Chapter 27 Flight Control
A320S ATA章节中英文对照表
独立空气分配
26
AVIONICS EQUIPMENT VENTILATION
电子舱通风
28
CARGO COMPARTMENT VENTILATION
货舱通风
30
PRESSURIZATION CONTROL
增压控制
31
PRESSURE CONTROL AND MONITORING
增压控制和监控
21
40 43
前货舱
36
AFT CARGO COMPARTMENT
后货舱
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WING, REAR FUSELAGE AND TAIL SECTIONS 大翼，后机身和尾部
42
CABIN
客舱
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CABIN
客舱
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SERVICING - GENERAL
勤务-概述
12
REPLENISHING
补充
11
FUEL
燃油
12
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
接通和内部监控
66
FLIGHT AUGMENTATION COMPUTER (FAC)
飞行增稳计算机(FAC)
67
FAC: ELECTRICAL AND HYDRAULIC POWER SUPPLY
飞行增稳计算机：电源和液压 源供应
22
68
FAC: DISCRETE/ANALOG INTERFACES
人工感觉力和方向舵行程限制 计算
62
RUDDER TRIM COMPUTATION
方向舵配平计算
63
YAW DAMPER COMPUTATION
偏航阻尼计算
64
CONFIGURATION AND OPERATIONAL SPEED COMPUTATION
TL-2000 Sting Sport 零件目录说明书
TL – 2000 Sting Sport
Illustrated parts catalog
03 – FLIGHT CONTROLS INSTALLATION
-2-
AILERON SYSTEM
TL – 2000 Sting Sport
Illustrated parts catalog
ITEM
PART NUMBER
1
E
STING – 3 – 7 R
Rod No.2- right wing
1
F
STING – 3 – 8 R
Rod No.1- right wing
1
G
Rocking lever No.1
2
H
Rocking lever No.2
2
I
Aileron -left
1
J
Aileron -right
1
1
ČSN 02 1143
ITEM
PART NUMBER
-5-
FLAP SYSTEM
TL – 2000 Sting Sport
Illustrated parts catalog
04 – FLIGHT CONTROLS INSTALLATION
-6-
FLAP SYSTEM
TL – 2000 Sting Sport
Illustrated parts catalog
Illustrated parts catalog
ITEM
PART NUMBER
NOMENCLATURE
H1
KR-TR 12x1
Spacer
1
2KLeabharlann -TR 10x1Spacer
民航英语900句大全
最新民航英语900句大全Part one Public English 第一部分公共英语Chapter 1 Basic English 基础英语Chapter 2 Daily English 日常英语Chapter 3 Tourism English 旅游英语Part two Specialized English 第二部分专业英语Chapter 4 Ground Handling Service English 地面服务英语Chapter 5 Air Cargo Service English 航空货运服务英语》Chapter 6 Security Screening Service English 安全检查服务英语Chapter 7 Control Centre Service English 指挥中心服务英语Chapter 8 Operation Support Service English 运行保障服务英语Chapter 9 Airport Aviation Catering Service English 航空食品服务英语Chapter 10 Aircraft Maintenance Service English 机务维修服务英语Part one Public English (第一部分公共英语)Chapter 1 Basis English (英语基础)^一、海航机场集团董事长Director of the Board/Board Chairman/Chairman of the Board 执行总裁Executive President执行副总裁Vice Executive President首席运营官COO财务总监Chief Finance Officer执行总裁助理Assistant to Executive President【二、首席官缩写词汇首席执行官CEO首席运行官COO首席安全官CSO首席商业运营官CCO首席财务官CFO首席人事训练官CHO首席培训官CTO…首席市场官CMO首席公共关系协调官CRO首席人事训练官CHO三、公司名称宜昌三峡机场有限责任公司Yichang Sanxia Airport CO.,LTD宜昌三峡机场航空食品公司Yichang Sanxia Airport Aviation Catering CO.,LTD :四、公司领导董事长Director of the Board/Board Chairman/Chairman of the Board 总经理General Manager副总经理Vice General Manager财务总监Chief Finance Officer总经理助理General Manage Assistant调研员Investigator and Researcher&五、部门名称综合管理部Comprehensive Administration Dept.总经理General Manager副总经理Vice General Manager主管Supervisor行政事务室Civil Service Office人力资源室Human Resources Office计划财务部Planning & Finance Dept.]会计核算室Accounting Office预算管理室Budget Management Office业务发展部Business Development Dept.广告公司Advertisement Company商业开发管理室Commerce Development and Management Office客货销售公司Passenger-cargo Sale Company指挥中心Control Center安全服务督察室Security and Service Inspection Center.值班经理室Office of Manager on Duty现场调度室Locale Dispatching Center急救中心First Aid Center安全检查站Security Screening Station安全检查室Security Screening Office消防中心Fire Control Center运行保障部Operation Support Dept.综合室Comprehensive Office！设备运行室Equipment Operation Office场务管理室Air Field Maintenance Office汽车服务中心Auto Service Center地面服务部Ground Handling Service Dept.商务室Business Affairs Office服务室Passenger Service Office六、日期和时间;星期：Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday星期一星期二星期三星期四星期五星期六星期日月份：January February March April May June July 一月二月三月四月五月六月七月August September October November December八月九月十月十一月十二月年月日：月日，年：eg，March 1st, 2001日月，年：eg，1st March, 2001》时间：hour小时minute分钟second秒四季：spring春季summer夏季autumn秋季winter冬季七、人称人称代词：单数：I you he she it (主格)me you him her it (宾格)复数：we you they (主格)《us you them (宾格)物主代词：形容词性：（单数）my your his her its(复数) our your their名词性：（单数）mine yours his hers its(复数) ours yours theirs反身代词：单数：myself yourself himself herself itself 复数：ourselves yourselves themselves、八、数字：基数词：one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred a thousand a million a billion序数词：first second third ……….九、方位east东west西south南north北southwest northwest southeast northeast、西南西北东南东北十、计算机常用单词file 文件path 路径text 文本program 程序disk 硬盘floppy 软盘disc 光盘memory 内存、存储器key 键driver 驱动器power 电源screen 屏幕configure 配置boot 引导byte 字节】format 格式化compress 压缩system 系统network 网络、联网speed 速度、加速scan 检测、扫描install 安装setup 设置option 选项、选择reset 复位restore 恢复lock 加密command 命令execute 执行save 保存type 显示、打字print 打印pause 暂停clean 清除delete 删除remove 删除、移动copy 复制paste 粘贴backup 备份}rename 改名open 打开quit 退出exit 退出esc 退出window 窗口input 输入output 输出十一、机场常用单词airport 机场fly area 飞行区terminal 候机楼apron 停机坪runway 跑道taxiway 滑行道passport 护照trailer 拖车tow-bar 拖把dolly 集装箱托板aircrew 机组captain 机长[purser 乘务长stewardess 乘务员passenger 旅客infant 婴儿customs 海关elevator 电梯child(children) 儿童taxiway link 滑行联络道checked baggage 托运行李travel document 旅行文件(air)ticket 机票(baggage)cart 手推车coffee house 咖啡厅store shop 商场first class 头等舱sterile area 隔离区first aid 急救中心restaurant 餐厅…VIP lounge 贵宾室security check 安检ID card 身份证delay flight 延误航班domestic departure hall 国内出发厅domestic arrival hall 国内到达厅international departure hall 国际出发厅international arrival hall 国际到达厅baggage checks(stub) 行李牌chartered flight 包机scheduled flight 定期航班unaccompanied child 无人陪伴儿童duty free shop 免税商店passenger step cars 客梯车follow-me car 引导车carry on baggage 手提行李]boarding pass 登机牌air traffic control tower 塔台information office 问询处multi-function room 多功能厅air(boarding、passenger)bridge 廊桥activity center 职工活动中心enterprise culture display room 企业文化展室assembly room 会议室Chapter 2 Daily English (日常英语)Greetings （称呼与问候）1．How do you do？你好！（初次见面时用）（回答也是一样）2．How are you today (these days) 你今天（近来）好吗（熟人）3. Fine, thank you. And you 很好，谢谢，你呢4. How’s everythin g at home 家中一切都好吗5. I’m just great. 好极了.6.Long time no see! How’s business, Mr. Dong 好久不见了，生意如何，董先生7.That’s OK, thanks. 还算好，谢谢.8.No, nothing much. So-so, thanks. 不，不怎么好.马马虎虎，谢谢./Farewell （告别）9.Good night, see you tomorrow. 晚安，明天见.10.See you later. 回头见.11.Goodbye. Have a nice trip. 再见，旅途愉快.12.I do hope you’ll come next time. 我真的希望你下次能来.13.Thanks for all your kind hospitality. 谢谢你们热情的招待.14.Welcome to Yichang again. Bye! 欢迎下次再来宜昌，再见.15.Have a pleasant journey and good luck. 祝您旅途愉快，一切顺利（祝您好运）.&Introduction （介绍）16.Glad to meet you, I’m Dong Yang. 很高兴认识你，我是董阳.17.Mr. Dong, I’d like to introduce my colleague Miss Zhao. 董先生，我向你介绍我的同事赵小姐.18.Excuse me, are you Mr. Hill 对不起，您是希尔先生吗19.Oh, Mr. Hill, welcome to Yichang，Please allow me to introduce myself. I’m Yu Junhua,secretary, from the Office.哦，希尔先生，欢迎你来宜昌.请允许我做一下自我介绍，我叫余俊华，办公室秘书. Let me introduce Mr. Dong, Board Chairman、General Manager of Yichang Sanxia Airport CO.,LTD.…请允许我介绍宜昌三峡机场有限责任公司董事长、总经理，董先生. Thanks （致谢）20.Thank you for coming. 感谢光临.21.Thanks a lot. 多谢.22.It is very kind of you. 多谢你的好意.23.Thank you for a wonderful night. 谢谢你让我度过了一个美好的夜晚.24.I don’t know what to do without your help. 没有你的帮助我真不知道怎么办.26.Not at all. 别客气.27.?28.You are welcome. 不客气.29.That’s all right. 这没什么.30.It is my pleasure. 我很乐意这样做.Compliments （赞美）31.You’ve done a wonderful job. Well done! 你的工作做得太好了，相当不错.32.The food is delicious. 这食物真可口.33.Your Chinese is really surprising. 你的中文知识，很令人惊讶.34.I’m sure everybody appreciated your speech. 我确信每个人都很欣赏你的演讲.35.…36.Your children are cute. 你的孩子真讨人喜爱.37.You are excellent. 你的表现十分出色.38.You are exaggerating. I played only a small part in the whole thing.你过奖了，我在这件事里只起了很小的作用.39.That’s very kind of you, but in all truth I feel the credit should go to Mr. Fang.谢谢你，不过我觉得这的确归功于方先生.Congratulations and Good Wish （祝贺与祝愿）40.Allow me to offer my heartiest congratulations.、请允许我向你表示最衷心的祝贺.41.Congratulate you on your promotion. 祝贺你荣升.42.I wish you well and happy. 我祝愿你健康愉快.43.All the best to you. 祝你万事如意.44.Have a good time. 祝你过得愉快.45.Happy New Year (Spring Festival)! 新年快乐（春节快乐）!Apologies and Regrets （道歉与遗憾）46.I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了.47.%48.Sorry to have troubled you. 对不起，打搅您了.49.Please make my excuses to your friend. 请代我向您的朋友表示歉意.50.Please excuse me for a moment. It won’t be long. 请原谅，我要走开一下，我马上回来.51.Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅，我打断你的谈话.52.A thousand pardons for taking up so much of your time. 十分对不起，占用了你这么多时间.53.That’s OK. 没关系.54.No problem. 没关系.55.I quite understand. 我完全理解.！Asking a Favour （请求帮助）56.Could you give me some advice on my work 能对我的工作提些意见吗57.Can you help me 你能帮我吗58.Can you tell me something about Sanxia Airport 您可以告诉我三峡机场的有关情况吗59.I want you to do me a favour, sir. 先生，我有事求你.60.I think maybe you can help me. 我想也许你能帮我的忙.Making an Appointment （约会）61.Would you honor us with a visit 如蒙光临，将不胜荣幸.62.`63.Could we have the honor of your presence at the meeting 可否请你光临本次会议64.When are you free 您什么时候有空65.I rather hope that he will be able to see me this morning. 我希望他今天上午能见我.66.There is something I’d like to talk with you. I wonder if you’ll be free this afternoon.有些事情我想和您谈谈，不知您今天下午是否有空.67.I shouldn’t be busy tomorrow. 我明天不忙.68.I’ll be waiting for you at eight in my office. 8点钟我在办公室等您.office hours are 8:30 till noon. 