湖北省 2008年博士研究生入学考试英语联考真题笔记_词汇作文

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2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.8 This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’redealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow onlysubscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern stateswould not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) ____________________Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ___________________ Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ___________________ Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44) ___________________These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ___________________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines sothat you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, payparticular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printermay look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, whichexplains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, youwill very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, forwhich reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46.达尔文认为，正是这种困难迫使他长时间专心思考每一个句子，这也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2008年

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2008年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Use of English{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is{{U}} (1) {{/U}}to say it anyway. He is that{{U}} (2) {{/U}}bird, a scientist who works independently{{U}} (3) {{/U}}any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not{{U}} (4) {{/U}}thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}he, however, might tremble at the{{U}} (6) {{/U}}of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only{{U}} (7) {{/U}}that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in{{U}} (8) {{/U}}are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,{{U}} (9) {{/U}}12-15 points above the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}value of 100, and have contributed{{U}} (11) {{/U}}to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the{{U}} (12) {{/U}}of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,{{U}} (13) {{/U}}. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been{{U}} (15) {{/U}}to social effects, such as a strong tradition of{{U}} (16) {{/U}}education. The latter was seen as a (an){{U}} (17) {{/U}}of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has{{U}} (19) {{/U}}them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this{{U}} (20) {{/U}}state of affairs.（分数：10.00）A.selectedB.prepared √C.obligedD.pleased解析：[解题思路] 考查动词搭配和语义。

2008年考研英语真题详细解析(3)

2008年考研英语真题详细解析(3)应用文范文Dear Bob,I am writing to express my apology to you.Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.Sincerely yours,Li Ming大作文范文As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today's society: the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others' assistance. Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To begin with, the government shouldmake laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.。

2008考研英语(一)真题及答案解析

2008考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities orinternational laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients -notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″for men, 5′4″for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52,was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,”the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects hismind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section IIIWritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。

考研英语历年真题作文解析之2008

考研英语历年真题作文解析之2008以下《考研英语历年真题作文解析之2008》由考研英语作文频道为您精心提供，欢迎大家参考。

Part A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)范文Dear Bob,I have arrived in Shanghai yesterday and I want to show my gratitude to you for your hospitality.I am so sorry that I have forgotten to return the music CD that you lent me last month and I decide to send it back as soon as possible. Together with it is another CD of traditional Chinese music as a gift for you, which I hope that you will enjoy it very much.I wish I had not caused too much trouble for you. Thank you again for the help you gave me during my stay in Canada. Please tell me if you visit China some day and I can be your tour guide.Best regards.Sincerely yours,Li MingPart B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)你一条腿，我一条腿，你我一起，走南闯北范文The picture presents a touching sight to us. Two handicapped men are walking quite quickly by binding their disabled legs together and holding fast to each other s shoulders, with their crutches left behind. What respectable persons they are! They have surpassed their own physical deficiency and explored a smoother and easier way of advancing by drawing strength and support from each other. Obviously, what is highlighted in the picture is cooperation.In modern times, cooperation has become an efficient and effective way to solve many problems. To begin with, through cooperation, we can heighten our strength so as to accomplish the things that are impossible to be done only by one person. We all have our own limitations and with the fast development of science and technology, we are facing a world that is more and more sophisticated. Therefore, we often need to combine others abilities and resources to gain success. What s more, cooperation is not the simple addition but fusion of all partners strength. Making use of different members strong points, offsetting the weaknesses, supporting mutually and sharingresources with each other, we can then attain to a capacity that is much stronger than the sum of all partners.All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further.考研英语作文频道推荐链接：。

[2008考研英语真题]2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

[2008考研英语真题]2008年考研英语一真题答案解析[2008考研英语真题]2008年考研英语一真题答案解析篇一 : 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析2008年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语第一部分 USE OF ENGLISHSection I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose best wordfor each numbered blank and mark A,B,C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than othersis one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. a scientist who any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.that one group of humanity is more are a particular peopleoriginated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, value of 100, and and cultural life of the West, education. The latter was seen as Dr. Cochran suggests that the His argument is that the unusual history of these1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous文章中心:完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。

