Design and implementation of highway distress and preventive measures decision support system ba

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1HBM静电放电测试系统之二次电性过应力事件的形成与抑制

1HBM静电放电测试系统之二次电性过应力事件的形成与抑制

HBM靜電放電測試系統之二次電性過應力事件的形成與抑制作者Tom Meuse (1), Larry Ting (2), Joe Schichl (2), Robert Barrett (1), David Bennett (1), Roger Cline (2), Charvaka Duvvury (2), Michael Hopkins (1), Hans Kunz (2), JohnLeiserson (1), Robert Steinhoff (2)(1) Thermo Electron Corporation (2) Texas Instruments Inc.譯者何正江訊程實業股份有限公司目錄1.背景介紹2. 元件失效的描述和測試系統間的相互作用3. 異常尾波(trailing pulse)的發現4. 異常尾波(trailing pulse)形成的機制5. 測試系統的修改以抑制異常尾波(trailing pulse)6. 對於HBM測試標準改進之建議以及將來之挑戰7.結論HBM靜電放電測試系統之二次電性過應力事件的形成與抑制前言以往在人體帶電模型(Human Body Model,HBM)靜電放電測試系統中,未被偵測到的異常尾波(trailing pulse),最近已被證實對於較先進技術下所製造出來的半導體產品,會在其閘極氧化層(gate oxide)部位產生預期之外的破壞。

此第二脈衝是由於放電繼電器以及充電電路寄生特性所共同引起的電性過應力(Electrical Over-Stress,EOS)自然現象。

本文件主要在探討此一重要現象以及建立測試系統如何來抑制異常尾波的機制。

1. 背景介紹自從1979年美國軍方首度制定人體帶電模型(Human Body Model,HBM)耐靜電測試標準MIL-STD-883 Method 3015以來許多商品化的HBM測試系統相繼在半導體工業界被採用。

中尼公路聂拉木至樟木段InSAR广域地灾隐患识别与特征分析

中尼公路聂拉木至樟木段InSAR广域地灾隐患识别与特征分析

中尼公路聂拉木至樟木段InSAR广域地灾隐患识别与特征分析于冰;蔡锐;张崇磊;牛童;黄雷;王金日;张椿雨【期刊名称】《大地测量与地球动力学》【年(卷),期】2024(44)7【摘要】基于2017-04~2019-06共130景Sentinel-1A卫星升降轨影像,采用StaMPS-SBAS InSAR方法,并融合GACOS大气校正,对中尼公路聂拉木至樟木段进行大范围地质灾害隐患点探测和识别。

结果表明,研究区内共发现54处隐患点,组成多处滑坡群,升轨最大形变速率达114 mm/a,降轨最大形变速率达122 mm/a。

结合研究区降水数据统计分析可知,有35处隐患点形变与降水有关,形变季节性特征明显。

本文研究结果有助于了解该路段地表形变趋势及成因,丰富该地区地灾隐患点历史记录,为该地区地质灾害隐患的持续监测提供参考。

【总页数】9页(P709-717)【作者】于冰;蔡锐;张崇磊;牛童;黄雷;王金日;张椿雨【作者单位】西南石油大学土木工程与测绘学院;西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室;西南石油大学油气空间信息工程研究所;武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室;中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P237;P258【相关文献】1.国道318线中尼公路定日岗嘎至聂拉木段改建工程审计结果2.InSAR技术和孕灾背景指标相结合的地灾隐患识别3.联合InSAR与无人机航测的白鹤滩库区蓄水前地灾隐患广域识别4.广域滑坡灾害隐患InSAR显著性形变区深度学习识别技术5.基于时序InSAR技术的中贵天然气管道天水市段沿线滑坡隐患识别与形变分析因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。

高速公路安全评价

高速公路安全评价

目录第一章概述31.1工作依据31.2评价内容及方法41.4评价的工作程序41.5主要评价结论5第二章工程概况82.1项目概况82.3自然地理条件92.3工程规模102.4技术标准102.5交通量分布及构成情况11第三章总体评价123.1设计符合性123.2速度协调性评价133.3交通适应性分析14第四章路线194.1评价范围194.2平面194.3视距234.4纵断面254.5横断面274.6平纵线形组合27第五章路基路面285.1路侧安全净空区285.2路面及排水295.3软基、软弱土处理29第六章桥涵336.1项目概况336.2技术标准采用情况346.3评价范围和评价方法346.4桥梁方案356.5桥梁引线366.6桥面铺装366.7上部结构376.8下部结构456.9涵洞466.10耐久性466.11其它476.12结论47第七章互通式立交486.1概况486.2互通立交间距506.3互通立交技术指标506.4互通立交适应性526.5互通立交区速度协调性546.6互通立交匝道出入口546.6互通立交视距566.7互通立交收费站576.8互通立交安全性综合评价57 第八章交通工程及沿线设施588.1标志588.2标线及视线诱导标608.3护栏618.4中央分隔带防眩设施628.5监控系统62第九章其它62附件:桥梁结构、软基处理计算书62第一章概述1.1 工作依据受XX省交通厅委托,对沿海高速公路XX岐口至海丰段的初步设计进行方案风险性评估和桥涵结构安全性评价。

旨在通过初步设计方案风险性评估及桥涵结构安全评价,及时发现事故隐患或对安全有不利影响的设计,并提出对策,提升道路安全状况,降低事故率,减少直接经济损失,给项目后期运营和养护工作带来潜在的经济效益和社会效益。

本次评价工作主要参考了以下标准、规范及文件作为评价依据:1公路项目安全性评价指南〔JTG/T B05—2004;2公路工程技术标准〔JTG B01—2003;3公路路线设计规范〔JTG D20—2006;4公路路基设计规范〔JTG D30—2004;5 公路软土地基路堤设计与施工技术规范〔JTJ017—96;6 公路沥青路面设计规范〔JTG D50—2006;7 公路水泥混凝土路面设计规范〔JTG D40—2002;8 公路桥涵设计通用规范〔<JTG D60—2004;9>公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范〔JTGD62—200410> 公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范〔JTG D63—200711道路交通标志和标线〔GB 5768—2009;12公路交通安全设施设计技术规范〔JTG D81-2006;13公路交通安全设施设计技术细则〔JTG/TD81-2006;14XX省交通规划设计院沿海高速公路XX岐口至海丰段两阶段初步设计, 20XX4月;15AASHTO. Highway Safety Design and Operations Guide 1997;16AASHTO. Roadside Design Guide 2002;17Austroads. Road Safety Audit 〔Second Edition 2002。

