news media influence20120409presentation
WayneOpenLectureOnMediaInfluence
Key study
David
Manning White (1950) Used the term “Gatekeeper” first coined by Lewin, a sociologist.
Mr. Gates
White
kept track of stories selected by a wire editor in Peoria, Ill. White asked Mr. Gates to keep track of why he selected some stories and eliminated others.
Tuchman’s routines
Using
quote marks Including many names to keep reporter’s views out. Presenting supplementary evidence for a “fact.” Facts are often “truth-claims.” “Truth-claims” can be false, however.
Hierarchy
Reporters Routines Organization Outside influences Society
What can be influenced?
1.
Issues/people What gets covered Journalists show bias just by the topic they choose to cover. Example: Beat system. Journalists cover buildings.
Support for Gandy:
2012写作机经
2012写作机经——议论文1.01.07：社会类（发展中国家应引进外国大公司还是培养本土企业）Some people think developing countries should invite large foreign companies to open offices and factories to grow their economies. Others think developing countries should keep the large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2. 01.12：政府类（政府应不应该建免费图书馆）Some people think that government should establish free libraries in each town. While others believe that it is a waste of money since people can obtain information from the internet at home. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.3.01.14：社会类（找工作时：社会技能VS证书）Nowadays, it is widely accepted that social skills are as important as good qualifications for success in a job. Do you agree or disagree?4.02.04：社会类（社会传统VS当代观念）Some people think that young people should follow traditions of their society, while others think that young people should be free to behave as individuals. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.5.02.09：社会文化类（跨国公司与全球化的利弊）The spread of multinational companies and the resulting increase of globalization produce positive effects to everyone. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?6.02.18：科技类（科技是否让生活变得复杂）Technology makes life complex, and to make it simple is to stop using technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?7.02．25：教育类（社会技能VS专业知识）Full-time university students need to spend a lot of time on study, but it is essential to get involved in other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?8. 03.08：社会类（工作与生活的平衡）People aim to achieve the balance between their work and lives, but few people achieve it. What are the causes of the problems? How to overcome it?9.03．10：社会类（老龄化的利弊）It is expected that there will be a higher proportion of old people than young people in the future in some countries. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?10.03.17：社会媒体类（媒体的利弊）News media is important in our society. Why is it so important? Do you thinkits influence is generally positive or negative?11.03.31：社会类（老年人VS青年人）In some cultures the old age is more valued, while in some cultures the youthis more valued. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.12.04.21：抽象类（计划将来VS着手当下）Some people prefer planning for the future while others argue that we should focus on the present. What is your opinion?13.04.28：环境类（动物被用做食物与产品）In modern life, it is no longer necessary to use animals as food and in other products like clothing and medicines. To what extent do you agree or disagree?14.05.12：犯罪类（罪犯——再教育VS监狱）Today prison is the most common solution for crime. But some people think that it would be a more effective way to provide them with better education to prevent them from becoming criminals. Do you agree or disagree?15.05.19：社会类（化肥与机器的利弊）The increase in food production owes much to fertilizers and better machinery, but some people think that it has a negative impact on human health and community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?16.05.26：社会类（政府应投钱于艺术还是教育和健康）Some people think governments should spend their money on the arts. While others believe the money should be spent on the education and health. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.17.06.09：媒体类（新闻与生活无关？）Some people think news have no connection to people's lives, so then it is a waste of time to read the news in the newspaper and watch television news programs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?18.06.16：社会生活类（邻里关系的原因与解决）There is an increasing number of people who do not know their neighbours, what causes this situation? How to solve?19.07.07：社会类（广告——数量VS质量）Advertising encourages people to buy in quantity rather than promoting its quality.To what extent do you agree or disagree?20.07.21：社会类（交通拥堵的原因与解决）In most cities and towns, the high volumes of road traffic become a problem. What are the causes of that and what actions could be taken to solve the problem?21.07.28：政府类（政府投资艺术还是其他）Many people think arts like painting and music can not directly improve people's quality of life, therefore government should spend money on other things. Do you agree or disagree?22.08.04：媒体类（电视24小时播放的利弊）In some countries, TV programmes are transmitted throughout the day and night. Some people think that 24-hour TV transmission is a positive development, while others think it is negative.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.23.08.1 1：社会类（年轻人失业的影响与解决）A large number of young people are leaving school and can not find a job. What problems will youth unemployment cause in individual and for society? What measures should be taken to reduce the level of unemployment among young people?24.08.25：社会类（博物馆收费的利弊）What are the advantages and disadvantages of charging people for admission to museum?25.09.01：体育类（政府应投钱于国际赛事还是对儿童的培养）Many countries are spending a huge amount of money on supporting their competitors to take part in some worldwide sports competitions. Others argue that it would be better if these countries can spend the money on children to take part in sports.To what extent do you agree or disagree?26.09.15：教育类（科研经费）Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore some people think financial support from governments should be only provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree?27.09.22：社会类（年轻人不开心的原因与解决）In some countries, young people are not only richer, but also safer and healthier than ever more. However, they are less happy.What is the main reason about this might be?What can be done for this?28.10.13：文化类（一个国家由不同文化和种族的人组成，原因及利弊）We have a mixture of people from different culture and ethnic groups in a country. Why? Is this a positive or negative development?29.10.20：旅游类（去不同国家旅游的利弊）Nowadays, it is more convenient and easier for people to travel to other countries. Is this a positive or negative development?30.10．27：广告类（广告使人趋同？）Advertising discourages people from becoming different individuals by all want to be and to look the same. To what extent do you agree or disagree?。
2012雅思写作机经
2012年1月7日Some people think developing countries should invite foreign companies to open branches, offices and factories to promote their economies. Others say that they should keep the foreign companies out and depend more on their own local companies. Describe both views and give your opinion.2012年1月12日Some people believe that governments should make investment in building public libraries in every town, while others think it is a waste of money because we have access to information via Internet. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2012年1月14日Some people think that social skills are as important as academic qualifications. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年1月21日Most of the urgent problems can only be solved with international cooperation. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年2月4日Some people think that young people should follow traditions of their society, and others think young people should be free to behave as they will. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年2月9日The spread of multinational companies and resulting increase of globalization produces positive effects for everyone. To what extent to you agree or disagree?2012年2月18日Some people think the technology makes life complex, so we should make the lifesimpler without using the technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年2月25日Nowadays，full-time university students tend to focus on their studying. Some people think it is essential for university students to be involved in other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年3月10日In the future，there will be a higher proportion of older people than younger people. Is it a positive or negative development?2012年3月17日News media are important in modern society. Why are they so important? Are their influences generally positive or negative?2012年3月31日In some countries old people are highly valued, while in some cultures young people are highly valued. