GRE作文模板
GRE写作提分必备高分模板介绍
GRE写作提分必备高分模板介绍常有同学会问，GRE考试作文分数低怎么办?在解决这个问题前，大家先需要明确的是，造成作文分数低的缘由有许多，找到正确的缘由，下面我就和大家共享GRE写作提分必备高分模板正确使用方法介绍,盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧!GRE写作提分必备高分模板正确使用方法介绍解决新GRE写作分数低的几条建议1.有的放矢，充分预备。
在备考新GRE作文过程中要多预备例子，并把它们一一写下来，进行分类。
一个例子往往可以应对好几个同类的题目，这样做是效率最高的方法。
2.万事开头难，迈出第一步。
我们都可怕写新GRE作文，想到要练习写一整篇文章，往往就没有了信念。
其实我们可以从练习写作开头段，然后设计文章的提纲开头。
写开头段能够让我们以轻松一点的心情着手新GRE写作的预备，并且快速了解全部的题目，由于GRE 考试的题目数量是固定的。
3. 储备乐观词汇，用时得心应手。
从备考的开头就要着手增加working vocabulary, 当然也包含词组，成语。
平常背的词汇往往只是看到它能知道其中文的某个翻译意思，但是我们却不能敏捷运用这些词汇进行表达，更不用说在短暂的GRE写作考试时间内用它们遣词造句了。
所以，对于一些写作中常常用到的词汇、词组和成语，大家需要把握的不仅是基本的辨识力量，对于其用法也要能有所了解，记忆的时候结合句子进行背诵，在平常训练时也要加强运用方面的实际练习，这样才能做到信手拈来，挥洒自如。
GRE作文模板使用方法1. 确定文章主体框架结构，包括引出观点和总结观点的词汇，句式。
2. 确定论证过程的框架，每个支持段落都有各自的论证模式，举例，因果，对比等，确定到论证的规律引导词上;3. 通过改写句子，采纳合适的词汇代替以上两步的成果;4. 转变句式，将各类语法结构加入其中：倒装，独立主格结构，虚拟语气等。
5. 中间各段：提出分论点解释分论点总结分论点/联系主观点，即在每个分段的最终总结一下分论点和主观点之间的联系。
GRE作文5.5分轻松备考：ARGUMENT写作模板
GRE作文5.5分轻松备考：ARGUMENT写作模板ARGUMENT 模板1．开头·In this argument the author comes to the conclusion that ．．．·To justify the claim, the author points out that．．．·The author also cites that ．．．．·Close scrutiny of this argument reveals that it is unconvincing in several aspects．2．中间三段过渡词·First and foremost, ．．．·In addition, ．．．·Finally, ．．．3．结尾·In sum, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading．·To mak e it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to substantiate that ．．．and that ．．．．·Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of this argument until the author can provide more information about （why．．．and whether．．．）．4．survey·The survey must be showed to be reliable before I can accept any conclusion the author reaches based upon it．·However, the arguer fails to prove that the responses are accurate or that the respondents are statistically significant in number．·Additio nally, whether the sample is representative enough to reflect the overall attitudes in termsof ．．．deserves to doubt．·Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusion about ．．．based on the survey．5．false analogy·Even assuming that (别的)．．．are/is attributed to the implementation of ．．．, the author commits a false analogy in assuming that by the same means AAA will achieve the same result as BBB dose．·The arguer fails to consider possible differences between AAA and BBB, which might help to bring about a different result for AAA．·In fact, it is entirely possible that ．．．·Perhaps ．．． Or perhaps ．．．·Without accounting for these and other possible dissimilarities any analogy between the two ．．．is premature and the arguer can not assume that ．．．would bring about the same result in XX as ．．．did．6．他因·The argument unfairly claims that AAA is the result of BBB-rather than some other phenomenon．·The arguer ignores a host of other possible reasons for AAA．·Perhaps CCC． Or perhaps DDD．·In short, without ruling out all other possible explanations for AAA, the author cannot convince me that by xBBB ．．． -let alone ．．．·或者 Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for AAA, the article's author cannot make any sound inference (recommendations to ．．．) based on AAA．7．Post hoc, ergo propter hoc·The author commits a fallacy of "Post (Cum) hoc, ergo propter hoc" in assuming that BBB is the very cause of AAA．·Although BBB occurred before (at the same time with) AAA, the only evidence is insufficient to prove a causal relationship．·In order to establish a general causal relationship between BBB and AAA, other factors that might lead to AAA should be considered and eliminated．·For example, CCC or DDD．·The author's failure to investigate or even take into account other possible reasons for AAA renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect．8．解决途径·Even if that … may to some extent help to solve the problems, there is still another problem with the argument that the author unfairly assumes that ．．．is the only means of achieving the desired result．·The article's author overlooks other possible means of ensuring that ．．．-such as ．．．, ．．．, and so forth．·Without weighing the proposal against and ruling out alternative means of achieving the same goal, the author cannot convince me that ．．．is needed．9．局部结论用于整体·The argument assumes that the AAA refl ects (are representative of) thegeneral trend upon which the argument relies．