Which of the following do you think contributes the most to an enjoyable vacation?3/3Good FoodGood LocationGood Friends to travel with67. In the past people are more friendly than that today.4/268. It is impossible to be always honest to your friends.4/469.It's almost always better that shopping at one large store to buy all things you need at the same time than at several small specialized stores. 3/270.Which is a better friend,the intelligent one or the one has a good sense of humor?3/371. Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends. A. joininga sports team, B.participate in community activities,C.traveling 3/372. The friends that you can have fun with are more important than the friends that you can get help from?3/473. Two people can still become friends if one of them has more money than the other one does.3/374. To celebrate some major events such as birthday or graduation ， organizing bigparty with a lot of people is better than small party with only families and close friends.4/375. It is not good to move to a new city or a new country because you will lose old friends.3/476. People who have interest in different things cannot be friends.3/377. Spending time alone is the best way to relieve stress.3/278. It is more fun to see a movie in the cinema with other people than see a movie at home.3/379. Young people are more willing to help others than those in the past years.3/280. Is there a good reason to be impolite (rude) to another person?4/381. It is important to know about what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal lives.4/282.People should take time to relax with hobbies or physical activities that are very different from what they do at work.3/383. Do you agree that watching sports on TV and following sports team have some negative impacts on people? 3/284. People rely on their neighbors less now than they did in the past.3/285. We can learn about a person from the books and movies that person like.3/386. Which of the following factors is most important for you? living in an area not expansive, living close to relatives, living in an area with many shops and restaurants.3/387. Some people like to record their life by sharing pictures and other information on social-networking sites. Others keep this information to themselves and never share it online . Which do you prefer and why?3/388. When making major purchase(eg. Car or laptop), our decision can be influenced by different sources of information.Explain how each of the following source of information can influence your decision.1)recommendations from friends or colleagues 2)information from media(eg. TV, magazines, newspapers) 3)recommendations from the sales person in the store 3/389. If people are on vacation, they should leave their mobile phones at home. 3/290. More and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.3/291.If you need to discuss upsetting or controversial problems with others,will you use e-mail/text messaging OR use telephone/voice-messaging.3/3四、工作类92. An effective leader should try to make others feel that they are part of the decision making process. 4/293. Your job has more effect on your happiness than your social life does.3/494. Your job has more effect on your happiness than your living environment does.3/395. The best leaders are those who are willing to admit when they made bad decisions.4/296. Employees should follow the orders rather than proposing new ideas.3/297. It is better to work at home by using one's own computer and telephone than todo the same work in the company's office. 