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年4月12日Do you think how important it is for people to want success in life ? Is ambition a positive or negative characteristic?2012年4月14日Nowadays, there is a trend that reports of media focus on problems and emergencies rather than positive developments. Some people think it is harmful to individuals and to society. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年4月21日Some people think planning future is a waste of time and people should focus on thepresent. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年4月28日In modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food or use animal products, for instance, clothing and medicines. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年5月10日Nowadays consumers are faced with the advertisements from competitive companies. To what extent do you agree that consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures should be taken to protect them?2012年5月12日In most countries，prison is an effective solution for the problem of crime. Some people think it is a more effective solution to provide a better education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?The increase in food production owes much to fertilizers and better machinery, but some people think that it has a negative impact on human health and community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年5月26日Some people believe that the government should support the funds for the arts, while some other people suggest that the money should be used for public health and education. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年6月9日Some people think news have no connection to people's lives, so then it is a waste of time to read the news in the newspaper and watch television news programs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the government rather than private companies. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2012年6月16日An increasing number of people do not know their neighbors, and there is no longer a sense of community.What do you think are the causes of this situation? What solutions can you suggest?2012年6月30日Some visitors are interested in other countries' culture and tradition. How can visitors learn it? Why are other visitors not interested in it?2012年7月7日Advertisements encourage consumers to buy in quantity rather than in quality. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年7月12日It is better for students to live away from home while studying at university than living with parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年7月21日In most cities and towns, the high volumes of road traffic have become a problem. What are the causes and what actions could be taken to solve the problem?2012年7月28日Some people believe arts such as painting and music cannot directly improve the quality of people's lives so that government money should be spent on other things. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年8月4日In many countries, there are 24 -hour TV programs. Is it a positive or negative development?2012年8月9日Nowadays, mobile phones and internet have become increasingly important in people’s social life. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?2012年8月11日A large number of young people cannot find jobs after they leave school. What problems will youth unemployment cause in individual and for society? What measures should be taken to reduce the level of unemployment among young people?2012年8月25日In some countries, museums charge people for admission, while in some other countries,people are admitted into museums free of charge. Do you think the advantages of charging admission outweigh its disadvantages?2012年9月1日Many countries spend a lot of money preparing competitors to take part in major sports competitions such as the Olympics, football world cup etc. Some people think that it would be better to spend this money to encourage children to take part in sports in a young age. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月6日Some people believe that everyone has the right to receive university education，so the government should make it free to all people regardless of their financial background. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月15日Since money for postgraduate research is limited, some people think financial support from the government should be only provided for scientific research rather than the research for less useful subjects. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月22日In some countries, young people are not only richer but also safer and healthier than ever before. However, they are less happy. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest?10月11日抽象类Some people think personal happiness is directly related to economic success, while others believe this depends on other factors. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.10月13日社会与国际问题类We have a mixture of people from different culture and ethnic groups in a country. why? Isthis a positive or negative development?10月20日社会与国际问题类Nowadays it is more convenient and easier for people to travel to other countries. Is it a positive or negative development?10月27日媒体类Advertising discourages us from being different individuals by making us all want to be and look the same. Do you agree or disagree?11月3日犯罪类Many people are afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime. Some people think that more actions can be taken to prevent crimes. While others believe there is little that can be done.Discuss both sides and give your opinion.11月8日科技类We have three important parts of education: reading writing and math. Some people think every child will benefit from a fourth skill added to the list, computer skills.Do you agree or disagree?11月24日科技类With the increasing use of mobile phones and computers, fewer people are writing letters, some people think that the traditional skill of writing letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree? How important do you think is letter-writing?12月1日社会与国际问题类More and more companies are allowing employees to work from home. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?12月6日社会与国际问题类Nowadays, people always throw old things away and buy new things, whereas in the past,old things are repaired and used again. What factors cause this phenomenon? What effects does the phenomenon lead to?12月8日社会与国际问题类In most parts of world, men and women are deciding to have children later in life.Why do you think this is happening? What effects does the development have on society and family life?12月15日社会问题We live in cities or towns which have museums displaying objects of artistic, historic and cultural value, but people do not visit them. How do you think people do not visit museums in their local areas? What is the importance of museums to the society?。
国外新闻传播学研究年度报告
胡正荣 张龙 本文立足于新闻传播学研究的主要领域和理论基础，首先对新闻传播学的学科发展进行了回顾与综述。在学科建立与发展的轨迹中，新闻学和传播学都是与社会信息传播的需要与形势密切相关的。早在16世纪，新闻作为一种社会信息产品就已经出现在了当时贸易繁荣的意大利，而后新闻事业的飞速发展直接催生了作为一门独立学科的新闻学，从17世纪德国“报学”的研究到19世纪欧美对新闻史的梳理，再到现代新闻事业的飞速前进，新闻学的学科视野也在不断得到拓展和深化。而作为新闻学的姊妹学科，传播学的诞生要比新闻学晚上几个世纪。而且和新闻学迥乎不同的是，传播学从诞生伊始就鲜明地表现出了高度抽象和概括的理论色彩。这门学科在不断发展变化的社会环境催生之下，从它的元学科语言学、社会学、政治学、心理学、新闻学等社会科学的理论基础中吸收精华，逐渐形成了自己独特的学科体系。
由于近几年间大众传播媒介的日新月异，新闻传播学研究也被快速地向前推进着。2007年，国外新闻传播学研究原有的学科框架体系内的各个分支学科都在结合新的传播形势展开新的研究，而在此基础上，一些研究问题和领域受到了格外的青睐与重视，这些领域主要包括：市民新闻、公民新闻和公共新闻研究、新闻的客观性与新闻伦理研究、政治与战争新闻、在线新闻学、传播政策与规制研究、传播技术研究、传播社会变迁研究、传播与文化研究、传播与全球化研究、以及传播相关领域研究等等。
当前，社会形态的变迁、媒介环境的变革以及受众接收习惯的潜移默化，必将给学术研究带来更多新的命题与思考和新的发展要求，也将因此直接促进新闻传播
学科与其他相关学科的融合并向着纵深的理性方向继续发展。
Abstract Based on the foundation of the theory of journalism and communication, this chapter reviews the academic development of this discipline. During the history of this discipline, the studies on journalism and communication are closely related to the situations of the society. As early as 16th century, news as a commodity had already emerged in the prosperous Italy, and later on, the rapid boom of the media industry had given rise to journalism as an independent discipline. From the studies on newspaper in Germany in the 17th century the studies on history of news in the 19th century and then to modern journalism, the horizon of journalism has been greatly widened. As the sister discipline of journalism, the history of communication studies is several centuries’ shorter than journalism. Unlike journalism, communication studies are more abstract and theoretical. In the changing social context, absorbing the theoretical heritage of its meta disciplines – linguistics, sociology, politics, psychology, and other social sciences, communication studies have established its own disciplinary structure.