交通工程专业英语词汇表

交通工程专业英语词汇表

30th Highest Hourly Volume,30HV 第30 最高小时交通量3-Leg Interchange 三路立体交叉3-Leg Intersection 三路交叉AA.M. Peak Period 早高峰Absolute speed limit 绝对速限Abutting property 邻街建造物Acceleration Lane 加速车道Access 出入口Access Control 出入管制;进出管制Access ramp 出入引道Accessibility 可及性Accident 肇事;事故;意外事件Accident (Crash) Rate 事故率Accident (Crash) Severity 事故严重性Accident Analysis 事故分析;意外分析;肇事分析Accident Assessment 事故鉴定Accident Casualty 事故伤亡Accident Cause 事故原因Accident Characteristics 肇事特性Accident Hazardous Location 易肇祸路段Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Prone Location 易肇事地点Accuracy 精度Actual travel time 实际行驶时间Adaptive route choice 适应性路线选择Advanced driver information system ADIS 先进驾驶员信息系统Advanced Traffic Management Services ATMS 先进交通管理服务Advanced Traveler Information Services ATIS 先进路人信息服务Advanced vehicle control system 先进车辆控制系统Aerial Map 航测图Aerial perspective 鸟噉图;空中透视Overload, Overloading 超载Air resistance 空气阻力Alignment Design 路线设计;定线设计Algorithm 运算法则All-day Service 全天候服务Alley 巷;道Allowable Bearing Capacity 容许承载量Allowable load 容许载重Alternate Method 替代方法Alternative(s)替代(换)方案American Concrete Institute ACI 美国混凝土学会;美国混凝土研究会American Federal Highway Administration FHWA 美国联邦公路总署American Institute of Transportation Engineers ITE 美国交通工程师学会American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE 美国土木工程师协会Amplification effect 放大效应Amplifier 扩大器Annual Average Daily Traffic, AADT 年平均日交通量Annual budget 年度预算Annual Traffic 年交通量Appropriate measures 适当防制措施Arc 弧线Arrival time 到达时间Arterial 主要干道Asphalt, Asphalt Cement, Asphalt Binder 沥青(美国用语);沥青胶泥At-Grade Intersection 平面交叉Advanced traffic management system ATMS 先进的交通管理系统;高等交通管理系统Automated toll system 自动化收费系统Automatic Cargo Identification, ACI 自动货物辨识Automatic Vehicle Classification, AVC 自动车辆分类Automatic Vehicle Identification, AVI 自动车辆辨识Automatic Vehicle Location, AVL 自动车辆定位Automatic Vehicle Monitoring, AVM 自动车辆监视Auxiliary Lanes 辅助车道Average Delay Time 平均延滞时间Average Waiting Time 平均等候时间BBalance Cut and Fill 均衡挖填Barrier, Noise barrier, Noise barrier wall 防音墙Birds' eye view 鸟噉图Blast 开炸Bleeding (沥青路面)泛油; (水泥混凝土表面)泛浆Blood alcohol concentration 血液中酒精浓度Bottleneck 瓶颈Bottleneck Road 瓶颈路段Brake failure, Defective brake 煞车失灵Brake light 煞车灯Brake Reaction time 煞车反应时间;制动反应时间Braking Distance 剎车视距(停车视距)Braking system 煞车系统Breakdowns 故障Breath alcohol concentration 呼气酒精含量Brick Pavement 砖铺路面;砖铺面Bridge 桥梁Bridge expansion joint 桥面伸缩缝Bridge inspection 桥梁检测Bridge Management System 桥梁管理系统Bridge span 桥跨Brightness contrast 辉度对照比Brittle fracture 碎裂Gravel Road 碎石路Broken Stone Surface 碎石路面Budget 预算经费Budgetary estimate 经费概算Buffer 缓冲剂;缓冲器Buffer distance 缓冲距离Buffer reach 缓冲段Buffer time 缓冲时间Buffer zone 缓冲带Building Code 建造规则;建造法规Bumper 保险杆Bus Exclusive Lane 公交专用道Bus operation 公交营运Bus Rapid Transit 公交捷运Bus route inquiring system 公交路线查询系统Bus scheduling 公交排班Bus station 公交停靠站Bus Terminal 公交终站;公交总站;公交场站Business District 商业区CCab, Taxi 出租车Capacitated freight distribution 零担货物运输Capacity analysis 容积分析Capacity and level of service analysis 容量与服务水准分析Capacity constraint, Capacity restriction 容量限制Capacity estimation 容量估计Capacity limitation 容量极限值Car accident, Traffic accident 交通事故Car detector, Vehicular detector 车辆侦测器Car following model 跟车模式;自动跟车系统Car navigation system 汽车导向系统Car Ownership 汽车持有;汽车持有权Car Pooling, Carpool 汽车共乘Carbon Dioxide CO2 二氧化碳Casualty 伤亡Caution Light 警告灯Caution Sign 警告标;警告标志Caution Signal 注意信号;警告号志Concrete Pavement 混凝土路面Critical Speed 临界速率Census 普查Center Island 中央岛Centerline 中心线Central Business District CBD 中心商业区Charging system 收费系统Children-only Bus 幼童专用车Circulation 通风;交通Circumferential street (road)外环(环状)道路City Rebuilding 都市重建Classification Count 分类调查Classification of road 道路分类Classification of Soil 土壤分类Clear distance 净距Clear height 净空高Clear Span 净跨距Climate Conditions 气候情况Close System Toll Station 封闭制收费站Closed Loop 封闭环路CO Detector 一氧化碳侦测器Code 规范;数值Coefficient of friction, Friction coefficient, Frictional coefficient 磨擦系数Collision Accident 碰撞事故Collision Warning Systems 碰撞预警系统Commercial Center 商业中心Commercial District 商业区Community Center 杜区中心Community Planning 社区规划Commuter 通勤者Commuter Rail, Commuter Train 通勤火车Commuting Distance 通勤距离Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 征收补偿Complex intersection 复合适交叉路口Composition of Traffic 交通组成Comprehensive Planning 综合性计划Compressibility of Soil 土壤压缩性Computer-Aided Dispatching System 计算机辅助派车系统Concave-convex 凹凸形Concrete barrier (New Jersey) 新泽西(混凝土)护栏Concrete pavement 混凝土铺面Conflicting point 冲突点Congestion degree 拥挤度Congestion pricing 拥挤定价Congestion Time 拥挤时间Congestion toll 拥挤费Construction Sign 施工标志Construction Specification 施工规范Construction/Maintenance Zone 施工维修区Contour Line 等高线Contour Map 等高线图Control of Access 出入管制Convex Function 凸函数Corridor 交通通廊Cost of Service 服务成本Count-down pedestrian signal 行人倒数计时显示器Counter flow 对向车流Country road 乡道Crash 冲撞;碰撞Critical Path 要径Critical Point 临界点Cross road 十字路口;交叉路;十字路Crown 路拱;路冠Crude Oil 原油Curb 缘石;路边石;护角Curve 曲线;曲线板;弯道Cushion material 缓冲材料Cushioning effect 缓冲效应DDaily Rainfall 日降水量Daily variation diagram 日变化图Deceleration 减速度Defective brake 煞车失灵Deformation 变形Defrosting 解冻Degree of Saturation 饱和度Delivery area 卸货区Delivery system 配送系统Delivery time 递送时间;送货时间Demand volume 需求流量Demand-Capacity Control 需求容量控制Demand-supply of parking spaces 停车空间的供需问题Demographic Data 人口资料Density of Traffic 交通密度;车流密度Design Capacity 设计容量Design curve 设计曲线Destination 目的地Destination zone 讫点区Detector 侦测器Deterioration 变质;恶化Diagonal crosswalk lines 班马纹行人穿越道Diesel Fuel 柴油Diffuse 扩散Digital image processing 数字影像处理Digital Map 数字地图Dining area 餐饮区Direction Factor 方向系数Disabled parking lots 残障停车位Dispatching efficiency 调度效率Distance 距离Distance-Measuring Equipment DME 测距仪Distribution center 配运中心Distribution center, Goods distribution center 物流中心Diverging area 分流区;分流区域Diverging point 分流点Dividing Strip 分隔带Domestic 本土的;区域的Door to door service 及门服务;及户服务Double decked bus 双层巴士Double-deck ramp 双层匝道Down Grade 下坡Downstream 下游Downtown street 闹市街道Dozer 推土机Drafting Room 制图室Drain Ditch 排水沟Drain Pipe 排水管Drainage Facilities 排水设施Driver behavior model 驾驶员行为模式Driver Information System 驾驶信息系统Driver Perception Reaction Distance 驾驶员反应距离Driver's License 汽车驾驶执照;汽车驾照Driving Simulator 驾驶仿真器Driving under the influence of alcohol 酒后驾驶Dynamic characteristics 动态特性Dynamic route choice 动态路径选择Dynamic system-optimum control model 动态系统最佳控制模式Dynamic traffic characteristic 动态交通特性Dynamic traffic signal control 动态交通号志控制系统EEarth Embankment 土堤Earth Excavation 挖土Earth Fill 填土Earthquake 地震East-West Expressway 东西向快速公路Economic benefits analysis 经济效益分析Elastic Deformation 弹性变形Elastic equilibrium 弹性平衡Electronic distance measurement instrument 电子测距仪Electronic gate 电子门;电动门Electronic Toll Collection 电子收费Elevated Highway 高架公路Elevation 标高;高程Elevator 电梯E-map of highway 公路电子地图Embankment 路堤Emergency delivery 紧急输送Emergency Escape Ramps 紧急出口匝道Emergency evacuation 紧急疏散Enforcement 执法,执行Engineering Economic Analysis 工程经济分析En-Route Driver Information 途中驾驶员信息En-Route Transit Information 途中运输信息Entrance (entry), ingress 进口路段Entrance exit 出入口Environment factor 环境因素Environmental impact assessment 环境影响评估Environmental sensitive area 环境敏感地带(环境敏感区位) Escalator 电扶梯Excavation Work 挖土工程Excess Fuel Consumption 超额燃油消耗Exclusive bike lane/Bikes only 脚踏车专用道Exclusive lane 专用车道Exit Ramp Closure 出口匝道关闭Exit Ramp Control 出口匝道控制Expansion Factor 膨胀因素;扩展系数Expansion Joint 伸,接缝Explosive 炸药Express slow traffic divider 快慢分隔岛Expressway 快速道路(进出管制或者半进出管制)Glare control 眩光控制Glare screen 防眩设施Glare shield 眩光遮蔽物Global Positioning System GPS 全球定位系统Goods delivery problem 货物配送问题Grade 坡度;纵向坡度Graphical analysis 图解分析法Gravel Road 砾石路Gravity Model 重力模式Greenhouse effect 温室效应Guidance information 导引信息Guide Sign 指示标志HHazardous materials 危(wei)险物品Head light 前灯;车前大灯Head On Collision 车头对撞Heavy weight transportation management 大载重运输管理High beam 远光灯High capacity buses 高容量巴士High Occupancy Vehicle HOV 高乘载车辆High-Occupancy Vehicle Priority Control 高承载率车优先行驶控制High Speed Rail 高速铁路Highway aesthetics 公路美学Highway alignment design 公路线形设计Highway Construction and Maintenance Cost 公路建设维护成本Highway Supervision and Administration 公路监理Histogram 直方统计图Hit-and-run driving 肇事逃逸;闯祸逃逸Holding Line Marker 等候线标记Home interview 家庭访问Horizontal Clearance 侧向净宽Horizontal Curve 平曲线Hourly variation 时变化图Human