An Evaluation of the Close-to-Files Processor and Data Co-Allocation Policy in Multicluster

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SSD6名词解释(个人完善版)

SSD6名词解释1. alignment（对齐）Compilers often try to align data word boundaries or even double-word or even double-word boundaries.(计算机系统对基本数据类型的可允许地址做出的限制，要求某种类型的对象地址必须是某个值K（2,4,8）的倍数。

2. activation record（活动记录）The chunk of memory allocated for each function invocation .大块的内存分配为每个函数调用3. buffer overflow（缓存溢出）Place more than the buffer can hold, so overwrite the boundary .4. static memory allocation（静态内存分配）Static memory allocation is the allocation of memory storage during the compile time and link time (在程序编译和链接时分配内存)5. dynamic memory allocation（动态内存分配）Dynamic memory allocation is the allocation of memory storage during the runtime of program. （在程序运行时分配内存）6. garbage collection （垃圾回收）Automatic reclamation of heap-allocated storage .自动回收堆存储的过程叫做垃圾回收。

垃圾收集器是一种动态存储分配器，它自动释放程序不再需要的已分配块。

7. timer（计时器）A component in computer system/CS, as a hardware or software, which can provide the ability of measure time in some degree.计算机系统的组件，可以是硬件或者软件，能够提供某种精度上的时间的测量。

chapter3_Process

N值：
N值： N值：
n+1，n+1，0 n，n+1， 0 n， 0， 1
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What is a “process”?
• A program in execution • An instance of a program running on a computer • The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a processor • A unit of activity characterized by the execution of a sequence of instructions, a current state, and an associated set of system instructions
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Reason for Process Suspension
Table 3.3 Reasons for Process Suspension Reason Comment
Swapping
The OS needs to release sufficient main memory to bring in a process that is ready to execute.
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Two-State Process Model
• Process may be in one of two states
– Running – Not-running
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Queuing Diagram
Etc … processes moved by the dispatcher of the OS to the CPU then back to the queue until the task is competed

PON-MAC芯片BL2000介绍

PON MAC芯片（DS-BL2000）介绍1、主要接口1.1数字接口●Dual Fast Ethernet 10/100 (IEEE 802.3/802.3u)●Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 (IEEE 802.3ab/802.3z)●Native TDM GEM Interface●Peripheral Bus Interface (PBI) for glueless interface to common industry1.2光接口⏹Integrated 2488/1244Mbps CDR⏹Glueless interface to BPON and GPON Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) Small FormFactor (SFF) transceivers1.3 TDM接口⏹TDM Interface⏹Native TDM over GEM via an companion FPGA2、以太网MAC2.1配置以太网接口●Fast Ethernet 10/100 (IEEE 802.3/802.3u)MII or dual RMII MAC InterfaceHalf and full duplex support●Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 (IEEE 802.3ab/802.3z)GMII MAC Interface●Configurable 802.3x hardware flow control●IEEE 802.1q VLAN tagging2.2、GPON MAC●The GPON MAC supports Ethernet packet and TDM payload transport over the PONinterface through GPON Encapsulation Mode (GEM). It supports ITU-T G.984.x set ofstandards with extended functionalities●Compliant to G.984.x●Multiple data rates●Configurable AES encryption on DS payload●Configurable FEC on US and DS payload●Dedicated connections for In-band management can be directed to CPU2.3、BPON MACBroadLight’s ITU-T G.983 MAC is industry proven and FSAN interoperable.●G.983.1 compliant●G.983.2 (OMCI) compliant●G.983.4 (DBA) compliant●Multiple data rates●Queue manager●32 VP/VC group filters●ATM cell processing with end-to-end OAM per I.610●Derives clock from recovered network clock2.4、CDR, SerDes●PCML TX and LVPECL RX interface levels●Variable Data rates●Selectable reference clock frequency 78 MHz or 155 MHz●Integrated on-chip 50Ω termination resistor in the transmitter and in the receiver3、Cell/Packet Processor信源、包处理引蟼是为了优化GPON或者BPON数据平台流处理器。