新闻传播学专业英语考研复试
英语专业面试常用词汇accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair(e) n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息backgrounding n．新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。
banner n．通栏标题beat n．采写范围blank vt. "开天窗"body n. 新闻正文boil vt．压缩(篇幅)box n. 花边新闻brief n. 简讯bulletin n．新闻简报byline n. 署名文章caption n．图片说明caricature n．漫画carry vt．刊登cartoon n．漫画censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件)，新闻审查chart n．每周流行音乐排行版clipping n．剪报column n．专栏；栏目columnist n．专栏作家continued story 连载故事;连载小说contributing editor 特约编辑contribution n．(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿contributor n．投稿人copy desk n．新闻编辑部copy editor n．文字编辑correction n．更正(启事) correspondence column 读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者cover vt．采访;采写covergirl n. 封面女郎covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访crop vt．剪辑(图片)crusade n．宣传攻势cut n．插图 vt．删减(字数)cutline n．插图说明daily n．日报dateline n．新闻电头deadline n．截稿时间dig vt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻) digest n．文摘editorial n．社论editorial office 编辑部editor's notes 编者按exclusive n．独家新闻expose n．揭丑新闻；新闻曝光extra n．号外eye-account n．目击记;记者见闻faxed photo 传真照片feature n．特写；专稿feedback n．信息反馈file n．发送消息；发稿filler n．补白First Amendment (美国宪法)第一修正案(内容有关新闻、出版自由等)five "W's" of news 新闻五要素flag n．报头;报名folo (=follow-up) n．连续报道Fourth Estate 第四等级(新闻界的别称)freedom of the Press 新闻自由free-lancer n．自由撰稿人full position 醒目位置Good news comes on crutches. 好事不出门。
译林版高中英语选择性必修第二册Unit1 The mass media Part 4练习含答案
Part4Writing大众媒体的利弊写作题目假定你是李华,在今年的寒假期间,你的好友Tom迷上了网络新闻,请你帮他分析一下网络新闻的利弊,用英文给他写一封建议信。
内容包括:1.获取最新新闻,减少纸张的使用等;2.存在虚假信息,易误导大众;3.建议。
注意:1.词数80个左右;2.开头已给出,不计入总词数;3.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Tom,I heard that you were addicted to the Internet news.Yours,Li Hua 思路点拨遣词造句Ⅰ.用本单元所学单词或短语填空1.v.发布2.adj.批评的,批判性的;关键的3.adj.错误的,不真实的4.很多;许多答案 1.release 2.critical 3.false4.dozens ofⅡ.本单元语块、语法运用1.完成句子第一段:表明写信目的(1)I'm writing to tell you that the news(网络上发布的)has both advantages and disadvantages.第二段:介绍网络新闻的利弊并提出建议(2)With the help of the Internet,we can use our mobile phones or other devices to get(很多资料)in a short time.(3)(另外),by reading the Internet news,we can reduce the use of paper,and it is beneficial to the environment.(4)However,the Internet news is also flooded with(虚假信息)and it(误导人们)easily.(5)Therefore,you should be(有批判能力的新闻读者)and you won't be tricked.答案(1)released on the Internet(2)dozens of materials(3)In addition(4)false information;misleads people(5)a critical news reader2.句式升级(6)用which引导的非限制性定语从句改写句(3)(7)用which引导的非限制性定语从句改写句(4)(8)用so that改写句(5)答案(6)In addition,by reading the Internet news,we can reduce the use of paper,which is beneficial to the environment.(7)However,the Internet news is also flooded with false information,which misleads people easily.(8)Therefore,you should be a critical news reader so that you won't be tricked.连句成篇Dear Tom,I heard that you were addicted to the Internet news.I'm writing to tell you that the news released on the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages.With the help of the Internet,we can use our mobile phones or other devices to get dozens of materials in a short time.In addition,by reading the Internet news,we can reduce the use of paper,which is beneficial to the environment.However,the Internet news is also flooded with false information,which misleads people easily.Therefore,you should be a critical news reader so that you won't be tricked.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Hua 写作积累关于网络新闻媒体的话题词汇和句式话题词汇:(1)种类、手段及现状①media n.媒体,传媒②online adj.联网的adv.在网上③Internet n.互联网④website n.网站⑤update v.更新;给……提供最新消息⑥post v.发帖子⑦comment v.发表评论⑧popularity n.流行,普及⑨obtain vt.获得,赢得⑩get around(新闻或消息)传开arouse wide attention引起广泛关注(2)利弊、作用及未来①advantage n.有利条件,优势②disadvantage n.不利因素③outweigh vt.比……重要④positive adj.积极的⑤negative adj.消极的⑥have an effect/influence/impact on对……有影响句式:(1)开头①As we can see,the online news media enjoys great popularity among people,especially young people.正如我们看到的,网络新闻媒体在人们中非常受欢迎,特别是在年轻人中。
Intercultural New Media Studies_ The Next Frontier in Intercultural Communication.
Journal of Intercultural Communication ResearchVol.41,No.3,November2012,pp.219–237Intercultural New Media Studies:The Next Frontier in Intercultural CommunicationRobert ShuterNew media(ICT’s)are transforming communication across cultures.Despite this revolution in cross cultural contact,communication researchers have largely ignored the impact of new media on intercultural communication.This groundbreaking article defines the parameters of a new field of inquiry called Intercultural New Media Studies (INMS),which explores the intersection between ICT’s and intercultural posed of two research areas—(1)new media and intercultural communication theory and(2)culture and new media—INMS investigates new digital theories of intercultural contact as well as refines and expands twentieth-century intercultural communication theories,examining their salience in a digital world.INMS promises to increase our understanding of intercultural communication in a new media age and is the next frontier in intercultural communication.Keywords:Intercultural Communication&New Media;Intercultural New Media; Culture&New MediaNew media(ICT’s)are transforming communication across cultures.The internet computer-mediated communication(CMC),social network sites(SNSs),mobile phones,Skype,text messaging,on-line games(MMOGs),virtual worlds,and blogs have dramatically increased contact between individuals and groups from different cultures.No longer restricted primarily to face-to-face encounters,people worldwide utilize ICT’s to communicate instantaneously with others regardless of geo-political boundaries,time,or space.Robert Shuter is Professor of Communication Studies in the Diederich College of Communication,Marquette University,and Director of the Center for Intercultural New Media Research(www.interculturalnewmedia. com).He is Immediate Past Chair of the International and Intercultural Communication Division for the National Communication Association.Special thanks to the many JICR reviewers who provided invaluable assistance.Correspondence to:Robert Shuter,Diederich College of Communication,Marquette University, 1131W.Wisconsin Avenue,Milwaukee,WI53217.Email:robert.shuter@ISSN1747-5759(print)/ISSN1747-5767(online)ß2012World Communication Association/10.1080/17475759.2012.728761220R.ShuterDespite this revolution in cross cultural contact,communication researchers have largely ignored the impact of new media on intercultural communication and, instead,concentrated their limited scholarship on how new media is utilized in different cultures(Barker&Ota,2011;Baron&Segerstad,2010;Koc,2006), in what ways culture affects new media development and design(Campbell, 2007;DeGoede,Van Vianen,&Klehe,2011),and how CMC is influenced by culture(Chen,2012;Gue´guen,2008;Mollov,&Schwartz,2010).What’s missing from communication journals—except for Shuter’s(2011)guest edited forum on intercultural new media research—are lines of research on how ICT’s affect intercultural communication between individuals and groups.Research on this topic challenges more than50years of intercultural communication knowledge and theory rooted in twentieth-century paradigm of face-to-face interaction.This article aims to accomplish two goals:(1)propose a new field of study called Intercultural New Media Studies(INMS),which explores the intersection between ICT’s and intercultural communication,and(2)introduce and situate the articles in this special issue within intercultural new media studies.To achieve these goals,the article will first define the parameters of intercultural new media studies,which include(a)new media and intercultural communication theory and(b)culture and new media.In exploring new media and intercultural communication theory,five major theories of intercultural communication are closely scrutinized in light of salient new media research to determine their efficacy and relevance in a new media age.This detailed analysis concludes with an annotated summary of theoretical new media implications and research directions for each of the five major intercultural communication theories(ICC)and for future theories of ICC,Culture and new media,the second area of INMS,is next explored and includes close analysis of international/intercultural new media research trends in leading communication journals and concludes with suggested future research directions in this area. INMS:Parameters of a FieldNew media and intercultural communication theory is the primary focus of INMS. This area focuses on how ICT’s impact theories of communication between people who do not share the same cultural backgrounds,often defined as national culture (nation state)and co-culture(i.e.ethnicity and race)in early intercultural communication research,but expanded contemporarily to include myriad cultures, both within and across geo-political boundaries,as well as hybridized cultures that have developed transnationally due to migration,diaspora,and time and space reconfigurations in a digital age(Clothier,2005;Dooly,2011;McEwan&Sobre-Denton,2011;Steinkuehler&Williams,2006).The secondary area of INMS,but still considerably important,is the relationship between culture and new media;namely, how does culture impact the social uses of new media within and across societies,and in what ways do new media affect culture?There is scant research on the primary area and significantly more data on the secondary area.Journal of Intercultural Communication Research221New media and intercultural communication theory,the primary area of INMS, may alter our understanding of the process of intercultural communication by identifying new digital theories of intercultural contact as well