·Yet the author fails to give any evidence to justify this assumption．·Perhaps ．．． Or perhaps ．．．·In short, lacking evidence that AAA are typical in terms of ．．．the author cannot convince me that ．．．10．整体规律用于个体或局部·The nationwide study showing clear trends among two-income families toward dining out and eating healthily does not necessarily apply specifically to Bay City．·It is quite possible that Bay City’s two-income families do not follow these general trends．·For that matter, in Bay City the trend might be justthe opposite．·Thus, the nationwide trends that the argument cites Uamount to scant evidence U that Bay City residents in particular would frequent a new seafood restaurant in their city．11．盈利问题·Even if Bay City families flock to the new seafood restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily beprofitable as a result．·Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense．·Thus, it is entirely possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtainting high-quality, healthful seafood, or of promoting the new restaurant, might render it unprofitable despite its popularity．·In short, without more information about supply, demand, production costs and revenue, it is impossible to determine whether the company can earn a profit from …12．认为一切永恒不变·The author's inference rests on the poor assumptionthat during ．．．the ．．．has remained unchanged．·However, the arguer shows no evidence to support this assumption．·It is entirely possible that ．．．or that ．．．·Indeed, the fact that ．．．might actually portend failure for ．．．，which might need to ．．．13．非此即彼·The argument suffers from “either-or” reasoning．·Based on the fact that Monroe town residents are opposed to Brown’s proposed tax cut, the author unfairly concludes that they must be in favor of Green’s proposal．·However, the author overlooks the possibility tha t Monroe town residents are not in favor of either proposal．14．对比实验问题①要么U初态U不确定②要么实验过程有U其他干扰因素15．其他·攻击后果·调查信息不完整·缺乏比较的错误·自相矛盾。
gre作文模版及20个经典句子
ArgumentThis argument is well presented yet far-fetched. It lays a claim that ... Nevertheless, the argument is in effect definitely unreasonable due to several flaws after a close scrutiny, albeit it may appear plausible at a cursory glance.First off, a threshold problem arises in this argument that ...However, this contention is open to a number of interpretations. ... We would never know if ...Hence, without accounting for and ruling out other likely scenarios, by no means could the author contend that ...Moreover, even though the author might be able to provide evidence for us to deduce a solution to the problem presented above afterwards, the argument still maintains ill-conceived. Another problem could be located that ... It may be ... but it's totally possible that ... To corroborate his point, the author should pay a close heed to as well as cope with the representative possibilities mentioned above. Only the evidence of ... is the key to bolstering his recommendation.Ultimately, even if the foregoing assumptions might turn out to be supported by ensuing evidence, a crucial problem remains that ... But this doesn't make sense since ... In this light, it's reasonable to cast doubts upon the author's presumption which I reject as inadequate, in that ... For instance, the author omits to inform us that ... Pursuing this line of reasoning, it proves to be the author's responsibility to mull over his assumption and then furnish it with cogent evidence so as to pave the way for a more tenable argument.In retrospect, it seems precipitous for the author to jump to the conclusion based on a series of problematic premises. To dismiss the specter of implausibility of his recommendation, the author ought to come to grips with all existing flaws, such as... After all, feckless attempts with a fallible method could be nothing but a fool's errand. Thus, only by grasping the gist of this argument could the author draw a convincible conclusion.