英语句子成分及基本结构解析

状语(adverbial)
• 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的
句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： • Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词）
（名词）
Is it yours?
（代词）
The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?
（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
（数词）
4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
（不定式）
5 Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）
6 The rich should help the poor.
（名词化的形容词） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语补足语(complement of object)
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语 以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子 的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型 为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾 补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不 定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
He is a student • His face turned red • The apple tastes sweet • The soldier keeps still.
3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO）
• e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句 子独立成分 感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end 情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状 语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当 然，等。
pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或
分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连 在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I don’t hurry up, or you will be late.
This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars.
• 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句 子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句 和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall • This is the book that I want.
1 During the 1990s, American country music has
become more and more popular.
（名词）
2 We often speak English in class.
（代词）
3 One-third of the students in this class are girls.
（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）
定语(attributive)
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成 分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式 短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn Enbby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表
简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
英语句子成分及基本结构
（一）句子成分的定义
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子 成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补 足语。
（二）句子的具体成分
• 主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的 主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代 词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形 容词和主语从句等表示。
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）
和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws
同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代 词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近 乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. We all are students.
Carol , an American teacher, will come to our school.
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的 状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
• His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.