characteristics 人类特性Human factor 人为因素;人事行为因素Hydrophilic 亲水性Hydrophobic 厌水性IIdeal Condition 理想状况Illegal parking 违规停车Impact 冲击Improving Highway Traffic Order and Safety Projects 道路交通秩序与交通安全改进方案Indemnity of Damage 伤害赔偿Intensity of Rainfall 雨量强度Index system, Indicator system 指标体系Indirect observation 间接观测Individual difference 个人禀性的差异Infrastructure 内部结构;基础建设Inspection of Vehicle 汽车检验Intelligent Transportation System ITS 智能运输系统Intensity and Duration of Rainfall 降雨时间与密度Intercepting Drain 截水管Intercity bus industry 长途客运(业)Intersection design 交叉路口设计Interview technique 访问法;访谈法Intoxicated driving 酒后驾车JJoint Operation of Transport 联运Junction 路口LLag time 延迟时间Landscape design 景观设计Landslide/Slump 坍方Lane, traffic lane 车道Lane Width 车道宽度Latent travel demand 潜在旅次需求Lateral clearance 侧向净距Laws of randomness 随机定理Left turn lane 左转车道Left turn waiting zone 左转待转区Left turning vehicle 左转车辆Length of grade 坡长Level Crossing 平面交叉Level of Service 服务水准License Plate 汽车号牌License Suspension 吊扣驾照License Termination 吊销License Plate Recognition 车牌辨识Light Rail Rapid Transit LRRT 轻轨捷运Load limit 载重限制Loading & unloading zone 上下旅客区段或者装卸货物区段Local Area Network, LAN 局域网络Logical Architecture 逻辑架构Long tunnel 长隧道Longitude 经度Longitudinal Drain 纵向排水Longitudinal Grade 纵坡度Long-Range Planning 长程规划Loop 环道(公路方面);回路(电路方面)Lost Time 损失时间MMacro or mass analysis 汇总分析;宏观分析Magnetic Levitation Maglev 磁浮运输系统Magnetic loop detector 磁圈侦测器Mainline 主线Management Information System MIS 管理信息系统Manual counts 人工调查法Marking 标线Maximum allowable gradient 最大容许坡度Maximum capacity 最大容量Maximum Density 最大密度Maximum Likelihood Function 最大概似法Maximum Peak Hour Volume 最尖峰小时交通量Measure of Effectiveness MOE 绩效评估指针Mechanical garage 机械式停车楼(间)Merge 合并;并流;进口匝道;并入Merging area 并流区域Merging point 并流点Metropolitan Planning Area 大都会规划区Minimum Grade 最小纵断坡度Minimum sight triangle 最小视界三角形Minimum turning radius 最小转弯半径Mixed flow 混合车队Mixed traffic 混合车队营运Mixed traffic flow 混合车流Monitoring 监测Monorail 单轨铁路Mortality 死亡数Motivation 动机Mountain road 山区道路Multilayer 多层Multileg Interchange 多路立体交叉Multileg Intersection 多路交叉NNational freeway 国道National System Architecture 国家级架构Natural ventilation 自然通风Navigation 引导;导航Net Weight 净重No left turn 不许左转;请勿左转No parking 禁止停车Noise barrier, Sound insulating wall 隔音墙Noise pollution 噪音污染Noise sensitive area 噪音敏感地区Nonhomogeneous flow 不同流向的车流;非均质车流Nonskid Surface Treatment 防滑处理Nonsynchronous controller 异步控制器Novelty 新鲜性Number of Passengers 客运人数Number of Registered Vehicle 车辆登记数Nurture room 育婴室OOccupational Illness 职业病Off parking facilities, Off street parking garage 路外停车场Off Season 运输淡季Off street parking 路外停车One-way arterial street 单向主要干道One-way Street 单行道One-way Ticket 单程票Operating Cost 营运成本Operating Time 营运时间Optimal path 最佳路径Optimal spacing 最适间距Optimum asphalt content 最佳沥青含量Optimum Moisture Content 最佳含水量Ordinance 条例Origin and destination study 起讫点研究Outlet Control 出口控制Overall travel time 全程行驶时间Overburden 超载;覆盖Overloaded vehicle 超载车辆Overloading experiment 超载实验Overpass 天桥;高架道Ozone layer 臭氧层PParameter 参数Parcel distribution industry 包裹配送业Park and ride system 停车转乘系统Parking behavior 停车行为Parking capacity 停车容量Parking demand 停车需求Parking discount 停车折扣Parking facility 停车设施Parking Lot 停车场Parking prohibition 禁止路边停车Parking restriction 停车限制Parking supply 停车供给Passing Sight Distance 超车视距Patrolling 巡逻Pavement aging 铺面老化Pavement Condition 铺面状况Pavement Drainage 路面排水Pavement maintenance 铺面维护Pavement rehabilitation 铺面翻修Pavement roughness 铺面糙度Pavement strength 铺面强度Pavement-width transition marking 路宽渐变段标线Peak Season 运输旺季Pedestrian Crossing 行人穿越道线Pedestrian Signals 行人号志Pedestrian 行人Pedestrian factor 行人因素Pedometer 步测计Perception distance 感识距离Perception Time 认识时间Performance 绩效;功能Permeability Coefficient 透水系数Permeability test 透水试验Photoelectric detector 光电侦测器Platform 平台Pore 孔隙Priority 优先权Private Vehicle 自用车辆Provincial Highway 省道QQualitative 定性Quantification 定量Queue Length 等候线长度Queuing time 等候时间Queuing model 等候模式RRadar meter, speed gun 雷达测速仪Radial street 辐射式道路Radius of curvature 曲率半径Rainfall Frequency 降雨频率Rainfall Intensity 降雨强度Ramp closure 匝道封闭Ramp control 匝道管制;匝道仪控Reaction time 反应时间Real-time 实时Real time scheduling 实时排程Real-time Traffic Information 实时交通信息Rear-end collision 尾撞Reasonable or prudent speed limit 合理速限Reckless driving 驾驶疏忽Reliability 可靠性Remote Area 偏远地区Residential District, Residential Area 住宅区Resistance Value, R-Value 阻力值;R-值Rest Area, Rest Site 歇息区Restricted curb parking 规定时限的路边停车Retail district 零售区Reversible one-way street 调拨式(可变)单行道Revocation 注销驾照Ride sharing 车辆共乘Ride Sharing Program 车辆共乘计划Right of ingress or egress 进出权Road bed, Roadbed, Subgrade 路基Road capacity 道路容量Road closure 道路封闭Road construction 道路建设Road design 道路设计Road Functional Classification 道路功能分类Road geometric factor 道路几何因素Road improvement 道路改善Road landscape, Roadscape 道路景观Road maintenance 道路维护Road pricing 道路定价Road roughness 路面粗糙度Road safety, Traffic safety 道路安全Road surface thickness, Thickness of pavement 路面厚度Road survey 道路测量Road toll 道路收费Road widening 道路拓宽Roadside interview 路旁(边)访问调查Round Trip Ticket 来回票Route choice, Route selection 路线选择Route familiarity 路径熟悉度Route Guidance 路径导引SSafe-passing sight distance 安全超车视距Safe-stopping sight distance 安全停车视距Sample 试样Sample size 抽样大小Sampling 取样Saturation capacity 饱和容量Saturation flow 饱和流量Scale 尺度;比例尺Scanning 扫描Scheduled Service 定时服务班次Scheduled Signal Control 定时号志控制Scheduling 排班School Bus 校车Seat belt (座椅)安全带Semi-actuated signal 半触动号志Semi-actuated Signal Control 半感应号志控制Semicircular 半圆式Semidynamic route guidance 准动态路径导引Sensitivity Analysis 敏感度分析Sensitivity Parameter 敏感度参数Service Area 服务区Sharp Turn 急弯Shear force 剪力Shopping center 购物中心Shortest path 最短路径Shortest path algorithm 最短路径算则Short-Range Planning 短程规划Shoulder 路肩Sidewalk 人行道Sight Triangle 视线三角形Sign 标志Signal 信号;号志Signalized intersection 号志化路口Simulation 仿真Single Journey Ticket 单程票Slope stability analysis 边坡稳定分析Slump 坍方Smart Card 智能卡Soil Stability Analysis 土壤稳定分析Sound barriers 隔音墙Specifications 规范Speed, Velocity 速度Speeding 超速Stability 稳定性Stage construction 分期施工Standard deviation 标准差Static characteristics 静态特性Static Load 静止荷重Stochastic congested network 随机性拥挤路网Strictly Decrease Monotonically 严格单调递减Strictly Increase Monotonically 严格单调递增Subcenter 次中心Superelevation 超高Suspension Bridges 吊桥Suspension from toll 暂停收费Swampy Areas 沼泽区Swerve 偏离正常行车方向;逸出常轨Synchronization 同步Synchronized watch (timer) 同步定时器Synchronous controller 同步控制器System Architecture SA 系统架构TTerminal 场站Time limit 时间限制Time-and-space restriction 时间和空间限制Toll collection station, Toll gate, Toll plaza, Toll station 收费站Tolling equity 收费公平性Topographic maps 地形图Topographic surveys 地形测量Total deformation 总变形Track of vehicle 车辆轨迹Track width 轮距宽度;轨宽Tractive Force 牵引力Trade-off 取舍权衡Traffic Accident 交通事故Traffic accident investigation form 交通事故调查表Traffic administration 交通行政管理Traffic Assignment 交通量指派Traffic Composition 交通组成Traffic congestion, Traffic jam 交通壅塞Traffic control and management 交通控制与管理Traffic Control Center TCC 交通控制中心Traffic corridor 交通走廊Traffic count (survey) 交通量调查Traffic counting program 交通量调查计划Traffic data collection system 交通资料采集系统Traffic demand 交通需求Traffic Demand Management TDM 运输需求管理Traffic Density 车流密度Traffic engineering 交通工程Traffic equilibrium 交通均衡Traffic evacuation 交通疏散Traffic facility, Transportation facility 交通设施Traffic Flow 车流;交通流Traffic impact assessment, Traffic impact evaluation 交通冲击评估Traffic improvement 交通改善Traffic light, Traffic signal 交通号志Traffic Marker 标线Traffic Mitigation Measures 交通疏缓措施Traffic monitoring facility 交通侦测设备Traffic ordinance 交通条例Traffic regulation 交通规则;道路交通安全规则Traffic simulation 交通仿真Traffic Volume/Flow 交通量/流量Transfer station 转运站Transition 渐变段Travel time 行驶时间Traveler Services Information 路人服务信息Trip Generation 旅次发生Trip purpose 旅次目的Truck terminal 货车场站Tunnel 隧道Tunnel Entrance 隧道入口Tunnel excavation 隧道开挖Turning prohibition 禁止转弯运行Turning radius 转弯半径Two lanes 双车道UUnderground Water 地下水Unit price 单价Unrestricted curb parking 未加限制的路边停车Unsignalized intersection 非号志化路口Unstable flow 不稳定车流;不稳定流动状态Uphill way 上坡路段Upstream section 上游段;上流段Urban expressway 都巿快速道路Urban Planning 都市计划VVans 厢式车Vehicle classification 车种分类Vehicle tracing system, Vehicle tracking system 车辆追踪系统Ventilation shaft 通风竖井WWeaving length 交织长度Weaving section 交织区段Weight-in-Motion WIM 行进间测重;动态地磅ZZebra Lines 斑马线。