举例：for instance; for example; such as; consider the fact that;立即：immediately; for the time being; in no time; on the spot;鉴于此：for that matter; in that case; for that reason; as for;可能不是这样：(unfortunately)=>this is not necessarily the case;this is often/certainly not the case;this might not be the case;this need not be the case;common sense and experience tell us this is not the case/this assumption is a poor one;=>the argument fails to substantiate this assumption;perhaps ~that have nothing to do with~;this argument by analogy is wholly unpersuasive;this argument, nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of~ and the presumptuous correlation is unacceptable;=>although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption;if this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that~;lacking evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that ~;应该：would have to; should; ought to; must; have to; be required to; would be;根据总体的趋势：overall group of~; in general; as a whole; on the whole;断言：assert; claim; postulate; declare; affirm; emphasize; advocate;反映：indicate; reveal; reflect; demonstrate; imply; illustrate; infer; predict;可能性：possibility; likelihood (in all likelihood); alternative/alternative means of ~; explanation; occurence; validity; legitimacy; credibility;可行性：feasibility;Issue同意观点模版Nowadays, there is a controversial issue about _____. Depending on personal experiences and beliefs, we may find that some people hold the opinion that____, while others have an opposite attitude that____. As far as I am concerned, I agree that______. My view will be substantiated by following discussion.First of all, the most important reason for my view is that_____. To illustrate this, there is an appropriate example that is very persuasive: _____. Under this situation, it is obvious that____.In addition, there is another reason for me to express statement.______.Finally, as a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. Although I admit/concede that there are a couple of advantages of _____, I still think that the disadvantages of it are obvious.In the final analysis, given the reasons mentioned above, we may safely come to the conclusion that_____.issue不同意观点模版There is a universally accepted opinion that ________________, which is accordance with what the author asserted. As far as I am concerned, while I agree that____, I insist that_______ for these following reasons. / At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons.The first reason why I have such a view is that __________________. To illustrate this point clearly, we can see that _________________.For instance________________.The further reason is that _________________.There is an old saying that god helps those who help themselves, which is true in most cases.Last but not least, ________________.Admittedly, determining whether something should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. Different people have different answers due to their respective points of view.In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole, thus becoming more persuasive than each of them. So, any thinking person must believe reachIssue模版2开头：The speaker asserts that 题目.It has merit from a normative standpoint, and I agree insofar as 让步.However, the assertion is indefensible. 自己的观点. otherwise，sth might defeat its own purposes in the long term.True, the speaker’s assertion that题目的部分正确观点 is quite compelling, for two reasons. First, Indisputably, sth is part-and-parcel of sth…A telling example of this involves that…As a matter of fact, these examples are defying enumeration. Second,…Sth is a vital part, as expected in …as ink is to a pe n or wheels are to a car. Were it removed from sth, sth would….Beyond this concession, however, I disagree with the statement because it seems to recommend that…. Consider, for example, the mainstream field of computer semi-conductor technology. 排比最好.Numerous other instances of the same sort might be multiplied indefinitely, but this will suffice. (Sth can carry harmful consequences, for sb as well as sb.) In short,…Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that 题目的整个观点.两者的联系both positive and negative effects（A and B）among sth call for a balance. Can you imagine…? Can you imagine…? Can you imagine…?The second important reason why I disagree with the statement is that…结尾：In sum, I concede that 题目观点正确部分.Nonetheless, to some exte nt, the speaker's claim overrates/underrates the importance of sth…. In the final analysis, the optimal approach, in my view, is a balanced one that ….1、超越性的题目：现实与理想；眼前利益与长期利益；集体身份与人格独立；规约与自由，利己与利他、竞争与合作、客观束缚与主观能动人类之所以纠结，在于沉重的肉身和高傲的灵魂之间不可调和的矛盾。