2009年湖北联考博士入学英语真题笔记

2009年湖北博士入学考试英语湖北联考真题笔记Part I Reading Comprehension (30 % ) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In general，our society is becoming one of giant enterprise directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small，well-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and "human-relation" experts；yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets(木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The workers and employees are anxious，not only because they might find themselves out of a job；they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally andintellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subodinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again——by psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitors creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century" free-enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason ——are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is A.A.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly in comparison with与…比较，同…比较起来B. a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleC. a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothlyD.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that B.A.they are faced with the fundamental realties of human existenceB.they are deprived of their independence and productivityC.they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD.they are farther away from genuine life3.Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more peaceful and secure if they couldD.A.get higher salary and more self-respectB.have more chance to be further promotedC.prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.keep far away from this compititive world4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should C.A.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realties for granted5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the B.A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.toleranceQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human beings.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms，particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats.Relatively little has been said，however，about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms ofrichness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant，most distinctive feature——the ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away，it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface.Given thattwo-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean，the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk ofspecies.One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest.While every species is different from every other species，their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteritics with 750,000 species ofinsectsgreatest diversify of life is unquestionably the sea.Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea ，it helps to think small . Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopics and animals ，including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more .6.What is the main point of the passage?CA .Humans are destroying thousands of species .B .There are thousands of insect species .C .The sea is even richer in life than the mrlforests .D .Coral reefs are similar to rain forests . 7.Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests(para. 1)?DA . They share many similar species .B . They are approximately the same size .C .Most of their inhabitants require water .D . Both have many different forms of life . 8.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are A .A .insectsB .bacteriaC .mammalsD .birds 9.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rainforest because B .A .there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions B. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories D.marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace10. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage? A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality ，orthe relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air.In psychology and other sciences，the word "cause" is often replaced by the term “independent variable”.This term implies that the experimenter is often "free" to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example，the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term “dependent variable”replaces the word"effect"，and this term is used because the effect，depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle).The conventions of science demand that both independent and dependent variables be observable events，as is the case in the ping-pong example.In the case of biorhythm theory，the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a person's date of birth and some test day.Thedepedent variable is the person's level of performance on some specified task on the test. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual，persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days.In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables，many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly.To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball，Newtonian physics relies on anumber of intervening variables；including force，mass，air resistance，and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods.It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables，and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable.The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax，or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured，and that specify the relationships among independent variables，intervening variables，anddependent variables.It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a person's birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles.The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable，performance，by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels.To summarize，the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories：independent variables，dependent variables，intervening variables，and syntax.11. Based on the passage，causality may have the meaning that B.A. cause and effect can be independent of each otherB. there is hardly anything that happens without a causeC. dependent and independent variables affect each otherD. cause and effect may vary respectively in most events12. According to biorhythm theory，A.A. one's behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birthday TB. nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishesC. an individual's performance is irrelevant to hisor her birthday FD. a person's level of performance varies according to the test date T13. Many theories for predicting the relation ship between cause and effect .A. testify their complete conformity with general scientific principlesB. justify the identity of dependent，independent，and intervening variablesC.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological testsD. verify their prediction by variables inconsistent with conventions of science14. The example of the ping-pong ball used to C.A. indicate a hard nut to crack in physicsB. predict variables in a person’s performanceC.prove a common feature most theories haveD. show the negligibility of intervening variables15. The word “syntax”used in the last paragraph refers to theB.A. rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentenceFB. principles defining the connections among different variables TC. definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on one's behavior FD. criteria measuring a person's performance levels with biorhythm FQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes，entertainers，and entrepreneurs，not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education——not to pursue knowledge for thesake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual，”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance. ”Ravitch's latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject thelife of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically，to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others，they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path，says writer Earl Shorris，“we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege，”writeshistorian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life，a Pulitzer Prize winnig book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics，religion，and education. From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.(Q17A)Practicality，common sense，and nativeintelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.“人们很憎恨知识被看做一种能力或特权。

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题(公开版)