ASUS M4A88T-M USB3 说明书

Siewert & Kau Computertechnik GmbHWalter-Gropius-Str. 12aDE 50126 BergheimT elephone: 02271 - 763 0Fax: 02271 - 763 280E-Mail:**********************Internet: ASUS M4A88T-M/USB3Motherboard, micro ATX, Socket AM3, AMD 880G, USB 3.0, Gigabit Ethernet, onboard graphics, HD Audio(8-channel)This motherboard supports AMD socket AM3 multi-core processors with unique L3 cache and delivers better overclocking capabilities with less power consumption. It features dual-channel DDR3 1333 memory support and accelerates data transfer rate up to 5200MT/s via HyperTransport 3.0 based system bus. This motherboard also supports AMD CPUs in the 45nm manufacturing process. T he motherboard supports DDR3 memory that features data transfer rates of 1866(O.C.)/1333/1066 MHz to meet the higher bandwidth requirements of the latest operation system, 3D graphics, multimedia, and Internet applications. A TI Hybrid CrossFireX technology is a unique hybridmulti-GPU technology. It takes your gaming experience to the next level boosting PC performance by enabling the chipset's integrated graphics processor and a discrete GPU to operate simultaneously with combined output for blisteringly-fast frame rates unleashing the graphics performance. T his motherboard supports multiple digital and analog display output interfaces - HDMI, DVI, and D-Sub. With such diversity of display outputs, you are able to choose and upgrade display devices freely. A MD 880G chipset is designed to support up to 5200MT/s HyperTransport 3.0 (HT3.0) interface speed and PCI Express 2.0 x 16 graphics. It is optimized with AMD's latest AM3 and multi-core CPUs to provide excellent system performance and overclocking capabilities. T his motherboard supports the latest PCIe 2.0 devices for double speed and bandwidth which enhances system performance. H igh-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a set of digital video standards that delivers multi-channel audio and uncompressed digital video for full HD 1080p visuals through a single cable. Supporting HDCP copy protection such as HD DVD and Blu-ray discs, HDMI provides you with the highest-quality home theater experience. E xperience ultra-fast data transfers at 4.8 Gb/s with USB 3.0 - the latest connectivity standard. Built to connect easily with next-generation components and peripherals, USB 3.0 transfers data 10X faster and is also backward compatible with USB 2.0 components. F eel the adrenaline rush of real-time O.C. - now a reality with the ASUS T urboV. This easy O.C. tool allows you to overclockwithout exiting or rebooting the OS; and its user-friendly interface makes overclock with just a few clicks away. Moreover, the ASUS OC profiles in T urboV provide the best O.C. settings in different scenarios. A SUS Turbo Key allows you to turn the PC power button into a physical overclocking button. After the easy setup, Turbo Key can boost performances without interrupting ongoing work or games, simply through pressing the button. A uto Tuning is an intelligent tool that automates overclocking to achieve a total system level up.General informationAsusCategory MotherboardsArticle number21256690-MIBD25-G0EAY00ZTechnical specificationsProduct Description ASUS M4A88T-M/USB3 - motherboard - micro A TX - Socket AM3 - AMD 880GProduct Type Motherboard - micro ATXForm Factor Micro A TXChipset Type AMD 880G / AMD SB710Dimensions (WxDxH)24.4 cm x 24.4 cmProcessor Socket 1 x Socket AM3Compatible Processors Sempron, Phenom II X3, Athlon II X2, Phenom II X2, Athlon II X4, Athlon II X3, Phenom II X4,Phenom II X6RAM0 MBMulti-Core Support Dual-Core / Triple-core / Quad-core / Six-coreMax Supported Memory16 GBMax Bus Speed2600 MHzRAM Supported 4 DIMM slots - DDR3 SDRAM , non-ECC, ECC , unbufferedProcessor0 ( 1 ) - Socket AM3Storage Ports 6 x SAT A-300 (RAID), 1 x ATA-133USB / FireWire Ports 2 x SuperSpeed USB + 4 x Hi-Speed USB + (6 x Hi-Speed USB via headers)64-bit Processors Compatibility Y esUSB Ports Configuration12 x USBGraphics ATI Radeon HD 4250Audio HD Audio (8-channel)Supported RAM Technology DDR3 SDRAMLAN Gigabit EthernetMicrosoft Certification Compatible with Windows 7Supported RAM Integrity Check Non-ECC, ECCUnbufferedSupported RAM (Registered orBuffered)Storage