数控移动工作台的设计

摘要

数控车床又称数字控制（Numbercal control，简称NC）机床。它是基于数字控制的，采用了数控技术，是一个装有程序控制系统的机床。它是由主机，CNC，驱动装置，数控移动工作台的辅助装置，编程机及其他一些附属设备所组成。

此次设计包括移动工作台的进给设计。控制系统部分包括步进电机的选用及硬件电路设计和工作台系统设计，说明了的扩展，键盘显示接口的设计等等。该控制系统采用工作台中断控制系统结构及子程序结构，因为子程序结构简单、条件明确在数控系统中应用比较多。中断结构采用模块化结构设计，因为这种结构便于修改和扩充，编制较为方便，便于向多处理机方向发展。

本文以普通数控移动工作台为研究对象，介绍数控移动工作台主-从式控制系统的设计过程。本设计采用PC 机为上位机，8051为核心的单片机系统作下位机，以打印口作为两者间的通讯接口，构成主—从式控制系统。该类型机床可以利用微型计算机丰富的软硬件资源，可以编制出具有友好的人机界面的系统控制工作台；可以利用单片机系统结构相对简单、工作可靠、价格便宜的特点，并借助C语言、汇编语言等编制出执行机构的位置控制软，可以使原数控移动工作台的扩充性及开放性更强，使数控编程更加方便、高效，也为将来数控移动工作台的网络控制打下基础。本文着重阐述数控移动工作台及及主-从式系统的概述；上位机与下位机间通讯接口及通讯模式的选择；下位机硬件设计；步进电动机控制程序。

关键词：数控移动工作台；开放式数控系统；电动机

Abstract

The numerical control lathe called the numerical control (Numbercal Control, is called NC) the engine bed. It is based on the numerical control, has used the numerical control technology, is loaded with the procedure control system the engine bed. It is by the main engine, CNC, the drive, the numerical control engine bed auxiliary unit, the programming machine and other some appurtenances is composed.

This design including the engine bed overall layout design, longitudinal enters for the design, also includes the gear modulus computation and the examination, the main axle rigidity examination and so on. The control system partially including step-by-steps the electrical machinery to select and the hardware circuit design and the software system design, explained the chip expansion, keyboard demonstration connection design and so on.

This article takes the ordinary numerical control machine tool as the research object, and introduces the design process of a master-slave system. In order to use the abundant software and hardware resources of IPC and to compile software of system which is friendly to users, and in order to compile the control software of execution machinery by C and Assembly language at the same time, this CNC system adopts the master-slave structure and parallel communication method. The master computer sends control instructions and parameters to the slave computer under Windows98, for the sake of making the slave computer work well. This system enhances the expanse and open ability of the original CNC machine tools, makes the NC programming become easy and efficient, and It also set a foundation for the numerical control machine tool in the field of the network control. There are three principal parts in the full text: the summary of CNC and the master-slave system; the communication port and mode between the master and slave computer; the control procedure of the step motor.

Keywords：Numerical control; Machine tool; Open-loop；Step motor