as refining and expanding extant ICC theories pertaining to such areas as acculturation/adaptation, third culture development,intercultural competence,high context/low context communication,co-cultural communication,cultural identity,intercultural dialo-gue,culture shock/stress,stereotyping,ethnocentrism,racism,intercultural aware-ness,intercultural conflict,speech codes,and intercultural relationship development. Although there are limited data on the impact of new media on many of these intercultural areas,the available research suggests that new media play a major role in the ebb and flow of intercultural encounters,conceivably augmenting twentieth-century theories on communication across cultures.After an exhaustive review of international/intercultural new media research,five seminal areas of intercultural communication and their attendant theories were selected for close analysis to determine their salience and efficacy in a new media age:cultural identity, intercultural dialogue,third culture,acculturation,and intercultural competence. New Media and Intercultural Communication TheoryThis section examines the primary area of INMS—new media and intercultural communication theory.It explores the possible effects of new media,and raises important twenty-first-century questions,on five major theories of intercultural communication and concludes with a summary of new media implications for intercultural communication theory and research.Cultural Identity.Cultural identity,according to social identity theory,is derived from membership in social groups,a legacy of in-group identification that also influences communication in social groups(Tajfel&Turner,1986).It is co-created and negotiated,according to Collier(2002),impacted by internal and external factors that she calls avowal and ascription,and also affected by communication.This view of cultural identity is rooted in twentieth-century assumptions about the origins of the self in relationship to others;that is,social identity is based on group contact(s) that is fixed in space and time,producing discernable social identity(ies)that varies in salience depending on the social context(s).However,in a new media era of perpetual contact(Katz&Aakhus,2002),where individuals live in virtual spaces with myriad others,is this perspective relevant and sufficient for explaining the development and maintenance of cultural identity in the twenty-first century? Singh(2010)argues that with the advent of the internet individuals are inducted into‘‘virtual cultures,’’technological,homogenized entities not grounded in time or space.Beniger(1987)refers to these virtual cultures as pseudo-communities as opposed to traditional organic communities,which are bound by physical space and rely on face-to-face communication.These virtual cultures can alter pre-existing cultural identities,according to Singh,threatening traditional indigenous222R.Shuteridentifications that are co-created,negotiated,and developed in concert with social identity theory.Chen and Dai(2012)maintain that virtual communities challenge pre-existing cultural identities because of asymmetrical power relationships that are inherent in these communities.They argue that since Western culture has an implicit power advantage even in cyberspace,virtual communities are not culture neutral and, hence,may shape the development of new cultural identities,which may not turn out to be hybrid constructs.A hybridized cultural identity,according to Clothier(2005),can emerge from being inducted into a virtual community composed of diverse people and cultural influences that border and overlap each other,which Clothier calls a hybrid virtual culture.Theoretically,hybrid virtual cultures and their attendant hybrid identities are antagonistic to authority and cultural hegemony,according to Clothier.However, because the West dominates cyberspace in so many significant ways(Chen&Dai, 2012)—linguistically through the English language,symbolically via the West’s pervasive icons,and materially in Western created hardware and software—it is unclear whether hybrid cultural identities are,indeed,possible and whether identity co-creation and negotiation can truly occur in virtual communities consisting of disparate,unrelated individuals.It does appear,however,that when virtual communities are composed of culturally homogenous members—in-group members that may or may not know one another—these communities can support and reinforce pre-existing cultural identities.Hopkins(2008)found that young Australian Muslim Turks,who felt marginalized by Australian anti-Islamic feeling,successfully utilized new media to connect with Muslims worldwide,reinforcing their identities and faith.Croucher and Cronn-Mills(2011)discovered that French-Muslims used social networking sites to maintain their Muslim identities,sometimes at the expense of their French identities.Oh(2012)reports that second-generation Korean American adolescents use transnational Korean media to enhance intra-ethnic bonds and support their Korean identities.In fact,organic communities in diaspora appear to successfully utilize social media and other new media to retain and reinforce their cultural identities(Croucher,2011).There is also evidence that ethnic and racial groups in the United States utilize social media to present their cultural identities in highly elaborate ways.Grasmuck, Martin,and Shanyang(2009)found that African Americans,Latinos,Native Americans,and Vietnamese construct Facebook profiles and narratives that proudly and explicitly proclaim their cultural roots.Their self presentations not only reinforce cultural identities but appear to be tacit opposition,according to the authors, to social dynamics in the larger society that promote a color blind ideology.Hence, unlike early internet research suggesting that cyberspace is culturally and racially neutral(Turkle,1995)—a virtual utopia where cultural identity and status differences are minimized—this study and others suggest that ethno-racial identity presentations in nonymous SNS’s empower minority and marginalized users (Hu&Leung,2003;Mehra,Merkel,&Bishop,2004).Based on this review ofJournal of Intercultural Communication Research223available literature on new media and cultural identity,three theoretical new media implications are offered regarding twenty-first century salience of past cultural identity theory and research conducted in organic,face-to-face communities.1:It is not clear how cultural identities are constructed in virtual communities.Cultural identities may not necessarily be co-created or negotiated in virtual communities according to the literature reviewed here.Negotiation and co-creation require some degree of parity between parties,which may not be possible in virtual communities since information technology—hardware,software,web design,and new/social media—appear to privilege the West.Moreover,since virtual commu-nities are often pseudo-communities—sometimes anonymous and generally disconnected from physical space and time—intimacy and engagement can be quite limited,which are requisites for co-creation and negotiation.2:How hybrid cultural identities are created in virtual and organic communities is uncertain.While the literature suggests that hybrid cultural identities can emerge in either organic or virtual communities,it is unclear how this process unfolds.If co-created and negotiated,how is hybridity created in virtual and organic communities when traditions,symbols,and icons are co-opted by dominant and powerful cultural forces?Similarly,how is hybridity realized in cyberspace when race,ethnicity and culture are so pervasive?3:The dynamics of maintaining cultural identity may be different in virtual communities than organic ones.The literature suggests that co-cultures and marginalized individuals may find more and different opportunities for presenting and reinforcing their cultural identities in virtual communities than organic ones.Cyberspace can empower disenfranchised groups in unique and powerful ways that are differentiated from the dynamics of face-to-face interaction.What are the dynamics of identity preservation in virtual communities and how do they differ from organic communities?These three theoretical implications suggest that considerable more research needs to be conducted on construction and maintenance of cultural identity in a new media era.Refinement and expansion of current cultural identity theories coupled with development of new identity theories are strongly suggested by available intercultural new media research.Intercultural Dialogue and Third CultureIntercultural dialogue is an important goal of intercultural contact and,as such,has been widely examined.It is generally considered an ideal type of contact,requiring openness and empathy,and resulting in a deep understanding of other(Ganesh& Holmes,2011).Unlike casual contact,intercultural dialogue,according to the literature,requires communicators to be aware of,even challenge,their personal224R.Shutervalues and predispositions—albeit,any aspect of their background–that may prevent a deep understanding of others.Similarly,to achieve intercultural dialogue,communicators must be open to accepting differences—a deeply rooted principle of dialogue founded on the work of Buber(1965),Gadamer(1989),and Habermas(1987),twentieth-century theorists who wrote about dialogue in organic communities.In fact,since theories,models and strategies for achieving intercultural dialogue emerge from a twentieth-century face-to-face paradigm, it is unclear whether dialogue literature—or dialogue itself—are applicable to the virtual world.Literature on virtual intercultural dialogue is limited,but the evidence suggests that it is