3/498. Some jobs can pay high salaries but require employees to leave their family and friends. Some jobs pay few salaries but allow employees staying with family and friend. Which job do you prefer? Why?3/399. The ability to adapt to the environment is more important than excellent knowledge for job.4/2100. The most important investment for a company is to spend money to improve the work skills of its employees.3/3101. It is more enjoyable to have a job, and you work only three days a week with long hours rather than work five days a week with shorter hours.3/2102. People should take a secure job immediately when finding one instead of waiting for the job that they find more satisfying.4/3103. Do you agree that people should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from one’s work? 3/3104. Do you prefer to take a low-paid but secure job or a job with a high salary but easy to lose? 4/2105. A job with more vacation time but a low salary is better than a job with a high salary but less vacation time.3/3五、社会类106.People are happier when they finish a challenging or difficult job than when they complete an easy task.4/2五、社会类107.Younger people spend more time on improving the world than in the past. 4/2108. The personal and work-related challenges that young people face today are not very different from the challenges their parents and grandparents faced in the past.3/3109. Is it as important for older people to study or learn new things as it is for younger people? 3/3110. Do you agree or disagree young people today are better able to make decisions for their own life than in the past?3/3111. The rules that the whole societies today expect to young people to follow and obey are too strict.4/4112. Do you agree with the statement that the opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important for the young people than they are to the older people.3/4113. Young people nowadays have no influence on decisions that determine the future of the society as a whole.3/2114. Young people today are less dependent on their parents than in the past.3/3 115. Sports and exercises are more important to elderly people than to young people.3/2 116. The advices from our grandparents have no use for their grandchildren because 六、其他the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.3/4 六、其他117. People often buy products not because they really need them but because othe r people have them.4/2118. Do you agree or disagree it is important to have rules of clothing people are allowed to wear to work and school?3/2pare with the people living in cities,the people living in village and farm area are more satisfied with their lives. 3/5120.society benefits more from works of great artists than from political leaders.4/3 121. Nowadays, neighbors depend on each other less than the people in the past. 3/4 122. Is it easier to maintain good health than in the past?3/3123. Which of the following should you change to improve your health1.) The kind of food you eat2.) The amount of exercise3.) The amount of stress. 3/2124. People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from thei r family members so there is no need for the government to help them.3/3125. Improving schools is the most important factor in the successful developmentof a country.3/2126. Famous entertainers and athletes deserve to have more privacy than they have now.3/3127. Automobile has had greater effects on society than airplanes.3/2128.The most important problem that affects the society today will be solved during my life time?5/3129. The world is changing fast, people are less happy. 