Controller ATA-133, Serial ATA-300 (RAID)Storage Ports Configuration 1 x AT A, 6 x SATAGraphics Controller ATI Radeon HD 4250 Shared Video Memory (UMA)Audio Output Sound card - 7.1 channel surroundNetworking Network adapter - Realtek RTL8111E - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit EthernetMore detailed technical specificationsGeneralProduct Type Motherboard - micro ATXForm Factor Micro A TXChipset Type AMD 880G / AMD SB710Width24.4 cmMax Bus Speed2600 MHzDepth24.4 cmProcessor Socket Socket AM3Max Processors Qty164-bit Processors Compatibility Y esCompatible Processors Sempron, Phenom II X3, Athlon II X2, Phenom II X2, Athlon II X4, Athlon II X3, Phenom II X4,Phenom II X6Multi-Core Support Dual-Core / Triple-core / Quad-core / Six-coreBIOS Type AMIStorage Controller ATA-133, Serial ATA-300 (RAID)Power Connectors4-pin ATX12V connector, 24-pin main power connectorMemoryRAM Installed0 MBMax Supported Memory16 GBSupported RAM Technology DDR3 SDRAMSupported RAM Speed1600 MHz, 1333 MHz, 1066 MHzSupported RAM Integrity Check Non-ECC, ECCUnbufferedSupported RAM (Registered orBuffered)RAM Features Dual channel memory architectureRAM Installed ( Max )0 MB / 16 GB (max)GraphicsGraphics Controller ATI Radeon HD 4250Memory Allocation Technology Shared Video Memory (UMA)ProcessorInstalled Qty (Max Supported)0 ( 1 )AudioType HD Audio (8-channel)Audio Codec VIA VT1708SSound Output Mode7.1 channel surroundCompliant Standards High Definition AudioAudio Output Sound cardLANNetwork Controller Realtek RTL8111ENetwork Interfaces Gigabit EthernetExpansion / ConnectivityExpansion Slot(s) 1 x processor - Socket AM3 ¦ 4 x memory - DIMM 240-pin ¦ 1 x PCI Express 2.0 x16 ¦ 2 x PCIExpress 2.0 x1 ¦ 1 x PCIStorage Interfaces AMD SB710 : ATA-133 - connector(s): 1 x 40pin IDC - 2 Device(s) ¦ AMD SB710 : Serial AT A-300 -connector(s): 6 x 7pin Serial ATA - 6 Device(s) - RAID 0 / RAID 1 / RAID 10 / JBODInterfaces 1 x keyboard / mouse - generic - 6 pin mini-DIN (PS/2 style) ¦ 4 x Hi-Speed USB - 4 PIN USB Type A ¦2 x SuperSpeed USB 3.0 - 9 pin USB Type A ¦ 1 x network - Ethernet10Base-T/100Base-TX/1000Base-T - RJ-45 ¦ 1 x audio - line-out - mini-phone stereo 3.5 mm ¦ 1 xaudio - line-In - mini-phone stereo 3.5 mm ¦ 1 x microphone - input - mini-phone 3.5mm ¦ 1 x audio -line-out (side surround) - mini-phone stereo 3.5 mm ¦ 1 x audio - line-out (rear) - mini-phone stereo3.5 mm ¦ 1 x audio - line-out (centre/subwoofer) - mini-phone 3.5mm ¦ 1 x display / video - HDMI - 19pin HDMI Type A ¦ 1 x display / video - DVI-Digital - 24 pin digital DVI ¦ 1 x display / video - VGA - 15pin HD D-Sub (HD-15) ¦ 6 x Hi-Speed USB ( internal )Power Connectors4-pin ATX12V connector, 24-pin main power connectorAdditional Connectors (Optional) 6 x Hi-Speed USBVideoGraphics Controller ATI Radeon HD 4250 Shared Video Memory (UMA)FeaturesBIOS Type AMIBIOS Features DMI 2.0 support, WfM 2.0 support, ASUS MyLogo2, ASUS Quiet Thermal Solution, ASUS EZ Flash2, ASUS O.C. Profile, ACPI 2.0a support, SMBIOS 2.5 supportManual Settings CPU frequency, processor core voltage, memory voltage, PCI Express x16 slot frequency, chipsetvoltageSleep / Wake Up Wake on LAN (WOL), wake on ring (WOR)Hardware Features ASUS Q-Fan, C.P.R. (CPU Parameter Recall), AMD Cool 'n' Quiet T echnology, jack retasking, ASUSAnti-Surge Protection, MemOK!, GPU NOS, ASUS Turbo Key, CrashFree BIOS 3, ASUS AI NET2,ASUS Stepless Frequency Selection (SFS), audio jack detect technology, ASUS CPU Level Up,ASUS Precision Tweaker 2, ASUS Express Gate, ASUS EPU-4 Engine, ASUS TurboV, CoreUnlocker, AMD Hybrid CrossFireX technology supportTelecom / NetworkingNetworking Network adapter - Realtek RTL8111E - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit EthernetMiscellaneousSoftware Included Drivers & Utilities, ASUS Live Update, ASUS Express Gate, ASUS Auto T uningCompatible with Windows 7"Compatible with Windows 7" software and devices carry Microsoft’s assurance that these productshave passed tests for compatibility and reliability with 32-bit and 64-bit Windows 7.Compliant Standards Plug and Play, RoHS, ACPI 2.0aWidth24.4 cmDepth24.4 cmSiewert & Kau take no accountability nor guarantee that all information contained on these pages is current and complete.。