我的办公时间是8点30分到中午.}Agreement and Disagreement （赞成与反对）69.You are quite right. 你完全正确.70.I agree with you. 我同意你的看法.71.I think so. 我想是这样.72.Yes, indeed. 是的，的确如此.73.I don’t agree. 我不同意.74.No, you are wrong. 不，你错了.75.I’m afraid not. 我想不是.)Offering Help （提供帮助）76.Can I help you 能为你效劳吗77.What can I do for you, sir 要我帮忙吗先生78.Is there anything I can do for you, Sir 我能为你做点什么，先生79.Let me give you a hand. 让我来帮你一下吧.80.I’ll pick you up at 7:30 this evening. 我今晚七点来接你.81.Would you like something to drink What about tea 你需要点什么东西喝呢喝茶好吗82.I’ve had enough, thank you. 我已经够了，谢谢.—Willingness and Refusal （乐意与拒绝）83.I am glad to help you. 我很高兴帮助你.84.I’m quite prepared to give up smoking. 我很乐意戒烟.85.Sorry, I can’t. 对不起，我不能.86.I can’t help anything. 我帮不了你.87.I have no time. 我没有时间.88.No, but thanks anyway. 不用，不过还得谢谢你.Advice and Suggestion （劝告与建议）89.￥90.You’ve got to learn to put first things first. 你应该学会将最要紧的事情摆在第一位.91.I advise you to check your baggage. 我劝你检查一下行李.92.You could consider going by plane. 你可以考虑乘飞机去.Weather （天气）93.It’s really cold today. 今天真冷.st week it was so cold and dry. 上周又冷又干燥.95.I don’t like this cold weather. 我不喜欢这样冷的天气.96.I felt shivery with cold inside the house. Let’s go outside to have a sun bath./在屋里我冻得直发抖，我们出去晒晒太阳吧.97.It’s getting cold er and colder. 天气越来越冷了.98.We become accustomed to the climate here and never suffer very much from the cold.我们已习惯这里的气候了，并不觉得怎么冷.99.It is very windy today. 今天风很大.100.The wind rages furiously to tear up many trees in the street.风势很猛，街道上的树木有很多根都拔出来了.Asking the way （问路）101.<102.Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me the way to the airport对不起先生，你能告诉我到机场的路吗103.Please follow me, I’ll show you the way. 请跟我来，我告诉你怎么走.104.Would you tell me how to go to the head office from here 从这里到总公司怎么走105.How long will it take me to get there 到那儿需要多久106.It will take half an hour. 半个小时.107.Where’s the nearest public phone 最近的公用电话在哪里108.It’s on the opposite side of the street. 在马路对面.109.$110.Is there a good Tujia bacon restaurant nearby 附近有没有不错的土家腊味餐厅111.Yes, there are some. They are on airport Road. 有一些，在机场路上.At the office(在办公室)112.We take airport’s bus to work. 我们乘机场班车去上班.113.When I enter my office, I say “good morning” to my associates.我走进办公室，向同事们说“早上好”.114.I sit at my desk, then turn on the PC. 我坐到办公桌前，打开电脑.115.I write myself a memo.我给自己写了一份备忘录.116.…117.I review some materials for this afternoon’s meeting.我翻阅了一些下午开会用的材料.118.I make some copies on the copycat. 我在复印机上复印了一些东西.119.Our department will have a meeting this afternoon, and I will take notes at the meeting.今天下午我们部门开会，我做会议记录.Office phone(办公室电话)120.Good morning, this is the Sanxia Airport, may I help you早上好，这里是三峡机场，我能为你做点什么121.>122.Thank you for calling, one moment, please. 谢谢你打来电话，请稍候.123.He’s in the meeting now, could you call back later他正在开会，你过一会再来电话好吗124.He (she)’s out of the office ri ght now. 他(她)现在不在办公室.125.Leave your number and I’ll have him call you back. 请留下你的电话，我让他打给你. 126.Mr. Wang, there’s a telephone call for you. 王先生，你的电话.127.The line is busy. 电话占线.128.There’s no answer. 电话没人接.129.You’ve got the wrong number. 你打错了.130.：131.The number has been changed. 电话号码变了.Office Talk(办公室谈话)132.I’m leaving but I’ll be back at 2:00. 我出去一下，两点钟回来.133.Cancel all my appointments this afternoon. 取消我今天下午的所有约会. 134.Could you run a few errands for me 你能帮我办几件事吗135.Would you make some copies for me 你帮我复印几份好吗136.No problem. Just give me one minute. 没问题，稍等片刻.137.Why don’t you take the rest of the day off. 你可以下班了.138.:139.Man, I’ve got a lot of paper work to do! 嗬，我有那么多的文件要处理.140.I’m glad that I finally finished that report. 我很高兴终于完成了那份报告. 141.I’m relieved that tom orrow is a holiday. 明天是节假日，我可以放松了.142.I wonder if I’ll ever get a raise. 我不知道我能否得到加薪.143.I think that my job is ending. 我觉得我的工作快结束了.Job Interview(求职面试)144.I’m bored with my job. 我对工作感到厌烦了.145.I’m gonna quit. 我打算辞职.146.?147.I’m going to look for another job. 我要去找另一份工作.148.I have an interview tomorrow. 我明天有个面试.149.May I see your resume 我能看一下你的简历吗150.Tell me about yourself 谈谈你自己好吗151.How long have you been at your present job 你在现在这份工作上干了多长时间152.Why are you leaving your current job 你为什么要离开你现在的工作153.Where do you see yourself in 10 years 你觉得10年内你在哪方面发展了自己154.Are you looking forward to a promotion 你希望得到晋升吗155.@156.Can you give me an example of showing your leadership你能举一个表现你的领导才能的例子吗157.Thank you for coming. We’ll let you know as soon as possible. 感谢你的光临.我们会尽快给你答复.Days And Dates(天和日期)158.What day is today 今天是星期几159.Today is Monday(Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday).今天星期一（二，三，四，五，六，日）160.What’s the date 今天多少号161.@162.It’s October 15th. 今天是10月15日.163.Let’s meet sometime next week. 我们下周的某个时间见面吧.164.Excuse me, what time is it 对不起，现在几点了165.It’s ten to nine. 现在是8：50.166.I’ll have a meeting in 10 minutes. 10分钟后我有个会.Chapter 3 Tourism English (旅游英语)Meeting (见面)1.@2.How do you do 你好!3.How do you do 你好!4.Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴.5.Me too. 我也是.6.I can’t speak Chinese, can you speak English 我不会说汉语,你会说英文吗7.Yes, a little. What can I do for you 会一点,我能帮你做些什么吗8.I’m from England. I just arrived at Yichang for sightseeing. Could you tell me something aboutYichang City我来自英国.我刚到宜昌，是来观光的.你能给我谈谈宜昌的情况吗9.Yes. It’s my pleasure. 好的,我很乐意.@Geography(地理位置)10.Yichang is a famous culture city with a history of 2000years，it is the the birthplace of Ba andChu Culture，also the gate to Three gorges and the throat of Sichuan and Hubei provinces 宜昌是一个有着2000年历史的文化名城，是巴楚文化发祥地、三峡门户和川鄂咽喉. 11.The main rivers in Yichang city are Yangtze River and Qingjiang River.宜昌境内的主要河流是长江和清江12.today，Yichang become an open city along the Yangtze River，a beautiful city with tourismand hydrate-electricity as its main industries.今天，宜昌成为长江沿岸的开放城市，是个美丽的旅游城和水电城.13.Both Gezhouba Project and Three gorges dam are built in Yichang .葛洲坝工程和三峡大坝都建在宜昌14.·15.it is a good place for you to invest and make money with its rich resources.宜昌资源丰富，是您投资赚钱的好地方.16.As I know, Yichang is the easternmost city in Hubei. What is the size of Yichang City就我所知,宜昌是湖北最西边的城市.宜昌有多大呢17.As far as I know, the city covers 21000 square kilometers. 据我所知,这座城市有21000平方18.Yichang is the second biggest city of Hubei Province. It serves as a political, economic andcultural center in the eastern part of Hubei.宜昌是湖北的第二大城市，它是鄂西政治、经济和文化中心.Climate（气候）19.How about the climate in Yichang 宜昌的气候如何20.The weather in Yichang is very good with four distinct reasons. 宜昌气候宜人（很好），四季分明.21.#22.How do you like the weather in Yichang 您觉得宜昌的天气如何23.Very good, Yichang is really a lovely place to live in.很好，住在宜昌真不错.24.It seems to rain, isn’t it 好像要下雨了25.It is quite probable..完全有可能.Population and Minorities（人口与少数民族）26.How many people live in this city该城市有多少人口27.Yichang has a population of 4 million , 500,000 of them live in the city proper.宜昌人口有400万，其中50万人生活在城区.28.^29.Are there any minorities here 这儿有少数民族吗30.Yes. It is populated with Tujia besides Han. 有，除汉族外，还有土家族.Galas（节日）31.Are there any other galas in Yichang 宜昌还有其他的节日吗32.Yes, there are many. 有呀，还有不少呢.33.What are they 他们是哪些34.They are as follow: The Dragon Boat Festival, The International Travelling Festival at Yichang他们是如下几个：龙舟节、宜昌三峡国际旅游节.`Scenic spots（景点）35.It is said that Yichang is famous for her beautiful sceneries. Will you please introduce somescenic spots here to me据说，宜昌以她美丽的风景而出名，你给我介绍一下这里的风景点好吗36.Do you knowThe Yantze River Three Gorges is one of famous scenic spots in China. It islocated at the west side of the city. It’s 8 kilometers away from the city.你知道吗长江三峡是中国着名的风景区之一，它位于本市的西面，距离本市有8公里.37.The scenery of Qingjing River attracts the people by its pretty and calmness.清江风光以秀美恬静让人留连忘返.38.You will be quite satisfied to visit Three gorges of the Yangtze River by zhaojun tourist boat.乘昭君号游船游览三峡，您会感到非常满意.39.Zhaojun was one of the four beauties in ancient china, she was born in Xiangxi greek.昭君是中国古代四大美人之一，她诞生在香溪河旁.40.It sounds attractive. 听起来很吸引人的.41..42.Three Gorges Dam is being built at zhongbaodao Island Yichang.三峡大坝建在宜昌中堡岛.43.Oh, I see. Are there any other historical scenic spots噢，我明白了.还有其他的历史景点吗44.Quyuan was a well-known patriotic poet in ancient china. He was born in zigui country.屈原是中国古代着名的爱国诗人，他生在秭归县.45.Have you been to Yuquan Temple 您去过玉泉寺吗46.Not yet. 还没有.47.I’m very interested in Three Gorges Project. Would you like to talk some more about it我对三峡工程很感兴趣，你给我多谈一些这方面的情况好吗48.Sure. The first place I would like to tell you is Tanzhiling. It lies in the east of the Dam, 2kilometers from it.好的.我想告诉的第一个地方是坛子岭.它位于大坝的东边，离大坝2公里.49.By the way, Tanzhiling is the best place for overlooking the whole project.)顺便说一句，坛子岭是鸟瞰大坝的最好的景点.50.It is s aid that Shenlongjia in Yichang is a new cultural tourism zone, isn’t it据说宜昌的神农架是一个新的文化旅游区，是吗51.Yes, it is very famous. 是的，它很着名.52.I see. Is there any other cultural tourism zone 我明白了，有其他的文化旅游区吗53.Yes. Changbanpo slope one of the ancient Battle Sites of Three Kingdoms Period is also veryis 70 Kilometers away from Yichang.是的，三国古代城之一长坂坡也很有名.离宜昌大约70公里.54.Is there any religious places in Yichang 宜昌有宗教活动场所吗55.}56.There are churches and mosques here. 这儿有天主堂和清真寺. Entertainments （娱乐）57.Thank you for telling me so much. Now, will you tell me something about the entertainmentsin Yichang谢谢你给我说了那么多，现在，你能给我说说宜昌的娱乐好吗58.It’s my pleasure. The entertainments in Yichang are also varied and colorful.