西部交通建设科技项目-交通科技管理中心

西部交通建设科技项目-交通科技管理中心

国道315线病害治理与生态环境保护研究报告简本1、立项依据(详见总报告)国道315线是横贯新疆南疆南部地区,连接南疆主要县市的交通大干线,是新疆交通网的大动脉;亦是未来亚欧大通道中的重要组成部分,其中依吞布拉克~且末段又是国家西部八大通道之一,其改建意义重大。

在国道315线改造前期,科研先行,该项目立题旨在解决国道315线依吞布拉克(茫崖)~且末段公路突出的病害问题和改建公路穿越国家级自然保护区的生态环境保护的问题,研究国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段工程难点的治理技术措施与实施方案,提出国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段工程实施中生态环境的评价与保护举措,为国道315线的改建提供设计、施工及养护的依据和原则。

2、主要研究内容(详见总报告)2.1 总体目标提出国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段公路病害的类型、程度和成因,划分治理重点,在此基础上进一步提出解决该段工程病害难点的治理技术措施与实施方案,并提出不同工程生态区不同工程阶段的生态环境保护和影响减缓规划及对策方案。

2.2 主要研究内容①调查与观测国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段工程难点、病害状况、程度以及成因。

②通过理论分析、试验研究等,研究解决国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段工程病害难点的治理技术措施与实施方案。

③研究国道315线依吞布拉克-且末段工程实施中生态环境风险评价与保护举措。

④依托工程(工程实践)。

3、主要研究成果3.1 国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段公路病害状况、程度及成因调查研究(详见分报告之一)3.1.1国道315线依吞布拉克~且末段水毁病害调查及分析3.1.1.1河流的形貌与物质结构国道315线河段主要分为顺直型和冲积漫流型,根据组成的物质不同,可分为4种类型:砂质河滩、砂砾河滩、砾质河滩、卵石河滩。

3.1.1.2水毁成因国道315线依吞布拉克~若羌段水毁成因主要有四方面①特殊的地形地貌条图片1 冲积漫流河流件为水毁的发生提供了良好条件;②独特的天气系统和地形系统,造成局部地区的突发性降雨,极易形成灾害型天气;③脆弱的生态环境,导致公路沿线水土保持能力极低,一旦降水就迅速图片2 顺直型河流转为洪水;④全球气候转暖,降水量的增加,以及极端气候事件发生的频率增加,增大了水毁发生机率。