相当重要的《使用说明书》首先，很有幸这份资料能够跟各位考研的小伙伴见面。

俗话说的好，相遇就是一种缘分。

这份资料是完全从备考的角度出发，结合解题方法、解题时间等，精心整理而成的。

这里面包含了很多独特的东西，下面一一给大家解释一下：ü✓ 对于完形填空、阅读理解、新题型、翻译，在各个题目前面都配有答题思路。

这里十分建议大家每次做题前回顾一下，养成良好的答题思路才能事半功倍。

ü✓ 对于作文，我单独整理了一份公开资料（呱哥考研英语《历年真题作文精编》），大家有兴趣的话也可以下载，里面整理了从2005年英语改革至今的题型，足以应付考试。

ü✓ 对于完形填空、阅读理解、新题型、翻译，在各个题目前面都配有答题时间记录表。

它是用于记录大家每次做题的时间。

由于考研真题是非常非常宝贵，也是非常非常重要的，平心而论，把真题研究透就足以参加考试并拿高分，所以答题记录表总共设置了可以记录做10遍真题的空格。

ü✓ 如下列出了两种时间分配方案，其唯一的区别在于阅读理解的时间分配上。

正所谓“得阅读者得天下”，这里之所以推荐大家在备考时使用方案1，是为了提升大家平时的做题速度。

而且根据经验，通过一段时间锻炼后，在15min内做完一篇阅读理解是完全有可能的。

题型推荐备考方案1/min实际考试方案2/min完形填空17 17阅读理解Text 1 15 17阅读理解Text 2 15 17阅读理解Text 3 15 17阅读理解Text 4 15 17新题型15 15翻译20 20小作文15 15大作文35 35总计（不包括填答题卡）162min 170minü✓ 细心的同学可能会发现在方案1里，完形填空的时间比阅读理解多。

这是为什么呢？网上有很多观点是把完形填空放在最后面做，或者就直接放弃这个题型。

其实，只要使用正确的方法，完形填空也不难，而且对整体的时间不会有影响。

根据这类题型的做题经验，要正确做完它的话大概需要17min。

中国科学院大学2008年11月研究生入学英语学位考试真题及答案详解

GET 2008年1月参考答案1-5 DBDAC 6-10 DACBB 11-15 DABAD 21-25 DBABC 26-30 ABADC 31-35 ADCCB 36-40 BADBD41-45 ADBCB 46-50 DACAD 51-55 CDBDA 56-60 BDABC 61-65 BADCC 66-70 CAABD 71-75 DBACC76-80 CABDA 16. young people 17. other forms of self-expression 18. want to harm them 19. get into trouble 20. private information英译汉：英国先前奉行的殖民政策导致了英语在全球的普及。

美国无所不在的影响又加剧了英语的广泛使用。

但是，英语作为国际语言的霸主（统治）地位既是福（好事），也是祸（坏事）。

只举其一，它加速了一些语言的灭绝。

人们一直在想是否有可能创造一种世界（全球）语言，从而有望结束那些语言引起的麻烦和冲突。

令人遗憾的是，使世界语言一致的尝试（企图）收效甚微，原因是某一语言的本族语者不愿意把另一语言当作自己的母语。

放弃自己的母语就等于失去自己民族的基本特征。

汉译英：According to the latest statistics, 67 percent of the U.S. population have access to the Internet, a percentage six times that of China (as large as China’s). Despite the influential (huge) role of the Intern et, many problems (issues) are far from settled (solved), such as the invasion (attack) of viruses and information security. Even if it is possible to find final (eventual) solutions, it will take painstaking efforts and many years.GET 2008年6月参考答案1-5 ABABC 6-10 DCACD 11-15 BABCC 21-25 ABDCB 26-30 DBACA 31-35 BDCAD 36-40 DBCAD41-45 BCDAB 46-50 CADDB 51-55 CADBC 56-60 ABABC 61-65 BDDCA 66-70 ACBAB 71-75 BADCD76-80 CBACA 16. high food prices 17. falling value 18. export limits 19. largest rice exporter/ biggest rice exporter 20. social progress英译汉：在现实世界中，人的个性复杂，动机不明，结局不定。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案

2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C orD on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 大1 家to say it anyway. He is that 大2 家bird, a scientist who works independently 大3 家any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 大4 家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.大5 家he, however, might tremble at the 大6 家of what he is about to do. Togetherwith another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 大7 家that one groupof humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 大8 家are a particular people originated from central Europe. The processis natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 大9 家12-15 points above the 大10 家valueof 100, and have contributed 大11 家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, asthe 大12 家of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 大13 家. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 大14 家, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 大15 家to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 大16 家education. The latter was seen as a (an) 大17 家of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 大18 家. His argument is that the unusual history of these peoplehas 大19 家them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 大20 家state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against1112008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susc eptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders inresponse to stress compared tomen,” according toDr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.1122008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to thoseof the males.Adding to awoman’sincreased dose ofstress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just t hat they haveso much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may evenbe greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many morethings that they become worn out from it more visibly and soon er.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of thingsthat women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longe r relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that thatwas my escape, to go to scho ol, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended andshe became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job,pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that 1132008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then removethe authors’ na mes and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or declineit. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and GrahamVickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key elementof scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay foraccess to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There isopen-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay forthe paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations suchas universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.1142008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations –apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely toget any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result fromthe increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients –1152008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutritionand childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″for men, 5′4″for women –hasn’t really changedsince 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. Duringchildbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happe n soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that1162008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at leastone child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helpedto create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “likehaving a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause thatcounted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes ofthe southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery withthe Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or hisapproximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were createdequal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only adecade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that1172008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] his torians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else insteadof writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)是大家网原创出品Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but donot permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it intothe draft. (42) 是大家网原创出品Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) 是大家网原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you haveto clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) 是大家网原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.1182008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to yourthesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questionedwhether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) 是大家网原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times–and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that thereare no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphsshould be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finisha draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outlineyou have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explainshow the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that des cribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so thatshe could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’sstore policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’tuse outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to composea perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enablinghim to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possessionof any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, 1192008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory,too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could rememberfor more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticingthings which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respectshis mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many yearsI cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1202008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1212008 年考研英语真题答案122008 年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. D9. B 10. C11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. ASection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. D26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C36. D 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. BPart B (10 points)41. D 42. G 43. A 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。