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
gre argument 万能模板
gre argument 万能模板GRE Argument Essay 是 GRE 应试中的一道常见写作题型，测试者需要在30分钟内写出一篇 400-500 字的文章，分析一篇立论文章所存在的缺陷和不足，并提供改善建议和解决方案。
因此，对于考生来说，真正掌握一种适用于大部分问题的万能模板，就显得尤为重要。
在下文中，将为大家提供一种适用于 GRE Argument Essay 的万能模板，包括文章结构、段落构成以及各段该包含的内容。
一、文章结构GRE Argument Essay 主要由以下三个部分组成：引言、主体段和结论。
考生可以根据这个基本框架进行调整，以适应特定的题目。
引言：介绍问题背景或引入立论观点，同时提出自己的观点和论点；主体段：分析、批判和反驳原论点，提供支持自己观点的证据和数据；结论：总结以上观点和证据，并得出自己的结论和建议。
二、段落构成1. 引言段在 GRE Argument Essay 中，引言段主要包括三个部分：背景介绍、引起立论观点和自我声明。
这部分主要是为了让读者对于问题背景有一个基本了解，同时了解考生的立论观点和主张。
典型的引言段可以采用以下模板：致读者：这篇文章的主旨是针对 XXXX 问题提出改善方案，并证明这个方案的可行性和有效性。
在本文中，作者将阐述自己的观点，并提供证据、数据和案例支持自己的论点。
本文旨在启发读者思考并提供有价值的见解，希望能够引起读者的共鸣和反思。
2. 主体段在 GRE Argument Essay 的主体段中，考生需要评估并反驳原来立论的观点和论证，以支持自己的观点。
一个完整的主体段可以分成以下三个部分：1）阐述原立论观点对于原立论观点，需要进行阐明，并简洁明了地说明其缺陷和问题所在。
2）评估原立论观点分析分析原立论观点的强弱之处，包括其先决条件、假设、漏洞等因素，以证明其不足和局限性。
3）支持自己的观点指出自己的观点和论点，并提供必要的支持证据和数据，在引出下一个主体段或结论段之前，要对本段的主要论点进行总结和概括。
gre写作issue模板
gre写作issue模板当涉及GRE写作issue模板时，以下是一个常用的模板：1.引言：简要描述讨论的主题，并提出针对该主题的争议或问题。
2.背景信息：提供相关的背景资料，以便读者能够更好地理解讨论的上下文。
3.观点一：阐述第一个观点，包括其优势和劣势，并提供支持该观点的理由和例证。
4.观点二：阐述第二个观点，同样包括其优势和劣势，并提供支持该观点的理由和例证。
5.反驳观点：回应可能存在的反对意见或观点，并提供进一步的解释和例证。
6.结论：总结以上的讨论，强调自己的立场，并提供一些概括性的陈述。
下面是一个示例模板：1.引言：近年来，越来越多的人开始关注环境保护这一全球性的问题。
然而，有人认为采取环境友好型的生活方式对个人来说过于困难和不切实际。
2.背景信息：在当今世界，人类活动对环境造成了严重的负面影响，例如气候变化、空气污染、资源枯竭等。
因此，环境保护已经成为一个迫切的问题。
3.观点一：采取环境友好型的生活方式对个人来说是有困难和不切实际的。
例如，购买环保产品通常比传统产品更昂贵，限制开车或飞行会给人们的生活和工作带来不便等。
4.观点二：然而，采取环境友好型的生活方式对于保护地球和未来世代的生存至关重要。
例如，选择可再生能源、减少能源消耗、鼓励循环利用等措施都可以减少环境污染并延缓资源枯竭。
5.反驳观点：尽管采取环境友好型的生活方式可能面临一些困难和不便，但这些牺牲是值得的。
我们应该更加关注长远利益，而不仅仅追求短期的个人舒适和方便。
6.结论：在面对环境保护这一全球性的挑战时，每个人都应该为了未来世代的生存而采取环境友好型的生活方式。
尽管这可能会带来一些困难和不便，但这是我们应尽的责任和义务。
请注意，这只是一个示例模板，实际写作时可以根据具体题目和观点进行灵活调整。
在GRE写作中，重要的不仅是表达清晰，还需要有逻辑性和充分的支持材料。
GRE考试作文部分及经典句型
GRE考试作文部分及经典句型GRE考试作文部分精华模板及经典句型导语：以下是小编整理的'GRE作文的一些经典模板，考生备考时可以借鉴，希望考生能加强记忆这些模板，在GRE作文部分定会有质的飞跃。
正文：For instance … since … what’s more … etc。
and how well it represented the public opinions。
The sample of the survey is not representative。
样本太小the sample is too small to.。
光数字没比例the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization。
It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets。
有的病人会对抗生素过敏the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that就算怎样，也不怎样The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types。
GRE作文常用模板(1)
GRE作文常用模板(1)GRE作文常用模板(1) GRE作文常用模板(1) 发布时间：2006-05-13*****每篇必用的经典词******必然类：necessarily ensure warrant guarantee causal明显类：conspicously obviously clearly apparently怀疑类：doubtly unconvincing unacceptable unwarranted unfounded可能类：possible probably likelyThere is a good chance that...It is more likely that...It is equally possible that...因果类：result in result from therefore as a result转折类：even though however otherwize其他类：As we all know....A great deal of emprical evidence shows that....It dosen’t follow that...The fact tells very little about ....Another assumption short of legitimacy is that....*****模板之8大逻辑错误******以下只是我在写作中常用的几个模板，仅供参考。
1.A gruondless survey/studyThe validity of the survy is open to doubt.The survey lacks representativeness...There is no specific information about the survy...Without knowing how the survey was done,how it represents the public opnionWho conducted the survy?who responded?how the pool was conducted?The opinon lacks representativenss of overall attitudes based on which we can make any general judgement about the conclusion....In absence of specific information about the survey,it’s impossible for us to evaluate the argument.2.OversiplificationThe arguer commits a fallacy of oversimplification.There are several major factors contribute to the XXX other than YYY ,such as/for instance ZZZ, all of which are ignored by the arguer.As we know ,XXX depends on many factors ,such as ZZZ, which are unknown from the argument.The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between XXX and YYY .For example ,YYY may also help explain XXX.Factors such as AA and BB both have some bearing on XXX.Actually,the recommendation that YYYY as the only way to XXX most likellly turn out to be ineffective and somewhat misleading.GRE作文常用模板(1) 相关内容:。