4/3130. The fast development of society today is a positive trend.3/2131. Children should do jobs that are similar to those of their parents.3/2132. People should buy things that are made in their own country, even if the price of these products is higher than that of the products made in other countries.3/2133.Professional athletes who receive high salaries,such as football or basketball players,deserve what they get.3/4134. Twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore. 3/3135. People should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation such as buses and trains.3/2136.People benefit more from travelling in their own country than travelling in a foreign country.3/2137. Printed books have greater effects on society than TV does.3/2138. Most businesspeople are motivated only by the desire for more money.3/2139. People today spend too much time on enjoyment. We only do what we like to do rather than what we should do.4/2七、家庭类140.Is it true that parents can raise children more easily than 50years ago3/4141. Parents have spent too much time to help determine the future of their children, children should make their own decisions. 3/3142.Should parents spend more time playing with their children or do something related with study3/4143.Busy parents have less time to spend with their children.Some people think time should be spent to play games or sports. Others think time should be spent by doing something together related to schoolwork.3/4144. One of the ways that parents can help children be ready for adult life is to ask them to do a part-time job.3/3145. Parents should allow their children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.3/2146. Parents should help children do their work rather than encouraging them to do the work on their own.3/3147.The best way for parents to teach their children about responsibility is to have them care for animals.3/2148. Parents do not understand their children as well as the parents did 50 years ago.3/2149. Parents should give money to their children for their high marks at school.3/1 150. It is not that important for families to regularly eat meals together?4/2 151. In modern society, parents learn more things from their children than children learn from parents.4/3152. The most important thing people learnt is from families. 3/2pared with people who live in urban areas,the people who live in rural areascan take better care of their families.3/2154. Some people think that they can solve problems by themselves or with the help of their parents. Thus, we need not the help from the government.3/2八、政府政策类155. It is more important for the government to spend money on art museums and concert halls than on recreational facilities such as swimming pools and playgrounds. (Government should give more money in support of arts than that of athletic such as state-sponsored Olympic teams.) 3/4156. Should governments spend money on scientific research even if it has no practical value? 4/2157. Governments should focus its budgets more on environmental protection than on economic development.158. It's more important for the government to build new housing than preserve old and historical building.3/4159. The government should spend more money on improving access to the Internet than on the public transportation.3/3160. In times of economy crisis， which area should government reduce the spending?3/2 -Education-Health Care-Support for unemployed 九、媒体类161. Advertisement is not honest than it is in the past; and cannot help us to decide what product do we buy.3/3162. Advertising is the most important cause of unhealthy eating habits.3/2163. Advertisements targeting children aged between 2 and 5 should be banned.3/2164. Movies and TV programs made in one’s own country is always more interesting than those made in other countries.3/3165. Only movies that can teach us something about real life??is worth watching. 5/3166.Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.3/4167. Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished. 4/2168. We need to have different sources of news and information to know which one is the real one or who is telling the truth. (In order to become well-informed, one has to get information from different news resources. ) 3/4169. Newspapers and magazines are the best ways to learn about a foreign country.3/2 170. Which source is more dependable for news, TV or newspapers? 