课题_2015年12月中南大学网络教育课程考试 《社会语言学》试题答案
中南大学《语言学概论》课程作业(在线作业)一及参考答案
(一) 单选题1.普通语言学研究()。
(A) 个别民族语言的特殊规律。
(B) 个别民族语言的一般规律。
(C) 人类语言的一般规律(D) 人类语言的特殊规律及应用参考答案：(C)2.人类语言和动物的交际方式()。
(A) 在本质上是一致的(B) 有着本质区别(C) 有不大的差别(D) 基本一样参考答案：(B)3.语言是()。
(A) 说本族语的人理解和构成合乎语法句子的先天能力，是人类先天具有的。
(B) 思维的工具，是认识成果的贮存所，是属于精神的东西。
(C) 指人们在某一时期内说出来的话和写出来的文字(D) 一种特殊的社会现象，人类最重要的交际工具盒必不可少的思维工具，是音义结合的符号系统。
参考答案：(D)4.语言符号的任意性是指()。
(A) 语言符号的创造和使用是任意的。
(B) 人们对语言符号的理解是任意的。
(C) 语言符号音、义之间的结合是任意的。
(D) 语言符号的组合是任意的。
参考答案：(C)5.语言符号的基本形式是()。
(A) 词汇(B) 语音(C) 文字(D) 语法参考答案：(B)6.语言的底层是一套()。
(A) 音位(B) 句子(C) 词(D) 语素参考答案：(A)7.下列材料，属于组合关系的是()。
(A) b p m f(B) 建设祖国(C) a o e i(D) 太很更最参考答案：(B)8.下面说法错误的一项是()。
(A) 思维可以不依赖语言。
(B) 语言对思维有固定和改造的作用(C) 思维是语言的服务对象。
(D) 思维中的概念与语言中的词不是一对一的。
参考答案：(A)9.下面正确的一项是()。
(A) 语言是个人的，言语是社会的。
(B) 言语是个人的，语言是社会的。
(C) 语言是个人的，又是社会的，而言语是社会的。
(D) 言语是个人的，又是社会的；而语言是社会的。
参考答案：(D)10.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。
这里的“约定俗成”的内容是()。
(A) 只有任意性(B) 只有强制性(C) 既有任意性，又有强制性(D) 指随意性，也有强制性参考答案：(C)11.语言符号的内容是()。
语言学试题答案
语言学试题答案一、选择题1. 在语言学中，用于描述语言规则的系统通常被称为（）。
A. 语法B. 语义学C. 语音学D. 语用学答案：A2. 语音学中的最小对立对是（）。
A. 音素B. 音节C. 音标D. 音位答案：A3. 语义学中的“多义性”指的是（）。
A. 一个词有多个意义B. 一个句子有多个意义C. 一个词类可以表达多种功能D. 一个语言可以有多种表达方式答案：A4. 以下哪个选项是社会语言学研究的内容？（）A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言与社会之间的关系D. 语言的普遍语法答案：C5. 心理语言学主要关注的是（）。
A. 语言的生物学基础B. 语言的心理学过程C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的历史变迁答案：B二、填空题1. 语言的三个基本功能包括______、______和______。
答案：信息传递、社交互动、思维表达2. 语言的普遍语法是指______。
答案：所有人类语言共有的基本结构原则3. 在语言学中，______是指一个词在不同语境中可以表达不同意义的现象。
答案：多义性4. 语音学中的______是指不同语言中相似但不完全相同的音。
答案：对应音5. 语用学研究的是______。
答案：语言在实际使用中的规则和原则三、简答题1. 请简述结构主义语言学的主要观点。
答案：结构主义语言学认为语言是一个由各种相互依赖的元素组成的系统。
它强调语言元素之间的关系，而非单独的元素本身。
结构主义语言学家通过分析语言的音位、形态、句法等层面的结构，来揭示语言的内在规律。
2. 描述语言演变的一般过程。
答案：语言演变是一个逐渐的、连续的过程，通常包括音变、形态变化、词汇扩展和语法化等现象。
音变是指语音随时间发生的变化，如元音前移或辅音软化。
形态变化涉及到词的形态结构，如词缀的增加或减少。
词汇扩展是指词汇量的变化，包括新词的创造和旧词的淘汰。
语法化是指词汇项逐渐演变成语法标记的过程。
3. 阐述语言的社会功能。
兰大15年-社会学概论课程作业_B
一单选题1. 马克思主义群体动力观认为，影响群体行为的内部因素是组织环境经济关系群体利益群体凝聚力本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：群体凝聚力2. 连结城乡的中介环节是( )中等城市大城市小城镇村庄本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：小城镇3. 两种或两种以上的文化区域的边际处，产生的一种混合文化，就是( )文化区文化区域文化圈边际文化本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：边际文化4. ( )首先修正了理性决策模型中的绝对最优标准，提出了具有相对性的满意化决策准则，从而提出了被人们称为有限理性的决策模型。
查尔斯.林德布洛姆戴维.伊斯顿拉斯韦尔西蒙本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：西蒙5. 现代行政决策组织体制中主要承担断的重要任务的系统是行政决策信息系统行政决策的中枢系统行政决策控制审批系统行政决策研究系统本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：行政决策信息系统6. （）认为诸如思想感情和象征体系这样一些文化上的变项，对于都市的空间格局有重要影响，从而为区位研究提出了一个新的研究方向。
古典区位理论现代区位理论社会文化区位理论新正统区位理论本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：社会文化区位理论7. （）认为，社会并不仅仅是个名称而是一个实实在在的客观存在，它由一个由各种制度和规范构成的有机整体，并且是外在于个人而存在，先于个人而存在，虽然社会是由一个个人组成的，但并不是个人的简单相加，个人相加起来的整体已不是个人所能代表的，其性质已发生了根本变化。
马克思对社会的解释恩格斯对社会的解释社会唯名论社会唯实论本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：社会唯实论8. 城市化的基本动力是( )工业化经济发展农业发展服务性发展本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：工业化9. 人际关系理论认为，通常工人是以( )的身份，参与反抗企业组织的制度或待遇条件个人正式群体成非正式群体成组织本题分值： 4.0用户未作答标准答案：非正式群体成10. （）指有好坏高下之分的文化，即在两种文化的比较中，可以评出孰优孰劣的文化。
2015年6月中南大学网络教育课程考试《护理心理学》复习题及参考答案
2015年6月中南大学网络教育课程考试《护理心理学》复习题及参考答案《护理心理学》课程复习资料一、单项选择题：1.护理心理学的主要研究任务是 [ ]A.研究心理行为的物理学基础B.研究心理行为的化学基础C.研究心理行为的物理化学基础D.研究心理行为的生物学和社会学基础E.研究心理行为的人类学基础2.心理过程指的是以下过程 [ ]A.感觉、知觉、记忆、理想、思维、情感意志等B.感觉、知觉、记忆、想象、思维、情感意志等C.感觉、知觉、记忆、想象、能力、情感意志等D.感觉、知觉、动机、想象、思维、情感意志等E.记忆、想象、兴趣、能力、思维、情感意志等3.按照现代心理学界的标准，四项基本情绪是 [ ]A.忧虑、快乐、悲哀和愤怒B.忧虑、快乐、悲哀和恐惧C.忧虑、快乐、恐惧和愤怒D.快乐、悲哀、恐惧和愤怒E.以上都不对4.在GAS模式中，机体出现各种复杂的神经生理变化，动员全身的资源抗拒应激源，此期为 [ ]A.警觉反应期B.抵抗期C.衰竭期D.稳定期E.激发期5.下列哪项不是标准化心理测验的基本特征？ [ ]A.标准程序B.常模C.大样本D.信度E.效度6.某儿童按照临床记忆量表换算出的记忆商（MQ）是 125，表示该儿童记忆 [ ]A.优秀B.很优秀C.中上D.中等E.中下7.下列不属于护士实施心理护理职责的选项是 [ ]A.心理护理与心理干预B.心理护理和行为指导C.独立开展心理治疗和行为矫正D.心理健康教育E.心理护理和干预效果8.音乐疗法主要适用于 [ ]A.心身疾病B.精神疾病C.感染性疾病D.各种外伤E.以上均不是9.急危重症病人初入院的1-2天，最典型的心理特点是 [ ]A.焦虑、恐惧B.否认C.孤独、愤怒D.依赖E.自我形象紊乱10.认为个体特异的潜意识决定其特异的心理冲突，从而引起特定的心身疾病，该理论为 [ ]A.心理生物学理论B.心理动力理论C.学习理论D.行为主义理论E.认知理论11.某医院要了解病人对护理工作的满意度一般采取 [ ]A.观察法B.访谈法C.问卷法D.实验法E.以上均不是12.在记忆过程中不包括的环节为 [ ]A.验证B.保持C.回忆D.识记E.再认13.建立良好的护患关系，很大程度上取决于护士的人际能力及其[ ]A.权威性B.主动性C.变通性D.主导性E.灵活性14.应激行为反应所涉及到的方面不包括 [ ]A.放松B.与他人交流思想和感情C.寻求信息D.恐惧E.逃避15.在标准化心理测验中是否测查到所要测查内容的技术指标是 [ ]A.效度B.精确度C.信度D.灵敏度E.标准度16.抑郁严重度指数为 0.68，其抑郁程度属于 [ ]A.正常B.轻度抑郁C.中度抑郁D.重度抑郁E.极重度抑郁17.某神志清醒、正接受紧急救治的急性心肌梗死病人，目睹医护人员镇定自若的神情和井然有序的救治，依然圆睁双目、焦躁不安。