Orion VCL-T1oP 2 T1 Port FE版产品概述说明书

Product OverviewHow the TDM over Packet (2 T1 Port FE Version) equipment worksHardware HighlightsT1 Clock recovery and synchronization techniques:Purpose of TDM over Packet technologyOrion’s The T1 data streams received on the T1 interfaces are converted by the T1oP engine of the T1oP equipment to Ethernet data packets (of a fixed size) and transported over the Ethernet network with UDP / IP , MEF or MPLS headers. At the receiving end the T1oP reconstructs the original data streams by removing the IP , MEF or MPLS headers and converts the Ethernet data packets back to T1 frames using highly reliable and accurate clock recovery mechanism. The 'VCL-T1oP' (2 T1 Port FE Version) offers the user a choice of standard, T1 to packet and packet to T1 conversion mechanisms that include SAToP and CESoPSN technologies.19-Inch rack mountable 1U form factor (44mm)1+1 Redundant Power Supplies, AC and DC, or AC plus DC.Redundant power supply inputs.00Extended Temperature Range: (-20C to +60C)EMI / EMC ComplaintReal Time battery backed clock with life in excess of 10 YearsPower over Ethernet (PoE) - OptionalAdaptive Clock Recovery (ACLK)Telecom companies and enterprise users can save Recovered Clock (RCLK) / Loop-Timed Clock significant network and equipment cost and generate Asymmetrical (One-Clock and Two-Clock) Clock additional revenue by offering different types of services over Synchronization to an External Clock (ECLK)a single packet-switched infrastructure by the use of T1oP Synchronization to an Internal Clockequipment. The T1oP equipment is also suitable for connecting to Ethernet / packet wireless equipment to Automatic clock priority selection with fall back achieve fast deployment of T1 services over wirelessPlesiochronous Clocking.Ethernet networks. One particular application is to build T1 links with low cost Wireless LAN bridges, replacing expensive TDM / T1 microwave radios.The 2 x T1 over Ethernet (2 T1 Port FE Version) multiplexer may be used to provide legacy TDM services over Ethernet optical fiber, or wireless Ethernet/IP networks.'VCL-T1oP' T1 over Packet (2 T1 Port FE Version) TDM over IP equipment supports transmission of up to 2 x T1 links over IP / Ethernet, MEF or MPLS Pseudo-wire networks.The 'VCL-T1oP' T1 over Packet (2 T1 Port FE Version) TDM over IP equipment, equipped with a powerful ARM-Cortex Processor which provides a highly reliable clock recovery mechanism for low jitter and wander control, even under variable network conditions.2 x T1 Port T1oP (T1 over Packet) TDM over IP equipment is available with various Electrical (10/100BaseT) and Optical (100BaseFX) Ethernet port options which allow the users to implement 1+1 add-drop (Drop-Insert), Ethernet link redundancy (using Port Trunking / Port Bonding) and 802.1p based QoS mechanisms for network optimization.The 'VCL-T1oP' T1 over Packet (2 T1 Port FE Version) TDM over IP equipment also optimizes on the network usage, such that the bandwidth used by the T1oP equipment on the packet network is limited to the corresponding to the number of T1 ports and the time-slots that are being transported over the Ethernet / packet network.2T1 over Packet / TDM over IPKey Features - T1 and T1oP Interface Key Features explained Key Features - System Management, Monitoring and Alarm Interfaces Key Features - Ethernet / IP Network Interface OAM: Operation and Management Ports System Access, Control and Management Options User configurable MTU (T1oP payload) packet size up to 1500 Bytes.Supports 2 independent T1 interfaces.802.1Q Tag based VLANs Supports 1-4095 VLAN IDs.Internal, External, Adaptive, Recovered clock and Supports Packet priority assignment (IP Diffserv / DSCP).Asymmetrical (One-Clock and Two-Clock) options for the T1 UDP-specific “Special” Ethernet type.TDM port synchronization. Automatic clock priority selection In band VCCV ARP .with fall back.Broadcast DAAbsolute and Differential timestamps.Jitter and Wander conforms to G.823 / G.824 and G.8261 and TDM specifications.Supports two Line codes - AMI and B8ZS.Supports three T1 framing modes - Framed ESF, Framed SF and Unframed.Supports IETF-PWE3 (pseudo-wire), SAToP and CESoPSN transport mechanisms.Supports CESoPSN payload mechanism to support the fractional T1 with data rate of 64Kbps to 1.544Mbps (DS0 timeslot level). User configurable data rate from 64kbps to 1544kbps, in steps of 64kbps.CESoPSN payload mechanism feature allows the user to optimize the packet switched network by limiting its usage to the corresponding number of timeslots carried by a T1 channel.Supports SAToP payload mechanism to transport full T1 (transparent to the structure of the TDM frame useful for transporting framed / unframed T1 channels).Supports network latency / packet delay variation / jitter buffer of up to 512ms.Supports IP , MPLS and MEF8 (Metro Ethernet) addressing. RJ45 - 100 ohms balanced T1 interfaces.T1 Local and Remote Loop-back (RLOOP) facility for testing External and diagnostics.Optical (may use any one combination of above mentioned Ethernet Ports )Power over Ethernet (PoE) (available options as above). Meets and exceeds the Telcordia GR-1089-CORE Lighting and Power Contact Protection requirements.RS232 Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint applications based