好的，宜昌的娱乐也是丰富多彩的.59.There are many amusement places in Yichang Where you can enjoy yourself completely.宜昌有许多歌舞厅，在那里可以尽情的娱乐、欣赏、享受.60.Where can we take a walk 我们在哪儿散步好61.;62.The Riverside Park is a good place to take a walk.滨江公园是散步的好地方.63.Can you tell me where we may play football 请问我们可以在哪儿踢足球64.You had better go to Yichang stadium.最好在宜昌体育馆.Food （食物）65.I feel a little hungry now. Would you like to introduce some local food to me现在我有点饿了，给介绍一些当地的食物好吗66.Yicang cooking is distinguished for being “spicy” and “hot” , it is very tasty.67.宜昌菜以“麻、辣”着称，美味可口.68.~69.Can you recommend me some wonderful local dishes70.您能向我推荐几种本地美味菜肴吗71.Yes , the specials of Yichang is Steamed hui fish,turtle and yipin fin lake Eel.72.可以，宜昌的特色菜有清蒸鮰鱼、甲鱼和一品鳝.73.Is there any regional refection in Yichang宜昌有没有什么特色小吃74.Spring roll, Turnip jiaozi and Yuxincao.有春卷、萝卜饺子和鱼腥草（节儿根）.75.；76.What can we drink in Yichang我们在宜昌可以喝些什么77.Daohuaxiang Liquor, Gezhouba Beer and Yichang Kunfu Tea.稻花香酒、葛洲坝啤酒和宜昌功夫茶.78.By the way, what fruits can I enjoy here顺便问一句，这儿能尝到什么水果呢79.Well, there are all kinds of fruits in different seasons. For example, many types of orange,peach, watermelon,and pomelo are available here哦，各种季节有各种各样的水果.比如，各种各样的橙子、桃子、西瓜、柚子等.80.(81.Accommodations （接待）82.Will you give me an introduction to the accommodations here 给我谈谈这里的接待方面的情况好吗83.Ok, there are over 20 tourist hotels in Yichang City at present. 好的，目前宜昌有20多家旅游宾馆.84.Which months are the peak tourist season 哪些月份是旅游旺季ually, the peak one is from Augest to November of the year.通常，旺季是从每年8月份至11月份.86.Where can we live in Yichang 我们在宜昌住在哪里87.You can live in Peach Blossom Hotel and Three Gorges Hotel , International Hotel.你们可以住在桃花岭饭店、三峡宾馆、国际大酒店.88.Do you have a reservation, sir 先生您有预订吗89.<90.Yes, reservation on the day before yesterday.是的，我是前天订的.91.Excuses me, wait a minute please. 对不起，请稍候.92.Would you please complete this registration form 请您填一下这张登记表好吗93.All right.好的.94.Have you got any identification 您有身份证件吗95.Yes, I have my passport about me.我带来自己的护照.96.Shopping （购物）97.Are there any good shops in Yichang for tourists to do some shopping宜昌有较好的可供旅客购物的商场吗98.、99.Yes, there are many，You can buy local tourist arts and crafts at all the scenic spots. Besides,you can also buy high-quality tea.有，很多，你可以在所有景点买到本地旅游工艺品，另外，你还可以买到高质量的茶叶.100.I had like to buy a pair of shoes (shirt).我想买双鞋子（衬衫）.101.Which size do you take sir 先生您穿多大尺寸的102.I take large shoes for about 45.我穿45码的.103.Try this one, about this style (sign , colour) 您觉得这种样式（尺寸、颜色）满意吗104.Excellent.好极了.105.. Which do you prefer 您更喜欢哪种106.I had like the white ( green, red, dark, smaller) one.我喜欢白色（绿色、红色、黑色、小一点）的..107.&108.When does the shop close 商场几点关门109.At 9pm. 晚上9点..110.How much is needed 总共要付多少钱111.That is ten yuan altogether. 10元.112.I had like to change some money. 我想换点零钱.113.Well, how much would you like to change好的，请问换多少Communication （交通）114.As I know, there is an airport in Yichang. Where is it据我所知，宜昌有一个飞机场，它在哪里115.：116.Well, the Yichang Sanxia Airport is in the east of Yichang City. It is about 26 kilometers away from the city center哦，宜昌三峡机场就在宜昌市的东面，它离市中心有26公里. 117.Do you have any wharf here你们这儿有船码头吗118.Yes, we have several ones. The biggest one is Yichang Port, located at Yanjiang Road.有好几个，最大的一个叫宜昌港，位于沿江大道.119.When are you going to leave Yichang 你什么时候离开宜昌120.At 3pm.下午3点.121.bus form Wujiagang to Three gorges guesthouse. 二路公共汽车是从伍家岗到三峡宾馆的.Post and Telecom （邮政与电信）122.Would you like to tell me something about the post here 你能谈谈关于邮政方面的情况吗123.；124.Sure. The post services are convenient and quick with computer administration.好的，邮政服务实行电脑管理，方便快速.125.Are telephone calls convenient here 这里打电话方便吗126.Yes, of course. The public phone booths are available anywhere in the streets. IC card telephones are installed at the airport, wharf, bus station, all the star hotels and the main streets.当然，公共电话亭在街上到处都有.机场、码头、汽车站、星级宾馆和主要街道都装有IC卡电话.127.How can I go to the post office . 我怎样才能到邮局128.Take the bus and get off at Yuji Road. 乘2路公共汽车在云集路下车就到了.129.How to make a phone call, please Can you tell me whom you are calling Is this a long distance call 请问这里电话怎么打请问您找谁，是长话吗Asking The Way （问路）130.Now, I would like to go to the Three Gorges Hotel. How to get there现在，我要去三峡宾馆，怎样走呢131.【132.Take the bus, please. 请乘坐2路车.133.Where should I get off 到哪儿下车134.Just get off at the terminal. 就在终点站下车.135.How much is it to the terminal 到终点站多少钱136.It is one Yuan for each passenger, regardless of the distance traveled. 每人一元，不论路多远.137.Can you tell me where Jiefang Cinema is 请问解放路电影院往哪儿走138.Go along Jiefang Road then turn right.沿着解放路往前走，再朝右拐就到了.139.Sorry to trouble you. Are there any toilets near about 对不起，打扰下.请问附近有公厕吗140.|141.Turn left, you see, the toilet is there. 向左拐，你瞧，那儿就有个公厕.142.This is the map of Yichang city. Do you want to have a look at it 这是宜昌地图，您想看看吗143.Farewell （告别）144.I’ve learnt a great deal from you .I won’t forget your kind help.我从你这儿学到不少东西，我忘不了你的热情帮助.145.Don’t mention it. It is my pleasure. 不要客气，这是我应该做的.146.I’d like to keep in touch with you in the future. 往后我会跟你保持联系的.147.OK. 好的.148.Would you like to tell me your address 把你的地址告诉我好吗149.：150.Sure. My work address is Yichang SanxiaYichang Airport, Hubei, 443007 好的，我的工作地址是中华人民共和国湖北宜昌三峡机场.邮编：443007.151.Thank you very much. Bye-bye. 非常感谢，再见.152.Have a good time in Yichang. Bye. 愿你在宜昌玩得愉快，再见.Part two Specialized English(第二部分专业英语)Chapter 4 Ground Handling Service English@地面运输服务英语1.Welcome to Yichang Airport. 欢迎您到宜昌机场来.2.Hello, what can I do for you/may I help you 你好，我能为你做什么吗3.I'm sorry, my English is poor. Would you please speak slowly对不起，我的英文不太好，请您讲慢点好吗4．Sorry，I can't quite understand. Wait a moment, please. I will ask others to help you.对不起，我听不懂您的问题，请稍等，我请其他员工为您服务.5．I wish you have a nice trip. 祝您旅途愉快.6．-7．Pleased to help you. 很高兴为您服务.8．Would you please wait a moment 请您稍等一下好吗9．Take it easy, sir/madam. 别着急，先生/女士.10．Sorry for keeping you waiting so long. 对不起，让您久等了.11．Please follow the young lady. If you have other questions，please contact our staffs.跟这位小姐走.如果您还有其他问题，请向服务员反映.12．We will try our best to solve the problem for you. 我们将尽力为您解决.13．I beg your pardon 能请您重复一遍吗14．<15．We're so sorry，your flight has been delayed due to bad weather.对不起，您乘坐的航班因天气原因延误了.16．I’m sorry to inform you that your flight has been delayed today, due to late arrival aircraft.很遗憾地告诉您，由于飞机晚到，您今天的航班延误了.17．What’s wrong with you 有什么麻烦吗18．We're so sorry，Your flight has been cancelled due to mechanical trouble.对不起，您乘坐的航班因机械原因取消了.19．We are waiting for the latest weather report. 我们还在等最新的天气情况.20．`21．The flight has been delayed to 12：30 due to bad weather.这个航班由于天气原因延误到12：30分.22．Please go to the ser vice counter and you’ll get a satisfying answer.请您到服务台，在那里您会得到满意的答复.23．We don’t have an exact time for departure at present due to air traffic control. Please wait a moment. If there is any further information，we will inform you immediately.由于航空管制的原因您的航班还没有确切的时间，请您先稍等一会儿，如果有了进一步的消息我会马上通知您.24．You are welcome, it’s my pleasure. 不客气，这是我应该做的.25．Let me explain it for you, please. 请让我向您解释.26．》27．Thank you very much for your understanding. 您能谅解，我们感到高兴.28．The flight will take off as soon as the weather gets better. 一旦天气好转，飞机马上起飞.29．Please cooperate with us. 请您协助我们的工作.30．Do you need a doctor 您是否需要医生31．Thank you for taking Hainan Airlines. Good-bye！感谢您乘坐海南航空的班机.再见！32．Welcome to Yichang next time, bye! 欢迎下次再来宜昌，再见！33．Let me give you a hand. 我来帮您一把.34．I’m so sorry for our inadequate service. 服务不周，请多包涵.35．\。
JASC_Code ATA 100 航空产品结构编码
System/ode/Titles
Page #
AIRCRAFT ............................................................................................................6 11 Placards and Markings ................................................................................6 12 Servicing .......................................................................................................6 14 Hardware.......................................................................................................6 18 Helicopter Vibration .....................................................................................6
The JASC code divides the engine section into two code groups to separate the turbine and reciprocating engines. The codes for the turbine engines are in JASC code Chapter 72, Turbine/Turboprop Engine. The codes for the reciprocating engines are now exclusively found in JASC code Chapter 85, Reciprocating Engine.
航线ATP General Aerodynamics
What is aeronautics? Aeronautics is typically defined as the art or science of flight, or the science of operating aircraft. This includes a branch of aeronautics called aerodynamics. Aerodynamics deals with the motion of air and the way it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Both of these branches are a part of the tree of physical science. Aviation, however, refers to the operation of heavier-than-air craft.
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The Earth's gravitational pull weakens as objects move farther away from it. Thus we say that objects that are far from the Earth "weigh less" than when they are on the Earth. For objects "on" and "close" to the Earth (we will assume that airplanes fly at altitudes "close" to the Earth) the weight of an object can be considered constant. Weight is the force that measures the effects of gravity.