3/3十、环境保护类171. Though modern agricultural practices damage the environment, feeding the world'sgrowing population is more important than protecting against environmental damage. 3/3172. Although many people in many countries care about environmental problems (such as pollution and global warming), the environment will not become better in the future. 3/4173. The environmental issue is too complex to be solved by the individuals.3/3174. Many countries are paying attention to environmental problems. But the attention is not making the environmental situations better.3/4175.The best way to reduce air pollution is that government to raise the cost of fuel (petrol)of the cars.3/4176. Some people argue using cleaner energy to protect the environment, but the traditional energy sources such as coal and oil is less expensive. What is your suggestion? 4/2177. It is important for the government to protect animals and wilderness areas for future generations.3/3178. Solving environmental problems is the best way for the government to improve public health.3/2179. The government should give priority to improving healthcare than to solving environmental problems.3/4十一、科技类180. Scientists should be responsible for the negative impact that is brought by their discoveries or inventions.4/2181. Government should support scientific researches which do not have practicaluses.3/2182. Scientists have been working to make technology easier and human friendly. How do you think technology had affected our lives?3/4183. Governments and companies should share their scientific discoveries with each other.3/3184. When a new technological device become available. Some people buy it right away, while others will wait until many have acquired it. Which view do you agree with and explain why.3/4185. Although new technology and science will continue to advance and improve people's life, the most significant improvement has been made.4/3186. Scientists should be responsible for the negative impact that is brought by their discoveries or inventions.4/2187. Technology has made children less creative than children were in the past.4/2188. Technology makes people’s lives simpler rather than makes people’s lives more complicated.3/4。
托福TPO62独立写作
关注微信公众号「TD北美留学进化论」与20W＋留学党共同奋⽃Integrated Writing(Reading passage)Throughout the world's oceans,hard structures such as natural reefs provide ideal marine habitats Reefs provide hard surfaces to which plants,coral and sponges can attach:and thereby provide food and shelter for many types of fish.Recently,workers in the fishing industry have tried to increase the amount of suitable habitat for fish by constructing artificial reefs from old metal objects and industrial materials and placing them in coastal waters. Artificial reefs have several benefits.Artificial reefs can also improve the economic competitiveness of small-scale fishers This is possible because small-scale fishers are able to create their own private artificial reefs in secret locations only they know.Currently,small-scale fishers struggle to compete with larger corporations because fishing grounds are limited in number and most are known to everyone.Creating fishing areas known only to the fishers who make them will help independent fishers support themselves and their local communities.Next,some asteroids are rich in valuable elements and precious metals that are relatively rare on Earth,such as gold and platinum.An asteroid colony would be extremely profitable and a good source of these raw materials.The colonists or businesses sponsoring them could more than pay for the cost of their support by mining minerals and sending them back to Earth. Finally,artificial reefs are a good way to recycle materials no longer needed for other purposes.Artificial reefs can be made from old cars and other objects that are otherwise difficult to dispose of Once these materials have been cleaned to ensure that no harmful chemicals remain,they can be placed in the ocean to serve as reefs for marine life Artificial reefs thus provide a relatively inexpensive,environmentally friendly way to reuse materials.Independent WritingDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?After completing high school,students should take at least a year off to work or travel before they begin studying at a university.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。