onIP addressing.Supports drop and insert applications.1+1 Ethernet Link Redundancy / Redundant Link Protection. Supports QoS, 802.1q and 802.1p based packet priority. Q-in-Q Tagging.Telnet.Flow Control in an Ethernet Packet Networks (Regulating Traffic)Port / Customer based bandwidth allocation (Port Rate Limiting – Ingress and Egress)DSCP and 802.1Q / 802.1p based packet tagging and prioritizationMPLS, MEF and UDP tagging for Ethernet traffic.Separate IP Address for TDM traffic and equipment managementVLAN tagging for TDM traffic and equipment access / managementVLAN Based Priority (Classifying Services) - VLAN based Priority feature allows the user to assign priorities to different VLANs carrying various types of services / traffic according based on user categories and preferences. The user may highest priority to TDM traffic and Ethernet services on a lower priority. User may also configure which TDM link should be given preference over the other TDM links, when the uplink bandwidth falls below a particular threshold.Flow Control in an Ethernet Packet Networks: (Regulating Traffic) - Flow Control feature allows the user to regulate the Ethernet traffic flow to minimize packet loss due to data bursts.Port / Customer based bandwidth allocation (Port Rate Limiting) - Port based Ingress and Egress Ethernet Rate Limiting allows the use to assigne the bandwidth as per port / service requirements in addition to provisioning traffic by using 802.1Q and 802.1p VLANs and packet priority.Alarm - Dry contact relay alarms are also available at rear of the system to connect the system to an external alarm.NMS (Network Management System) to monitor multiple SFP based (100Base-FX) and Electrical (100Base-units from single Central Location.T) Ethernet port and PoE options Supports system temperature monitoring with High 4 x 10/100BaseT Copper Ports.Temperature threshold and Low Temperature threshold 2 x 10/100BaseT Copper Ports, 2 x 10/100BaseT Ports alarms and SNMP Traps.with PoE.Supports SNMP V2 Monitoring and Traps.2 x 100BaseFX Optical Fiber Ports, 2 x 10/100BaseT Self-test for checking system errors upon system bootup.Copper Ports.Event Logging.2 x 100BaseFX Optical Fiber Ports, 2 x 10/100BaseT Clock Performance Alarms.Ports with PoE.Network Performance Alarms.Network Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics.Online / remote upgrade of firmware.(DB9) Serial Port.10/100BaseT Ethernet Management for In-band remote access.CLI Control Interface (HyperTerminal or VT100).SNMP V2 Traps (MIB File provided).Windows based GUI (Graphical User Interface) for easy configuration, management and access. Ability to monitor multiple units from a single NMS.Password Protection.Typical Application Diagram in Wireless Network(3G/LTE)BTS :Base Trans-receiver Station MSC :Master Switching Center RNC :Radio Network Controller LTE :Long Term Evolution FT1:Fractional T1 FE :Fast Ethernet GE :Gigabit Ethernet PoE :Power over EthernetTypical Application in Wireless Network - 1+1 Link RedundancyTDM over IP / Ethernet - Providing 2G/3G/LTE over an IP CloudVCL-T1oP(2G)TDM over IP / Ethernet - VLAN Based Priority (Classifying Services)Notes:VLAN based Priority feature allows the user to assign priorities to VLANs carrying different types of services / traffic according based on user preferences.The user may configure the TDM traffic on highest priority and Ethernet service (3G data network) on a lower priority. User may also configure which TDM link should be given preference over the other TDM links when the uplink bandwidth decreases below a particular threshold.TDM over IP / Ethernet Port / Customers based bandwidth allocation (Port Rate Limiting)Premium Customer3GVLAN # 20VLAN # 30Notes:Port based Ingress Ethernet Rate Limiting allows the service provider to assigned the bandwidth as per customer requirements and separating their traffic by assigning 802.1Q based VLANs.Technical Specifications T1oP SpecificationsT1 Interface Power Consumption Power Supply Options Max number of T1 Ports Number of Ports 2Max number of logical links Up to 24Synchronization clock -Adaptive Clock Recovery recovery recovery (ACLK) Options-Recovered Clock (RCLK) / Loop-Timed Clock-Asymmetrical (One-Clock and Two-Clock) Clock -Synchronization to anExternal Clock (ECLK) and an Internal Clock -Automatic fall backMax number of Ethernet -2 x FE (100BaseFX) Optical Ports Ethernet (SFP) Ports-2 x 10/100Base-T Electrical Ethernet Ports Or-4 x 10/100Base-T Electrical Ethernet PortsSupported Transport ETF-PWE3, SAToP and Mechanisms CESoPSNSupported PSN (Packet UDP , IP , MPLS and MEF Switched Networks) type QoS 802.1p packet priority Number of PortsNumber of Ports 2(supporting 64Kbps upto 1.544Mbps on each port)Framing Formats Unframed, SF and ESF Line Coding AMI, B8ZSCompliance ITU-T G.703, G.704, G.706and G.732Jitter and Wander Complies to ITU-T G.823,G.824Line Impedance 100 OhmsProtection-Optional Metallic and Longitudinal Protection -ESD protectionPower Consumption<15 Watts (without PoE)PoE 40 Watts per channelDual Redundant1+1 AC power (100 to 240V AC, 50/60 Hz) 1+1 DC (-48V) power (40 to 72V DC) 1+1 DC (-24V) power (18 to 40V DC) AC plus DC (AC + DC), AC or DCEMI/EMC compliant.Ethernet Interface 100BaseFX (Optical) Ethernet Specifications Number of Ports-Optical SFP based(100Base-FX) and Electrical (100Base-T) Ethernet port and PoE options-4 x 10/100BaseT Copper Ports-2 x 10/100BaseT Copper Ports, 2 x 10/100BaseT Ports with PoE-2 x 100BaseFX Optical Fiber Ports, 2 x 10/100BaseT Copper Ports-2 x 100BaseFX Optical Fiber Ports, 2 x 10/100BaseT Ports with PoE.