社会语言学-中南大学网络教育2014年6月课程考试复习资料
中南大学网络教育课程考试《社会语言学》期末考试复习资料试题：就某地的语言兼用（双语）现象进行实地调查，并撰写出调查报告。
（100分）要求：1.调查数据准确无误，真实可信；2.调查采用问卷与访谈相结合的方法进行；3.调查报告必须附上调查问卷样本和典型的访谈材料；4.语言表达准确、流畅，行文规范。
凤凰县七良桥乡语言使用情况调查报告湖南省凤凰县是一个多民族聚居地，主要有苗、壮、侗、土家、汉五个民族居住，其中汉族较少。
每个民族都使用自己本民族的语言，有的少数民族会使用其他民族的语言。
汉语是汉族的主要语言工具，但是也会使用其他民族的语言。
七良桥乡七良桥村是一个土家族村子，其中也居住着少数汉族。
本文在对七良桥乡进行调查的基础上，通过整理资料，对土家族语言使用情况，语言态度做出了分析，以此反映该地区的语言和谐状况。
一、调查情况概述1. 调查情况概述2010年7月20日，中央民族大学调研团共10人，赴贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州翠里乡进行了为期一周的调查。
其中包括七良桥乡的语言使用情况、语言态度的调查。
此次调查采用问卷调查法、实地观察法、访谈法等，结合田野调查所获取的资料进行分析研究。
本文主要为七良桥乡的详细调查报告。
2. 七良桥村情况概述七良桥村全村共98户，390人，两个自然村。
七良桥村村委会所在地约81户。
其中有一个自然村叫安吉。
在村中，男女老少均讲土家语，儿童入学前大多不通汉语，六七十岁的老年人有一部分也不会讲汉语。
周边村寨有宰垮、宰转、乌雅。
跟瑶族交流主要用客话（汉语方言），跟侗族交流主要使用侗语，跟苗族交流可以使用苗语，但苗族会讲土家语的比较少。
土家族（潘姓）自称从贵州黎平迁到湖南凤凰。
平时本村交流均用土家语，在集市上，认识的人用土家语，不认识的人用客话。
每年节日有春节、元宵、村社（时间不定，根据通书来确定）、清明（不过三月三）、四月八、端午、六月初二、七月十四、八月中秋，九月以后没有节日。
族际通婚的情况比较普遍，主要通婚对象为苗族和侗族，少数为汉族和瑶族。
2015年6月中南大学网络教育课程考试《基础英语上》复习资料及参考答案
中南大学网络教育课程考试《基础英语上》复习资料一. 词义匹配（共10题,共10分）1. He was wearing casual clothes. （1分）A.seriousrmalC.formalD.tidy★标准答案：B2. I’m taking these apples out of the bag to lessen the load I have to carry. （1分）A.raiseB.increaseC.keepD.reduce★标准答案：D3. Two unhappy marriages have left their mark on the poor woman. （1分）A.signB.influenceC.spotD.weight★标准答案：B4. I was afraid the sickness had sapped my strength. （1分）A.acceleratedB.loosenedC.increasedD.gradually weakened★标准答案：D5. He promised his parents to work hard in the following years. （1分）A.previousB.likelyingst★标准答案：C6. The experience of staying far away from home created a very special bond between us. （1分）A.relationshipB.proofC.blogD.money★标准答案：A7. He felt a sudden sense of calm and contentment. （1分）A.happinessB.peaceC.excitementD.sadness★标准答案：B8. I judged from the way she replied that she wasn’t very enthusiastic （1分）A.passionateB.anxiousC.calmD.professional★标准答案：A9. The herb medicine eventually cured her diseases. （1分）A.nicelyB.apparentlyC.finallyD.naturally★标准答案：C10. Her opinion counts because of her experience. （1分）A.considersB.is importantC.is calledD.calculates★标准答案：B二. 词汇语法（共20题,共20分）1. They won’t buy new clothes because they _______ money to buy a new house. （1分）A.saveB.are savingC.have savedD.were saving★标准答案：B2. It’s so warm now, and it’s ______ much colder than this in January here. （1分）A.normalB.normallyC.merelyD.rare★标准答案：B3. His job is ______and tedious. （1分）A.monotonousB.appealingC.refreshingD.interesting★标准答案：A4. The new manager is kind to everybody. He seems easy to ___________. （1分）A.get byB.get acrossC.get along withD.get rid of★标准答案：C5. His car ______ a week ago. （1分）A.stealsB.was stolenD.is stolen★标准答案：B6. When they found us guilty, I just went ______. （1分）A.blankB.emptyC.hollowD.peaceful★标准答案：A7. Provision of safe food was their main _____ for the disaster victims. （1分）A.careB.concernC.anxietyD.worry★标准答案：B8. I _______ to see you at 10:00 tomorrow. （1分）A.am goingB.goC.wentD.has gone★标准答案：A9. So many fantastic ideas! It’s too much for me to _______ all at once. （1分）A.abandonC.breakD.revolve★标准答案：B10. You have to _______ the habit of doing before knowing. （1分）A.accumulateB.culturalC.growD.cultivate★标准答案：D11. It is?essential?that he ______ there at once. （1分）A.was sentB.sendC.be sentD.is sending★标准答案：C12. Coal ______ in place of oil in this case. （1分）A.can useB.can be usedC.be usedD.can be using★标准答案：B13. He made a __________ of $50,000 on his old house. （1分）A.livingB.visitC.giftD.profit★标准答案：D14. He stood there motionless and ________ at the natural beauty of the sea. （1分）A.in wonderB.in doubtC.in questionD.in trouble★标准答案：A15. Remember to send me a photo of us when you _______ to me next time. （1分）A.are writingB.will writeC.has writtenD.write★标准答案：D16. This company was _______ by his parents twenty years ago. （1分）A.foundB.findC.foundedD.set★标准答案：C17. Environmental groups say action is needed to find clean,?