challenged by many of the same factors that affect dialogue in organic communities.Hichang and Jae-Shin(2008)examined computer-mediated groups composed of students from the United States and Singapore and discovered that virtual intercultural collaboration was constrained by preexisting social networks and intergroup boundaries formed in their respective countries and cultures.They found that the students’willingness to collaborate and share information with others were affected by whether their virtual partners were member of their in-groups and shared their cultural values.Similarly,Pfeil,Zaphiris,and Ang(2006)hypothesized correctly that cultural values influence collaboration,discovering that collaborative authoring patterns of Wikipedia reflected predominant cultural values of French,German, Japanese,and Dutch authors.Utilizing Hofstede’s values scheme,this study identified unique cultural styles of collaboration that correlated with individualism and collectivism,power distance,and femininity and masculinity.The researchers concluded that cultural differences found in the physical world are also in play in virtual communities.Although virtual collaboration may lead to intercultural dialogue,and perhaps is a precursor to dialogue,collaboration is frequently missing requisite dialogic elements like empathy and deep understanding.Hence,the question remains:Is intercultural dialogue possible in the virtual world?Studies of third culture in cyberspace offer some additional insight into this question.The concept of third culture was originally developed by Casmir(1978,1997; Camir&Asuncion-Lande,1989)who posited that individuals from different cultures can optimize their relationship in a third culture which he described as the ‘‘...conjoining of their separate cultures’’into a more inclusive culture‘‘...that is not merely the result of a fusion of two or more separate entities,but also the product of the harmonization of composite parts into a coherent whole’’(1989,p.294). Dialogue is necessary to develop a third culture,according to Casmir,which he argues cannot be achieved without empathy and deep understanding of others. Starosta and Olorunnisola(1998)add that individuals must be consciously aware of their differences and capable of suspending judgment to build a third culture, a product of convergence,integration,and mutual assimilation.Once achieved, third culture provides an ideal climate to interact because it is mutually accepting, supportive,and cooperative.Journal of Intercultural Communication Research225 Although third cultures are difficult to create in the physical world,some research suggests that they may be more achievable in virtual communities.McEwan and Sobre-Denton(2011)argue that the ease of technological access to cultural others combined with reduced social and economic costs significantly increase the probability of developing third cultures in the virtual world.Virtual communities, unlike organic ones,do not require leaving ones domicile to be an active member nor are they plagued by face threats due to social errors,according to the authors. In fact,new media provides users with technological tools to manage social distance,which McEwan and Sobre-Denton suggest increase cultural risk taking and experimentation,leading more readily to virtual third cultures.There is also evidence,however,that third cultures are difficult to construct in the virtual world.Nelson and Temples(2011)examined graduate students’attempts to negotiate memberships in multiple on-line communities during an international exchange program.The students experienced numerous cultural issues in construct-ing on-line relationships in international virtual communities,leading the authors to conclude that the process of what they called‘‘reconciliation,’’which is comparable to third culture building,is complex and sometimes impossible in cyberspace. Interestingly,Steinkuenier and Williams(2006)discovered that while on-line games provide what they refer to as a‘‘third space’’for participants—a virtual dimension where people can socialize informally—these spaces are generally useful for bridging social capital and do not usually provide deep emotional support.While data are inconclusive on whether intercultural dialogue or third culture can actually occur in virtual communities,the research does suggest that the use of multiple new media technologies in a virtual community may increase the emotional attachment of participants and,hence,the prospect for dialogue.Wang (2012)found that Facebook is a viable platform for building cross-cultural friendships among Taiwanese and American university students;however,to retain these friendships after the completion of a project,other Web2.0applications are necessary.Dooly(2011)also discovered that the effectiveness and depth of on-line cross-cultural relationships between two groups of student teachers in Spain and the United States were affected by the number and nature of communication platforms utilized,including Skype,Moodle,Voicethread and Second Life.Finally, Develotte and Leeds-Hurwitz(in press)successfully facilitated intercultural dialogue between French and U.S.students utilizing desktop video conferencing, including both video and chat.They have also used MSN Messenger,Skype,and Adobe Connect to achieve similar results.In light of this literature review on new media and intercultural dialogue/third culture,four theoretical new media implications are now presented about twenty-first century relevance of past intercultural dialogue/third culture theory and research grounded in organic,face-to-face communities.1.Intercultural dialogue and third culture building,as defined in face-to-face literature, may be difficult to achieve in virtual communities.226R.ShuterThe on-line literature examined in this section suggests that empathy and deep understanding—prerequisites for dialogue and third culture building—may not be readily achievable in the virtual world.2.Intercultural dialogue and third culture building may be governed by different processes in virtual communities than organic ones.The reviewed research suggests that factors like anonymity and controlling social distance,which are inimical to face-to-face dialogue and third culture building,may help produce both outcomes in the virtual world.3.It may be necessary to utilize multiple new media platforms to achieve intercultural dialogue and third culture in a virtual world.Research suggests that a mix of new media platforms,including on-line and video chat/conferencing,may increase the chances for achieving intercultural dialogue and third culture in virtual communities.4.External factors from the physical world that affect intercultural dialogue and third culture building may also impinge on both outcomes in the virtual world.Social factors from the physical world,including stereotyping,predispositions, and different cultural values,may affect the development of intercultural dialogue and third culture in the virtual world.These four theoretical implications suggest that since intercultural dialogue and third culture may be regulated by different processes in the physical and virtual worlds,scholars need to conduct research on the ways these processes differ. This type of research should yield important insights on how new media affects intercultural dialogue/third culture and whether either one is achievable in virtual spaces.Acculturation and Intercultural CompetenceCommunication research abounds on how people adapt to new cultures,and much of the data examine the impact of interpersonal interaction and mass media on acculturation.Young Kim(1988,2001),the leading communication scholar on acculturation,provides an integrative model to explain how sojourners’background and personality,as well as the quality and quantity of their interpersonal encounters, influence cultural adaptation.Kim found that positive social communication in the host culture,combined with reasonable and successful ethnic support,provide cultural knowledge and skills and emotional stability to acculturate successfully. She also integrates mass media into her model,arguing that acculturation is influenced by the nature,type,and frequency of media consumption patterns. Additional researchers have also found that host culture social communication and mass media play a significant role in acculturation as do ethnic social support and media from a sojourner’s culture of origin(Durham,2004;Khan,1992;Raman& Harwood,2008).Although there is a good deal of research on the effects of socialJournal of Intercultural Communication Research227 communication and mass media on acculturation,there are scant data on new media and acculturation.Available new media studies suggest that the internet and selected on-line commun-ities facilitate the process of acculturation.For example,Ye(2005)found that Chinese international students who utilize on-line ethnic support groups composed of other Chinese students experience significantly less acculturative stress and more emotional support.Ye’s finding confirms Ying and Liese’s(1991)early investigation that while on-line ethnic support groups provide important emotional support,they do not help significantly with learning skills necessary to be successful in a new culture.Jiali(2006)examined traditional and on-line support networks among Chinese international students and discovered that students who received support from both on-line ethnic groups and interpersonal networks in the host culture tended to experience fewer social difficulties in acculturation.Further,Chinese international students who sustained their on-line interpersonal networks in their home country had fewer mood disturbances during the adaptation