(may use any one combination of above mentioned Ethernet Ports )Electrical 10/100 Auto-negotiation/MDI-X(Auto-sensing), Full-Half Duplex, RJ45 Electrical Connector, PoE (Power of Ethernet) option on 2 x 10/100BaseT PortsProtection ESD protection Optical 100Base-FX (Fast Ethernet),SFPPower over Ethernet (PoE)40 Watts per port PoE Protection Complies with Telcordia GR-1089-CORE Issue 6Specifications and ITU-T K.44 (2012*) specificationsMaximum Frame Size 1500 BytesTypeSFPCompliance-MSA Compliant -RoHS -EMI -ESD -DDMSafetyClass 1 Laser Safety/ IEC-60825 Compliant Bit Rate 100 MbpsWavelength 1310 / 1550 nmDistance550m to 120Kms, as per order Optical ConnectorLCNote:* Excludes 0.76A (300 Ohms) and 0.38A (600 Ohms)and 0.23 (1000 Ohms) AC Power Cross.Command LanguageManagement and Control InterfacesAC Power Supply Specifications 24V DC Power Supply Specifications 48V DC Power Supply Specifications Environment Windows based GUI (Graphical User Interface). Command Line Interface (English text commands). COM Port (RS232 Serial Port).10/100BaseT Ethernet Port (each multiplexer may be assigned an IP address and connected to a LAN / IP network for remote access and management through the 10/100BaseT Ethernet Port for out-of-band configuration, management and access). Telnet. SNMP , V2.Additionally, a Windows based GUI (Graphical User Interface) for easy configuration, management and access.Input AC Voltage110 / 220 Volts AC Range of input AC Voltage 100 V to 240 V AC,50Hz/60Hz.AC Input ConnectorIEC ConnectorPower Supply 24V DCRange of input18V to 40V DC Input voltage reversal protection Provided Under voltage protection < 4.85V Over voltage protection > 5.15VEfficiency at full load > 90% @ 5V/4A(when input voltage-24V)Ripple at full load < 5mVrms Spike at full load< 50mVPower supply -48V DCRange of input-40V DC to -72V DC Under voltage protection < 4.85V Over voltage protection > 5.15VEfficiency at full load > 91% @ 5V/2A(when input voltage -48V)Ripple at full load < 5mVrms Spike at full load < 50mV00Temperature -20C ~ +60C for Operation0 Humidity5% to 95% (at 35C)Non-condensingRegulatory Compliance NMS (with Telnet) OAM port Specifications External AlarmsChassis Mechanical Specification Safety - IEC 60950 Safety - IEC 60950 CE RoHSComplies to ANS/IEC standardsComplies with Telecom Part 68, FCC Part 15 and CISPR 22 Class AEMC EN55022: 1998 + A1 and A2 EMC EN55024,Operation ETS 300 019 Class 3.2 Storage ETS 300 019 Class 1.2Transportation ETS 300 019 Class 2.3Network Interface RJ-45 Ethernet 10BaseT or 100BaseT-TX (auto sensing)Compatibility Ethernet Version 2.0IEEE802.3Protocols supported ARP , UDP/IP , TCP/IP , Telnet,SNMPManagement SNMP , Serial login, Telnet loginDry Contact Relay - 2 Form C Rated upto 72V DC, 1 Amp. 1U High (44mm)19-inch rack-mounting shelfAlso available in Desktop / Table Top Version.Height 44 mm (1U)Depth 260 mmWidth 480 mm (19 inch rack mountable)Weight3 Kgs.Ordering InformationAdd OCXO option if required (Internal)Power Supply Options Gigabit Ethernet SFP Options 1OCXO Add High Stability Timing, Ultra Low NoiseOCXO (oven-controlled crystal oscillator) optional 1AC220 1 x 100-240V AC Power Supply Input 2DC048 1 x (-) 48V DC Power Supply Input 3 ACDC 1 x 100-240V AC Power Supply Input 1 x (-) 48V DC Power Supply Input4AC220R 2 x 100-240V AC Power Supply Input [Redundant] 5DC048R2 x (-) 48V DC Power Supply Input [Redundant]1VCL-EMOD 0193155Mbps Fast Ethernet SFP Transceiver Duplex LC, 1310nm, 15km, SMF 2VCL-EMOD 0194155Mbps Fast Ethernet SFP Transceiver Duplex LC, 1310nm, 40km, SMF 3VCL-EMOD 0217155Mbps Fast Ethernet SFP Transceiver Duplex LC, 1550nm, 80km, SMF 4VCL-EMOD 0156155Mbps Fast Ethernet SFP Transceiver Duplex LC, 1550nm, 120km, SMF 5VCL-EMOD 0243155Mbps Fast Ethernet SFP Transceiver Duplex LC, 1550nm, 150km, SMF 6VCL-EMOD 0171155Mbps Fast Ethernet SFP Transceiver Duplex LC, 1550nm, 200km, SMFAny One Option.Maximum 2 SFPs perCORE UNIT As per Site Requirement.OCXOTechnical specifications are subject to changes without notice.All brand name and trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Revision 2.0 - May 12, 2014Note: 1.SPFs to be added if 100BaseFX (Optical) Ethernet Ports are required.2.Redundant power supply to be added, if required.Cables and Accessories Options 1VCL-HRNS 1229Optical Patch Cord Connectorized Cable [2LC-2LC, 3m, SM] 2VCL-HRNS 1238Optical Patch Cord Connectorized Cable [2LC-2LC, 10m, SM] 3VCL-HRNS 1242Optical Patch Cord Connectorized Cable [LC-FC, 10m, SM] 4VCL-HRNS 1243Optical Patch Cord Connectorized Cable [2LC-2FC, 10m, SM]5VCL-HRNS 1239Optical Patch Cord Connectorized Cable [LC-SC, 10m, SM]6VCL-HRNS 1258Optical Patch Cord Connectorized Cable [2LC-2SC, 10m, SM]7VCL-ECON 1172Connector (Attenuator LC-LC (10 db.))8VCL-ECON 1173Connector (Attenuator LC-LC (20 db.))9VCL-ECON 1186Connector (Attenuator FC-FC (10 db.))10VCL-ECON 1187Connector (Attenuator FC-FC (20 db.))11VCL-ECON 1197Connector (Attenuator SC-SC (10 db.))12VCL-ECON 1198Connector (Attenuator SC-SC (20 db.))As per Site Requirement.。