______ energy sources.? （1分）A.renewB.renewalC.renewingD.renewable★标准答案：D18. By the time we got there, the play ______. （1分）A.is going to beginB.is beginningC.has begunD.had begun★标准答案：D19. He was so busy that he _________ his health. （1分）A.reviewedB.ignoredC.neglectedD.regarded★标准答案：C20. The market is gloomy. Will his new plan __________ good results? （1分）A.bring togetherB.bring aboutC.bring forwardD.bring down★标准答案：B三. 完型填空（共10题,共10分）1. I love charity shops and so 1(?) lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few of them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes 2(?)electric goods, all 3(?) very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops any more. The thing I like 4(?) about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the 5(?) of profit-driven companies, and you are not 6(?) the planet, but finding a new home for 7(?) goods.The first charity shop was 8(?) in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so 9(?) that it had been flooded with donations. They decided to set up a shop to 10(?) some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. （10分） (1) 第1空（1分）A.loveB.likeC.doD.have★标准答案：C(2) 第2空（1分）A.withB.toC.andD.from★标准答案：B(3) 第3空（1分）A.inB.ofC.atD.on★标准答案：C(4) 第4空（1分）A.keenB.betterC.wellD.best★标准答案：D(5) 第5空（1分）A.clothesB.dressC.pocketsD.shoes★标准答案：C(6) 第6空（1分）A.damagingB.savingC.protectingD.guarding★标准答案：A(7) 第7空（1分）A.neededB.badC.poorD.unwanted★标准答案：D(8) 第8空（1分）A.openedB.closedC.openingD.closing★标准答案：A(9) 第9空（1分）A.shamefulB.successfulC.pitifulD.careful★标准答案：B(10) 第10空（1分）A.helpB.buyC.showD.sell★标准答案：D四. 阅读理解判断（共10题,共20分）1. Even for people who’ve gone many years without exercising, there are compelling reasons to get active, no matter what their ages.“The fitter and more active you become, the longer you’ll live and lessheart disease you’ll have,” says Dr. Aaron Baggish, a cardiologist and fitness expert at Harvard-affiliated Massachusetts General Hospital.He suggests that people first start exercising by moving whenever possible, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator. Next, he asks his patients to identify times during the day they can exercise and what resources they have at their disposal. For example, does their workplace or senior center have a fitness facility, or do they have access to a safe place to walk, no matter what the weather?People in the 60- to 80-year-old age group should spend eighty percent of their workout doing moderate aerobic activity. That can be anything frombrisk walking, cycling, dancing, to a Zumba class. For the remaining twenty prevent of the time, it’s a good idea to focus on strength training. This can be done at a gym but can also be done at home — no weights needed. Try squats, push-ups, and arm reaches. Work toward a goal of exercising for one hour, five times a week.For those with no particular health concerns, a program of moderate walking and strength training is a safe way to go. Those who have heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, or other muscle or bone problems should talk to a doctor before starting. Take it easy at first, and ramp up to a more intense level gradually. “Most of all, remember that something is better than nothing and there is no age when it’s too late to start,” says Dr. Baggish. （10分） (1) When people start exercising, they need to consider their age. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：错误(2) If you do exercises more than others, you’ll live long and have less disease. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：正确(3) Walking and taking the stairs are the two kinds of exercises. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：正确(4) Old people need to spend much time on strength training. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：错误(5) If one is too old, it’s better for him not to do exercises. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：错误2. " The Earth is our home but much of it is dirty and dying. Rapid industrial development caused a lot of ecological problems. They are air pollution, water pollution, growth of population and shortage of mineral resources.Air becomes polluted in many ways. Cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, factories and plants send burnt gases into the air. The production ofelectricity causes not only air pollution but acid rains and global warming. Because of acid rains, the Earth loses twenty million acres of tropical rainforests every year. This means the extinction of thousands of species that live there, for example tigers. Only sixty-seven thousand tigers remain. Tigers are hunted and killed for their body parts, which are used in oriental medicines. The ozone layer is destroyed too and the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere, causing skin cancer and other diseases.Seventy percent of the Earth is covered by oceans. Oceans are vital for the life on Earth. They provide homes for millions of plants and animals, provide people with food and help regulate the climate. But now they are a big dumping ground for tons of toxic waste. Most big cities pour their waste into seas and rivers. For a long time people did not realize the danger. The first alarm came from Japan: sixty people died because they have eaten polluted fish.We need clean air to breathe and pure water to drink. We need also food that is safe to eat and housing to shelter us. We can’t get all these things by ourselves. We live in community so we can solve our problems only by working together. Russia is cooperating in the field of environmental protection with the USA, Canada, Norway, Finland and other countries. A lot of public organizations have been established. One of them is Green Peace which was formed in 1971 with its headquarters in Amsterdam. The area of operation is twenty-five countries worldwide. Its objectives are to protect wild life and the atmosphere, to prevent disposal of toxic waste and nuclear tests." （10分） (1) Air pollution is the main cause of ecological problems. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：错误(2) Global warming causes loss of twenty million acres of tropical rainforests every year. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：错误(3) Oceans on earth are playing an important role in climate regulation. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：正确(4) Green Peace is an organization with its main purpose to protect peace around the world. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：错误(5) All countries should work together to protect our environment. （2分）错误正确★标准答案：正确五. 