交通安全外文翻译文献中英文

交通安全外文翻译文献中英文

外文文献翻译(含:英文原文及中文译文)英文原文POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITA TIONS OF ACCIDENT ANALYSISS.OppeAbstraetAccident statistics, especially collected at a national level are particularly useful for the description, monitoring and prognosis of accident developments, the detection of positive and negative safety developments, the definition of safety targets and the (product) evaluation of long term and large scale safety measures. The application of accident analysis is strongly limited for problem analysis, prospective and retrospective safety analysis on newly developed traffic systems or safety measures, as well as for (process) evaluation of special short term and small scale safety measures. There is an urgent need for the analysis of accidents in real time, in combination with background behavioural research. Automatic incident detection, combined with video recording of accidents may soon result in financially acceptable research. This type of research may eventually lead to a better understanding of the concept of risk in traffic and to well-established theories.Keyword: Consequences; purposes; describe; Limitations; concerned; Accident Analysis; possibilities1. Introduction.This paper is primarily based on personal experience concerning traffic safety, safety research and the role of accidents analysis in this research. These experiences resulted in rather philosophical opinions as well as more practical viewpoints on research methodology and statistical analysis. A number of these findings are published already elsewhere.From this lack of direct observation of accidents, a number of methodological problems arise, leading to continuous discussions about the interpretation of findings that cannot be tested directly. For a fruitful discussion of these methodological problems it is very informative to look at a real accident on video. It then turns out that most of the relevant information used to explain the accident will be missing in the accident record. In-depth studies also cannot recollect all the data that is necessary in order to test hypotheses about the occurrence of the accident. For a particular car-car accident, that was recorded on video at an urban intersection in the Netherlands, between a car coming from a minor road, colliding with a car on the major road, the following questions could be asked: Why did the driver of the car coming from the minor road, suddenly accelerate after coming almost to a stop and hit the side of the car from the left at the main road? Why was the approaching car not noticed? Was it because the driver was preoccupied with the two cars coming from the right and the gap before them that offered him thepossibility to cross? Did he look left before, but was his view possibly blocked by the green van parked at the corner? Certainly the traffic situation was not complicated. At the moment of the accident there were no bicyclists or pedestrians present to distract his attention at the regularly overcrowded intersection. The parked green van disappeared within five minutes, the two other cars that may have been important left without a trace. It is hardly possible to observe traffic behavior under the most relevant condition of an accident occurring, because accidents are very rare events, given the large number of trips. Given the new video equipment and the recent developments in automatic incident and accident detection, it becomes more and more realistic to collect such data at not too high costs. Additional to this type of data that is most essential for a good understanding of the risk increasing factors in traffic, it also important to look at normal traffic behavior as a reference base. The question about the possibilities and limitations of accident analysis is not lightly answered. We cannot speak unambiguously about accident analysis. Accident analysis covers a whole range of activities, each originating from a different background and based on different sources of information: national data banks, additional information from other sources, especially collected accident data, behavioral background data etc. To answer the question about the possibilities and limitations, we first have to look at the cycle of activities in the area of traffic safety. Some ofthese activities are mainly concerned with the safety management of the traffic system; some others are primarily research activities.The following steps should be distinguished:- detection of new or remaining safety problems;- description of the problem and its main characteristics;- the analysis of the problem, its causes and suggestions for improvement;- selection and implementation of safety measures;- evaluation of measures taken.Although this cycle can be carried out by the same person or group of persons, the problem has a different (political/managerial or scientific) background at each stage. We will describe the phases in which accident analysis is used. It is important to make this distinction. Many fruitless discussions about the method of analysis result from ignoring this distinction. Politicians, or road managers are not primarily interested in individual accidents. From their perspective accidents are often treated equally, because the total outcome is much more important than the whole chain of events leading to each individual accident. Therefore, each accident counts as one and they add up all together to a final safety result.Researchers are much more interested in the chain of events leading to an individual accident. They want to get detailed information abouteach accident, to detect its causes and the relevant conditions. The politician wants only those details that direct his actions. At the highest level this is the decrease in the total number of accidents. The main source of information is the national database and its statistical treatment. For him, accident analysis is looking at (subgroups of) accident numbers and their statistical fluctuations. This is the main stream of accident analysis as applied in the area of traffic safety. Therefore, we will first describe these aspects of accidents.2. The nature of accidents and their statistical characteristics.The basic notion is that accidents, whatever there cause, appear according to a chance process. Two simple assumptions are usually made to describe this process for (traffic) accidents:- the probability of an accident to occur is independent from the occurrence of previous accidents;-the occurrence of accidents is homogeneous in time.If these two assumptions hold, then accidents are Poisson distributed. The first assumption does not meet much criticism. Accidents are rare events and therefore not easily influenced by previous accidents. In some cases where there is a direct causal chain (e.g. , when a number of cars run into each other) the series of accidents may be regarded as one complicated accident with many cars involved.The assumption does not apply to casualties. Casualties are often related to the same accident andtherefore the independency assumption does not hold. The second assumption seems less obvious at first sight. The occurrence of accidents through time or on different locations are not equally likely. However, the assumption need not hold over long time periods. It is a rather theoretical assumption in its nature. If it holds for short periods of time, then it also holds for long periods, because the sum of Poisson distributed variables, even if their Poisson rates are different, is also Poisson distributed. The Poisson rate for the sum of these periods is then equal to the sum of the Poisson rates for these parts.The assumption that really counts for a comparison of (composite) situations, is whether two outcomes from an aggregation of situations in time and/or space, have a comparable mix of basic situations. E.g. , the comparison of the number of accidents on one particular day of the year, as compared to another day (the next day, or the same day of the next week etc.). If the conditions are assumed to be the same (same duration, same mix of traffic and situations, same weather conditions etc.) then the resulting numbers of accidents are the outcomes of the same Poisson process. This assumption can be tested by estimating the rate parameter on the basis of the two observed values (the estimate being the average of the two values). Probability theory can be used to compute the likelihood of the equality assumption, given the two observations and their mean.This statistical procedure is rather powerful. The Poisson assumptionis investigated many times and turns out to be supported by a vast body of empirical evidence. It has been applied in numerous situations to find out whether differences in observed numbers of accidents suggest real differences in safety. The main purpose of this procedure is to detect differences in safety. This may be a difference over time, or between different places or between different conditions. Such differences may guide the process of improvement. Because the main concern is to reduce the number of accidents, such an analysis may lead to the most promising areas for treatment. A necessary condition for the application of such a test is, that the numbers of accidents to be compared are large enough to show existing differences. In many local cases an application is not possible. Accident black-spot analysis is often hindered by this limitation, e.g., if such a test is applied to find out whether the number of accidents at a particular location is higher than average. The procedure described can also be used if the accidents are classified according to a number of characteristics to find promising safety targets. Not only with aggregation, but also with disaggregation the Poisson assumption holds, and the accident numbers can be tested against each other on the basis of the Poisson assumptions. Such a test is rather cumbersome, because for each particular case, i.e. for each different Poisson parameter, the probabilities for all possible outcomes must be computed to apply the test. In practice, this is not necessary when the numbers are large. Then the Poissondistribution can be approximated by a Normal distribution, with mean and variance equal to the Poisson parameter. Once the mean value and the variance of a Normal distribution are given, all tests can be rephrased in terms of the standard Normal distribution with zero mean and variance one. No computations are necessary any more, but test statistics can be drawn from tables.3. The use of accident statistics for traffic safety policy.The testing procedure described has its merits for those types of analysis that are based on the assumptions mentioned. The best example of such an application is the monitoring of safety for a country or region over a year, using the total number of accidents (eventually of a particular type, such as fatal accidents), in order to compare this number with the outcome of the year before. If sequences of accidents are given over several years, then trends in the developments can be detected and accident numbers predicted for following years. Once such a trend is established, then the value for the next year or years can be predicted, together with its error bounds. Deviations from a given trend can also be tested afterwards, and new actions planned. The most famous one is carried out by Smeed 1949. We will discuss this type of accident analysis in more detail later.(1). The application of the Chi-square test for interaction is generalised to higher order classifications. Foldvary and Lane (1974), inmeasuring the effect of compulsory wearing of seat belts, were among the first who applied the partitioning of the total Chi-square in values for the higher order interactions of four-way tables.(2). Tests are not restricted to overall effects, but Chi-square values can be decomposed regarding sub-hypotheses within the model. Also in the two-way table, the total Chisquare can be decomposed into interaction effects of part tables. The advantage of 1. and 2. over previous situations is, that large numbers of Chi-square tests on many interrelated (sub)tables and corresponding Chi-squares were replaced by one analysis with an exact portioning of one Chi-square.(3). More attention is put to parameter estimation. E.g., the partitioning of the Chi-square made it possible to test for linear or quadratic restraints on the row-parameters or for discontinuities in trends.(4). The unit of analysis is generalised from counts to weighted counts. This is especially advantageous for road safety analyses, where corrections for period of time, number of road users, number of locations or number of vehicle kilometres is often necessary. The last option is not found in many statistical packages. Andersen 1977 gives an example for road safety analysis in a two-way table. A computer programme WPM, developed for this type of analysis of multi-way tables, is available at SWOV (see: De Leeuw and Oppe 1976). The accident analysis at this level is not explanatory. It tries to detect safety problems that need specialattention. The basic information needed consists of accident numbers, to describe the total amount of unsafety, and exposure data to calculate risks and to find situations or (groups of) road users with a high level of risk. 4. Accident analysis for research purposes.Traffic safety research is concerned with the occurrence of accidents and their consequences. Therefore, one might say that the object of research is the accident. The researcher’s interest however is less focused at this final outcome itself, but much more at the process that results (or does not result) in accidents. Therefore, it is better to regard the critical event in traffic as his object of study. One of the major problems in the study of the traffic process that results in accidents is, that the actual occurrence is hardly ever observed by the researcher.Investigating a traffic accident, he will try to reconstruct the event from indirect sources such as the information given by the road users involved, or by eye-witnesses, about the circumstances, the characteristics of the vehicles, the road and the drivers. As such this is not unique in science, there are more examples of an indirect study of the object of research. However, a second difficulty is, that the object of research cannot be evoked. Systematic research by means of controlled experiments is only possible for aspects of the problem, not for the problem itself. The combination of indirect observation and lack of systematic control make it very difficult for the investigator to detectwhich factors, under what circumstances cause an accident. Although the researcher is primarily interested in the process leading to accidents, he has almost exclusively information about the consequences, the product of it, the accident. Furthermore, the context of accidents is complicated. Generally speaking, the following aspects can be distinguished: - Given the state of the traffic system, traffic volume and composition, the manoeuvres of the road users, their speeds, the weather conditions, the condition of the road, the vehicles, the road users and their interactions, accidents can or cannot be prevented.- Given an accident, also depending on a large number of factors, such as the speed and mass of vehicles, the collision angle, the protection of road users and their vulnerability, the location of impact etc., injuries are more or less severe or the material damage is more or less substantial. Although these aspects cannot be studied independently, from a theoretical point of view it has advantages to distinguish the number of situations in traffic that are potentially dangerous, from the probability of having an accident given such a potentially dangerous situation and also from the resulting outcome, given a particular accident.This conceptual framework is the general basis for the formulation of risk regarding the decisions of individual road users as well as the decisions of controllers at higher levels. In the mathematical formulation of risk we need an explicit description of our probability space, consistingof the elementary events (the situations) that may result in accidents, the probability for each type of event to end up in an accident, and finally the particular outcome, the loss, given that type of accident.A different approach is to look at combinations of accident characteristics, to find critical factors. This type of analysis may be carried out at the total group of accidents or at subgroups. The accident itself may be the unit of research, but also a road, a road location, a road design (e.g. a roundabout) etc.中文译文交通事故分析的可能性和局限性S.Oppe摘要交通事故的统计数字, 尤其国家一级的数据对监控和预测事故的发展, 积极或消极检测事故的发展, 以及对定义安全目标和评估工业安全特别有益。