GRE考试：issue写作指导(提纲 模板)
GRE考试：issue作文重点题目和提纲gre issue 提纲“It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.”只相信智力是危险的。
【分析题目】拿到一个题目后，我们不要忙于去写，一定要先对题目进行详细的分析。
通过题目我们知道主要论证的是intelligence的作用，因此，智力是这个题目最关键的突破点。
【提纲1】A. 无可否认的，智力因素在各个领域都很重要，无论是自然科学还是社会科学。
(论据1)Undoubtedly, intelligence plays an important role in many realms, including the natural science and the social sciences.B.要想成功光靠智力是远远不够的，还有很多其他的因素如勤奋、勇敢等。
(论据2)Intelligence by itself is not enough for one to succeed; many other factors such as diligence and courage must be taken into consideration.C.应该在此二者之间寻求平衡，即将两者结合起来。
We should strive for a balance between intelligence and emotion, that is, combine them with each other.【提纲2】Position: Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.1、In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.2、However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.3、Sometimes our intuition can give us valuable assistance in making a judgment.GRE考试：issue字数gre issue 字数要求是怎样的?很多考生担心考试时issue 字数上不去。
GRE作文Argument模板+错误分类
34，72，79，88，105，114，126，129，133，145，153，154，211，227，23223, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果The most important problem is the underlying assumption that it is ...that resulted in ... The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however, we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )Many other factors could also lead to ... which might include ... Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that ...is the actual cause of ...1，53，59，60，72，75，90，91，101，105，129，142，153，173，23824, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果The author concludes that ...is responsible for ... the assumption is based on the mere fact that ...occurred after ...however, the sequence of the two events, in itself, does not sufficiently prove that the former caused the later one.(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )...might has resulted from other factors, such as ...Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author could not establish a causal relationship between ...and ...2，9，16，25，30，92，99，102，110，119，123，170，180，195，205，215，218，230，237，239，242证据25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足The author claims that...by showing that....however, but this piece of information in itself is far from sufficient to demonstrate the assumption that...Although (the information provided by the author) may has some relation with ... (we need more critical important information about the case studied. ) More solid evidence are needed before we could be convinced that ...5，6，7，14，18，23，24，27，29，31，33，36，37，40，44，46，47，52，54，56，57，58，61，67，69，70，73，74，81，93，94，110，111，115，117，130，131，136，138，143，148，150，155，157，165，171，179，190，193，198，201，202，204，211，213，223，231，236，237，238，241Failing to consider the credibility of the evidence:46，47，66，72，76，88，118，136，151，176，22626, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption. (many other possibilities might render the assumption suspect. )Given other possibilities about... the author could not hastily assumes that...6，8，11，12，13，14，15，17，21，22，23，25，28，33，50，53，56，62，64，66，67，74，75，78，83，84，86，87，88，89，90，91，92，95，100，101，102，104，105，108，110，112，113，114，118，120，121，122，125，126，127，128，129，130，132，134，136，137，140，142，144，145，146，148，151，152，156，157，160，161，163，164，169，170，172，174，177，178，179，181，191，192，194，195，19 7，202，204，205，206，208，210，212，216，218，219，221，222，223，225，228，231，235，236，239，24227, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药One problem involves the definition of ...The author fails to give a clear definition of ... thus we could not evaluate if... (the definition might be different from what we commonly consider the term to be )As we commonly accept, ually means ... Therefore, if ...is defined as ... then ... is irrelevant to (the author’s conclusion)In one word, without a clear definition of ... it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.53，72，81，91，105，141，153，167，179，195，196，211，219，223，226，239。