阅读理解选择（共20题,共40分）1. " Michael Jackson was known as the “King of Pop”, but his huge success as a performer was not always easy.Born in Gary, Indiana in 1958, Jackson was the seventh of nine children. He was five years old when he began singing with his brothers in a group called The Jackson 5, and eleven when their first album was released.The Jackson 5 became an immediate success. Their music set records. Michael, the lead singer and energetic dancer, was the star of the group.In the 1970s, the group shortened their name to The Jacksons. Three years later, Jackson released “Thriller” on his own. The album was not just the best selling album of all time, it also won many major Awards. And it helped establish the popularity of a new form of entertainment, Music Video.Michael Jackson was a huge success, but he was also a very troubled man. He had many operations to change his face. He sometimes acted and spoke in a childlike way, for example, he once bought a huge property in California which he called “Neverland” after the children’s story “Peter Pan”. And he suffered from injuries and illness that led him to take many kinds of pain-killing medicines.In 1993, a thirteen-year-old boy accused him of sexual abuse. Ten years later, a similar accusation led to a criminal trial which began in 2005. A jury cleared Jackson of all charges. He called the trial the hardest thing he had ever met in his life.After his 2005 trial, the singer spent much of his time in Europe and the Middle East. He returned to the United States with the aim to make a victorious comeback. Michael Jackson died of heart failure on June 25, 2009, just days away from holding concerts in London.Fans around the world mourned his death. Famous performers around the world told about the influence he had on their work. Michael Jackson left a huge mark on popular culture. He will live on in his unforgettable music." （10分） (1) The following statements are true about Michael Jackson EXCEPT_______. （2分）A.He was five when he began singing in Jackson 5.B.He was eleven when he released his first album alone.C.His “Thriller” won many major Awards.D.His huge property in California was named after Peter Pan.★标准答案：B(2) Which of the following best describes Michael Jackson? （2分）A.Successful but unlucky.B.Successful but troubled.C.Heroic but childlike.D.Evil and guilty.★标准答案：B(3) How did the trial of the sexual abuses affect Michael Jackson? （2分）A.It led to his death.B.It led him to take poisonous medicines.C.It was the most difficult thing he had met in his life.D.It made him decide to plan a victorious comeback.★标准答案：C(4) Returning from Europe and the Middle East, Michael Jackson aimed to_____. （2分）A.rise againB.hold concerts in LondonC.cure his heart diseaseD.forget about the trials★标准答案：A(5) What kind of contribution did Michael Jackson make to popular culture?（2分）A.He created a new form of entertainment—MV.B.He released ten best-selling albums.C.He left us a lot of unforgettable music.D.He set a good example to the stars.★标准答案：C2. The school was across the street from my home and I would often watchthe kids as they played basketball after class. A sea of children, and yet to me, a girl stood out from them all. She was different from others as she seemedso small among those boys.I remember the first day I saw her playing basketball. I watched in wonder as she ran circles around the other kids and managed to shoot jump shots just over their heads and into the net. The boys always tried to stop her but noone could. I began to notice her at other times, basketball in hand, playing alone. Every day she would practice over and over again, sometimes until dark.One day I asked her why she practiced so much. She looked directly into my eyes and said, “I like basketball, and I want to go to play in the bestcollege basketball team.” She looked quite firm, “That’s my dream.” In the following years, I watched her through those junior high years and into high school. Every week she led her school team to one victory after another.One day in her senior year, I saw her sitting on the grass alone. I walked across the street and sat down beside her. Quietly I asked what was wrong. “Oh, nothing,” she answered, “My coaches think I am just too short at fivefeet five inches to drea m about a top college team.” She