翻译1-飞行原理
翻译材料1——英文原文PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHTSThis chapter discusses the fundamental physical laws governing the forces acting on an airplane in flight, and what effect these natural laws and forces have on the performance characteristics of airplanes. To competently control the airplane, the pilot must understand the principles involved and learn to utilize or counteract these natural forces. Modern general aviation airplanes have what may be considered high performance characteristics. Therefore, it is increasingly necessary that pilots appreciate and understand the principles upon which the art of flying is based.STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHEREThe atmosphere in which flight is conducted is an envelope of air that surrounds the earth and rests upon its surface. It is as much a part of the earth as the seas or the land. However, air differs from land and water inasmuch as it is a mixture of gases. It has mass, weight, and indefinite shape.Air, like any other fluid, is able to flow and change its shape when subjected to even minute pressures because of the lack of strong molecular cohesion. For example, gas will completely fill any container into which it is placed, expanding or contracting to adjust its shape to the limits of the container. The atmosphere is composed of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 1 percent other gases, such asargon or helium. As some of these elements are heavier than others, there is a natural tendency of these heavier elements, such as oxygen, to settle to the surface of the earth, while the lighter elements are lifted up to the region of higher altitude. This explains why most of the oxygen is contained below 35,000 feet altitude. Because air has mass and weight, it is a body, and as a body, it reacts to the scientific laws of bodies in the same manner as other gaseous bodies. This body of air resting upon the surface of the earth has weight and at sea level develops an average pressure of 14.7 pounds on each square inch of surface, or 29.92 inches of mercury—but as its thickness is limited, the higher the altitude, the less air there is above. For this reason, the weight of the atmosphere at 18,000 feet is only one-half what it is at sea level.[Figure 2-1]ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREThough there are various kinds of pressure, this discussion is mainly concerned with atmospheric pressure. It is one of the basic factors in weather changes, helps to lift the airplane, and actuates some of the important flight instruments in the airplane. These instruments are the altimeter, the airspeed indicator, the rate-of-climb indicator, and the manifold pressure gauge.Though air is very light, it has mass and is affected by the attraction of gravity. Therefore, like any other substance, it has weight, and because of its weight, it has force. Since it is a fluid substance, this force is exerted equally in all directions, and its effect on bodies within the air is called pressure. Under standard conditions at sea level, the average pressure exerted on the human body by the weight of the atmosphere around it is approximately 14.7 lb./in. The density of air has significant effects on the airplane’s capability. As air becomes less dense, it reduces (1) power because the engine takes in less air, (2) thrust because the propeller is less efficient in thin air, and (3) lift because the thin air exerts less force on the airfoils.EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON DENSITYSince air is a gas, it can be compressed or expanded. When air is compressed, a greater amount of air can occupy a given volume. Conversely, when pressure on a given volume of air is decreased, the air expands and occupies a greater space. That is, the original column of air at a lower pressurecontains a smaller mass of air. In other words, the density is decreased. In fact, density is directly proportional to pressure. If the pressure is doubled, the density is doubled, and if the pressure is lowered, so is the density. This statement is true, only at a constant temperature.EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DENSITYThe effect of increasing the temperature of a substance is to decrease its density. Conversely, decreasing the temperature has the effect of increasing the density. Thus, the density of air varies inversely as the absolute temperature varies. This statement is true, only at a constant pressure. In the atmosphere, both temperature and pressure decrease with altitude, and have conflicting effects upon density. However, the fairly rapid drop in pressure as altitude is increased usually has the dominating effect. Hence, density can be expected to decrease with altitude.EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON DENSITYThe preceding paragraphs have assumed that the air was perfectly dry. In reality, it is never completely dry. The small amount of water vapor suspended in the atmosphere may be almost negligible under certain conditions, but in other conditions humidity may become an important factor in the performance of an airplane. Water vapor is lighter than air;consequently, moist air is lighter than dry air. It is lightest or least dense when, in a given set of conditions, it contains the maximum amount of water vapor. The higher the temperature, the greater amount of water vapor the air can hold. When comparing two separate air masses, the first warm and moist (both qualities tending to lighten the air) and the second cold and dry (both qualities making it heavier), the first necessarily must be less dense than the second. Pressure, temperature, and humidity have a great influence on airplane performance, because of their effect upon density. NEWTON’S LAWS OF M OTION ANDFORCEIn the 17th century, a philosopher and mathematician, Sir Isaac Newton, propounded three basic laws of motion. It is certain that he did not have the airplane in mind when he did so, but almost everything known about motion goes back to his three simple laws. These laws, named after Newton, are as follows:Newton’s first law states, in part, that: A body at rest tends to remain at rest, and a body in motiontends to remain moving at the same speed and in the same direction. This simply means that, in nature, nothing starts or stops moving until some outside force causes it to do so. An airplane at rest on the ramp will remain at rest unless a force strong enough to overcome its inertia is applied. Once it is moving, however, its inertia keeps it moving, subject to the various other forces acting on it. These forces may add to its motion, slow it down, or change its direction.Newton’s second law implies that: When a body is acted upon by a constant force, its resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and is directly proportional to the applied force.What is being dealt with here are the factors involved in overcoming Newton’s First Law of Inertia. It covers both changes in direction and speed, including starting up from rest (positive acceleration) and coming to astop (negative acceleration, or deceleration).Newton’s third law states that: Whenever one body exerts a force on another, the second body always exerts on the first, a force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The recoil of a gun as it is fired is a graphic example of Newton’s third law. The champion swimmer who pushes against the side of the pool during the turnaround, or the infant learning to walk—both would fail but for the phenomena expressed in this law. In an airplane, the propeller moves and pushes back the air;consequently, the air pushes the propeller (and thus the airplane) in the opposite direction—forward. In a jet airplane, the engine pushes a blast of hot gases backward; the force of equal and opposite reaction pushes against the engine and forces the airplane forward. The movement of all vehicles is a graphic illustration of Newton’s third law.MAGNUS EFFECTThe explanation of lift can best be explained by looking at a cylinder rotating in an airstream. The local velocity near the cylinder is composed of the airstream velocity and the cylinder’s rotational velocity, which decreases with distance from the cylinder. On a cylinder, which isrotating in such a way that the top surface area is rotating in the same direction as the airflow, the local velocity at the surface is high on top and low on the bottom. As shown in figure 2-2, at point “A,” a stagnation point exists where the airstream line that impinges on thesurface splits; some air goes over and some under. Another stagnation point exists at “B,” where the twoairstreams rejoin and resume at identical velocities. We now have upwash ahead of the rotating cylinder and downwash at the rear. The difference in surface velocity accounts for a difference in pressure, with the pressure being lower on the top than the bottom. This low pressure area produces an upward force known as the “Magnus Effect.” This mechanically induced circulation illustrates the relationship between circulation and lift. An airfoil with a positive angle of attack develops air circulation as its sharp trailing edge forces the rear stagnation point to be aft of the trailing edge, while the front stagnation point is below the leading edge.[Figure 2-3]BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE OF PRESSUREA half century after Sir Newton presented his laws, Mr. Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician,explained how the pressure of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) varies with its speed of motion. Specifically,he stated that an increase in the speed of movement or flow would cause a decrease in the fluid’s pressure. This is exactly what happens to air passing over the curved top of the airplane wing.An appropriate analogy can be made with water flowing through a garden hose. Water moving through a hose of constant diameter exerts a uniform pressure on the hose; but if the diameter of a section of the hose is increased or decreased, it is certain to change the pressure of the water at that point. Suppose the hose was pinched, thereby constricting the area through which the water flows. Assuming that the same volume of water flows through the constricted portion of the hose in the same period of time as before the hose was pinched, it follows that the speed of flow must increase at that point.Therefore, if a portion of the hose is constricted, it not only increases the speed of the flow, but also decreases the pressure at that point. Like results could be achieved if streamlined solids (airfoils) were introduced at the same point in the hose. This same principle is the basis for the measurement of airspeed (fluid flow) and for analyzing the airfoil’s ability to produce lift. A practical application of Bernoulli’s theorem is the venturi tube. The venturi tube has an air inlet which narrows to a throat (constricted point) and an outlet section which increases in diameter toward the rear.The diameter of the outlet is the same as that of the inlet. At the throat, the airflow speeds up and the pressure decreases; at the outlet, the airflow slows and the pressure increases. [Figure 2-4] If air is recognized as a body and it is accepted that it must follow the above laws, one can begin to see how and why an airplane wing develops lift as it moves through the air.A reference line often used in discussing the airfoil is the chord line, a straight line drawn through the profile connecting the extremities of the leading and trailing edges. The distance from this chordline to the upper and lower surfaces of the wing denotes the magnitude of the upper and lower camber at any point. Another reference line, drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge, is the “mean camber line.” This mean line is equidistant at all points from the upper and lower contours. The construction of the wing, so as to provide actions greater than its weight, is done by shaping the wing so that advantage can be taken of the air’s response to certain physical laws, and thus develop two actions from the air mass; a positive pressure lifting action from the air mass below the wing, and a negative pressure lifting action from lowered pressure above the wing.As the airstream strikes the relatively flat lower surface of the wing when inclined at a small angle to its direction of motion, the air is forced to rebound downward and therefore causes an upward reaction in positive lift, while at the same time airstream striking the upper curved section of the “leading edge” of the wing is deflected upward. In other words, a wing shaped to cause an action on the air, and forcing it downward, will provide an equal reaction from the air, forcing the wing upward. If a wing is constructed in such form that it will cause a lift force greater than the weight of the airplane, the airplane will fly.However, if all the lift required were obtained merely from the deflection of air by the lower surface of the wing, an airplane would need only a flat wing like a kite. This, of course, is not the case at all; under certain conditions disturbed air currents circulating at the trailing edge of the wing could be so excessive as to make the airplane lose speed and lift. The balance of the lift needed to support the airplane comes from the flow of air above the wing. Herein lies the key to flight. The fact that most lift is the result of t he airflow’s downwash from above the wing, must be thoroughly understood in order to continue further in the study of flight. It is neither accurate nor does it serve a useful purpose, however, to assign specific values to the percentage of lift generated by the upper surface of an airfoil versus that generated by the lower surface. These are not constant values and will vary, not only with flight conditions, but with different wing designs.It should be understood that different airfoils have different flight characteristics. Many thousands of airfoils have been tested in wind tunnels and in actual flight, but no one airfoil has been found that satisfies every flight requirement. The weight, speed, andpurpose of each airplane dictate the shape of its airfoil. It was learned many years ago that the most efficient airfoil forproducing the greatest lift was one that had a concave, or “scooped out” lower surface. Later it was also learned that as a fixed design, this type of airfoil sacrificed too much speed while producing lift and, therefore, was not suitable for high-speed flight. It is interesting to note, however, that through advanced progress in engineering, today’s high-speed jets can again take advantage of the concave airfoil’s high lift characteristics. Leading edge (Kreuger) flaps and trailing edge (Fowler) flaps, when extended from the basic wing structure, literally change the airfoil shape into the classic concave form, thereby generating much greater lift during slow flight conditions.On the other hand, an airfoil that is perfectly streamlined and offers little wind resistance sometimes does not have enough lifting power to take the airplane off the ground. Thus, modern airplanes have airfoils which strike a medium between extremes in design, the shape varying according to the needs of the airplane for which it is designed. Figure 2-6 shows some of the more common airfoil sections.LOW PRESSURE ABOVEIn a wind tunnel or in flight, an airfoil is simply a streamlined object inserted into a moving stream of air. If the airfoil profile were in the shape of a teardrop, the speed and the pressure changes of the air passing over the top and bottom would be the same on both sides. But if the teardrop shaped airfoil were cut in half lengthwise, a form resembling the basic airfoil (wing) section would result. If the airfoil were then inclined so the airflow strikes it at an angle (angle of attack), the air molecules moving over the upper surface would be forced to move faster than would the molecules moving along the bottom of the airfoil, since the upper molecules must travel a greater distance due to the curvature of the upper surface. This increased velocity reduces the pressure above the airfoil.Bernoulli’s principle of pressure by itself does no t explain the distribution of pressure over the upper surface of the airfoil. Adiscussion of the influence of momentum of the air as it flows in various curved paths near the airfoil will be presented. [Figure 2-7] Momentum is the resistance a moving body offers to having its direction or amount of motion changed. When a body is forced to move in a circular path, it offers resistance in the direction away from the center of the curved path. This is “centrifugal force.” While the particles of air move in the curved path AB, centrifugal force tends to throw them in the direction of the arrows between A and B and hence, causes the air to exert more than normal pressure on the leading edge of the airfoil. But after the air particles pass B (the point of reversal of the curvature of the path) the centrifugal force tends to throw them in the direction of the arrows between B and C (causing reduced pressure on the airfoil). This effect is held until the particles reach C, the second point of reversal of curvature of the airflow. Again the centrifugal force is reversed and the particles may even tend to give slightly more than normal pressure on the trailing edge of the airfoil, as indicated by the short arrows between C and D.Therefore, the air pressure on the upper surface of the airfoil is distributed so that the pressure is much greater on the leading edge than the surrounding atmospheric pressure, causing strong resistance to forward motion; but the air pressure is less than surrounding atmospheric pressure over a large portion of the top surface (B to C). As seen in the application of Bernoulli’s theorem to aventuri, the speedup of air on the top of an airfoil produces a drop in pressure. This lowered pressure is a component of total lift. It is a mistake, however, to assume that the pressure difference between the upper and lower surface of a wing alone accounts for the total lift force produced. One must also bear in mind that associated with the lowered pressure is downwash; a downward backward flow from the top surface of the wing. As already seen from previous discussions relative to the dynamicaction of the air as it strikes the lower surface of the wing, the reaction of this downward backward flow results in an upward forward force on the wing. This same reaction applies to the flow of air over the top of the airfoil as well as to the bottom, and Newton’s third law is again in the picture. HIGH PRESSURE BELOWIn the section dealing with Newton’s laws as they apply to lift, it has already been discussed how a certain amount of lift is generated by pressure conditions underneath the wing. Because of the manner in which air flows underneath the wing, a positive pressure results, particularly at higher angles of attack. But there is another aspect to this airflow that must be considered. At a point close to the leading edge, the airflow is virtually stopped (stagnation point) and then gradually increases speed. At some point near the trailing edge, it has again reached a velocity equal to that on the upper surface. In conformance with Bernoulli’s principles, where the airflow was slowed beneath the wing, a positive upward pressure was created against the wing; i.e., as the fluid speed decreases, the pressure must increase. In essence, this simply “accentuate s the positive” since it increases the pressure differential between the upper and lower surface of the airfoil, and therefore increases total lift over that which would have resulted had there been no increase of pressure at the lower surface. Both Bernou lli’s principle and Newton’s laws are in operation whenever lift is being generated by an airfoil.Fluid flow or airflow then, is the basis for flight in airplanes, and is a product of the velocity of the airplane. The velocity of the airplane is very important to the pilot since it affects the lift and drag forces of the airplane. The pilot uses the velocity (airspeed) to fly at a minimum glide angle, at maximum endurance, and for a number of other flight maneuvers. Airspeed is the velocity of the airplane relative to the air mass through which it is flying.翻译材料1——汉语翻译飞行原理本章讨论飞行中适用于飞机上力的基本物理定律，以及这些自然定律和力对飞机性能特性的影响。
飞行人员英语阅读：Unit 1 The Airplane
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Grammar 2
With the exception of :excluding; ...not included 除… …外
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Ailerons
Location: hinged to the outer trailing edge of each wing Function: control the rolling（横滚） of the airplane Operation: left-right movements of the control column (or rotation of the control wheel)
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The Elevator Trim Tab or Similar Device
Location: situated on the trailing edge of the elevator Function: reduce elevator control pressure on the pilot Operation: operated by a trimwheel（配平轮） or handle beside the pilot or above in the cabin roof
Throttle（油门） Flight controls
A320飞机系统(第二版.飞院)课后题答案
B.DC BU1, DC BUS2 OR BATTERIES
C.DC BUS2 OR BATTERIES 4、Ac transfers enable ac buses: A.To be connected in parallel
B.To be supplied by any generator or external power
C.In case of overheat or high pressure detection
8、With the engine generators on line, what does the EXT PWR on light indicate when lit? A.The external ground cart is supplying the AC BUS 1 and 2
ground maintenance.
22、How long can the FDR store the data collected by FDIU? A.2 hours B.30 minutes.
C.25 hours.
Chapter2 electrical power
1、The static inverter operates: A.Permanently
19、When does a class 3 failure have to be corrected? A. Immediately because it has operational
consequences. B. Before next flight
C.
Class 3 failures can be left uncorrected.