Association of State Highway and Transportation

NCHRP Web Document 41 (Project SP20-24[11]): Contractor’s Final ReportPhase I ReportTask 1 of 3: Synthesis ofAsset Management PracticePrepared for:National Cooperative Highway Research ProgramTransportation Research BoardNational Research CouncilSubmitted by:Cambridge Systematics, Inc.Cambridge, MassachusettswithParsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Inc.Roy Jorgensen Associates, Inc.Paul D. ThompsonFebruary 2002ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Research Council.DISCLAIMERThe opinion and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are those of the research agency. They are not necessarily those of the TRB, the National Research Council, AASHTO, or the U.S. Government. This report has not been edited by TRB.NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management Practice ForewordState transportation officials at all levels face the task of managing a wide range of assets to meet public, agency, and legislative expectations. These assets include the physical transportation infrastructure (e.g., guideways, structures, and associated features and appurtenances) as well as other types of assets: e.g., an agency’s human resources, finan-cial capacity, equipment and vehicle fleets, materials stocks, real estate, and corporate data and information.Recognizing its growing importance to transportation agencies worldwide, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1998 adopted transportation asset management as a priority initiative. At that time a Task Force was formed to develop and implement a Strategic Plan for the Task Force on Transportation Asset Management 2000-2010. To respond to several tasks in this Strategic Plan, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) awarded Project 20-24(11) toa study team headed by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. The goal of this NCHRP project is todevelop information on transportation asset management and to apply these findings in producing a Transportation Asset Management Guide for use by AASHTO members and other transportation agencies. The Guide will help agencies to develop and apply the principles, techniques, and tools that can advance the management of their transportation assets.The overall management framework that has been developed in this study is flexible enough to be adapted and refined for use with, respectively, each type of transportation agency asset listed above. To develop the depth as well as breadth of material needed to build a meaningful first-edition Transportation Asset Management Guide, however, the scope of this study has focused on the particular set of assets that constitutes an agency’s physical transportation infrastructure. This concentration enables asset management principles, methods, examples, and research recommendations to be developed in a con-crete, practical, and understandable way. It facilitates comparisons with corresponding work by transportation agencies overseas and by the private sector, which have for the most part adopted a similar scope in their studies. It provides a specific frame of reference within which differences among state departments of transportation (DOTs) can be addressed by particular business management models, approaches, and procedures.This study therefore interprets transportation asset management as a strategic approach to managing physical transportation infrastructure. Transportation asset management in this context promotes more effective resource allocation and utilization based upon qual-ity information. This concept covers a broad array of DOT functions, activities, and deci-sions: e.g., transportation investment policies; institutional relationships between DOTs and other public and private groups; multimodal transportation planning; program development for capital projects and for maintenance and operations; delivery of agency programs and services; and real-time and periodic system monitoring. All of these man-agement processes have important implications for an agency’s attainment of its goals in public policy, financial resource availability, engineering standards and criteria, mainte-nance and operations levels of service, and overall system performance.NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management PracticeA number of support activities are involved as well. Information technology can informmany of these management processes, and agencies have already expended considerable sums to develop asset management systems, databases, and other analytic tools. These systems must, however, complement the decision-making processes and organizational structures of individual agencies if they are to operate effectively and support good asset management at all organizational levels. Effective communication of information on asset management between an agency and its governing bodies, stakeholders, and customers is likewise critical to success.The objectives of this study are to gather information on asset management practices in the U.S. and overseas, develop a framework for transportation asset management, and apply this framework to produce the Transportation Asset Management Guide.The study is organized in two phases:• Phase I encompasses information gathering, framework development, and recommen-dation of a research program; and• Phase II deals with production of the Guide.Work to date has completed Phase I. The products of Phase I have been issued in three separate volumes:• Task 1: A synthesis of current information and practices in asset management;• Task 2: A comprehensive framework for transportation asset management to provide the framework for development of the Guide; and• Task 3: A prioritized program of research in asset management.This report constitutes the first volume above, providing a synthesis of current practice.Agencies worldwide have studied asset management concepts and techniques for several years to see how they apply to transportation and other civil infrastructure. Several transportation and public works agencies overseas have already developed handbooks and references describing asset management and its applications. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), representing countries with advanced economies in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia, has recently conducted a study of its member nations to document current asset management practices. Within the U.S., AASHTO and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have co-sponsored a series of national workshops. These workshops have explored “what is asset management?”and identified how practices and techniques applied in public- and private-sector organi-zations can apply to transportation specifically. AASHTO’s Strategic Plan for the Task Force on Transportation Asset Management outlines several goals, strategies, and tasks to nurture and promote transportation asset management among member agencies over a 10-year period. The FHWA has organized an Office of Transportation Asset Management and produced a Primer that describes relevant concepts, practices, and tools.State departments of transportation (DOTs) have also begun to consider how asset man-agement can apply to their management and decision processes. Some agencies have undertaken formal studies of where asset management can improve their practices andNCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management Practice information, and have developed asset management plans to coordinate actions long-term. Other DOTs may not have produced a formal plan; they have, however, identified goals, business and decision processes, management systems, and organizational respon-sibilities that can improve their “way of doing business” and thereby advance their trans-portation asset management approaches.This report summarizes this state of practice in asset management and its application to transportation infrastructure. It reviews work by national, state, and provincial transpor-tation agencies and professional associations in the U.S. and overseas, and related studies by international organizations. It also describes private-sector asset management approaches that are used in selected industries, to identify principles and practices that may have value in public-sector applications. This information will provide background to development of the Transportation Asset Management Guide in Phase II of this study. An important finding of this synthesis is that while good asset management is guided by a set of basic principles of good practice, state DOTs differ significantly in the types of asset management challenges that they face. Their asset management focus and the specific techniques that may be of most value must be tailored to their institutional, organiza-tional, financial, technological, and managerial settings.NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management PracticeThis page intentionally left blank.NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management Practice Table of ContentsSummary......................................................................................................................... S-1S.1 Introduction............................................................................................................S-1S.2 Transportation Asset Management in the U.S...................................................S-2 National Organizations.........................................................................................S-2State Transportation Agencies..............................................................................S-2 S.3 International Experience.......................................................................................S-3S.4 Private Sector Experience......................................................................................S-5S.5 Concluding Observations.....................................................................................S-51.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1-11.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................... 1-11.2 Definitions...............................................................................................................1-21.3 Outline of Report....................................................................................................1-52.0 National Experience...................................................................................................... 2-12.1 Asset Management Executive Workshops.........................................................2-12.2 Organizational Initiatives.....................................................................................2-32.3 FHWA Asset Management Primer......................................................................2-53.0 State DOT Practice........................................................................................................ 3-13.1 Overview.................................................................................................................3-13.2 Improved Planning, Programming, and Monitoring........................................3-2Strategic View of Transportation System...........................................................3-2Performance-Based Planning and Programming..............................................3-4Executive-Level Program Review........................................................................3-5Performance Measures..........................................................................................3-5Proactive Risk Reduction......................................................................................3-63.3 Better Information and Analytic Capabilities....................................................3-7Surveys of State Practice.......................................................................................3-7Next-Generation Management and Data Systems............................................3-9Other New System Developments......................................................................3-103.4 Transportation Operations Strategies.................................................................3-103.5 Organizational Practices........................................................................................ 3-113.6 Institutionalizing Asset Management Statewide...............................................3-123.7 GASB 34 Reporting Compliance..........................................................................3-134.0 International Experience.............................................................................................. 4-14.1 Overview.................................................................................................................4-14.2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development...........................4-1Overview................................................................................................................. 4-1Definitions and Concepts......................................................................................4-2NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management PracticeTable of Contents(continued)Implementation of Asset Management...............................................................4-2Asset Management Development Model...........................................................4-44.3 Australia and New Zealand.................................................................................4-5Austroads................................................................................................................ 4-5Transit New Zealand.............................................................................................4-6International Infrastructure Management Manual...........................................4-94.4 Transportation Association of Canada................................................................4-13Primer...................................................................................................................... 4-13Study Report...........................................................................................................4-154.5 United Kingdom: English Highways Agency...................................................4-174.6 Government of Victoria Asset Management Series..........................................4-18Definition................................................................................................................. 4-18Asset Management Framework...........................................................................4-18Asset Management Guidance...............................................................................4-18Asset Management Catalogue..............................................................................4-194.7 Asset Management in a Competitive Environment..........................................4-194.8 Auckland................................................................................................................. 4-205.0 Private Sector Experience............................................................................................. 5-15.1 Nature of Review...................................................................................................5-15.2 Summary of Findings............................................................................................5-15.3 General Public versus Private Comparisons......................................................5-25.4 Industry and Company Backgrounds.................................................................5-3Automotive Industry.............................................................................................5-3Banking Industry....................................................................................................5-4Ocean Shipping Industry......................................................................................5-5Railroad Industry...................................................................................................5-65.5 Practices Applicable to Asset Management.......................................................5-7High Value of Time................................................................................................5-7Alignment between Actions and Goals..............................................................5-7Employee Incentives..............................................................................................5-9Program, Budget, and Procurement Flexibility.................................................5-9Management Strategy Tied to Asset Criticality.................................................5-10Asset Valuation......................................................................................................5-11Importance of Preventive Maintenance..............................................................5-11Outsourcing............................................................................................................ 5-12Tradeoff Analyses..................................................................................................5-13Electronic Data Collection.....................................................................................5-14Clear Asset “Ownership”...................................................................................... 5-14Risk Management...................................................................................................5-14NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management Practice Table of Contents(continued)6.0 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 6-16.1 State of Asset Management Practice....................................................................6-16.2 Challenges to Asset Management Implementation..........................................6-2Institutional Challenges........................................................................................6-3Technical Challenges.............................................................................................6-3 References....................................................................................................................... R-1NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management PracticeThis page intentionally left blank.List of Tables1.1 Definitions of Transportation Asset Management....................................................1-33.1 Results of Asset Management Surveys........................................................................3-8 List of Figures2.1 FHWA’s Generalized Asset Management System Components.............................2-64.1 OECD’s Asset Management System Process..............................................................4-34.2 Infrastructure Manual’s Total Asset Management Process......................................4-104.3 TAC Asset Management Framework..........................................................................4-164.4 Victoria’s Integrated Approach to Asset Management............................................4-19Summaryn S.1 IntroductionThis report presents a synthesis of current practice in asset management. It reviews cur-rent approaches by transportation agencies and other organizations in the U.S. and over-seas, and examples from selected private industries for comparison.Several trends have driven a growing interest in transportation asset management in the U.S. These include a transition from a period of major construction to one focusing more on operations and maintenance, increasing demands on transportation systems, con-tinuing constraints on resources, and financial reporting standards for infrastructure assets. The need to assess tradeoffs in resource allocation and utilization decisions is becoming more evident in several areas: e.g., among competing modes, between system preservation and improvement or expansion, across transportation program categories, and between preventive and corrective work.Several organizations in the U.S. and overseas have conducted asset management studies in transportation and other public works. While a number of definitions of asset man-agement have been proposed, they have certain themes in common:• Asset management adopts a comprehensive view of physical assets, embodying all classes of infrastructure that are addressed in an agency’s programs.• Asset management considers the entire life-cycle of an asset from initial acquisition through maintenance, operations, and renewal, and to abandonment if needed.• Asset management entails a systematic analysis of asset needs and recommended allo-cations of resources to address these needs.• While it depends upon information technology, asset management represents more than simply an integration of existing management systems.• Asset management combines engineering principles with economic methods and sound business and decision processes. It seeks economic efficiency and cost-effectiveness in its outcomes.• Asset management seeks to make the best use of existing processes and tools, and to build upon them rather than duplicate them.Many agencies today already routinely engage in a number of practices that potentially can contribute to good asset management. This report acknowledges the potentially widespread understanding, if not application, of these activities: e.g., the definition of performance measures, use of management systems and information, and adoption ofNCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management Practiceperformance-based planning and programming procedures. However, rather than docu-menting each instance of these types of approaches, the focus is on how they can be com-bined or enhanced to improve asset management practice more strategically: e.g., the capability to merge data and systems to obtain a more holistic view of asset condition and performance, and the embodiment of planning and programming procedures within a policy-driven, customer-oriented framework.n S.2 Transportation Asset Management in the U.S.National OrganizationsThe American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have played leadership roles in building an awareness of transportation asset management throughout the U.S. transportation com-munity. These organizations co-sponsored a series of executive workshops or seminars on the subject to help formulate and crystallize key ideas and action steps needed to begin developing an approach to transportation asset management in the U.S. National work-shops were held in Washington, D.C., in 1996; at Rensselaer Polytechnic University in 1997; and in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1999.Recognizing the growing importance of asset management to transportation agencies worldwide, AASHTO in 1998 formed a Task Force on Transportation Asset Management.This Task Force developed a 10-year Strategic Plan outlining goals, strategies, and tasks needed to implement transportation asset management within the U.S. This NCHRP study responds to a number of the tasks in this Strategic Plan.The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has created an Office of Asset Management to provide leadership in, and serve as an advocate for, more systematic management of highway infrastructure as a public investment. This office plays a strong role in promoting system preservation, management tools such as pavement management, bridge management, and applications for economic analysis of system investments, new technology, and outreach and partnering activities. It works with the public and private sector and academia to conduct nationwide programs in asset management.In 1999, the FHWA Office of Asset Management developed an Asset Management Primer to build a foundation for discussion throughout the FHWA and among other interested parties regarding asset management. This document was an early and effective mecha-nism to structure and communicate ideas regarding transportation asset management as it applied to U.S. transportation organizations.Other national organizations such as the American Public Works Association (APWA), the Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF), the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) have formed task forces and/or sponsored research and workshops on asset management. Several universities have established programs to provide educational and academic research services in sup-port of asset management.NCHRP Project 20-24(11)Task 1 – Synthesis of Asset Management Practice State Transportation AgenciesSite visits were made to departments of transportation (DOTs) in Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington State. The purpose of these visits was to obtain examples of current asset management practice and to discuss with key managers the objectives, approaches, and priorities with which they anticipated pursuing asset management in the future. Some of these DOTs have begun to develop their own asset management plans; others have undertaken management innovations that, while not necessarily part of a formally adopted asset management approach, are nonetheless interesting examples of ways in which asset management practice can be improved.It is clear from the DOT interviews that there is no single, “correct”approach to asset management. Rather, the practice must be evaluated in the context of several factors affecting the agency’s infrastructure and its management principles and culture. The types of advances that practices in these agencies illustrate include the following:• Improved planning, programming, and monitoring:− Strategic view of transportation systems;− Performance-based planning and prioritization;− Executive-level program review;− Performance measures; and− Proactive Risk Reduction.• Better information and analytic capabilities (i.e., management and data systems);• Transportation operations strategies;• Organizational practices;• Institutionalizing asset management statewide; and• GASB 34 reporting compliance.n S.3 International ExperienceAsset management has been studied by transportation and public works organizations overseas for several years. Detailed methodological handbooks and reports have been produced, for example, by different levels of government and industry groups in Australia, and by New Zealand and Canada. Other countries, states, provinces, or cities have taken steps to improve individual aspects of asset management, even if these are not yet part of a comprehensive plan. This report reviews asset management documents from the following international sources, summarizing the definitions, concepts, procedures, and techniques as they are presented in each source.。