looked a bit depressed. I felt sorry for her and asked her if she had talked to her dadabout it yet. She lifted her head and told me that her father thought those coaches were wrong and did not understand the power of a dr eam. “If youtruly wanted to realize your dream, nothing could stop you except one thing—your determination”, He encouraged her, “If the dream is big enough, thefacts don’t count.”The next year, as she and her team went to the Northern California Championship game, a famous college coach found her. And she was going to get the college education that she had dreamed of and worked towards for all those years. Her father is right: If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count. （10分） (1) According to the author, the girl stood out from others because of the following reasons EXCEPT ___________ （2分）A.she was his studentB.she was smallC.she practiced hardD.she played well★标准答案：A(2) The girl looked firm because ___________ （2分）A.her father encouraged her to play basketball.B.her dream was to study in a college .C.a top college team was her dream and she would work hard for it.D.height is not a problem for her.★标准答案：C(3) Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text? （2分）A.The girl was the leader of the school team.B.The girl's father always believed the power of a dream.C.The coaches were not good to the girl.D.The girl’s father may be a strong-willed person.★标准答案：C(4) What did the father mean when he said “If the dream is big enough, the facts don’t count”? （2分）A.We should always dream something big.B.Determination can help us overcome difficulties.C.Anyone can dream anything.D.If you have a dream, you will succeed.★标准答案：B(5) What helped the girl realize her dream? （2分）A.Her determination.B.Her diligence.C.Her father’s support.D.All the above.★标准答案：D3. My friend and I were taking a walk around the Moreno Valley Mall theother day. Soon, we began watching how people were interacting with each other during this very busy time. We found, for the most part, people were trying to be polite and thoughtful even when they were busy doing their Holiday Shopping.Later that night, I accidentally knocked into a lady with her arms full of packages. She was also trying to manage the five kids she had with her. After helping her pick up the goods that fell from one bag, I apologized for causing her more difficulty on her shopping adventure. She was so sweet. She gave me a hug and told me not to worry. She went on to tell me that two of her kids had accidentally knocked down a display stand in a department store, and the store clerk was so kind as she tried to help fix the disorder. I asked if I could interview her on camera to share her personal experience, but she did not want to be photographed. She said she was not comfortable with her appearance that day. Trying to shop in a crowded mall with five kids can be a painful experience and she was tired.To cut a long story short: The kindness of the store clerk who helped her after the kids had hit the display stand changed her attitude for the day. So, after I accidentally tried to knock the sweet lady off her feet, she said not to worry. She wanted to share the kindness she had just received from the store clerk.You never know how one kind word or act can change the course of someone’s day. “Please, thank you and I’m sorry” are the most important and often least used words.She wished me a Merry Christmas and gave me a hug. It is now my turn to repay the kindness. （10分） (1) What message does the story mainly convey? （2分）A.We should be polite when shopping.B.We should be thankful to people who are kind to us.C.A sim ple act can greatly change a person’s attitude.D.We should be careful while shopping with kids.