托福写作常用连接词12个
托福写作常用连接词12个很多初学托福写作的同学不知道连接词有哪些，该如何使用。
笔者总结了常用的12个连接词，请大家先牢记，然后做到活学活用。
托福写作常用连接词12个托福写作常用连接词：1. However1)We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.我们原以为这些数据正确，不过我们现在发现了一些错误。
2)However, he smothered, as best he was able, these feelings.然而，他尽其所能抑制住了这些感情。
3)If, however, you are an extrovert you are quite likely to enjoy it.然而，如果你是一个性格外向的人，你很可能会喜欢它。
4)It was, however, a little disappointing.不过，这有点儿令人失望。
2. Nonetheless1) The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.这本书篇幅太长，但是很有知识性和趣味性。
2) The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.问题不严重，不过我们还是需要尽快处理。
3) Nonetheless, it contains an element of truth.然而它也有些道理。
3. Nevertheless1) He was very tired, nevertheless he kept working.他累得很，然而仍继续工作。
2) There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.我们几乎没有可能改变法律。
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新托福独立写作必背分类话题词汇一、Education教育二、Technology科技三、Media媒体四、Success 成功五、Work 工作六、Government 政府七、Friends 朋友八、Old vs. Y oung九、Transportation 交通十、Environment 环境十一、Money 金钱十二、Leisure 休闲十三、Family 家庭十四、Animals 动物十五、Food 食物十六、Safety安全十七、Health健康十八、Food 食物一、Education教育作业n. assignment（可数)与homework不同选修课n. elective course学分n. credit青少年n. ；青春期的adj. adolescent适应adapt to sth. / become accustomed to sth. 应用v. apply团队精神team spirit独立思考think independently在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding学生的反馈students’ feedback学生评价老师的教学students appraise/ evaluate their teachers’ performance通才n. generalist 专才n. specialist全面发展的adj. well-rounded多才多艺的adj. versatile为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being (or welfare)工科n. engineering学科（通称）；纪律n. 管教vt. discipline 互动vt. interact自制力n. self-discipline小（中、大）学教育primary-level (or secondary-level/ tertiary-level ) education职业教育vocational education学校给学生的教育n. schooling学校提供的课程总称n. curriculum ( pl. curricula)心理的adj. psychological参与n. participation熟练掌握……be proficient in榜样role model 同龄人n. peer对孩子/弱者过度保护adj. overprotective家长给小孩的教育n. parenting批判眼光看问题能力critical thinking abilities 有创造力的adj. creative/original表现出色perform well为…打好基础lay a solid foundation for评估n. evaluation对…非常好的掌握n. mastery好奇心n. curiosity精英n. elite应试教育test-oriented education富于想象力的imaginative无知的adj. ignorant 误入歧途go astray 文盲（的）n.&adj. illiterate给人动力的adj. motivating未成年人n. minors 溺爱vt. spoil青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency欺负（n. “喜欢欺负人的孩子”）vt. bully 植物学n. botany 天文学n. astronomy 培养v. cultivate/ foster/ nurture促进学生身心发展promote the student’s physical/mental (or intellectual) and emotional development心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth/ motivate the students to do sth传授知识impart/ inculcate knowledge灌输高尚的道德观instill high moral values 给学生以灵感give the students inspiration 学生对老师所教知识的掌握students’grasp (or command) of what has been taught就业技能employable skills填鸭式教法教学生force-feed the students死记硬背learn things by rote责任感sense of obligation/ duty/ responsibility记忆方程式、公式、定理、定律memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws盲从follow sth. blindly限制创造力的发展extinguish creativity打击学生的积极性dampen the students’enthusiasm/ frustrate the students塑造某人的性格mold one’s character来自其他同学的压力peer pressure逆境n. adverse circumstances/ adversity鼓励学生用辩证的眼光看问题encourage the students to think critically课外活动extra-curricular activities理论知识theoretical knowledge阐明，解释清楚vt. illuminate具体一门课的内容n. syllabus二、Technology科技非常先进的adj. state-of-the-art尖端的adj. cutting-edge彻底变革vt. revolutionize大规模生产mass-production省钱的adj. cost-effective/ economical深刻改变vt. transform突破n. breakthrough打破（传统的）界限break boundaries无限的可能endless possibilities发展v.