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1 调查The survey that the argument cites is potentially problematic in three respects.Firstly,the author does not provide complete information concerning……in illustrating that …The author only informs us that …,but we care more about is that…..which is no t provided by the author.However,some other substantial information are needed for us to access the soundness of the argument.There exists the possibility that the conclusion would vary greatly when other conditions varied.For lack of detailed information about……we can hardly evaluate……Secondly,the sample of the survey cited in the argument is too small because the author provides only N samples of the general population.The limited sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about……Without addi tional samples from diverse geographic locations,I cannot accept the author’s generalization about……Thirdly,we should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of ……It is entir ely possible that people incl ined to ……were more likely to respond to the survey and more willing to express their own opinions than other people.Other people who did not respond may hold a totally different position toward the issue studied,and the author should include those people in the study to present a more convincing result.Without knowing whether the sample studied was representative of the overall population ,it is impossible to confidently apply the results to that population.2 错误因果①没有因果关系，是其他因素所导致The author unfairly ass umes that it is ……that resulted in ……But we can find no concrete evidence to substantiate the inevitable relationship betwe en…and ….The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pe r haps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.②同时发生不为因果The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in …….. The assumption is based on the mere fact that the two events occurred during the same period.However,we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pe r haps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.③前后发生不为因果The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in ……..The assumption is based on the mere fact that ….occurred after…. The author overlooks other f actors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pe r haps,……..Since the author has failed to consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.3 错误类比①认为适合A也适合BIn the argument the author recommends A to carry out same(policies,actions,solutions)on…as B,but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated.The author fails to illustrate that A and B are similar enough at every aspect and are indeed comparable.While it is true that A and B share some common ground on ……,there are still some obvious differences between them.Many differences may exist between A and B,thus there may be the possibility that the(policies,actions,solutions)proved to be effective for A might not have the same effectiveness for B.In short ,without accounting for possible differences between…and…,the director cannot convince me that this recommendation for…is sound.②错误对比AB，A不一定比B好The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in …….,but the comparison between A and B is incomplete.Th e author only compares……However,there may be other factors which would bring about totally different result for the comparison.Without any further consideration about these factors,the author could not convince us that A is better than B in certain aspect merely based on an incomplete comparison.③过去不能推未来In the argument the author suggests that we can solve current problems or achieve current goals through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of the method depend have remained unchanged during the past N years.However,many conditions and factors could have varied greatly.Thus,the method proved to be effective in the past might not have the same effectiveness in current days /in the future.Without taking into account all these constantly changing factors,the author could not convince us that the proposed solution could be used to solve current problems successfully.④没考虑其他变量The author unfairly assumes that it is ….that resulted in ….The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that mightaffect ….remained unchanged during the same period.