★标准答案：C(2) What were the people doing when the author and her friend werewatching them? （2分）A.They were knocking into each other.B.They were managing packages and kids.C.They were being polite to each other.D.They were busy doing shopping.★标准答案：D(3) What do we learn about the lady in the story? （2分）A.She was watching her kids playing in the Mall.B.She was grateful to the shop assistant who helped her.C.She was unfriendly to us for she didn’t let us interview her.D.She felt happy that her kids were under control.★标准答案：B(4) The following people spread or decided to spread kindness EXCEPT_______. （2分）A.the ladyB.the kidsC.the shop clerkD.the author★标准答案：B(5) The best word to describe the tone in this passage is______. （2分）A.lovingB.busyC.disorderedD.crowded★标准答案：A4. Global warming is a cause for concern for the whole world and it has to be tackled by all countries together. Mercury is rising and very soon life onEarth will become a living hell all thanks to global warming.The result is for all to see, roads overflowing with the latest cars, fields and trees in the name of progress and development are gradually, systematically making way for concrete jungles, homes fitted with the latest electric gadgets, all contributing to the emission of green house gases and depletion of the ozone layers, accelerating global warning.Nature is warning us through the melting of the glaciers and climate change that the clock, for our doom’s day, has started ticking. Warmer weather, rising sea levels, floods, tsunamis and earthquakes are just some of the problemsbut in reality we are sitting on a volcano ready to erupt. These are signals ofa transition that will decide the destiny of this planet and all living things.The question is can we reverse the change? The truth is we may not beable to but we can certainly stall it if we give a healing touch to this planet by controlling rapid industrialization and development as well as conserving energy.The key lies in sustainable development, now it is the time to think of the whole world as one entity rather than to restrict our vision to our own country. It is this, only this, which will buy time for this planet as the damage donemay be irreversible and development and progress cannot be stopped.The other remedy is planting trees, protecting agricultural land from being used for purposes other than planting crops, checking exploitation of natural resources such as ground water, devising ways and means to preserve, conserve and replenish what we take away from Mother Nature.In brief, let us not disturb the ecological balance and try living with Naturein harmony which is natural and is also the need of the hour. （10分） (1) The following are reasons for global warming EXCEPT ______. （2分）A.modern vehiclesB.excessive expansion of citiesC.floodsD.electric equipment★标准答案：C(2) Which of the following is NOT signal of global warming? （2分）A.Melting of the glaciersB.Eruption of volcano.C.Rising sea levels.D.Climate change.★标准答案：B(3) How can we stop the bad circle of global warming? （2分）A.By controlling rapid industrialization and development.B.By conserving energy.C.By planting more trees.D.All of the above.★标准答案：D(4) What can we learn from the passage? （2分）A.Human beings on earth are in danger because of global warming.B.Development and progress should be stopped for environmental protection.C.We can reverse the damage done to earth.D.Planting trees is the only remedy for our environment.★标准答案：A(5) Which of the following adjectives can best describe the author’s attitude towards global warming? （2分）A.Positive.B.Neutral.C.Worried.D.Confident.★标准答案：C。
语言学概论离线作业——2015浙大远程教育答案
语言学概论离线作业——2015浙大远程教育答案浙江大学远程教育学院《语言学概论》课程作业姓名：学号：年级：学习中心：—————————————————————————————第三章~第五章一、名词解释1.词类词在句法结构中所表现出的特点类型。
2.语法形式借以表达语法意义的载体或形式，如-s是表示复数的形式。
3.语法范畴语法意义的类型，如单数、复数构成数范畴。
4.预设不是由断言表达的句子的背景信息。
5.蕴含通过句子表达的句子的基本意义更上一个层次的意义。