9、Which ECAM page is displayed in cruise? A.Engine page B.Flt/CTL page C.Cruise page
国航机务英语第四册口语交流
CONTENTLesson One Air Conditioning P. 1 Lesson Two Auto Flight P. 6 Lesson Three Air Source P. 10 Lesson Four Communication P. 14 Lesson Five APU P. 18 Lesson Six Fire Protection P. 22 Lesson Seven Engine Ignition P. 26 Lesson Eight Oil P. 30 Lesson Nine Flight Control P. 34 Lesson Ten Centre Maintenance System P. 37 Lesson Eleven Air Conditioning Lay Out P. 43 Lesson Twelve Navigation P. 49 Lesson Thirteen Auto Flight P. 53 Lesson Fourteen Hydraulic System P. 58 Lesson Fifteen Electrical Power P. 63 Lesson Sixteen Navigation P. 67 Lesson Seventeen Fuel P. 71 Lesson Eighteen Centre Maintenance System P. 77 Lesson Nineteen Oil P. 81 Lesson Twenty Flight Control P. 84Lesson OneAir conditioning SystemPart one: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The air conditioning system supplies pressurization to the whole passenger compartment, the cockpit, all the cargo compartments and the avionic compartment.There are areas in the fuselage that are not pressurized and they are separated by pressure bulkheads.Areas that are not pressurized are the landing gear bays, the radome and the tail cone.Exercises: 1Questions to the Text:1. Where is pressurized by the air conditioning system?2. Are there any un-pressurized areas? What are they?3. Radom is pressurized, isn’t it?Exercises 2:Describe Fig.1 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 1Fig.1 Air conditioning systemPart Two: R ead the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.Electricity is mainly used for electrical heating, for lighting, to produce mechanical power, and last but not least to supply all the electronic devices.Electrical power for heating is mainly used in the galleys for ovens and coffee machines. It is also used in anti ice systems to prevent icing of air data probes, water systems and cockpit windows.Lighting equipment is mainly used in the cockpit to provide sufficient general brightness and to illuminate the working areas like panels and maps and in the cabin for passenger comfort and safety and outside the aircraft to make the aircraft visible for other aircraft and to illuminate the ground during takeoff and landing.Mechanical power is produced by electric motors, which are mainly used to drive pumps, for example, fuel and hydraulic pumps or to drive a valve to the commanded position in the fuel, hydraulic or air conditioning system or to move mechanical parts like doors and cargo containers.Electronic devices that are used in nearly all aircraft systems are the computers for system control and monitoring and the control inputs and indications in the cockpit and sensors throughout the whole aircraft.Exercise 1:Questions to the Text:1. What is electrical power used for?2. Were does the heating for oven and coffee machines come from?3. what is lighting equipment used for?4. Are there any lighting equipment outside the aircraft?5. What are the purpose for the lights outside the aircraft?6. How is the valve controlled?7. Electronic devices are used to control various systems, aren’t they?Exercises 2:Describe Fig.2 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 2 Electrical PowerLesson TwoAuto FlightPart One: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The aircraft has three axes. They are called:---the longitudinal or x--axis---and the lateral or y—axis---the vertical or z--axisThe Autopilot controls the aircraft attitude directly around 2 axes, by elevator deflections from the pitch channel and aileron deflections from the roll channel .Autoland Autopilots can also control the aircraft attitude directly around the vertical axis by rudder deflections from the yaw channel.The Yaw damper controls the rudder to dampen dutch roll oscillations (swings) during the entire flight.The pitch trim system moves the horizontal stabilizer, to compensate for changes in the center of gravity and center of lift during flight.Autothrottle is the only system that can control an aircraft motion along an axis, called a translatory motion. It generates accelerations in the x--axis by controlling the engine thrust.Exercise 1:Questions to the Text:1. How many axes does an aircraft move along?2. What is the function of the Yaw Damper?3. What is the function of the Pitchtrim?4. How does an aircraft accelerate?5. How is vertical movement of an aircraft achieved?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.3 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 3 Axes of An AircraftFig. 3 Pitch Yaw and RollPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.All modern aircraft are equipped with autoflight systems.Typically, an autoflight system has the following subsystems:-- the Autopilot, or AP in short-- the Flight Director, or FD-- the Autothrottle System, usually abbreviated as ATS-- the Automatic Pitch Trim System, also called Autotrim-- and the Yaw Damper System, or YDThe Flight Director shows the pilot how to fly the aircraft manually. This is done by Flight Director Command bars in the Primary Flight Display -- PFD or Attitude Director Indicator--ADI.The Autothrottle System reduces the workload for the pilots by controlling the engine power automatically.Autotrim maintains pitch stability during all phases of the flight. It usually adjusts the horizontal stabilizer automatically.The Yaw Damper improves the dynamic stability of the aircraft during the whole flight.The FMS does navigation and performance calculations for optimum flight performance.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. How many subsystems does autoflight consist of?2. What does flight director show?3. What is the function of Autothrottle?4. What is autotrim used for?5. Which subsystem can improve the aircraft dynamic stability?6. what does FMC stand for?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.4 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Flight DirectorFlight director AutothrottleAutopilotAutotrim Yaw DamperFig. 4 Autoflight SystemLesson ThreeAir SourcePart one: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.On aircraft pneumatic energy is used for engine starting, cabin pressurization and air conditioning, wing anti--icing, water reservoir pressurization and hydraulic reservoir pressurization on some aircraft.You may find other systems and components that also work pneumatically, for instance, air--driven pumps for hydraulics or air motors used for slat operation. In any pneumatic systems, air pressure and temperature need to be as constantas possible to support the different consumers effectively.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What is the function of aircraft pneumatic system?2. why constant air pressure and temperature are needed?3. Does air-driven work pneumatically or hydraulically?4. Air motors are used for hydraulic system operation, aren’t they?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.5 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 5 Pneumatic SystemPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.A modular engine construction is used on all modern aircraft. The whole engine is split up into a set of separate major modules. These engine modules are pre--assembled and balanced. They are specially designed to be removed and replaced more easily. The modules remain intact after removal and do not fall to pieces.The major engine modules are further divided into individual modules. The number of modules depends on the manufacturer and on the engine type.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. Why are engines are designed into a set of separate modules?2. What would be like if engine is disassembled?3. Can the engine module be further divided?4. How many modules does an engine contain?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.6 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Blades, shroud, hubGear box, intermidia caseHP compressor,Combustion chamberHP tubineLP turbine,shaftFig. 6. Engine ConstructionLesson FourCommunicationPart one: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.For communication in aircraft we need two general components for nearly all systems:Microphones transfer the acoustic information into an electrical signal. Loudspeakers transfer the electrical signal back into acoustical information. Different types of microphone are used in the cockpit. An area microphone, which is usually installed on the ceiling panel, is used by the voice recorder to record the general cockpit sounds; a hand—held microphone is used for announcements to the passengers; and integrated microphones are contained in the oxygen mask or the headset. These are called the boomset.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What makes it possible for the communication in aircraft?2. What is the function of a microphone?3. Which component transfer the electrical signal into acoustical information?4. How many types of microphone are used in the cockpit?5. What type of microphone does the voice recorder use?6. Where is the voice recorder microphone located?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.7 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Oxygen mask Area microphoneHand-held microphoneHeadset microphone Fig. 7 CommunicationPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The VHF communication system is used for short distance voice and data communication with ground stations or other aircraft.The VHF frequency range for aircraft communication systems is from 117.975 MHz to 137 MHz .Note that the frequency of 121.5 is an international emergency frequency, which is used, for example, by the emergency locator beacon.The spacing between each communication channel is normally 25 kHz, which means that 760 frequencies, also called channels, are available.In Europe more channels are required in high flight levels, therefore modern systems use a channel spacing of 8.3 kHz which means more than 2000 channels are available.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What is the function of the VHF communication system?2. Do you know the frequency range of VHF communication? What are they?3. When will the emergency frequency be used?4. How many channels are available for VHF system?5. How many KHz is the spacing between each channel?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.8 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 8 VHF CommunicationLesson FiveAPUPart one: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.We can split the APU into three main sections.--- the power section--- the bleed section--- and the accessory gearbox sectionThe power section of the APU drives the compressor and the gearbox. This gearbox drives all APU accessories like--- the fuel pump--- the oil pumps--- the cooling fan--- and the AC-generator.On very large APU like this one, you may even find two AC-generators on the gearbox.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. How many main sections can APU be divided into?2. What are the three main parts of a APU?3. Which part of the APU drives the gearbox?4. How does the fuel pump work?5. How many APUs does an aircraft have?Exercise 2:Describe Fig.9 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.AC-GENERATORS Fig. 9 APUPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The APU doors give access for servicing and maintenance.There are usually two doors located on the bottom of the rear fuselage. On small aircraft, there is only one door.Latches in the lower inboard edge of the access door hold and secure the doors closed.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What is the function of the APU doors?2. How many doors does an APU usually have?3. Where does the APU door located?4. What is the purpose of the latches?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 10 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 10 APU doorsLesson SixFire ProtectionPart one: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The APU is a small engine which also has a fire detection system. The system must be operative when the APU is running.The APU fire warning system activates the same fire warning in the cockpit as for the engines.The system also has 2 features that are important if the cockpit is empty. One feature is a ground warning in the nose or main wheel well area. A red light flashes and a warning horn sounds.The APU fire detection sensor is the same type of continuous dual loop as for the engine fire detection system.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. When must the fire protection system be operative?2. Why there is a ground warning in the nose or main wheel well area?3. What kind of warning does the system will give if there is a fire?4. What type is the APU fire detection sensor?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 11 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Cockpit WarningGround WarningRed light Sensor loopFig. 11 APU Fire ProtectionPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.When a fire starts, there are three ways to put out the fire:--- cool down the temperture;--- remove the oxygen;--- or remove the flammable materialsAll fire extinguisher agents use one or more of these effects to extinguish a fire. In an aircraft, a fire must be extinguished as quickly as possible. This is done either by an installed fire extinguishing system or by using portable fire extinguishers. Both methods use very effective extinguishing agents to put out a fire.In transport aircraft, fire extinguishing systems are installed on the engines, on the APU, in the toilets and in the cargo compartments, if necessary for the compartment classification.