&n. advance信息过剩information overload信息爆炸information explosion自给自足n. self-sufficiency不可想象的adj. inconceivable/unbelievable 可利用的adj. available耐用的adj. durable常规的adj. conventional加速speed up/ accelerate生产，制造vt. manufacture采用vt. adopt网络银行（业务）online banking生物技术n. biotechnology克隆v. clone太空探索space exploration/ space probe以惊人的速度at a staggering/an amazing rate器官移植organ transplant (transplantation) 卫星satellite信息时代the information age ( or era)互联网的广泛应用the proliferation of the Internet/ the extensive use of the Internet/ the widespread use of the Internet科技创新及发展technological innovations/ inventions/ /progressions三、Media媒体报道n. coverage有新闻价值的adj. newsworthy信息量大的adj. informative娱乐性强的adj. entertaining商品n. commodity隐私n. privacy 记者n. journalists新闻界the press 澄清vt. clarify审查n. censorship 名人n. ( pl.) celebrities 完全与世隔绝entirely cut off from the outside world（媒体）影响（公众意见）vt. sway真人秀reality show 情景喜剧n. sitcom 肥皂剧soap opera 综艺节目variety show 时事current affairs 丑闻n. scandals过多的暴力与色情内容excessive violent and pornographic contents有误导性的adj. misleading/ distorted报道非常详尽的细节report sth. in detail夸大事件exaggerate things/ blow things out of all proportions公正客观的objective and balanced揭露v. expose/ reveal侵犯隐私violate someone’s privacy毁坏某人的名誉tarnish one’s reputation掩盖v. cover up/ gloss over可信的adj. reliable/ trustworthy道德准则code of conduct无处不在的adj. ubiquitous/ prevalent处在公众注意力的焦点in the spotlight传闻n. gossip四、Success 成功决心n. determination 座右铭n. motto名望n. fame 不幸n. misfortune残疾的adj. disabled 对手n. rival在某方面成功succeed in sth.态度n. attitude 毅力n. perseverance 逆境n. adversity/ hardship决定性的，有决断力的adj. decisive身份和地位的象征status symbol战略，行动安排n. strategy不可缺少的，绝对必要的adj. indispensable 长处n. (pl.) strengths弱点n. (pl.) weaknesses五、Work 工作分配vt. assign 冲突v.&n. conflict 尝试n.&v. attempt 谈判n. negotiation 竞争激烈的adj. competitive蓝领n. blue-collar 白领n. white-collar 非常勤奋的adj. industrious令人筋疲力尽的adj. exhausting同事n. colleague 可行的adj. feasible 耗时间的adj. time-consuming牺牲n.&v. sacrifice 工作量n. workload 裁员n. layoff/ downsizing当名词时是“做某事的途径”，当动词时是“靠近”n.&vt. approach (to)招聘vt. recruit 事业n. career激烈的竞争fierce competition有热情的adj. enthusiastic自我表达n. self-expression评价，评估n. assessment/ evaluation不愿意去做某事be reluctant to do sth./ be unwilling to do sth.工作的正式说法n. profession/ occupation很高的专业素养n. expertise经验丰富的adj. experienced白手起家的创业者n. entrepreneur事业心强的adj. enterprising十分投入的adj. devoted工作满意度job satisfaction稳定性n. stability合作vi. collaborate (with)就业技能employable skills人际交往能力interpersonal skills职业前景career prospects加班work overtime奖励，回报n. reward员工福利employee benefits合作n. collaboration六、Government 政府废除（法律、制度等）vt. abolish实施vt. implement使…合法化vt. legalize首要任务n. priority 建立vt. establish减轻、缓解vt. alleviate , ease , relieve当局the authorities禁止vt. forbid/ prohibit立法n. legislation民主的adj. democratic高效率的adj. efficient优化资源分配optimize the distribution of resources严厉的，严格的adj. stringent短视的adj. short-sighted支出，花费n. expenditure社会保险social security规范，管理v. regulate严禁strictly prohibit, ban altogether严格的法律stringent laws/ legislation强制性的，按照法律或者规定必须做的adj. mandatory/ compulsory拨款allocate money to sth./ invest in/ fund预算n. budget政府开支the government spending/ expenditure on sth.把…当作当务之急give priority to sth.国土安全national security/ homeland security 恶性循环 a vicious circle规章制度rules and regulations武器n. arms/ weapons下岗工人laid-off workers/ downsized workers失业n. unemployment/ joblessness基础设施n. infrastructure公共交通系统public transportation/transit system电网power grid 石油天然气管线pipelines 民主与开明的政府 a democratic and progressive government临时的应急措施a stopgap measure七、Friends 朋友察觉到vt. detect 外貌n. appearance 吸引，吸引力n. attraction喜欢社交的adj. sociable 忠实的adj. loyal 志向ambition （ambitious）陪伴n. accompany 相互的adj. mutual真诚的adj. sincere直率的adj. candid/ frank 背叛vt. betray 谦虚的adj. modest两难的困境n. dilemma低估v. underestimate机灵的adj. witty 有智慧的adj. wise 