netfilter_conntrack流程详解

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Intel Nehalem
A Research Report
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation for this Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Overview of Features in the Intel Core Micro-Architecture 1.3 Summary of New Features in the Intel Micro-Architecture The “Intel R 64” Architecture The 3.1 3.2 3.3 Nehalem Processor Instruction and Data Flow in Modern Processors . . . . Overview of the Nehalem Processor Chip . . . . . . . . Nehalem Core Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Instruction and Data Flow in Nehalem Cores . . 3.3.2 Nehalem Core: Front-End Pipeline . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Nehalem Core: Out-of-Order Execution Engine . 3.3.4 Execution pipelines of a Nehalem core . . . . . . 3.3.5 Nehalem Core: Load and Store Operations . . . Intel SSE Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Floating-Point SIMD operations in Nehalem core 3.4.2 Floating-Point Registers in Nehalem core . . . . Floating-Point Processing and Exception Handling . . . Intel Simultaneous Multi-Threading . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.1 Basic SMT Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.2 SMT in Nehalem cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3 Resource Sharing in SMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . CISC and RISC Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3

系统级编程_A_闭_2011-2012-1

6. How many return addresses does a C function have as a program executes? (a) one (b) as many as the number of return statements within the function (c) as many as the number of times it is invoked (d) two, one for each branch 7. What can Loader do? I. translate the C code into machine code II.Resolution III.load or map the Executable object file from the disk to memory (a) I and II only. (b) I and III only. (c) I, II and III. (d) III only. 8. Which of the following statements about alignment within C struct's is true? I. Alignment may cause the allocation of unused space. II. Alignment is required by all modern processors. III. Alignment can help processors access data more efficiently. (a) II and III only (b) I and III only (c) I, II, and III (d) I only 9. In C, assuming that an int takes 4 bytes, and array a is at location 0x10000, what is the address of a[6]? (a) 0x10006 (b) 0x10024 (c) 0x10018 (d) The address stored 24 bytes above location 0x10000. 10.In C, assuming that an short takes 2 bytes, how many bytes are required to represent the following array? short a[12]; (a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d) 6 11.How is 47 (decimal) represented in an 8-bit 2's complement binary format? (a) 00101111 (b) 00011111 (c) 00101101 (d) 01000111 12.In C, using default floating point settings, what happens when a floating-point computation results in an overflow? (a) A special value "infinity" is computed, testable with _finite(). (b) An exception is raised unless disabled by calling _controlfp(). (c) Program execution is halted. (d) An erroneous value is computed and execution continues. 13.In C, what is the following binary number in hexadecimal? 11010101 (a) 0x5D (b) 0xD5 (c) 0xAB (d) 0xB5 14.What is the value of the following C expression? 0x1234 & 0x5432 (a) 0x1030 (b) 0x5636 (c) 0x1111

IPP程序设计-第七章

《多核架构及编程技术》教学课程之
武汉大学电子信息学院
What is IPP?
Integrated Performance Primitives 集成性能基元
主要内容
Intel IPP简介编程基础编程示例
IPP简介
面向Intel处理器和芯片的函数库
信号处理，图像处理，多媒体，向量处理等
10. Speech Recognition
11. Data Compression
12. Cryptography 13. String Processing
* Intel IPP crypto usage in Open SSL* * “ippgrep” – regular expression matching
Intel IPP is suitable for a very wide range of applications
• Video broadcasting, Video/Voice Conferencing
• Consumer Multimedia • Medical Imaging, Document Imaging • Computer Vision /Object Tracking / Machine Learning • Databases and Enterprise Data Management • Information Security • Embedded Applications • Mathematics and Science
Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP)
Itanium® Architecture Pentium® II processor Pentium® III processor Pentium® 4 processor Xeon™ processor

操作系统-精髓与设计原理英文ppt-Chapter02

8
9
Ease of Evolution of an Operating System
• Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware • New services
– in response to user demand or in response to the needs of system managers
3
Layers of Computer System
4
Services Provided by Operating Systems
• Program development
– Editors and debuggers
• • • •
Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access
• Accounting
– – – – Collect usage statistics Monitor performance Used to anticipate future enhancements Used for billing purposes
7
Operating Systems as Resource Managers
Operating System Overview
Chapter 2
1
Operating System
• A program that controls the execution of application programs
– A resource management software – Designer viewpoint

操作系统复习题 (7)

Chapter 8 – Virtual MemoryTrue / False Questions:1.T / F –In a system employing a memory management strategy that doesn’t require an entireprocess to be in main memory at one time, the portion of a process that is actually in main memory at any given time is defined to be the resident set of the process. 在一个使用一个不需要整个的程序以一个次是在主存中的存储器管理系统中, 程序的部分实际上是在任何的给定时间是在主记忆中定义当程序的居留组。

ANS: T2.T / F – The condition known as thrashing occurs when the majority of the processes in mainmemory require repetitive blocking on a single shared I/O device in the system.在一个系统中，当大量的主存中的进程要求重复阻断一个单独共享的I/O设备的情况称之为系统抖动ANS: F (processor spends most of its time swapping rather than executing) 错。

是处理器花费大量时间不断进行交换块，而不是去执行指令3.T / F – The modify (M) bit is a control bit in a page table entry that indicates whether thecontents of the corresponding page have been altered since the page was last loaded into memory.修改位（M）是一个控制位，他表示相应页的内容从上一次装入主存中到现在是否已经发生变化。

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AnEvaluationoftheClose-to-FilesProcessorandDataCo-AllocationPolicyinMulticlusters

H.H.MohamedandD.H.J.EpemaFacultyofElectricalEngineering,Mathematics,andComputerScienceDelftUniversityofTechnologyP.O.Box5031,2600GADelft,TheNetherlandse-mail:H.H.Mohamed,D.H.J.Epema@ewi.tudelft.nl