6.歧义同一个语言单位可以表达两种以上意义的现象。
7.记号文字构成形体中不表音义的特殊符号，如汉字中的“工”等。
8.拼音文字只是记录语言符号的声音成分的文字类型，如英文等。
9.他源文字以别的文字为基础构造的文字符号系统，如日文等。
二、分析题1．以汉语中的词语“偶然”与“偶尔”为例，说明采用哪一种词类分析标准分析最好。
答：这两个词在意义和形态上难有准确而具体的区别。
只能采用功能或分布分析法判断它们的类别。
它们都能做状语。
但有以下不同：（1）偶然可以受副词“很”、“不”等修饰，偶尔不可以；（2）偶然可以做定语，偶尔不可以；（3）偶然可以做补语，偶尔不可以；结论：偶然是形容词，偶尔是副词。
2．以英语为例，说明“时”范畴的表现。
答：传统语法时态定义为“表示时间区别的动词语法范畴”，认为时态可以用来区分时间，并且它们之间存在着一种一一对应的关系，现在时表示现在时间，过去时表示过去时间。
3．请用层次分析法分析下列复杂短语，多义的请多分。
（1）她一直住在热闹非凡的南京路上（2）两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动答：（1）她一直住在热闹非凡的南京路上| 主| 谓|| 偏| 正|| 述| 宾|| 偏| 正|| 偏|正|（2）两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动| 主| 谓|| 偏| 正| |偏| 正|| 偏| 正| | 述| 宾|| 偏|正|4．设有语义场“哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹”，请提取它们的共同义素和区别义素，并通过矩阵图的形式，用“+”表示具备该义素，用“-”好表示不具备该义素，分析上述四个词的义素特征。
2015年6月中南大学网络教育课程考试基础写作课程复习资料
2015年6月中南大学网络教育课程考试基础写作课程复习资料《基础写作》课程复习资料一、填空题：1.党政机关公文有______种，其中______和______是上行文。
2.写作主体应该是具备一定写作意识和______的人，写作的主体行为具有很强的自主性、鲜明的社会性以及独特的______。
3.结构就是文章的内部______。
4.从纵向发展看，写作行为是一个“三重转化”过程，即：“______—______（知）—（运）思______—（行）______”的过程，“三重转化”中“外化”的阶段即行文。
5.行文过程包括两大部分：一是______，二是______。
6.写作主体应该培养______意识。
7. ______是人类最重要的交际工具。
8.写作中的表达方式是______、______、______、______、______。
9.材料是文章的“______”，结构则是文章的“______”。
10.______适用于答复下级机关请示事项。
11. ______写作是当今新的写作形态。
12.在逻辑类文章中，主题是“______”为主，在形象类文章中，主题是“______”为主。
13.______就是同类生活材料集聚在一起去粗取精去伪存真。
14.语言首先是符号系统，即是以______为物质外壳，以______为意义内容，音义结合的______建筑材料和______组织规律的体系。
15.______适用于在一定范围内公布应当遵守或者周知的事项；______适用于表彰先进、批评错误、传达重要精神和告知重要情况。
16.语言材料包括______、______、______、______。
17.______叙述画竹的过程，对艺术创作过程的三个阶段作了非常形象的描绘。
18.准确的语言要求在西方通常被称为“______”。
19.______适用于不相隶属机关之间商洽工作、询问和答复问题、请求批准和答复审批事项；______适用于记载会议主要情况和议定事项。
2015年6月中南大学网络教育课程考试●现代汉语课程复习资料
2015年6⽉中南⼤学⽹络教育课程考试●现代汉语课程复习资料《现代汉语》课程复习资料⼀、名词解释：1.⾳素2.会意字3.引申义4.存现句5.仿拟6.调值7.部件 8.⽐喻义 9.主谓谓语句 10.对偶 11.语流⾳变 12.指事字13.单纯词 14.区别词 15.句式 16.四呼 17.异体字 18.熟语19.词的语法功能 20.句型 21.轻声 22.定位语素 23.形声字 24.词类25.夸张 26.调类 27.楷书 28.缩略语 29.兼语句 30.拈连⼆、单项选择题：1.作为普通话的语法规范是 [ ]A.北⽅话B.书⾯语C.现代北京话D.典范的现代⽩话⽂著作2.ɡ、k、h都是 [ ]A.⾆尖后⾳B.⾆⾯后⾳C.⾆⾯⾳D.塞擦⾳3.iɑo、iou、uɑi、uei都是 [ ]A.前响复韵母B.中响复韵母C.后响复韵母D.齐齿呼韵母4.根据普通话的⾳变规律，下列各组词语中加点字的声调相同的是 [ ]A.领．导、⼀．起B.⼀．定、不．去C.美．丽、⼀．样D.不．想、草．稿5.下列各组都属于会意字的是 [ ]A.步、尘、明B.鸟、众、赏C.胶、森、茶D.上、从、问6.下列短语中没有错别字的是 [ ]A.责⽆旁代B.针贬时弊C.滥竽充数D.暴珍天物7.“固”字的部件可以 [ ]A.直接拆分成“⼝、古”B.直接拆分成“⼝、⼗、⼝”C.分两层拆分成“⼝”和“⼗、⼝”D.直接拆分成笔画8.含有词缀的⼀组词是 [ ]A.头顶——顶头B.头马——马头C.头车——车头D.头⾻——⾻头9.每个词当中都有定位语素的⼀组是 [ ]A.美化变化B.⽊头船头C.可笑可⼝D.⽼兄⽼⼈10.“起飞”⼀词原指飞机开始飞⾏，现在还可⽤来指经济等⽅⾯的振兴、发展，这种现象属于 [ ]A.词义的活⽤B.词义的缩⼩C.词义的转移D.词义的扩⼤1l.对“⽩．跑⼀趟 | 真相⼤⽩．”中加点词的关系的说法正确的是 [ ]A.近义词B.同义词C.同⾳词D.多义词12.“铭记、元⾳、浪漫、把戏”这⼏个词分别是 [ ]A.古语词、外来词、外来词、⾏业词B.⽅⾔词、⾏业词、外来词、⽅⾔词C.古语词、⾏业词、⽅⾔词、⾏业词D.古语词、⾏业词、外来词、⽅⾔词13.词性上看，“⼤⼒、⼤肆、⼤举”是 [ ]A.区别词B.形容词C.动词D.副词14.下列短语都属于同位短语的是 [ ]A.明天国庆节、鲁迅浙江⼈、明天早晨B.现代著名作家鲁迅、我们⼤家、⾸都北京C.来还是不来、我去不⾏、边⾛边读D.柴⽶油盐酱醋茶、未来五年、⼤眼睛⼩王15.属于动词性短语的是 [ ]A.我的家乡B.援兵的到来C.顺利地打开了新局⾯D.濒临灭绝的动物⼤熊猫16.属于受事主语句的是 [ ]A.天很蓝。
北语11秋《社会语言学》作业1、2、3、4
北京语言大学11秋《社会语言学》作业1一、单选题（共20 道试题，共100 分。
）1. 社会语言学通过对（）的描写和分析来说明语言的社会变异状况。
AA. 变体B. 本体C. 客体D. 受体满分：5 分2. 语言与文化共存的最典型的例子可以说是（）。
CA. 汉字与中国文化B. 印度语与印度文化C. 拉丁语与拉丁文化D. 英语与英国文化满分：5 分3. 社会语言学是___的重要分支之一。
BA. 社会学B. 语言学C. 人类学D.文字学满分：5 分4. 从社会和历史的角度去看语言、方言及其他具有完整系统的语言变体，可以归纳出某些特征，下列说法正确的是哪项？ BA. 非标准性B. 独立性C. 非历史性D. 短暂性满分：5 分5. 同语言变异有关的社会变量多种多样，（）作为一个非常直观的变量，是诸多变量中最重要的参数。
BA. 性别B. 年龄C. 身份D. 财富满分：5 分6. 社会语言学家用___这个概念来指称自己的研究对象。
CA. 变化B. 变动C. 变异D. 改变满分：5 分7. 语用学的社会语言学的主要研究对象是什么？ BA. 态度研究B. 会话C. 言语交际方式D. 语言变异满分：5 分8. 现代语言学的鼻祖是___。
AA. 索绪尔B. 布龙菲尔德C. 乔姆斯基D. 拉波夫满分：5 分A. 上海B. 北京C. 澳门D. 台湾满分：5 分10. 语音的性别差异主要表现在___上。
DA. 音高B. 音强C. 音量D. 音质满分：5 分11. 中国社会语言学的开创之作是罗常培先生的___。
AA. 语言与文化B. 语言学概论C. 社会语言学概论D. 社会语言学导论满分：5 分12. 语体根据交际方式的不同可以分为口头语体和（）。
BA. 正式语体B. 书面语体C. 文字语体D. 非正式语体满分：5 分13. 语言与阶级的（）关系问题，是社会语言学的一个广泛而长期的研究领域。
CA. 共振B. 共生C. 共变D. 共存满分：5 分14. 关于语言变体、言语共同体、交际能力三个概念，下列说法正确的是哪项？BA. 语言变体是划分语言使用者的基本单位B. 三个概念是社会语言学的基本概念C. 言语共同体是研究基础理论主要突破口D. 交际能力是分析语言现象的基本单位满分：5 分15. 社会语言学家普遍认同的观点是（）。