体贴人的adj. considerate/ thoughtful理解他人的，善解人意的adj. understanding 漠然的adj. indifferent (to)孤立的adj. isolated 杰出的adj. prominent （人）老练的，（工具）复杂高端的adj. sophisticated顽强的adj. tough 琐碎的adj. trivial 八、Old vs. Young 老人/年轻人风俗习惯n. custom 尊敬的adj. respectful 很有活力的adj. energetic ≈dynamic有前途的adj. promising保守的adj. conservative老式的adj. old-fashioned过时的adj. outdated 恶化vi. deteriorate 史无前例的adj. unprecedented某事物并不是一成不变的be not carved in stone不实际的adj. impractical/ unrealistic困惑的adj. confused/ bewildered/ puzzled迷失了方向的adj. disoriented成熟n. maturity1~2岁的小朋友n. baby/ infants13~19岁的孩子teens/ teenagers未成年人n. kids/ children十几岁的孩子n. adolescent20/30/40…多岁的人们people in their 20s/ 30s/ 40s …中年人middle-aged people老年人retire people/ pensioners/ the elderly 祖先n. ancestors老龄化社会aging society历史悠久的adj. time-honored永恒的adj. timeless 皱纹n. wrinkle分清是非distinguish right from wrong逝去vt. fade 蹒跚vi. stagger九、Transportation 交通交通堵塞traffic jam= traffic congestion公交public transit蛮不讲理的司机aggressive drivers 不负责任地开车reckless driving酒后驾车drunk driving肇事者n. offender每天经过长距离去上班的人们n. commuter 交通方式modes/ means of transportation交通工具n. vehicle人口爆炸，人口激增population explosion/ population boom行人n. pedestrian罚款vt.&n. fine(penalty)危险的adj. hazardous过度拥挤n. overcrowding撞车n. collision/ car accident人口密度density of population十、Environment 环境污染物n. pollutant尽可能减少,最小化vt. minimize (maximize)倾倒vt. dump 灌溉n. irrigation (irrigate) 居住于……vt. inhabit节约使用v. conserve 保护v. preserve 再利用v. reuse/ recycle短缺n. shortage/ scarcity/ dearth/ lack生态系统the ecosystem有益于环保的adj. eco-friendly环境恶化environmental deterioration当地的居民local resident/ local inhabitants 有毒的adj. poisonous/ toxic无毒的adj. non-toxic免疫系统immune system负面影响adverse effects沙尘暴n. sandstorm砍伐森林n. deforestation国际社会the international community臭氧层ozone layer有环保意识的adj. environmentally-conscious 化学反应chemical reactions替代性能源alternative energy商品包装的总称n. packaging污染vt. contaminate二氧化碳排放carbon dioxide emission(s)汽车尾气exhaust fumes酸雨acid rain 冰川n. glacier排放（污染物）vt. discharge可持续发展sustainable development太阳能solar energy 风能wind energy 核能nuclear energy 水电n. hydropower 烟雾重的adj. smoggy人造的adj. artificial适当的adj. appropriate 开采自然资源exploit natural resources侵蚀vt. erode 辐射n. radiation连锁反应chain reaction化肥chemical fertilizer杀虫剂n. pesticide丰富的，充裕的adj. abundant恶化v. deteriorate生态平衡ecological balance环保主义者n. environmentalists/ conservationists对环境无害的adj. environmentally-friendly 各国必须携手解决环境问题countries on this planet must join forces to combat environmental problems增强公众关于…的意识raise the public awareness of sth.砍伐森林n. deforestation增加农产品产量boost crop yield可再生资源renewable resources消耗v. consume 用尽use up /exhaust严厉的措施n. harsh actions/ measures某地区所有生物总称the wildlife in a region 生物的多样性n. biodiversity污水n. sewage 严重的adj. severe 温室效应greenhouse effectadjust to nature 适应自然atmospheric pollution 大气污染be exhausted 被耗尽cope with 与…竞争，应付domestic sewage家庭污水endangered species濒临灭绝的物种fatal disease致命的疾病natural selection自然选择，物竞天择on the brink of 濒于optimize the environment尽可能改善工作环境put the blame on 归咎于remedial measure补救性措施sewage treatment污水处理soil erosion水土流失take revenge on 报复toxic chemical 有毒化学品waste disposal废物处理十一、Money 金钱珍贵的adj. precious/ valuable毫无价值的adj. worthless不安全感n. insecurity节俭的adj. thrifty/ frugal省钱的adj. economical保持收支平衡make ends meet昂贵的adj. costly精致的，精美的adj. exquisite“高端的”，可以指服务场所，也可以指商品adj. top-end/ high-end低端的adj. low-end不仅是好运，也经常指财富n. fortune富人与穷人the haves and the have-nots诱惑n. temptation财产n. property/ possessions需求n. demand 贪欲n. greed妒忌（形容词jealous）n. jealousy有诱惑力的adj. tempting慷慨n. generosity 捐赠vt. donate慈善事业或者慈善组织n. charity十二、Leisure 休闲短期旅行n. excursion观光n. sightseeing有导游的旅行conducted tour/ guided tour跟团游package tour自助游self-conducted tour/ self-guided tour 异域风情的adj. exotic有益环保的旅游n. ecotourism背包族n. backpacker旅行社travel agency旅游景点tourist attraction/ tourist spot纪念品n. souvenir古代留下来的东西n. relics 城堡n. castle 手工制品n. handicrafts 收藏n. collection 文物n. artifacts 珍惜vt. cherish美术馆，画廊n. gallery开阔某人的眼界expand one’s outlook/ vision 