(The speaker must also assure me that the study was performed in a controlled environment where all factors possibly affecting ….remained unchanged. )The author overlooks other factors that might have contributed to ……..Perhaps,……..Pe r haps,……..Since the author has failed t o consider and rule out these possibilities,the assertion that …cannot be taken seriously.⑤偷换概念错误地用A来证明BIn illustrating the assumption that….the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization:The author cites A to prove B,however,A is not a good indication ofB.Obviously,there are basic differences between A and B,thus A could not be properly used to illustrate B.The author ought to make careful and clear differentiation between A and B before we could evaluate it.4 解决办法①解决办法不够有力The author assumes that the proposed actions are both sufficient and necessary for achieving certain goal.However,to solve the problem successfully,many other fundamental requirements must be fulfilled.Furthermore ,many other available methods besides the author’s proposa l could also be used to achieve the same purpose.Before the author make a careful and thorough comparison between the effectiveness of his own proposal and other possible methods,the author’s proposal shou ld not be hastily carried out.②没有考虑解决方法所带来的坏处In claiming that … the author needs to do more comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the proposal.Although the proposal could be adopted to solve the problem to a certain degree,carrying out the proposal may actually bring about more harmful effects ignored by the author..Perhaps,…Perhaps…..Before the author make a careful and thorough research on the effects of the proposal,the author’s proposal shou ld not be hastily carried out.③二者选一，没有考虑其他解决办法The author simply assumes that the situation would be either A or B,while the two…are not necessarily mutually exclusive.Many other solutions could be more justifiable.For instance ,….Before ruling out all the possibilities above,the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible solutions/choices for us to accept.5开头In this argument,the speaker concludes that …To justify this conclusion the speaker cites a recent survey of …citizens/students suggesting that …The author also concludesthat …..This argument depends on several unsubstantiated assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.6结尾In conclusion, the argument unfairly assumes that ......To streng then the argument ,the author must provide clear evidence that.......The author must also provide clear evidence that...In order to evaluate the argument,we should need more information about (I)would also need to know……对样本调查的要求To better evaluate the realiza bility of the study upon which the author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size and makeup of the study’s sample. 7引证段落The major problem with this argument is that…Another point worth considering is that…Before I come to my conclusion,it is necessary to point out another flaw appeared in the argument.8 利润问题Even if the author’s prop osal could be carried out effectively,we still could not hastily assume that …will necessarily earn a substantial profit,as the author predicted.To evaluate the profitability of …we should consider the function of both revenue andexpense.However,the author does not provide any single piece of information about the possible cost of carrying out the author’s proposal.If the cost of carrying out the proposal exceeds projected revenue,it would be profitless.So,without more information about the costs,it is imp ossible to assess whether carrying out the author’s proposal will be profitable.开头:①……②When it comes to …,there are always a host of different opinions held by different individuals from different areas.③Dose/Have….?④Admittedly,most people would cons ider that……⑤However,…中间段：①It’s true that the speaker’s assertion that…②Beyond this concession,however,I still cannot totally agree on this statement because it seems to recommend that…③Finally,and perhaps the most importantly…结尾：①In some,ev en though…,yet…②Actually…③延伸To sum up,I concede the speaker’s claim that…Nonetheless,it overrates the weightiness of…举例子：Examples are all around us.History are filled with the examples of…产生影响：It will exert remarkable influence on…常用句：Explosive development of science and technology has been made during the past one hundred years or so.。