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湖北省 2008年博士研究生入学考试英语联考词汇 raise funds筹集资金assume the sole responsibility承担全部责任 assume the sole responsibility for theirprofits or losses自负盈亏 relieve the burden of sb. 减轻某人的负担recruit students招生 concern about对…表示担心/忧虑；使（自己）关心… qualified teachers师资；百分百合格师资give priority to优先考虑 learning environment [~in'vaiərənmənt]学习环境 qualities of their teaching教学质量

merit ['merit] n. 优点，价值；功绩；功过 vt. 值得 vi. 应受报答 defect ['di:fekt] n. 缺点，缺陷；不足之处 vi. 变节；叛变 would like to 想要 | 愿意 | 意欲 influence over 对有影响 speak out 畅所欲言；大胆地说；大声地说 nuclear power 核能；核动力 a host of 许多，一大群；众多，大量 exercise power 行使权力；运用权力 speak on 论及jobs relying on technical specialization 专业化的技术工作

public speaking n. 演讲；演说；公共演讲 certified public accountant有合格证件的会计师；注册会计师；执业会计师 association [ə,səusi'eiʃən] n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合；联想 be of little consequence 没多大重要性 make difference 关系重大；有所作为；造成差别；有不同之处

comforting ['kʌmfətiŋ] v. 安慰（comfort的ing形式）adj. 安慰的；令人欣慰的 much less 更不用说；不及at all （否定句）根本；究竟 international institute 国际学院；国际机构；国际研习会

foreign relations 外交关系；对外关系 resentment [ri'zentmənt] n. 愤恨，怨恨 express in 在(某种形式)中表达；用(某种形式)表达 an influential economist 一位很有影响力的经济学家 liberalization [,libərəlai'zeiʃən] n. 自由化；自由主义化；放宽限制 transparency [træns'pærənsi] n. 透明，透明度；幻灯片；有图案的玻璃 destabilization [di:steibilai'zeiʃən] n. 不稳定；扰动

proponent [prəu'pəunənt] n. 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者 opponent [ə'pəunənt] n. 对手；反对者；敌手 adj. 对立的；敌对的 free trade自由贸易 by virtue of 由于，凭借to speak of 值得一提的 notably ['nəutəbli] adv. 显著地；尤其；格外地seek to 追求；争取；力图 Singaporean [,siŋɡə'pɔ:riən] n. 新加坡人adj. 新加坡人的；新加坡的

rural areas 农村地区 be tied to 与…相关联 flight [flait] n. 飞行；班机；逃走vi. 迁徙vt. 射击；使惊飞 employed population 就业人口；劳动人口artisan ['ɑ:tizən] n. 工匠，技工 blacksmith ['blæksmiθ] n. 铁匠；锻工 mason ['meisən] n. 泥瓦匠 vt. 用砖瓦砌成 obsolescence [,ɔbsəu'lesəns] n. [生物] 退化；荒废 lumber ['lʌmbə] n. 木材；木料；原木；隆隆声 vt. 砍伐木材 vi. 伐木