萝卜青菜,各有所爱Different strokes for different folks休闲n. recreation 释放压力release stress 引领潮流的adj. trend-setting游乐场amusement park主题公园theme park从日常琐事中摆脱出来get away from the daily grind提振某人的精神lift one’s spirits精神消沉one’s spirits sink值得回忆的adj. memorable文化遗产cultural heritage民间传说n. folktale少数民族ethnic minorities外观n. exterior 内部n. interior偏见n. prejudice侦探小说detective novel传记n. biography 神话n. mythology乐器instrument 表演n. performance捕捉vt. capture让人放松calm the nerves and restore the soul 动画片n. animation特效special effects展览n. exhibition展览或者展品n. exhibit适度锻炼moderate exercise适度n. moderation健身n. workout有氧运动aerobic exercises血液循环blood circulation灵活性n. flexibility 耐力n. endurance协调，（身体的）协调性n. coordination马拉松n. marathon 田径n. athletics十三、Family 家庭老年人the elderly / senior citizens亲情family bonds/ family ties家庭观念family values增强，加固vt. strengthen/ reinforce配偶n. spouse家里的孩子n. offspring兄弟姐妹n. sibling(s)兄弟姐妹间的互相竞争n. sibling rivalry表兄弟/姐妹n. cousin家务事household chores性格冲突personality clash家庭用品，特别常指家电household appliances代沟generation gap 亲戚one’s relatives 父母和孩子一起住的小家庭nuclear family 一大家子人extended family和谐n. harmony (harmonious)血浓于水Blood is thicker than water.归属感sense of belonging单亲家庭single-parent households虐待v. mistreat家庭暴力domestic violence毒品上瘾addiction to / be addicted to drugs 十四、Animals 动物伙伴n. companions 虐待n.&vt. abuse人类man/ humans/ humankind动物n. creatures 栖息地n. habitat生物多样性n. biodiversity濒危动物endangered species兽皮n. hide 兽毛n. fur制药公司pharmaceutical company生物医学研究biomedical research实验室n. laboratory动物权益保护主义者animal right activists 医学研究medical research残忍的adj. cruel/ merciless/ inhuman/ brutal 减轻动物的痛苦relieve/ alleviate/ ease animals’ pain宠物是主人的伙伴pets are their masters’companions给主人心理安慰afford their masters consolation and comfort偷猎v. poach某一种事物是没有替代物的there are no replacements/ substitutes/ alternatives for sth. 十五、Food 食物味道好的adj. tasty超级好吃的adj. scrumptious['skrʌm(p)ʃəs] 地道的，正宗的adj. authentic[ɔː'θentɪk]多样性n. variety 肥胖症obesity有机的adj. organic 摄入量n. intake ……的摄入过多excessive intake of …冠心病coronary heart disease (CHD)油腻的adj. greasy 糖尿病n. diabetes食品卫生food hygiene奶制品dairy products缺乏运动的生活方式sedentary lifestyle营养不良的adj. malnourished无法治愈的病incurable disease治疗n. treatment therapy有营养的adj. nutritious/ nourishing素食主义者n. vegetarian冷冻食品frozen food罐装食品canned food低热量的low-calorie低脂肪的adj. low-fat钙n. calcium ['kælsɪəm]高纤维n. high in fiber超重的adj. overweight 过敏n. allergy症状n. symptoms 保持健康keep fit原料n. ingredient 饮料n. beverage有益健康的adj. wholesome/ healthy均衡的饮食balanced diet碳水化合物n. carbohydrate微量元素trace elements十六、Safety安全be within the law合法bring into effect使实现，实施carry into execution/put in practice实行，实施economic loss经济损失eliminate crime消灭犯罪environmental protection环境保护legitimate right合法权利leisure pursuit闲暇爱好self-defense自卫suicide rate自杀率self-protection自我保护十七、Health健康acute disease急性病chronic disease 慢性病adhere to 坚持不懈build a sound body 强身健体character building 品格培养chemical substance 化学物质ease the strain 减轻压力engage in 参加，从事outlook in life 人生观persevere in 坚持physical condition 身体状况physical exercise 体育运动physical-fitness program 健身计划the average life expectancy 平均寿命十八、Food 食物cancerous tumor 癌症heart attack 心脏病high blood pressure 高血压get addicted to 上瘾appeal to 吸引，呼吁，要求balanced meal 均衡的饮食be physically damaging 有害健康的be stuffed 饮食过渡chain store 连锁商店convenience food方便食品digestive system 消化系统eating pattern 饮食模式enjoy great popularity 大受欢迎excessive fat 过量的脂肪fatty and fried food 肥腻和油炸的食物go short of 缺乏energy-dense food 高能量食物high-nutrition food 高营养食品high-quality food 高质量的食物hyper-calorie meal 高热量的膳食improper eating habit 不良饮食习惯inferior animal低级动物superior animal高级动物intake of excess calories摄入过多的热量inviting and appetizing美味可口的life cycle生命周期meet special nutrient needs 满足特殊的营养需要morally wrong 不合道义的nutrient deficiency营养缺乏nutrition value 营养价值offer more choices and tastes提供更多的选择何口味optimal human functioning最佳的人体机能processed and fast food 加工过的快餐食品protein intake蛋白质摄入量the philosophy of Chinese food中国饮食文化vitamin and mineral supplements维生素和矿物质补充。