process.According to Jiali (2006),Chinese who newly arrived to a culture tended to report higher support levels from on-line ethnic groups than those who had been living in the culture for a longer time period.Confirming and extending Jiali’s(2006)findings,Chen(2010)found that the longer immigrants lived in a host culture,the less likely they surfed home country websites and the more apt they were to communicate on-line with residents of the host culture,which facilitated their acculturation.Surprisingly,there is very limited data on the influence of social networking sites on acculturation.Croucher and Cronn-Mills(2011)found that the use of social networking sites among French Muslims reinforced their Islamic identities rather than their French identities,which complicated the adaptation process.In a conceptual essay,Croucher(2011)hypothesized that increased use of social networking sites composed of people from the same culture may serve as an obstacle to acculturation.Utilizing cultivation and ethnic group vitality theories, Croucher argued that increased exposure to homogenous social networking sites tend to increase in-group identification and negatively affect cultural adaptation. Croucher’s research on social networking sites contrasts with studies reviewed here on the positive effects of on-line ethnic support networks on acculturation. Perhaps,social networking sites provide a unique portal for ethnic networking that distinguish them from other types of on-line ethnic encounters.Not only is acculturation affected by face-to-face and on-line support networks, but it is also influenced by the individual’s level of intercultural competence,often measured by awareness of and openness to cultural differences as well as the abilities and skills necessary to successfully navigate a new culture(Wiseman&Koester, 1993).While Kim(2001)and others have found that individuals learn about new cultures incrementally,largely through pre-departure preparation,social commu-nication in the host culture,and mass media,there is also evidence that on-line encounters can increase intercultural competence and enhance acculturation. Studies on internet-mediated second language learning suggest that on-line international exchanges accelerate language acquisition and intercultural228R.Shutercompetence.Chun(2011)found that on-line contact between Germans and American university students learning one another’s languages significantly increased their cultural awareness and intercultural communication skills.Belz(2005)reported that internet-mediated language learning between Germans and Americans dramatically improved the participants’ability to use questions to ascertain cultural information,which they argue is an essential component of intercultural competence.While investigating the effect of blogs on second language learning for Spanish and American students,Elola and Oskoz(2008)discovered that blogging in newly acquired languages improved both groups’intercultural competence. Despite the popularity of virtual gaming worlds like Second Life,World of War Craft,EverQuest,Final Fantasy,and Xbox Live,there are very limited data on whether virtual worlds affect intercultural competence and,hence,acculturation potential.In an important study,Diehl and Prins(2008)explored the cross-cultural exchanges of Second Life(SL)participants,evaluating both their real-and virtual-world interactions.They found that SL enhanced the participants’‘‘intercultural literacy’’by promoting intercultural friendships,second language acquisition,and openness to diverse cultures,practices,and attitudes.In a related study,Ward(2010) found that the acculturation strategies utilized in the physical world are also employed when participants’culturally adapt to virtual gaming worlds,which suggest that this type of cyber-experience may enhance skills that increase acculturation potential.The studies reviewed here on new media and acculturation raise six provocative theoretical implications about the role of new media in acculturation and intercultural competence.1.CMC appears to play a positive role in acculturation and intercultural competence. Available data suggest that on-line exchanges between members of ethnic groups provide important emotional support and generally play a positive role in acculturation.In contrast,on-line cross-cultural exchanges during training sessions for second language acquisition can increase intercultural competence,which can increase acculturation potential.2.Virtual gaming worlds may play a useful role in improving acculturation potential and increasing intercultural competence.Limited data suggest that participating in Second Life may improve intercultural skills that are essential for intercultural competence and successful cultural adaptation.Data also suggest that participants of virtual gaming worlds may utilize many of the same acculturation strategies that are used in the physical world.3.Social media seems to affect acculturation and intercultural competence,but the data are too limited to speculate on the types of effects.Social media(SNS)—including Facebook,Twitter,and My Space as well as culturally indigenous brands like QQ(China),Orkut(India)and Weibo(China)—have been virtually unexamined in terms of their effects on acculturation and intercultural competence.Limited data suggest that ethnic social media may negatively affect acculturation,but it is unclear how cross-cultural uses of SNSs affect。
The Influence of New Media on Ideological and Poli
The Influence of New Media on Ideological and Political Education of College Students and CountermeasuresLanyun HESouthwestern University of Finance and EconomicsAbstract: This paper first analyzes the impact of the new media on the ideological and political education of college students, puts forward a variety of problems ex-isting in the current teaching management work, and analyzes the effective coun-termeasures to solve the existing problems in combination with the requirements of the new media era for the teaching management work in colleges and universities, hoping to play a positive role in the overall development of ideological and politi-cal education work in colleges and universities in our country.Keywords: New media; College students; Ideological and political education; In-fluence; Countermeasures DOI: 10.47297/wspciWSP2516-252710.202004031. Introductionith the development of the times, the social demand for talents has alsochanged in an all-round way. At present, college students need to face more fierce competition, and through the development of ideological and political educa-tion activities in c olleges and universities, it can increase students’ understanding of society, cultivate students’ good values and ideas, so as to improve students’ core competitiveness, which is also the main goal of current college education. The ar-rival of the new media era has also impacted and affected the ideological and political education of college students to a certain extent. This also requires the ideological and political teachers in colleges and universities to be aware of the problems existing in the current teaching management work, and construct more targeted teaching man-agement strategies, so as to carry out a variety of teaching work smoothly.About the author: Lanyun HE (1991-11), Female, Han, Guangyuan SiChuan Master De-gree Candidate, Reach Assistant, Research Area: Hiher Education Management Ideologi-cal and Political Education.W All Rights Reserved.Creativity and Innovation Vol.4 No.3 20202. The Influence of New Media Era on Ideological and PoliticalEducation of College Students(1) It is difficult to understand the real thoughts of college students.With the coming of the new media era, the scope and channels of college Stu-dents’ communicat ion have fundamentally changed. In addition to the interactionwith teachers, students also have more ways to contact people and things in societyto experience different feelings. Virtual network has also become a new way. Thenew media era has brought network platforms and electronic equipment to collegestudents, which directly leads college students to devote more time and energy tonew media communication. Some college students will be more willing to venttheir dissatisfaction and resentment in life t o the network. In addition, China’s su-pervision and management of the network is relatively limited, and the binding ef-fect on college students’ thoughts and consciousness is not obvious.In this case,the ideological and political education work of college students will be more andmore difficult, because they cannot grasp the real ideas of students. Many studentsappear submissive and gentle, in fact, their outlook on life and values are changedby the network environment, which also brings certain obstacles to the smooth de-velopment of ideological and political education of college students [1].All Rights Reserved.