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What are the principles for the distinguisher to put out a fire?2. Why a fire in an aircraft must be extinguished as soon as possible?3. How is a fire in an aircraft distinguished?4. Where are the distinguishers installed in transport aircraft?5. According to fig. 12, how many distinguishers are installed in the aircraft?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 12 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.ToiletAPUCargo compartmentengineFig. 12 Fire Extinguisher LocatinLesson SevenEngine IgnitionPart One: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.In this segment we will look at the operation and build--up of the igniter plug. You can find two igniter plugs on each engine, one for system A and the other for system B. In the cut view of the engine on the right you can see that the igniter plugs are installed in 2 positions in the combustion chamber below the centerline of the engine.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What shall we learn in this segment?2. What does the word build-up mean here?3. How many igniters are there on each engine?4. Where are they installed?5. Which part of the diagram tells us the position of the igniter plug?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 13 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 13 Igniter InstallationPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The part of the ignition lead that runs along the core engine has a cooling air jacket. Air from the engine compressor passes through the gap between the conduit and the rubber insulation. Now you can start the airflow by doing this task. The cooling air enters through inlet holes and comes out above the coupling nut. From here the air flows over the surface of the igniter plug and gives additional cooling. The cooling air for the lead is necessary because the copper wire increases its resistance with the temperature. So a hot lead decreases the igniter current and consequently the energy of the igniter spark.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. How is the ignition lead cooled?2. Where is the cooling air from?3. Why is the cooling air necessary?4. What will happen if the lead becomes hot?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 14 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 14. Ignition Lead CoolingLesson EightEngine OilPart One: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.In this segment you will learn about the main tasks of engine oil and the different characteristics of oils. First let us look at the main tasks of oil on modern jet engines. These tasks include:-- lubricating,-- cooling,-- cleaning-- and corrosion protection.Generally, lubrication is needed to reduce friction between metal surfaces that move against each other. The contact surfaces look very smooth but when you look more closely at them through a microscope you can see that they are very rough ( Fig 15).When the surfaces move against each other they can cause very high friction and wear. So the oil is needed to form a protective film. This prevents the contact between the metal surfaces. An oil pump pumps the oil into the gearbox and then is squeezed into the gap between two parts.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What are the main tasks of the oil on modern engine?2. Why is lubrication is needed?3. The surface of a metal part is actually very rough, isn’t it?4. If there is no oil to lubricate, what will happen when two parts move againsteach other?5. How does the oil get into the gearbox?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 14 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 15 Task of Engine OilPart Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The oil reservoir and supply system are also called the pressure oil system. The main components of this system are:-- the oil tank-- the supply lines-- the supply pump-- and the supply filter.The oil is stored in the oil tank and pumped by the supply pump through the supply lines to the oil nozzles in the engine bearing compartments and the gearboxes.The oil is filtered before it reaches the oil nozzles. The supply filter is located downstream of the supply pump. The filter removes any foreign particles from the oil before it reaches the oil nozzles. This prevents blockage of the nozzles.Exercise 1:Questions to the text:1. What does oil system consist of?2. Where is oil stored?3. How is the oil sent to the nozzles?4. Where is the filter located?5. What is the function of the filter?6. Why should the foreign particles be removed?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 16 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig 16. Pressure Oil System SchematicFig. 16 Pressure Oil SystemLesson NineFlight ControlsPart One: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.All flight control systems can be divided into:--- control inputs--- control transmissions--- and control outputs or surfaces.Control transmissions connect the control inputs with the control outputs. Control transmissions are achieved mechanically, hydraulically and electrically.The main components in a mechanical transmission are rods and a cable system.Hydraulical transmissions use hydraulic components to convert input signals into hydraulic pressure. The hydraulic pressure moves the flight control surface. Hydraulical transmissions use: mechanical components as well as hydraulical components.Exercise 1: Questions to the text1. What groups can flight control system fall into?2. How are control inputs and outputs connected?3. What parts do the mechanical transmissions consist of?4.Tell us how is hydraulical transmission achieved?5.By what the flight control surface is moved?Exercise 2: Describe Fig 17 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 17 Flight Controls35you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.Cables must be cleaned, inspected and lubricated on a regular basis. Lint free cloth dampened with solvent can be used to remove old lubrication grease and all dirt from the surface of the control cables.Exercise 1:Describe Fig 18 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.dirt and greaseFig 18 Cable CleaningFigFFig 18 Cable CleaningLesson TenCentral Maintenance Systemyou can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The CMCS has two modes of operation. The modes are called reporting mode and interactive mode.The first mode is called the reporting mode. In this mode, the CMC scans all of the aircraft systems that are connected to it. As it does this, the CMC memorizes the transmitted fault information.This memorized fault information can be read at anytime by use of the MCDU or a printout from the printer. It can also be sent to the homebase via the datalink system.Exercise 1: Questions to the text1. Which two modes does the CMCS have?2. What is the first mode? What does the first mode do?3. What is the second mode? What does the second mode do?4. How can we read the memorized fault information?5. how can the information be sent to homebase?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 19 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 19 Central Maintenance System39Part Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The display screen consists 14 lines with a maximum of 24 characters in each. The top line is called the title line and shows the title of the selected display. Below the title line are 12 data lines. The data lines are arranged in 6 pairs with a label line in small fonts at the top and a data line in large fonts below it. Each data line has a right and left line select key.The bottom line is called the scratchpad or message line. In this line the MCDU gives messages to the operator such as select desired system which we have seen already.Exercise 1: Questions to the text1. How many lines does a display screen consist of?2. How many characters does a line maximally contain?3. What does the first line display?4. How are the 12 data lines arranged?5. Where are the LSK located?6. What is the purpose of the scratchpad?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 20 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.40Fig 20 MCDU DisplaySaid I Loved You .. .But I liedYou are the candle, love's the flameA fire that burns through wind and rainShining your light through the heart of mineTill the end of timeYou came to me like the dawn through the nightJust shining like the sunOut of my dreams and into my lifeYou are the one, you're the oneChorus:Said I loved you but I lied‘Cause this is more than love I feel insideSaid I loved you but I was wrong‘Cause love could never ever feel so strongSaid I loved you but I liedWith all my soul I've tried in vainHow can mere words my heart explainThis taste of heaven so deep so trueI've found in youSo many reasons in so many waysMy life has just begunNeed you forever, I need you to stayYou are the one, you're the oneChorusYou came to me like the dawn through the nightJust shining like the sunOut of my dreams and into my lifeYou are the one, your are the oneSaid I loved youBut this is more than love I feel insideSaid I loved you... But I liedLesson ElevenAir Conditioning systemPart T One: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The air supply comes from the pneumatic system.The air conditioning system starts after the pack valve.The air is cooled by two or more identical packs. Basic temperature and humidity regulation are carried out in this area of the system.The air conditioning system then mixes cooled air with hot air to give the desired temperature in the conditioned compartments.The air conditioning system also supplies the necessary cooling to panels, batteries and electronic racks by ventilating them with air.Finally, the conditioned air is distributed to the compartments. The cabin and flight compartment are pressurized to supply a pressure corresponding to all flight altitudes. This is regulated by the outflow valve.Exercise 1: Questions to the text1. Where does the air supply come from?2. How is the air cooled?3. Why are the cooled air and hot air mixed?4. What function does the air conditioning perform?5. Which system of the airplane can keep the proper pressurizationcorresponding to all flight altitudes?6. How is the pressure regulated?Exercise 2:Describe Fig 21, Speak as much as possible with your own words.Fig. 21 Air conditioning Lay Out45Part T Two: Read the following passage and memory as much as you can, and then describe the diagram below with your own words.The air conditioning system must make sure of 5 physical characteristics.It must make sure that the air is fresh, clean, at a comfortable temperature, at the correct humidity and at the correct pressure.Let’s look at each of these 5 characteristics in turn, the first one we will consider is freshness.There are regulations relating to freshness on board. These regulations state that there is a minimum of fresh air which must be supplied to the cabin.These regulations are stated in the FAR and JAR which determines the basic requirements for aircraft design.The regulations say that, on average, an acceptable limit of fresh air to be supplied is 0.283 m3 per minute per person. This is about 0,35 kg per minute at sea level.The regulations, therefore, make it necessary that the whole of the cabin air be exchanged every 3 to 5 min, depending on the number of people in the aircraft. This means, for example, that a B747, which has a cabin volume of nearly 800 m 3 and 500 passenger seats, shifts a minimum 160 m3 of air in one minute. Exercise 1: Questions to the text1. What are the five characteristics that the air conditioning system has to keep?2. Which of the five, do you think, is the most important for the people tosurvive?3. What is the acceptable limit of fresh air?4. Where you can find the regulation?5. How often should the air of the cabin be changed?6. How many seats are there in a Boeing 747?Exercise 2: Describe Fig 22 with what you have learned in the text. Speak as much as possible with your own words.。
Airbus 空中客车A320系列缩写字典
Subchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00AA/C AircraftA/COND Air ConditionedA/ICE Anti-iceA/P Auto-PilotA/SKID Anti-SkidA/THR Auto Thrust FunctionAAL Above aerodrome level.AAS ALT Alert SystemABC Airport briefing card.ABN AbnormalABP Able Body Passenger.AC Alternating CurrentACARS Airborne Communications Addressingand Reporting SystemACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACCY AccuracyACMS Aircraft condition monitoring system ACN Aircraft Classification NumberACP Audio Control PanelACT Additional Center TankACZFW Actual ZFWAD Airworthiness DirectiveAD AerodromeADC Air data computerADEP Aerodrome of DepartureADES Aerodrome of DestinationADF Automatic direction finding.ADI Attitude Director indicatorADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit ADR Air Data ReferenceADT Approve departure time.ADV AdvisoryAEA Association of European Airlines AFCS Automatic flight control system AFDS Autopilot/flight director systemAFP ATC Flight PlanAFS Auto Flight SystemAGL Above ground level.AI Airbus IndustryAIDS Aircraft Integrated Data SystemAIL AileronALS Approach lighting system.ALT Altitude.ALTN Alternate aerodrome.ALW Actual Landing Weight.AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual AMP AmperesAMU Audio Management UnitAND Aircraft nose downANP Actual navigation performance ANT AntennaANU Aircraft nose downAOA Angle of attackAOBT Actual Off-block TimeAOC Aerodrome obstacle chart.AOC Air Operator CertificateAOM Airplane Operation Manual.AP Auto-PilotAPPR ApproachAPR AprilAPU Auxiliary Power UnitARINC Aeronautical Radio Incorporated ARO Air traffic services reporting office. ARP Aerodrome reference point.ARR Arrive or arrival.ASAP As Soon As PossibleASDA Accelerate-stop distance available. ASE Altimeter System ErrorASI Air Speed IndicatorASR Airport Surveillance RadarASSY AssemblyASYM AsymmetricalATA Actual Time of ArrivalATC Air Traffic Control.ATC TransponderATD Actual Time of DepartureATE Automatic Test EquipmentATIS Airbus technical information system ATO Actual Time OverATOT Actual TO TimeATOW Actual TO weight.ATPL Airline Transport Pilot License ATS Air traffic services.ATS Auto Thrust System.ATSU Air Traffic Services UnitATT AttitudeATTN AttentionSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00AUG August.AUTO/BRKS AutobrakesAUX AuxiliaryAVBL Available or availability AVG AverageAVI Animal Vivo en BodegaAVM Airborne vibration monitor AWO All Weather OperationsAWOPS All Weather OperationsAWY AirwayBB Blue.BA Braking action.BARO BarometricBAT BatteryBC Back CourseBCL BAT Charge LimiterBFD Basic Flight Data Message BFE Buyer Furnished Equipment BFO Beat frequency oscillator BITE Built-in Test Equipment BIU Bite Interface UnitBLW BelowBMC Bleed Air Monitoring Computer BMV Brake metering valveBNR BinaryBRG BearingBRK BrakeBRNAV Basic RNAVBRT BrightBSCU Braking Steering Control UnitBTB Bus tie breakerBTC Bus Tie ContactorBTL BottleBTN BetweenCC Degrees CelsiusC/B Circuit BreakerC/C Jefe de Cabina.C/L Check ListCAA Civil Aviation AuthorityCAM Cabin Assignment Module CANPA Constant angle non precisionapproachCAOM Cabin Attendant Operating Manual CAP CaptureCAPT CaptainCAS Calibrated AirspeedCAS Collision Avoidance SystemCAT I Landing Category I (II or III)CAT CategoryCAT Clear Air TurbulenceCBMS Circuit Breaker Monitoring System CBT Computer Based TrainingCCQ Cross Crew QualificationCCR Cockpit crew reportCCRA Cabin crew rest areaCCW Counter clockwise CDA Continuous descent approach CDI Course Deviation IndicatorCDL Configuration Deviation List CDR CommanderCDU Control Display UnitCFDIU Centralized Fault Data InterfaceUnitCFDS Centralized Fault Display System CFIT Controlled flight into terrain CFM Cubic feet per minuteCFMU Central Flow Management Unit CFS Critical Fuel Scenario.CG Center of GravityCGZFW CG at ZFWCH ChannelCI Cost Index.CIDS Cabin Intercommunication DataSystemCL Center lineCLB ClimbCLK ClockCLR Clear or cleared to... or clearance.Subchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00CLSD Close or closed or closing. cm Centimetre.CM1/2Crew Member 1 (LH) 2 (RH) CMD CommandCMPTR ComputerCMTE Comandante.CNL Cancel or cancelledCO RTE Company RouteCO CompanyCOMM CommunicationsCOND Condition(s)CONF ConfigurationCONT ContinuousCONV ConvergenceCOORD CoordinatesCOT Climb on trackCP Critical Point (ETOPS) CPCU Cabin Pressure Controller Unit CPT Cockpit procedure training CRC Continuous Repetitive Chime CRM Crew resource Management CRS Computer Reservations System CRS CourseCRT Cathode Ray TubeCRZ CruiseCS Crew Schedule.CSCU Cargo Smoke Control Unit CSD Constant Speed DriveCTA Control AreaCTL PNL Control PanelCTL ControlCTOT Calculated take off timeCTR Cabin Trouble Report.CTR CenterCU Control unitCUT Company utility channel.CVR Cockpit Voice RecorderCW ClockwiseCWS Control wheel steeringCWY ClearwayDDA Drift AngleDA(H)Decision Altitude (Height)DAR Digital AIDS RecorderdBase Data BaseDC Direct CurrentDCT DirectDDRMI Digital Distance and Radio MagneticIndicatorDEC DecemberDEG DegreeDEL DeleteDELTA DifferentialDEP Depart or departureDES Descend to or descending to. DEST DestinationDEU Decoder/Encoder UnitDEV Deviation or deviating.DFDAU Digital flight data acquisition unit DFDR Digital Flight Data RecorderDG Directional gyroDGAC Dirección General de Aviación Civil(Spain)DGR Dangerous goods regulations DH Decision HeightDH Vuelos en Movimiento.DIFF DifferentialDIR TO Direct ToDIR DirectionDIS DisplayDISC DisconnectDISCH DischargeDIST DistanceDLH LufthansaDLV DeliveryDLY DailyDMC Display Management Computer DME Distance Measuring Equipment DMU Data Management UnitDN DownDOC DocumentDOI Dry operating indexDOPS Dirección de Operaciones. DOPS Director Flight Operations DOTS Distribution of traffic scheme DOW Dry operating weightDP Data ProcessingSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00DP Decision pointDP Dew point temperature. DR Dead reckoning position DS Programa de vuelos diario DSPL DisplayDST Daylight saving time DTG Distance To GoDU Display UnitDVOR DopplerVOR.EE East or EasternE/O Engine - outE/WD Engine/Warning DisplayEADI Electronic attitude direction indicator EAS Equivalent air speedEAT Expected Approach TimeEB EastboundECAM Electronic Centralized AircraftMonitoringECM Engine Condition Monitoring ECON EconomicECP ECAM Control PanelECS Environmental Control System ECU Engine Control UnitEDP Electronic Data ProcessEDP Electronic Data ProcessingEDP Engine Driven PumpEEP ETOPS Entry PointEET Estimated Elapsed TimeEFCS Electronic Flight Control System EFF EffectiveEFI Electronic flight instrumentsEFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EFOB Estimated Fuel On Board EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity WarningSystemEGT Exhaust gas temperatureEHSI Electronic attitude director indicator EICAS Engine indicating and crew alertingsystemEIS Electronic Instruments SystemEIU Engine Interface Unit.ELAC Elevator Aileron ComputerELEC ElectricELEV Elevation ELEV ElevationELT Emergency Locator Transmitter EMER GEN Emergency GeneratorEMER EmergencyEN North-eastENE East-Northeast.ENG EngineENRT En routeEO Engine OutEOSID Engine out standard instrumentdepartureEPR Engine Pressure RatioEQPT EquipmentERA En route Alternate.ERP Eye reference pointES SpanishESAD Equivalent still air distanceESS EssentialEST Estimate or estimated or estimate. ETA Estimated time of arrival orestimating arrival.ETD Estimated Time of DepartureETE Estimated Time en RouteETO Estimated time over significant point ETOPS Extended Range Operation with twinengine airplanesETP Equal rime PointETT Estimated takeoff timeEU European UnionEUR European Region.EVAC EvacuationEVMU Engine Vibration Monitoring Unit EXT PWR External PowerEZFW Estimated zero fuel weightSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00FF FahrenheitF/C Flight CrewF/CTL Flight ControlF/O First OfficerFAA Federal Aviation Administration FAC Flight Augmentation Computer FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine ControlSystemFAF Final Approach FixFAIL FailureFANS Future Air Navigation SystemFAP Final Approach PointFAR Federal Aviation RegulationFAV Fan Air ValveFBS Fixed Base SimulatorFC Friction coefficientFCC Flight control computerFCDC Flight Control Data Concentrator FCL Flight Crew LicensingFCM Flight Crew ManualFCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual (AI) FCST ForecastFCTM Flight Crew Training ManualFCU Flight Control UnitFD Flight DirectorFDAU Flight data acquisition unitFDR Flight Data RecordFDR Flight Deficiencies Report.FDSU Flight data storage unitFDU Fire Detection UnitFEB FebruaryFF Fuel FlowFFS Full Flight SimulatorFG Flight GuidanceFGC Flight Guidance ComputerFGS Flight guidance system.FIDS Fault Isolation and Detection System FIM Fault isolation manualFIREX Fire extinguisherFIS Flight Information ServiceFL Flight LevelFLEX FlexibleFLT FlightFM Fan MarkerFM Flight ManagementFM Flight ManualFMA Flight Mode AnnunciatorFMC Flight management computer. FMGC Flight Management Guidance Envelope ComputerFMGS Flight Management Guidance System FMS Flight Management SystemFMU Fuel metering unitFOB Fuel On BoardFOD Foreign object damageFOO Flight Operations Officer.FOR Informe Incidencias en Vuelo.FPA Flight Path AngleF-PLN Flight PlanFPM Feet Per MinuteFPV Flight Path VectorFQI Fuel Quantity IndicationFREQ FrequencyFRI FridayFRM Fault reporting manualFRV Fuel Return ValveFSEU Flaps/slats electronic unitft Foot, Feetft/min Feet per MinuteFU Smoke.FWC Flight Warning ComputerFWD ForwardFWS Flight Warning SystemSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00GG GreenG/E Ground Engineer.G/S Glide SlopeGA Go AroundGB General BasicGCB Generator control breaker GCU Generator Control Unit GDLP Ground Data link Processor GDS Green Dot SpeedGEN GeneralGEN GeneratorGHT Glide path height overthresholdGLC Generator Line ContactorGMT Greenwich Mean Time.GMU GPS Measurement UnitGND GroundGNE Gross Navigational ErrorGP Glide pathGPCU Ground Power Control UnitGPS Global Positioning SystemGPU Ground power unitGPWS Ground Proximity WarningSystemGS Ground SpeedGT Grid trackGW Gross WeightHH Hour, HotH2424 Hour ServiceHA Agente de Handling.HAA Height Above AirportHAT Height Above Touchdown HD Handling Directory.HDG HeadingHg MercuryHI High (altitude or Intensity) HIALS High Intensity Approach LightSystemHIL Hold Items ListHIRL High Intensity Runway EdgeLightsHMI Human Machine InterfaceHMU Hydrau-Mechanical UnitHOT Hold Over Time.HP High PressureHP Holding patternHPa Hecto PascalHPSOV High pressure shut off valveHPT High pressure turbineHPV High pressure ValveHR Hours (period of time)HSI Horizontal situation indicatorHUD Head Up DisplayHVY HeavyHW HeadwindHYD HydraulicHz Hertz (cycles per second) II/O Inputs/OutputsIAA Initial approach altitudeIACA International Air Carriers Association IAF Initial Approach FixIAL Instrument approach and landing chart IAP Instrument approach procedureIAS Indicated Air Speed IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil AviationOrganizationID Identity (Number)IDENT IdentificationIDG Integrated Drive GeneratorSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00IE ExemptedIEM Interpretation/Explanation Material IF Intermediate approach fix IFALPA International Federation of AirlinePilotsIFR Instrument Flight RulesIFSD In-flight Shut DownIFTB In-flight Turn BackIGN IgnitionIGS Instrument guidance systemILS Instrument Landing SystemIM Inner makerIMC Instrumental MeteorologicalConditionsin inch(es)INB InboundINFO InformationINIT InitializationINOP InoperativeINS Inertial navigation system.INSP Inspector.INST InspectorINTPH InterphoneINV InverterIOE Initial Operating ExperienceIOV Inspección.IP Intermediate PressureIPC Intermediate Pressure Check Valve IRS Inertial Reference SystemIRU Inertial reference unitIS Inspector de Servicio.ISA International Standard Atmosphere ISIS Integrated Standbay InstrumentSystemISOL Isolated.ITT Initial true trackIVC Inspección de VueloIVSI Instantaneous vertical speedindicatorJJAA Joint Aviation Authorities JAN JanuaryJAR Joint Aviation Regulations JEPP Jeppesen.JSO Jefe Servicio Operaciones.JTSO JAR Technical Standards Orders JUL JulyJUN JuneKKg KilogramKHz kilohertzKIAS Knots indicated airspeedKm kilometerKt knotKW Kilowatts LL Left (Runway identification).L/G Landing GearL/R Línea Regular.L/S LoadsheetLAF Load Alleviation Function. LAHSO Land and hold short operations LAN Local area networkLAT REV Lateral Revision LAT LatitudeLAT LatitudeLAV Lavatorylb pounds(weight)LC Landing chartLCD Liquid crystal display LCN Load Classification Number LDA Landing Distance AvailableSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00LDG LandingLE Leading edgeLED Light emitting diodeLEP List of Effective PagesLETR List of effective temporary revisions LFU Late Filer and Late Up dater LGCIU Landing Gear Control Interface Unit LGPIU Landing gear Position Indicator Unit LGW Landing gross weightLH Left HandLIM LimitationLIZFW Loaded index zero fuel weight LLSK Left Line Select keyLLWAS Low level Wind Shear Alert System LMC Last minute changeLNA Ley de Navegación Aérea.LNAV Lateral navigationLO LowLOC LocalizerLOFT Line Oriented Flight TrainingLOM Locator outer markerLONG LongitudeLP Low PressureLPPNA Ley Penal y Procesal de NavegaciónAérea.LPT Low pressure turbineLRC Long Range Cruise.LRU Line Replaceable UnitLSK Line Select KeyLt LightLT Local timeLVDT Linear Variable DifferentialTransformerLVL LevelLVL/CH Level ChangeLVO Low Visibility OperationsLVP Low visibility proceduresLVTO Low visibility TOLW Landing WeightLYR Layer or layered.MM Mach, MeterMA Minimum altitudeMAA Maximum authorized altitude MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord MAG DEC Magnetic DeclinationMAG VAR Magnetic VariationMAG MagneticMAINT MaintenanceMALF MalfunctionMAM Manual de Auxilios Médicos. MAN ManualMAPT Missed Approach PointMAR MarchMAX CLB Maximum ClimbMAX DES Maximum DescentMAX END Maximum EnduranceMAX MaximumMAY MayMb MillibarMBO Manual Básico de Operaciones. MCA Minimum crossing altitude MCC Maintenance Control Center MCDP Maintenance control and displaypanelMCDU Multifunction Control and DisplayUnitMCP Mode control panelMCT Maximum Continuous Thrust MCU Mode control unitMEA Minimum en route altitudeMED MediumMEHT Minimum pilot eye height overthresholdMEL Minimum Equipment ListMET Weather ServicesMFA Minimum flight altitudeMFP Manual de Formacion Permanente MFT Minimum fuel trackMH Minimum heightMHA Minimum holding altitudeMHz MegahertzMIC MicrophoneMID MiddleMIN Minimum, MinuteMISAP Missed approach procedureSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00MISC MiscellaneousMKR MarkerMLG Main landing gearMLS Microwave Landing System. MLW Maximum Landing weightMM MaintenanceMM Middle markermm