(试行稿)【浙江软土路堤设计要点】(正文)


≥35
≥w L 1.5>e≥1.0
宜<5
宜>0. 5
宜<35
宜<0.75
粘 土 Ip>17 粉质粘土 10<Ip≤17
w<w L 或 e<1.0
粉 土 7<Ip≤10 >30
e>0.9
宜>0.3
宜<2 宜≤8
有机质土
5<w u≤10
泥炭质土
10<w u≤60
泥炭
w u>60
。 注:当天然含水量和天然孔隙比两个指标满足时即可划为软土
根据施工过程中的反馈信息和监测资料,对施工方案的安全性和合理性进 行判断,动态跟踪和调整施工控制技术。
2.1.16 路基填筑期预抛高 Pre-flip height for subgrade settlement during subgrade filling
为了补偿预压期路基沉降,在路基填筑期内就将预压期内发生的路基沉降 量作为路基填筑高度的一部分预先填筑的方法。
2.1.17 路面施工期预抛高 Pre-flip height for settlement during pavement 在路面结构层施工之前预先采用路基填筑材料,或在路面施工过程中预先
采用路面材料来补偿沉平控制时间内所发生的沉降量的方法。
2.1.18 预抛高沉平时间 The needed time for settlement equal to pre-flip height 路面施工期预抛高后,路面标高因地基沉降而沉至原设计标高所需的时间。
形成的一种改性人造轻质土。
2.1.14 动态设计方法 Dynamic design method 根据施工过程中的反馈信息和监测资料,对设计参数及设计方案进行验证
和优化的软基处理设计方法。

交通土建毕业设计

目录一般部分商安干线公路D2标段道路设计1 设计的原始资料和依据 (1)1.1 设计的原始资料 (1)1.1.1 地形、地貌 (1)1.1.2 地质、地震、气候、水文等自然地理特征 (1)1.1.3 沿线筑路材料、水、电等建设条件 (3)1.1.4 交通量资料 (3)1.2设计的依据 (3)2 路线设计 (4)2.1路线方案的拟定与比选 (4)2.1.1道路路线确定原则 (4)2.1.2 方案拟定与比选 (4)2.2 道路技术等级的确实 (7)2.3道路技术标准确定 (7)2.4 道路平面设计 (8)2.4.1 道路平面设计的一般原则 (8)2.4.2 道路平面设计相关数据 (8)2.5道路纵断面设计 (10)2.5.1道路纵断面设计原则 (10)2.5.2 道路纵断面设计数据 (10)3 道路横断面设计和路基设计 (14)3.1 横断面布置及加宽、超高 (14)3.2 路基设计 (17)3.2.1一般路基的设计 (17)3.2.2 路基的压实标准与压实度 (19)3.3 路基稳定性分析与支挡设计 (20)3.3.1 边坡稳定性分析 (20)3.3.2 路基防护设计 (21)3.3.3 挡墙设计计算 (21)4 道路结构设计 (27)4.1 路面类型及结构层组合 (27)4.1.1 路面结构一般规定 (27)4.1.2 道路路面材料设计 (28)4.2 路面结构层组成设计 (28)4.2.1 基层组成设计 (28)4.2.2 面层组成设计 (29)4.3.1 交通量的换算 (31)4.3.2 面层厚度计算 (34)4.4 路面施工要求 (37)4.4.1 沥青混凝土面层施工要求 (37)4.4.2 水泥稳定碎石基层施工要求 (38)4.4.3 二灰土基层施工要求 (38)4.4.4 路面施工步骤及施工工艺 (38)5 道路排水设计及桥涵方案设计 (40)5.1 道路排水设计 (40)5.1.1道路排水系统设计 (40)5.1.2 排水结构物设计 (41)5.2 桥涵方案设计 (43)5.2.1 桥梁设计方案原则 (43)5.2.2 桥涵设计方案 (43)6 道路工程量计算与工程概预算的编制 (44)专题部分公路与城市道路绿化方式与适用性研究1公路绿化方式与适用性研究 (27)1.1 公路绿化的作用 (27)1.1.1安全驾驶的功能 (27)1.1.2 美化与保护环境功能 (28)1.2 普通公路绿化 (50)1.3 高级公路的绿化 (53)1.3.1 高速公路绿化原则 (53)1.3.2 高速公路互通区段绿化方式 (54)2.1 城市快速路绿化 (58)2.2 城市主干道、次主干道、支路绿化 (61)2.2.1城市主干道、次主干道、支路的定义 (61)2.2.2 城市主干道、次主干道、支路的绿化 (63)2.2.3城市主、次、支路的定义 (66)2.2.4 道路植物配置 (67)3 特殊地区道路绿化与适用性研究 (67)3.1高原冻土区道路绿化与环境保护 (68)3.2景区道路环境保护与道路绿化 (53)3.3 盐碱地段公路环境绿化 (70)3.3.1 盐碱地区土质改良 (70)3.3.2 盐碱区绿化技术 (71)4 结语 (72)参考文献 (73)翻译部分道路路面材料的性能测试翻译原文 (75)译文 (83)径向回弹模量 (83)沥青混合料的劲度系数 (83)蠕变实验 (85)波传播技术 (85)原位识别 (85)致谢 (80)中国矿业大学本科生毕业设计姓名:学号:学院:力学与建筑工程学院专业:土木工程专业(交通土建工程方向)设计题目:商安干线公路D2标段道路设计专题:公路与城市道路绿化方式与适用性研究指导教师:刘春荣职称:副教授二○一一年六月徐州中国矿业大学毕业设计任务书学院力学与建筑工程专业年级土木工程专业交建2007学生姓名任务下达日期:2010年 1 月10 日毕业设计日期:2011年1月 10 日至2011年6月20日毕业设计题目:商安干线公路D2标段道路设计毕业设计专题题目:公路与城市道路绿化方式与适用性研究毕业设计主要内容和要求:设计要求:一般部分为“商安干线公路D2标段道路设计”,主要内容为:道路等级确定、路线方案比选、路线平面设计、路线纵断面设计、路线横断面设计、路基路面结构设计、排水设计。