recruiter [ri'kru:tə] n. 招聘人员，征兵人员 influx ['inflʌks] n. 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处 come into question被讨论；成为讨论的事项 discount ['diskaunt] n. 折扣；贴现率 vi. 贴现；打折扣出售商品 undercut ['ʌndəkʌt] vt. 廉价出售；较便宜的工资工作；从下边削球vi. 底切 n. 底切；牛腰部下侧嫩肉；砍口；切球vt. 打折扣；将贴现；贬损；低估；忽视 ally ['ælai, ə'lai] n. 同盟国；伙伴；同盟者；助手vt. 使联盟；使联合vi. 联合；结盟 personnel [,pə:sə'nel]n. 人事部门；全体人员adj. 人员的；有关人事的 the school personnel 学校教员（老师） consciously ['kɔnʃəsli] adv. 自觉地；有意识地 hinder ['hində] vi. 成为阻碍vt. 阻碍；打扰adj. 后面的 thwart [θwɔ:t] vt. 挫败；反对；阻碍；横过adv. 横过n. 划手座；独木舟的横梁 curricular objectives 课程目标↑adj. 横放的；固执的 prep. 横过 reading readiness 阅读准备；阅读预备suppose that假如 developmental [di,veləp'mentəl] adj. 发展的；启发的 aid in vt. 帮助；帮助（在...给予帮助） drill [dril] n. 训练；钻孔机；钻子；播种机 vt. 钻孔；训练；条播 vi. 钻孔；训练 sublimate ['sʌblimət] n. 升华物 vt. 使升华；使高尚 vi. 升华；纯化 Junior （人名）朱妮亚↑adj. 纯净化的；理想化的；高尚的 junior ['dʒu:njə] n. 年少者，晚辈；地位较低者；大学三年级学生adj. 年少的；下级的 productive channel 富有成效的方法a friendly interview 气氛友好的面谈 natural paternal interest 本能的父爱yardstick ['jɑ:dstik]n. 码尺 mileage ['mailidʒ] n. 英里数in scoresadv. 大批地；很多地；大量地 petty ['peti] adj. 琐碎的；小气的；小规模的accounts of sb. 某人的账户 misdemeanor [,misdi'mi:nə] n. 轻罪；品行不端 yard [jɑ:d] n. 院子；码（英制中丈量长度单位，1码=3英尺）；庭院；帆桁 join forces 协力；团结 forest森林↑vt. 把关进或围在畜栏里 foster ['fɔstə ] vt. 培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等） adj. 收养的，养育的 unwittingly [,ʌn'witiŋli] adv. 不知不觉地；不知情地；不经意地 bulletin ['bulitin] n. 公告，公报vt. 公布，公告 urgency ['ə:dʒənsi] n. 紧急；催促；紧急的事 emergencies [i'mə:dʒənsiz] n. 紧急事件；紧急需要 statements n. 声明；报告；陈述句；状态说明 encounter [in'kauntə] n. 遭遇，偶然碰见 vi. 遭遇；偶然相遇vt. 遭遇，邂逅；遇到 arrival [ə'raivəl] n. 到来；到达；到达者 endeavor [in'devə] n. 努力；尽力vi. 努力；尽力vt. 努力；尽力（等于endeavour） refreshment [ri'freʃmənt] n. 点心；茶点，茶歇；起提神作用的东西；精力恢复

fragrance ['freiɡrəns]n. 香味，芬芳 fragrant ['freiɡrənt]adj. 芳香的；愉快的 flagrant ['fleiɡrənt] adj. 公然的；不能容忍的；非常的；恶名昭著的 flagrancy ['fleiɡrənsi] n. 极恶昭彰；明目张胆；臭名远扬 flagrantly ['fleigrəntli] adv. 千真万确地；罪大恶极地 bright [brait] adj.明亮的；聪明的；愉快的adv.明亮地欢快地 n.车头灯光

horizon [hə'raizən] n. [天]地平线；视野；眼界；范围 joy [dʒɔi] n. 欢乐，快乐；乐趣；高兴vt. 高兴，使快乐vi. 欣喜，欢喜 range [reindʒ] n. 范围；幅度；排；山脉vt. 漫游；放牧；使并列；归类于；来回走动 vicinity [vi'sinəti] n. 邻近，附近；近处↑vi. 平行，列为一行；延伸；漫游；射程达到 margin ['mɑ:dʒin] vt. 加边于；加旁注于 n. 边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白

margin /’mɑ:ʤin/ n 1(a)页边空白notes written in the margin写在页边上的注解(b)边，边缘；边沿the margin of a lake湖的边 2(1)胜方在时空、得分、票数方面领先的幅度；差数；差额；差距a wide margin between the winner and the loser胜败双方比分的巨大差数She won the seat by a margin of ten votes.她以十票的优势赢得了席位。 (b)为成功或安全而应有的时空等的量，余地Leave a good safty margin between your car and the next.要在你的汽车和其他的汽车之间留出一段足够的安全距离。3成本与销售价之间的差额；英里；利润a business on tight/small margins赚头小的生意