(2) Lack of Controllability in Teacher EducationNow, college students have been able to skillfully use new media technology, and they are more willing to receive knowledge and technology that the school willnot teach through new media technology channels. Under the new media era, ideo-logical and political education for college students must be able to build effectivecommunication bridges between teachers and students. However, under variousrestrictions and influences, many teachers make less use of new media than stu-dents, which also leads to teachers being often in a passive state in learning newknowledge. In the early stage of the development of new media, the thoughts,knowledge and concepts transmitted by teachers in ideological and political teach-ing have been well known to students. This will lead to the lack of enthusiasm ofstudents, learning enthusiasm cannot be fully stimulated, and then reduce the qual-ity of Ideological and political education of college students. In the current era,college students pay more attention to new concepts, new culture, new technologyand new thoughts. If the teaching mode and teaching content of teachers are diffi-cult to m eet the actual needs of students, or can’t meet the interests and concerns ofstudents, then it will lead to the ideological and political education work difficult tocarry out smoothly.The Influence of New Media on Ideological and Political Education of CollegeStudents and Countermeasures(3) It is difficult to effectively manage the information contacted by collegestudents.The full application of new media technology provides a more effective guar-antee for information transmission, and college students can also break through theconstraints of time and space, publish and obtain a variety of information on thenetwork anytime and anywhere. However, the source, authenticity and values ofthe information are difficult to be supervised and managed. Once the students areinfluenced and bewitched by the bad information, they will have some cognitivedeviation. Although colleges and universities are continuously strengthening ideo-logical and political education, they cannot achieve the goal of screening and su-pervising the information that college students come into contact with, and can on-ly rely on students themselves to identify. College students in our country have alsobeen in a closed environment for a long time, their minds are not mature enough,their own control ability and ideology still need to be improved, and they are morevulnerable to the influence of bad information. This will also bring some obstaclesto the development of ideological and political education.3. The Application of New Media in Ideological and PoliticalEducation of College StudentsAll Rights Reserved.(1) Creating and Constructing a New Media Platform for Teacher-studentInteractionColleges and universities should be able to pay enough attention to the use of new media platforms, and build a platform for in-depth communication betweenteachers and students in combination with the overall goal of current teaching ac-tivities. At the same time, the school should be able to continuously standardize themanagement, provide an effective direction for the development of colleges anduniversities, clarify the current situation and requirements of education manage-ment, and build a new media platform that meets the learning and communicationneeds of students in the school, so as to fully understand the real thoughts of col-lege students and lay a more solid foundation for the development of ideologicaland political education in the school. Colleges and universities should also use theirown new media platform to carry out ideological and political education. Teachersshould combine their own teaching requirements, use new media technology to ob-tain students’ ide as and relevant information, master the real ideas of college stu-dents and formulate learning plans that are more in line with the needs of students.Through the new media technology to understand students’ ideological trends, tomaster students’ interest in learning and thinking trends, can make the teachingcontent and teaching plan more reasonable. In addition, ideological and politicalCreativity and Innovation Vol.4 No.3 2020teachers can also start from the students’ attention to celebrity news and promotethe comprehensive development of Ideological and political education in Collegesand universities through celebrity effect. For example, teachers can collect the pos-itive materials of singers or actors that college students generally like as teachingcases, and put them on the new media platform to carry out interactive communica-tion between teachers and student s, so as to stimulate students’ interest in learningand promote the continuous improvement of education quality.(2) Perfect the Ideological and Political Education System of New MediaTeachers’ teaching content in the new media era often lacks due contro llability.When using new media tools to carry out ideological and political education, amore standardized ideological and political education system should be establishedto ensure that the teaching direction, teaching forms and teaching methods canmeet the teaching objectives, thus promoting the efficient implementation of ideo-logical and political education in colleges and universities. On the other hand, it isalso necessary to optimize and improve the teaching management system in com-bination with the teaching management situation of colleges and universities andthe actual needs of students, clarify the application authority and application stand-ards of new media technology, master the learning requirements of students, and doAll Rights Reserved.a good job in the education positioning of teachers. In addition, it is also necessaryto constantly improve teachers’ new media literacy, so they can have a strongercontrol of new media technology, and ensure that they have sufficient judgmentover new knowledge, so that they can better communicate with students throughnew media technology, so as to shorten the distance between teachers and students.(3) Constantly Improving the New Media Literacy of Ideological and Politi-cal TeachersIn order to improve the quality of ideological and political education in an all-round way, we need to strengthen teachers’ media literacy, continuously enrichteachers’ knowledge reserve, and provide teachers with training op portunities fornew media technologies. Through continuous learning and progress, teachers cangrasp the trends and pace of the development of the times in time and have a deeperunderstanding of students’ real thoughts and intentions[2]. At present, the speed ofstudents’ acquisition of news and knowledge has far exceeded th e speed of teach-ers’ teaching. If teachers still adopt the traditional ideological and political teachingmode, the whole curriculum system will lose its attraction to students, and it is dif-ficult to stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm and obtain the expected teachingeffect. This requires teachers to have a comprehensive grasp of the application ofnew media technology, To obtain more cutting-edge information with brand-newtechnologies, to understand the hot content that students pay attention to, and toThe Influence of New Media on Ideological and Political Education of CollegeStudents and Countermeasures learn knowledge that students pay more attention to, and to optimize the teachingsystem in an all-round way in combination with the main purpose of the currentideological and political education in colleges and universities, so as to providenecessary guarantee for the smooth development of ideological and political educa-tion in colleges and universities.(4) Perfect the Supervision and Management Mechanism of New MediaColleges and universities should do a good job in guiding the use of new me-dia technology. Although the new media technology can play a role in enrichingteaching resources, in many cases, the information contains some false and distort-ed values of information, whi le students’ acceptance and choice ability are limitedand are easily affected by some bad information. When carrying out ideologicaland political education in Colleges and universities, it is necessary to continuouslyenhance the influence of high-tech media technology, give full play to the positiverole of relevant technologies, create a better atmosphere for students to use, andenable them to receive more positive education. Not only that, but also to continu-ously improve the new media education management mechanism, from the per-spective of colleges and universities themselves, constantly standardize the man-agement behavior, management characteristics, and on this basis, integrate newAll Rights Reserved.media technology to regulate the behavior of both teachers and students. On theother hand, in order to be able to build a more perfect early warning managementmechanism, the new media technology has a certain degree of openness, and a lotof information is difficult to be effectively transmitted, which requires colleges anduniversities to guide students’ emotions in a timely manner, effecti vely control thebad atmosphere, so as to make the ideological and political education work moretargeted and effective.4. ConclusionNew media has been widely used in the management of ideological and polit-ical education in colleges and universities, and has played a more positive role.This also requires colleges and universities to be able to clarify the current educa-tion environment, grasp the direction and trend of ideological and political educa-tion, establish more correct teaching objectives, and constantly strengthen the useof new media technology from many aspects, improve the perfection and effec-tiveness of teaching system construction, and provide more comprehensive guar-antee for the comprehensive improvement of college s tudents’ comprehensivequality.Creativity and Innovation Vol.4 No.3 2020Works Cited[1] YANG Haoran. “Analysis and Countermeasures of the Influence of New Media onIdeological and Political Education of College Students”. Youth, 2020 (11): 184.[2] LIU Jiangying, Fang Xiuying. “Analysis and Countermeasures of the Influence ofNew Media on Ideological and Political Education of College Students”. ReporterObservation, 2019 (24): 38.All Rights Reserved.。
雅思2009年写作题