新建沥青路面水泥混凝土路面设计旧路改建路面设计

课程设计任务书题目新建沥青路面(水泥混凝土路面)设计旧路改建路面设计系(部) 土木工程系专业土木工程6 月 6 日至 6 月10 日共 1 周指导教师(签字)系主任(签字)一、设计内容及要求:1、路基干湿类型及路基回弹模量的确定;2、沥青路面结构方案的选定与结构层厚度的计算;3、水泥混凝土路面结构方案的选定与结构层厚度的计算;4、旧路改建路面结构方案的确定及加铺层厚度的计算。

二、设计原始资料:平原微丘区某一级公路,近年来由于大吨位车辆的增加,个别路段不能适应交通运输的需要,对下列路段的路面作如下处理:0+500~3+500 段,改线需在新路基上铺路面;3+500~5+000 段,旧路面强度不足,需进行补强设计;5+000~6+300 段,接近城镇为改线路段,在新路基上铺水泥混凝土路面。

•路状调查资料如下:•交通调查:交通调查资料为2007年,设计年限的起算年为2010年。

在不利季节调查的双向平均日交通量:车型总重( KN )后轴重( KN )后轴数辆 / 日解放 CA10 B 19.4 60.85 1 1200黄河 JN150 49 101.6 1 460日野 KB222 50.2 104.3 1 300太脱拉 138 51.4 80 2 (轴距≤3)174东风 KM340 24.6 67.8 1 1230黄河 JN362 63 127 1 510日野FC 164 23.9 71 1 750预计未来十年,交通量年平均增长率为 8% , 10 年后增长率为 4% 。

原有路面厚度为25 cm 天然砂砾垫层, 20cm 石灰土基层, 2.5cm 沥青表处面层。

该路段地处Ⅱ2区,沿线土质为粉质轻亚粘土,W L=40%,w p=18%,当地多年平均最大冻深为0.8 米。

(气象部门调查的田野冻深)。

0+500 ~3+500 段,路槽底距地下水位 2.6 米;3+500~5+000 段,测得路槽底以下 80 cm 分层含水量为: 20% 、 18.90% 、19.78% 、 21.40% 、 21.64% 、 20.10% 、 20.66% 、 19.90% ( 0~ 80cm , 每 10cm 为一层)5+000~6+300 段,路基填土高度为 0.8 米,调查得地下水埋深为 1.4 米。

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第l9卷第3期 2007年6月 重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版) 

Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science} V01.19 No.3 

Jun.2007 

Design and implementation of highway distress and preventive measures decision support system based on WebGIS ZHANG Pu 。TAO Li—Na ,XIA Ying ,Dong—wook Lee。,Hae—young Bae。 (1.School of Computer Science and Technology.Chongqing University of Posts and Te1ec0mmunicati0ns.Chongqing 400065・P-R.China 2.Highway Engineering Department of Chongqing Communications Research and Design Institute.Chongqing 400067・P.R-China; 3.Dept.of Computer Science&Information Engineering.Inha University。Incheon 402—751.Korea) 

Abstract:A highway distress and preventive measures decision support system based on WebGIS and J2EE architec— ture were studied.and the key issues for the system are presented.Such issues as spatial data and attribute data or— ganization,technology of enhancing user experience,database connection pool were investigated.The feasibility of the theories and methods were tested through the system. Key words:WebGIS:AJAX;J2EE;SuperMap CLC number:TP311 Document code:A Article ID:1673—825X(2007)03—0304—05 

l IntrOductiOn I、he Three Gorges Reservoir area of ChongQing is an area where geological hazards such as landslide,debris flow take place frequent— ly,these hazards are often directly related high— way,so,it is an urgent task for highway construc— tion and administration department to develop an application that provides them scientific decision— making foundation for regulating geological haz— ards research so that reducing the losses to the minimum. “Highway Distress and Preventive Measures Decision Support System of Three Gor— ges Reservoir Area in ChongQing”(abbreviation as HDPMDSS)is such an application,it is on the ba— sis of actual geological conditions of areas where often occur geological hazards.By combining spa— tial data and engineering attribute data of geolog— ical environment and applying some analytic rules, the system uses J2EE and GIS technology and makes use of GIS system’s powerful spatial analy— sis and processing ability,builds accurate mathe— matical models based on mechanism of different types of geological hazard(mainly include land— slide,debris flow,road subsidence),displays dangerous areas along the route of highway intui— tively,and provides geological hazards observation network and forecast—alarm system and scientific decision——making foundation for highway construc—— tion and administration departments. Aiming at the objectives of the HDPMDSS,the system includes functions such as data management of geological hazards information,spatial analysis and process,numerical computation,and provides resource sharing and centralized management for geological hazards information,based on function requirement and application environment of HD— PMDSS,we choose WebGIS technology based on J2EE platform to implement the system. 

2 System architecture The rapid development of Internet and wide ap— plication of web inject new vigor into GIS.Web— GIS has already become the important platform for geographic spatial data issue.Web—based GIS users can use web browser to navigate maps,query spa— tial data and do basic spatial analysis.It is a new sub—field in geographic information systems (GIS).Generally speaking,WebGIS focuses on disseminating and processing geographic informa一 

*Received date:2007-02-10 Foundation item:This work is supported by the MIC(Ministry of Information and Communication),Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program supervised by the IITA(Institute of Information Technolo— gY Assessment. 

维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 第3期ZHANG Pu-el al:Design and implementatlon of highway distreSs and ventive measu decisi0n suPP systern based on webGIS‘305‘ tion by means of Internet and World Wide Web[1, 2]。 The HDPMDSS system chooses SuperMap—IS Java 3s development platform,SuperMap—IS is the new generation Internet GIS platform,it is 3 Web— GIS development platform that has server scalable and hierarchica1 WebGIS solution,can address the needs of network GIS application system construc— tion which is used for building electronic maps, WebGIS website for governments,enterprises,in— stitutions,and other organization.Fig.1 is the di— agram of system architecture. 

凰 阕 —— D日 F 匿 l I 囱 臣釜 

Fig.1 Architecture of the HDPMDSS system The system adopts 3 multi—tier architecture of B/ S:browser,web server and data server.The cli— ent side is web browser which supports geograph— ical spatial data visualization based on spatial query and analysis.The web serve receives requests from client and then sends the request to the corre— sponding back end data server to fulfill client user request and send back response content to client. The data tier has two components:3 SQL Server database and SuperMap—IS server.SuperMap—IS server is responsible for retrieving map data that users request,it also integrates modules related to analysis and disposal of GIS data,such 38 topologi— c31 analysis,data conversion and so on.,besides,it communicates with SQL Server via SuperMap SDX+.SQL Server is used for storing attribute data of HDPMDSS system.In this way,Super— Map—IS stores fundamental map data and SQL Server stores business data,and these two data server are associated by application system.Com— plex GIS data disposal tasks will be accomplished at SuperMap—IS server side,and business data is managed by SQL Server and can be retrieved effi— ciently,these data are combined into spatial map and presented in browser. 3 Design and implementation consid— erations 3.1 Organization of spatial and attribute data Proceeding from the data characteristics of reset- voir area highway,we divided the data into two types:spatial data and attribute data.Spatial data mainly includes the route of the highway,geolog— ical hazard points(which mainly includes geolog— ical hazard along highway road,geological hazard of support structure,geological hazard of bridge), main construction structure(which mainly includes bridge,tunnel,slope,ferry,support structure, landslide,dangerous rock,ground subside,de— formation entity etc),administrative regionaliza— tion,marks of geographical name,background map 1ayer and so on.Background map 1ayer provides some elementary information and remote sensing image of reservoir area and makes electronic map data more comprehensive and perceptual intuition. Spatial data are stored in SuperMap—IS by means of point layer,line layer or surface layer.Engineer at— tribute data mainly includes route data of road, roadbed data,pavement data and geological data of main structure,these data are managed by SQL Server by means of relation table. 3.2 Consideration of enhancing user experience Web applications have traditionally been 3 set of static or dynamic pages that must be reloaded to change any portion of the content.Interaction with 3 Web application can be initiated via 3 synchro— nous request which is usually triggered on the cli— ent by submitting 3n html form from the browser to the web server.During 3 page post back,the Web page and controls are recreated and the entire Web page is rendered on the client browser.This often introduces 3 great deal of processing over— head which can decrease performance,at the same time,end user has to wait for 3 response to contin— ue working.In order to improve performance and enhance the end user experience when working with HDPMDSS system,we utilize 3 set of tech— nology standards commonly referred to 38 AJ AX 

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