MillimeterMMEL Master Minimum Equipment List MMO Maximum Operating MachMN Mach Number, Minute.MNM MinimumMNPS Minimum navigation performancespecificationMOCA Minimum Obstruction ClearanceAltitudeMode-S SSR selective interrogation mode MOFP mini OFPMON MondayMORA Minimum off route altitude.MPH Statute miles per hourMPS Meters per secondMRIU Maintenance and RecordingInterface UnitMRW Maximum Ramp WeightMSG MessageMSL Mean Sea LevelMSN Manufacturer Serial NumberMSU Mode Selector UnitMT Mountain, magnetic trackMTBF Mean Time Between FailureMTCP Manual de Tripulantes de Cabina dePasajerosMTG Miles to goMTOW Maximum TO Weight (structural)MTT Minimum time trackMTW Maximum taxi weightMZFW Maximum Zero Fuel WeightNN Normal,NorthNA Not ApplicableNAA National Aviation Authority NAP Noise abatement procedure NAT North AtlanticNAV NavigationNAVAID Navigation Radio-Aid NAVAID Navigational AidNB NorthboundNCL Normal Check List.ND Navigation DisplayNDB Non Directional Beacon NE North-eastNEG NegativeNIL No Item Listed (Nothing) NL Navigation Log.NLG Nose landing gearNLST New List (for RPLs)NM Nautical MileNML NormalNOP Noise measuring pointNORM NormalNOV NovemberNPA Non-Precision Approach NR NumberNW Nose WheelNWS Nose wheel steringOO/B On BoardO/R On requestOACI Organización de Aviación CivilInternacional.OAT Outside Air Temperature OBS ObserverOBST ObstacleOC Departamento de Programación. OCA Obstacle clearance altitude. OCAIH Obstacle Clearence Altitude / HeightSubchapter:00 – General14 - ABBREVIATIONS Edition:13/09/00OCC Operational Control Center OCH Obstacle clearance height OCL Obstacle clearance limitOCT OctoberODO Operations Duty OfficerOEB Operations Engineering Bulletin OFP Plan de Vuelo Operativo.OK Agree/is correctOLDI On-Line Data Interchange OLR Off load routeOLW Operational landing weight. OM Operation ManualOM Outer MarkerOPR Operator or operativeOPS OperationsOPT OptimumOS Inspección de Vuelo.OT Departamento Técnico.OTOW Operational TO WeightOTS Oceanic Track SystemOTS Traffic orientation scheme.OUTB OutboundOVBD OverboardOVHD OverheadOVHT OverheatOVRD OverrideOW Departamento de Despacho yControl de Vuelos.OX Subdireccion de InstrucciónOXY OxygenPP- ALT Profile ALTP/B Push-ButtonP/N Part numberPA Passenger AddressPANS Procedures for Air NavigationServicesPARK/BRK Parking BrakesPAX Passengerpb Push-ButtonPBR Planning based on reclearancePC Personal ComputerP-CLB Profile CLBPCN Pavement Classification Number PCU Power Control UnitPDC Parking docking chartPDI Pictorial deviation indicatorPDP Predeterminated Point.PDU Power drive unitPERF PerformancePET Animal Vivo en CabinaPF Pilot FlyingPFC Preflight checkPFD Primary Flight DisplayPFT Periodical flight trainingPGT Periodical ground training.PHC Probes Heat ComputerPIB Preflight information BulletinPIMU Propulsion interface and monitor unit PLI Pitch limit indicatorPLN PlanPMR Pasajero de movilidad reducida. PMV Programa Mensual de Vuelos. PNDB Perceived noise decibelsPNF Pilot Not FlyingPNR Point of No ReturnPOB Persons on boardPOD Point of decisionPOR Point of replanningPOS PositionPPH Pounds per hourPPI Plan position indicatorPPOS Present PositionPR PressurePRESS PressurePRKG ParkingPROC ProcedurePROF ProfilePROG ProgressPRV Pressure Regulation Valve. PSI Pounds per Square InchPSN PositionPSU Passenger Service UnitPT2Engine inlet pressureA319-A320-A321Chapter:09 - MEL Subchapter:00 – GeneralSection:14 - ABBREVIATIONSRevision: 00Edition:13/09/00PTP Programming and Test Panel. PTR PrinterPTT Push to talkPTU Power Transfer Unit (Hydraulic) PV Parte Administrativo del Vuelo.PWR PowerQQAR Quick Access RecorderQFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodromeelevation (or at runway threshold). QNE Sea level standard atmosphere(1013 hPa or 29.92" Hg)QNH Altitude above sea level based onlocal pressure.QRH Quick Reference HandbookQRP Quick Reference Performance QT Quarts (USG)QTY QuantityRR Right, RedR/P Piloto a la derecha.RA Radio Altitude/Radio Altimeter RA Resolution advisoryRAM Random access memoryRAR Rules and regulationsRAT Ram air temperatureRAT Ram Air TurbineRCA Reglamento de Circulación Aérea. RCDR RecorderRCL RecallRCL Runway centre lineRCLL Runway centre line lights RCVR ReceiverRDL RadialRDMI Radio distance magnetic indicator RDO RadioREC RecorderRECIRC RecirculateREF Reference to ... or refer to ... REG Registration, regulatorREL ReleaseREP Report or reportingRER RerouteingRES ReserveREV ReverseRF Ramp fuelRFC Radio/Route facility chartRFF Rescue and fire fightingRFI Radio Frequency Interference RH Right Hand, Radio heightRIF Reclearance in flight.RL Runway LightsRLSK Right Line Select KeyRM Route ManualRMI Radio Magnetic IndicatorRMKS RemarksRMP Radio Management PanelRNAV Area navigation.RNG RangeRNP Required Navigation Performance ROC Rate of climb.ROD Rate of descentRODOS Route documentation system RPM Revolution Per MinuteRQRD RequiredRSVR ReservoirRT Recurrent TrainingRTA Required time of arrivalRTE RouteRTF RadiotelephoneRTN ReturnRTO Rejected Take OffRTOW Regulatory Takeoff WeightRUD RudderRVR Runway Visual RangeRVSM Reduced Vertical separation minima RWY RunwayRX ReceiverA319-A320-A321Chapter:09 - MEL Subchapter:00 – GeneralSection:14 - ABBREVIATIONSRevision: 00Edition:13/09/00 SS Slats Retraction SpeedS South or Southern latitude. S/C Step ClimbS/D Step DescentS/N Serial numberSAT SaturdaySAT Static Air Temperature SATCOM Satellite communicationSB Service Bulletin, Southbound SCHED ScheduleSD System DisplaySDAC System Data AcquisitionConcentratorSDCU Smoke Detection Control Unit SDOPS SubDireccion Operaciones Sec SecondsSEC Spoiler Elevator Computer,Secondary.SEL SelectorSELCAL Selective calling systemSEP SeptemberSFC Specific fuel consumptionSFCC Slat/Flap Control Computer SFCS Slat/Flap Control SystemSFE Seller Furnished Equipment SFL Standard Fuel LoadsSG Signal / Symbol generatorSGL SignalSIG SignatureSIM SimulationSLT SlatSPD SpeedSPD/BRK Speed BrakesSPLRS SpoilersSPP SpanairSTAT INV Static InverterSTS StatusSWY StopwaySYS SystemsTT/C Top-of-ClimbT/D Top-of-DescendT/S Transit StopTA TransitionAltitudeTAS True Air SpeedTAT Total Air TemperatureTBD To be determined.TEMP TemperatureTEMP Temporary / Temperature TFC TrafficTFR TransferTHR Thrust, ThresholdTHS Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer THU ThursdayTK TrackTK Track angleTKE Track angle ErrorTL Transition level.TLA Throttle Lever AngleTLB Technical Log Book TO TakeoffTOD TO distanceTODA TO Distance AvailableTOGA Takeoff / Go-AroundTOGW Take Off Gross WeightTOI Transitory Operational Information TORA Take-on Run AvailableTOS Traffic orientation schemeTOT Take-Off TimeTOW Take-Off WeightTPIS Tyre Pressure Indicating System. TR Temporary revisionTRU Transformer Rectifier UnitTS ThunderstormTSO Technical Standard OrderTT True track, twin tandemTT2Engine inlet temperatureTTG Time to GoTURB TurbulenceTVE Total Vertical ErrorA319-A320-A321Chapter:09 - MEL Subchapter:00 – GeneralSection:14 - ABBREVIATIONSRevision: 00Edition:13/09/00TVMC Minimum Control SpeedTemperatureTW TailwindTWR Aerodrome control tower.TWY TaxiwayTX TransmitterTXT TextUU/S UnserviceableUFN Until further noticeUM Menor sin acompañante. UNL UnlimitedUNLK UnlockUNREL UnreliableUNSCHD UnscheduledUTC Universal Coordinated Time VV VoltV/S Vertical speedV1Critical Engine Failure Speed.V2Take off Safety Speed.VAR Magnetic variationVBV Variable by pass valve.VCC Video control centerVDL VHF Data LinkVDU Visual display unitVER VerticalVFE Maxi Speed Flaps Extended VFEN VFE NextVIB VibrationVIP Very Important PersonVIS VisibilityVLE Maximum Speed with landing gearextended.VLO Maximum speed at which thelanding gear may be extended orretracted.VLS Lowest selectable speedVMCA Minimum Control Speed in Flight.VMCG Minimum Control Speed on Ground.VMIN Minimum Operating SpeedVMO Maximum Operating SpeedVNAV Vertical navigationVOL VolumeVOLT VoltageVOR VHF Omnidirectional Range.VR Rotation SpeedVREF Landing reference speedVS Stall speedVSI Vertical Speed IndicatorVSP Vertical speedVSV Variable Stator Vane.VTK Vertical trackVTR Video tape reproducerWW White, West, WeightW/C Wind componentW/O WithoutW/S Wind shear.WB WestboundWBC Weight and Balance Computer WBM Weight and Balance Manual WD Week days WDI Wind direction indicatorWED WednesdayWEF With effect from or effective fromWGD Windshield Guidance DisplayWHC Window Heat ComputerWHL WheelWIE With immediate effect or effective immediately.A319-A320-A321Chapter:09 - MEL Subchapter:00 – GeneralSection:14 - ABBREVIATIONSRevision: 00Edition:13/09/00WPT Waypoint. WRNG Warning WTB Wing Tip BrakeWX Weather.WXR Weather radar XX No specific working hours XCVR TransceiverXFR TransferXMTR TransmitterXPDR TransponderXTK Cross TrackXW Cross-wind YY YellowZZFCG Zero fuel center of gravity ZFW Zero Fuel Weight。
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1 Chapter 27 Flight Control 27 Flight Control B THE SLAT/FLAP POSITION INDICATION IS DISPLAYED: On a specific system page of the ECAM. On the engine warning display (EWD). On a specific system page of the ECAM and on a back up indicator panel. 27 飞行控制 b 襟缝翼位置的显示出现在 ECAM某个特定的系统页面上 发动机警告显示上 ECAM某个特定的系统页面上和一个后备显示面板上
27 Flight Control C ON NON ENHANCED SYSTEM PLANES, ON THE ECAM F/CTL PAGE, THE INDICATING DATA FOR THE RUDDER SYSTEM IS (ARE): The rudder positon indication, only. The yaw damper position and rudder trim indication. The rudder position, rudder trim and rudder limiter fixed indication. 27 飞行控制 c 在非加强型的系统面板上，ECAM F/CTL页面上，方向舵系统的显示数据 只有方向舵位置 有偏航阻尼位置和方向舵配平显示 方向舵位置，方向舵配平和方向舵限制器固定显示
27 Flight Control A SLAT RETRACTION FROM LEVER POSITION 1TO FULLY RETRACTED IS INHIBITED IF THE ANGLE OF ATTACK (AOA) IS: > 8.5?or CAS (Computed Airspeed) < 148 Kts (A320). < 7.6?or CAS (Computed Airspeed) > 154 Kts (A320). 8.5?or CAS (Computed Airspeed) < 154 Kts (A320). 27 飞行控制 a 缝翼从水平位置1收到完全收起状态被抑制如果迎角 > 8.5?or CAS (计算空速) < 148 Kts (A320). < 7.6?or CAS (计算空速 > 154 Kts (A320). 8.5?or CAS (计算空速) < 154 Kts (A320). 27 Flight Control C AN AILERON SERVO-ACTUATOR NOT AVAILABLE DUE TO AN ASSOCIATED COMPUTER FAILURE IS IDENTIFIED BY: A class 3 Centralized Fault Display System (CFDS) message (in flight only). A changeover to centered and locked mode of an aileron servo-actuator. An amber bracket around the aileron servo-actuator symbol on the ECAM flight control page. 2
27 飞行控制 c 翼型伺服做动器因为相关计算机有故障而无法使用时通过什么来确认的？ 3级集中故障显示系统信息(只在飞行中) 转换成伺服做动器的中央和锁紧模式 在ECAM 飞行控制上的翼型伺服做动器标记周围有琥珀色括号
27 Flight Control B A MECHANICAL BACK UP SYSTEM IS AVAILABLE FOR: The rudder for yaw control and the ailerons for roll control. The THS for pitch control and the rudder for yaw control. The elevators for pitch control and the rudder for yaw control. 27 飞行控制 b 一个机械后备系统是可用的 方向舵用于偏航控制，翼型用于滚转控制 THS（可配平的水平安定面）用于俯仰控制，方向舵用于偏航控制 升降舵用于俯仰控制，方向舵用于偏航控制
27 Flight Control A IF BOTH SIDE STICKS ARE MOVED IN THE SAME OR OPPOSITE DIRECTION: The movement of the control surfaces is proportional to the algebraic sum of the deflection of both side sticks. The movement of the control surfaces is proportional to the last side stick deflection. The movement of the control surfaces follows the first officer's side stick deflection. 27 飞行控制 a 如果两个操纵杆按相同或相反方向移动， 控制面的运动与两个操纵杆偏转的代数和成比例 控制面的运动与最后操纵杆的偏转成比例 控制面的运动跟随副驾操纵杆的偏转
27 Flight Control A THE SLAT/FLAP COMMAND SENSOR UNIT (CSU): Converts mechanical inputs into electrical command signals. Provides slat position only, for cockpit indication. Is a sensing device that monitors slat/flap overspeed. 27 飞行控制 a 指令感应组件 将机械输入转换成电气指令信号 只为驾驶舱显示提供缝翼位置 是监控襟缝翼超速的感应设备 3
27 Flight Control C IF ONE FLAP PCU MOTOR FAILS: There is no consequence on the flap movement. The system is locked and flap movement is no longer possible. The flap system operates at half speed. 27 飞行控制 c 如果一个缝翼旅客控制组件失效 缝翼运动不受影响 系统锁紧，缝翼运动不再可能 缝翼系统以半速运转
27 Flight Control B A SIDE STICK LATCHED IN DEACTIVATED MODE, CAN BE REACTIVATED: By pressing the priority P/B of the active side stick for more than 40 seconds. By pressing the priority P/B on any side stick. By simultaneous action on both priority P/Bs. 27 飞行控制 b 一个处于解除模式的操纵杆能被激活 持续按工作的操纵杆上的优先按钮40秒以上 按任何操纵杆上的优先按钮 借助两个优先按钮的同时行动 27 Flight Control A MOVEMENT OF THE SIDE STICK PROVIDES: Electrical orders to the Elevator Aileron Computers (ELAC) and Spoiler Elevator Computers (SEC). Electrical orders to the ELAC and Flight Augmentation Computers (FAC). Electrical orders to the ELACs and SECs via the FCDC. 27 飞行控制 a 操纵杆的移动提供 电气指令给升降舵翼型计算机和扰流板升降舵计算机 电气指令给升降舵翼型计算机和飞行增稳计算机 电气指令给升降舵翼型计算机和扰流板升降舵计算机借助飞行控制数据集中器
27 Flight Control B THE WING TIP BRAKES ARE DESIGNED AS: Pressure-Off type brakes. Electro-hydraulic Pressure-On type brakes. Pneumatic operated type brakes. 27 飞行控制 b 翼尖刹设计成 无液压止动装置 4
电子-液压压力装置 气源操纵型刹车
27 Flight Control C THE TWO TYPES OF POSITION TRANSDUCERS FITTED ON THE SLAT AND FLAP POWER CONTROL UNITS ARE: The Asymmetry Position Pick Off Unit (APPU) and the Feedback Position Pick Off Unit (FPPU). The Asymmetry Position Pick Off Unit (APPU) and the Instrumentation Position Pick Off Unit (IPPU). The Feedback Position Pick Off Unit (FPPU) and the Instrumentation Position Pick Off Unit (IPPU). 27 飞行控制 c 安装在襟缝翼电源控制组件上的两种位置传感器是 不对称位置传感器组件和回输位置传感器组件 不对称位置传感器组件和仪表位置传感器组件 回输位置传感器组件和仪表位置传感器组件 27 Flight Control B WHEN THE A/C SPEED INCREASES ABOVE 210 KNOTS AND THE FLAPS AND SLATS ARE EXTENDED ON THE POSITION "1 + F" (18?SLAT AND 10?FLAP): The flaps and slats lock in their extended position. The flaps automatically retract to zero. The flaps and slats have to be manually retracted. 27 飞行控制 b 当飞机速度增加到210节以上，且襟缝翼放开到"1 + F" (18?缝翼，10?襟翼)位置 襟缝翼锁在它们延伸的位置 襟翼自动收到0位 襟缝翼必须人工收起