2009年写作题审题2009年1月10日1. Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is having an opposite effect. What is your opinion?2009年1月15日2. Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from others sources (such as the Internet, television).To what extent do you agree or disagree?2009年1月17日3. Today, people can work and live in anywhere they want, because of the improvement of communication technology and transport. Do advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?2009年2月7日4. Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve the poverty, so rich countries should give other types of help to the poor countries rather than the financial aid.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2009年2月12日5. Development in technology causes environmental problems. Some people believe the solution in these problems is everyone accepts a simpler way of life, while others say that technology can solve these problems. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2009年2月21日6. Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to be solved, while others think that individuals cannot solve these environmental problems unless they make some action. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2009年2月28日7. Some people believe that we should increase the number of sports facilities to improve public health; others believe that it has little effects and need other measures to improve it. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2009年3月5日8. Newspapers have an enormous influence in people’s opinions and ideas. Why and do you think it is positive or negative situation?2009年3月7日9. Some people think music plays an important role in society. Others think it is it is simply a form of entertainment. Discuss both sides of this argument and give your own opinion.2009年3月14日10. More and more students choose to go to another country for their highereducation. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with it?2009年3月21日11. Some people think it is more important to spend public money on promoting healthy lifestyle in order to prevent illness than to spend it on the treatment for people who are already ill. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2009年4月4日12. Nowadays，people live in the society where consumer goods are cheaper to buy. Do you think its advantages outweigh disadvantages?2009年4月18日13. If a product is good or it meets people needs, people will buy it. So advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2009年4月25日14. Some people think that computers and the Internet are more important for a child's education than going to school. But others believe that schools and teachers are essential for children to learn effectively. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2009年4月30日15. Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people. But others think the purpose of museums is to educate, not to entertain.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2009年5月9日16. Some people believe that teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects. But, others believe that teenagers should focus on the subject that they are best at or that they find the most interest.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2009年5月16日17. It has been believed that people who read for pleasure have developed imagination and good language skills than people who prefer to watch TV. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2009年5月21日18. A hundred years ago, people think that human race is steadily improving in every area of life. Now it seems this is not certain in that situation. In which areas do you think we have made important progress nowadays? In which areas do you think we still need to make progress? 2009年5月30日19. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are the main sources in many countries, but in some countries the use of alternative sources of energy (wind energy and solar energy) are encouraged. To what extent do you think it is a positive or negative development?2009年6月11日20. The food travels thousands of miles from farm to consumer. Some people think it would be better to our environment and economy if people only ate local produced food. To what extent do the advantages outweigh disadvantages?2009年6月13日21. Report research suggests that majority of criminals who were sent to prison would commit crimes when set free. What do you think of this case? What to be done to solve this problem?2009年6月20日22. Some believe that those who are not talented in language learning should not be required to learn a foreign language. Do you think schools should require students to learn a foreign language?2009年6月27日23. Developing countries require international organizations’help. Some people think that financial aid is important. However, others believe that practical aid and advice is more important. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2009年7月4日24. Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore some people think financial support from governments should be only provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree?2009年7月11日25. Many people think that companies and private individuals, not governments, should pay for the pollution they have produced.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2009年7月23日26. Some people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive changes to the world. To what extent do you agree?2009年7月25日27. Some people think students should go to boarding schools instead of living at home. Do you agree?2009年8月8日28. The development of technology has changed the way people interact with each other. In which ways does it change the types of relationship that people make with each other? Does it have positive or negative effect on society?2009年8月13日29. The subjects and lesson contents for children are decided by the authorities, such as central government. Some people think that teachers should decide these for students. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?2009年8月22日30. The news media are increasingly influential today. To what extent do you think this is positive development?2009年8月29日31. When we travel to foreign countries, we tend to see the same things as we see in our home countries. What are the causes of this phenomenon and do you think this is positive or negative?2009年9月5日32. Some people think that students should go to college for further education. However, some others claim that students should go to learn the skills such as fixing cars or construction. What is you opinion? 2009年9月12日33. Caring for children is an important thing of the society. It is suggested that all mothers and fathers should be required to take childcare training courses. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2009年9月17日34. Do you think giving criminals longer terms in prison is a good way to reduce crimes?2009年10月8日35. Some people think family members have stronger influence on children than teachers and friends. Do you agree?2009年10月10日36. Some people think the production of consumer goods damages the environment. Do you agree?2009年10月24日37. Some people think university education should prepare students for employment while others think it should help students acquire theoretical knowledge. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2009年10月31日36.Environmental problems are too serious for individuals to solve. Only governments and big companies can solve them. Do you agree?2009年11月7日37.There is a higher rate of juvenile delinquency（youth crime）today. What are the causes and what are your solutions?2009年11月14日38.Professionals such as doctors, nurses and teachers should be paid more than sports and entertainment personalities. To what extent do you agree?2009年11月18日40. Some people think governments should introduce new technology to improve the lives in developing countries while others think they should provide free education to achieve that. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2009年11月21日40. International organizations have failed to help everyone who needshelp so they should only focus on helping communities and countries. To what extent do you agree?2009年12月3日41. Some people prefer to have temporary jobs and only work for few months in a year and then use the rest of time to do what they want to do. To what extent do you think the advantages of doing this outweigh the disadvantages?2009年12月5日42. People now throw aways things that are broken. But in the past, people repaired broken items and continued to use them. What are the causes of this phenomenon and what are its effects?2009年12月12日43. Only employees can benefit from working at home, but not employers.Do you agree or disagree?。
5.媒体类雅思
5. 媒体题材Media引言媒体类话题主要包括：电视、报纸、杂志、网络等。
近些年常考的话题有人们购买商品是因为需要，广告没有必要，作用仅仅是娱乐，是否同意？儿童广告有很多的负面效应，应该禁止。
读书比看电视更能激发想象力和培养语言技巧是否同意？是否同意新闻传媒的影响是负面的？报纸对于人们看待问题方式和行为的影响。
媒体对青少年的影响等。
媒体是否应该详细报道犯罪（媒体和犯罪相结合的话题）G类话题偏重于电视对青少年的影响。
媒体题目真题再现20080816 Detailed description of crimes on newspaper and TV can have bad consequences on society, so this kind of information should be restricted on media. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 关键词解读：媒体是否应限制犯罪细节媒体报道涉(media coverage/ report)及到（媒体media，罪犯criminals/ law breakers/ offenders，受害者(victims)，观众(audiences/ viewers)-小孩(children/ kids)或青少年(teenagers/ adolescents)、年青人young people/ young adults）Agree: 1）对罪犯将来重新做人不利(….makes it harder for criminals to be accepted by the society/ community)2）受害者会产生负面情绪，情感上难以接受报道内容(It is emotionally unacceptable for the victim(s) and their family to see or to know that the detailed report of their nightmarish experience has been publicized/ made public) + (Indeed/ In other words/ By this I mean that, knowing that their painful experience goes on the paper or screen is sure to leave profound psychological trauma on the victim(s) for forever)3）造成观众恐慌(panic)（或对小孩和青少年产生负面影响，久而久之，会对他们的性格(shape their personality, values and attitudes)，价值观等造成影响。