AbstractInmulticlustersystems,andmoregenerally,ingrids,jobsmayrequireco-allocation,i.e.,thesimultaneousallocationofresourcessuchasprocessorsandinputﬁlesinmultipleclusters.Whilesuchjobsmayhavereducedruntimesbe-causetheyhaveaccesstomoreresources,waitingforpro-cessorsinmultipleclustersandfortheinputﬁlestobecomeavailableintherightlocationsmayintroduceinefﬁciencies.Inpreviouswork,wehavestudiedthroughsimulationsonlyprocessorco-allocation.Here,weextendthisworkwithananalysisoftheperformanceinarealtestbedofourproto-typeProcessorandDataCo-AllocatorwiththeClose-to-Files(CF)job-placementalgorithm.CFtriestoplacejobcomponentsonclusterswithenoughidleprocessorswhichareclosetothesiteswheretheinputﬁlesreside.WepresentacomparisonoftheperformanceofCFandtheWorst-Fitjob-placementalgorithm,withandwithoutﬁlereplication,achievedwithourprototype.OurmostimportantﬁndingsarethatCFwithreplicationworksbest,andthattheutiliza-tioninourtestbedcanbedriventoabout80%.

1IntroductionGridsofferthepromiseoftransparentaccesstolargecollec-tionsofresourcesforapplicationsdemandingmanyproces-sorsandaccesstohugedatasets.Infact,theneedsofasin-gleapplicationmayexceedthecapacityavailableineachofthesubsystemsmakingupagrid,andsoco-allocation,i.e.,thesimultaneousaccesstoresourcesofpossiblymultipletypesinmultiplelocations,managedbydifferentresourcemanagers[11],mayberequired.

Eventhoughmulticlustersandgridsofferverylargeamountsofresources,todatemostapplicationssubmitted

tosuchsystemsruninsinglesubsystemsmanagedbyasin-glescheduler.Withthisapproach,gridsareinfactusedasbigloadbalancingdevices,andthefunctionofagridscheduleramountstochoosingasuitablesubsystemforev-eryapplication.Therealchallengeinresourcemanage-mentingridsliesinco-allocation.Indeed,thefeasibilityofrunningparallelapplicationsinmulticlustersystemsbyemployingprocessorco-allocationhasbeenamplydemon-strated[23,6].

Inpreviouswork,wehavestudiedco-allocationofonlyprocessorsbymeansofsimulations[8,9,6].Inthispa-per,weextendthisworkbyaddingdataasaresourcetobeco-allocated,andbycarryingoutaperformancestudyinarealtestbed.Inadditiontorequiringprocessorsindifferentclusters,weassumenowthatjobshavea(large)inputﬁlethathastobetransferredtoalllocationswherejobcom-ponentswillrunpriortotheexecutionofthejob.Forthispurpose,weintroducetheClose-to-Files(CF)policywhichtriestoplacejobcomponentsonorclosetositeswheretheinputﬁleislocated.WehavebuiltCFintoourProcessorandDataCo-Allocator(PDCA),whichimplementsaco-allocationserviceinourﬁve-clusterDistributedASCISu-percomputer(DAS)(seeSection2.1).

Therearetwoimportantproblemstobesolvedwhenus-ingprocessoranddataco-allocationandwhendoingper-formanceexperimentsinarealsystemliketheDAS.Theﬁrstistoachievethesimultaneousavailabilityofresourcesmanagedbydifferentlocalschedulers.Inoursetting,wewouldliketotransfertheinputﬁleﬁrsttotherightloca-tionsbeforeactuallystartingajobratherthanoccupyingtheprocessorswhilewaiting.However,mostlocalsched-ulerslackaprocessor-reservationmechanism,sowecannotmakeareservationforthetimewhenweexpecttheinputﬁletobepresent.Wepresentaworkaroundmethodforthisreservationprobleminthispaper.ThesecondproblemisthatwecannotexclusivelyclaimasystemliketheDASfor

0-7803-8695-7/04/$20.00 © 2004 IEEE287CLUSTER 2004doingexperiments.However,thebackgroundloadfromtheregularusersofthesystemmayvarybetweenexperiments,makingtheirresultsdifﬁculttocompare.Onesolutiontothisproblemthatweemployistoinjectjobsofourowntotrytomaintainthesamebackgroundloadindifferentex-periments.

Themaincontributionsofthispaperare1)thedesignandimplementationoftheCFjob-placementpolicythattriestoputjobcomponentsclosetotheirinputﬁle;2)aperfor-mancecomparisonofCFwiththeWorst-Fitjob-placementpolicy,withandwithoutreplication,and3)aperformanceanalysisofourworkaroundmethodforprocessorreserva-tion.TheresultsoftheexperimentswithourprototypeshowthatthecombinationoftheCFpolicyandﬁlerepli-cationisverybeneﬁcial.Wealsoﬁndthatourreservationmechanismworkswithoutwastingmuchprocessortime,andthatwithco-allocationwecandrivetheutilizationinourtestbedtoabout80%.

2AModelforCo-allocationInthissection,weﬁrstdescribeourmulticlustertestbed,theDAS.Thenwepresentourmodelforco-allocationinmul-ticlusters,andmoregenerally,ingrids.Finally,wediscussourProcessorandDataCo-Allocator,whichimplementsprocessoranddataco-allocationintheDAS.