考博英语-116_真题-无答案
考博英语-672_真题-无答案
考博英语-672(总分95.5,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅱ V ocabulary1. Harry likes eating very much but he isn't very ______ about the food he eats.A. specialB. particularC. peculiarD. unusual2. I think it was all fixed up by lawyers or ______ arranges adoptions.A. someoneB. anyoneC. whoeverD. those3. The area is ______ with trails, some as wide as boulevards, that have been cut and maintained by elephants.A. blackmailedB. latticedC. isolatedD. galloped4. The rebel army is attempting to ______ the government.A. christenB. subvertC. concoctD. harrow5. Written at least 100 years ago, the handwriting faded and certainly became ______.A. infiniteB. illegibleC. infectiousD. immune6.7.8. She couldn't pay the full amount she owed, so she ______ part of it to the next month.A. carried offB. carried overC. carried outD. carried through9.10. Henry Tanner received widespread recognition for his naturalistic paintings of plantation life.A. profitsB. storageC. attentionD. invitations11. In the past 10 years, **pany has gradually ______ all of its smaller rivals.A. engagedB. occupiedC. monopolizedD. absorbed12. Although it was his first experience as chairman, he ______ over the meeting with great skill.[A] presided [B] administered [C] mastered [D] executed13. The reception was attended by various ______ members of the **munity and representatives of regional industries.A. protuberantB. conspicuousC. prominentD. projecting14. Publishers are using a blitz of advertising, Web sites, as well as traditional methods to ______for elusive teens market.A. angleB. allowC. budgetD. care15. It's easier to dismiss reports of low employee morale than face the facts and actA. consequentlyB. accordinglyC. successfullyD. excessively16. My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A. symptomB. likenessC. habitD. tendency17. Despite her nerves, she walked towards her groom with no regrets about choosing such a ______ time to get married.A. momentaryB. momentousC. monotonousD. monstrous18. ______ students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective19. Beside the pleasurable sounds of music and expressive feeling that it ______ , music does exist in terms of notes themselves and of their manipulation.A. gives awayB. gives offC. gives upD. gives in20. Cox Radio, one of the nation's largest radio chains, plan to ______ its ties with independent record promoters to distance itself from a payola-like practice that runs rampant in the music business.A. consolidateB. toutC. severD. splash21. The **puter virus ______, the system was restored to its normal operation.A. having removedB. being removedC. had been removedD. was removed22. There is not a Greek word which is the exact ______ of the English word "stile".A. equivalentB. copyC. counterpartD. meaning23. According to the weather forecast, which is usually ______ , it will snow this afternoon.A. accurateB. preciseC. exactD. perfect24. Larry does not have to worry about his newly-bought car, because he has______ it against accident, theft and fire.A. assuredB. securedC. ensuredD. insured25. The Chinese government is determined to go ______ the established policy of developing agriculture.A. afterB. onC. aheadD. by26. They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table.A. list of items forB. invitations toC. leftovers ofD. preparations for27. It's desirable that you have to speak to both groups of men quickly if you want to ______a nasty disagreement.A. head offB. clear withC. get acrossD. leap out28. The United Nations Security Council established the ICTR in 1995 to try the allegedperpetrators of the 1994 ______ in Rwanda that claimed the lives of more than 800,000 people.A. genocideB. immigrationC. discriminationD. election29. The newly-elected president is determined to ______ the established policy of developing agriculture.A. go forB. go onC. go byD. go up30. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would ______, for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecutePart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneBefore the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited, there was no way to prevent spoilage, But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk.Canned goods and condensed milk became **mon during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diet. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. All easy means of producing **mercially had been invented in the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two **mercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.31. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Causes of food spoilageB. Commercial production of iceC. Inventions that led to changes in the American dietD. Population movement in the nineteenth century32. The world "prevent" in line 4 is closest in meaning to ______.A. estimateB. avoidC. correctD. confine33. During the 1860's, canned food products were ______.A. unavailable in rural areasB. shipped in refrigerator carsC. available in limited quantitiesD. a staple part of the American diet34. It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use ______.A. before 1860B. before 1890C. after 1900D. after 192035. The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice ______.A. decreased in numberB. were on an irregular scheduleC. increased in cost .D. occurred only in the summerPassage TwoIt's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if **panies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn't occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need.Likewise, I don't hear people in the academy saying "Let's go backward. Let's go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才)" (which was never true--we never had a meritocracy, although we've come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined **munity, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media-- not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.36. The word "imperative" ( Line 5, Para. 1) most probably refers to something ______.A. superficialB. remarkableC. debatableD. essential37. Which of the following groups of people still differ in their views on diversity?A. Minorities.B. Politicians.C. Professors.D. Managers.38. High-ranking corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to ______.A. lower the rate of unemploymentB. win equal political rights for minoritiesC. be competitive in the world marketD. satisfy the demands of a growing population39. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. meritocracy can never be realized without diversity.B. American political circles will not accept diversityC. it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U. S. mediaD. minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversity40. According to the passage, diversity can be achieved in American society by ______.A. expanding the pool of potential employeesB. promoting policies that provide skills to employeesC. training more engineers, scientists, lawyers and business managersD. providing education for all regardless of race or sexPassage ThreeInfluenza should not be dismissed as a trivial disease. It kills thousands of people every year at a very high cost to the economy, hits hardest the young and the elderly, and is most dangerous for people over the age of 65. Influenza is mainly a seasonal illness of the winter months, though in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia and the Pacific it can occur all the year round.The damaging effects of influenza can be prevented by immunization, but constant changes of antigenic specificity of the virus necessitate a **position of the vaccine (疫苗) from one year to another. The network of WHO surveillance activities to monitor the evaluation of influenza virus strains, and WHO hold an annual consultation at the end of February to recommend **position of the vaccine for the **ing epidemiological season. These recommendations are published immediately in the weekly epidemiological record.Vaccination each year against influenza is recommended for certain high-risk populations. In closed or semi-closed settings, maximum-benefit from immunization is likely to be achieved when more than three-quarters of the population are vaccinated so that the benefit of "herd immunity" can be exploited. Special care should be taken of the following groups:—adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems requiring regular medical follow-up or who had been hospitalized during the previous year, including children with asthma;—residents of nursing homes and other establishments for patients of any age with chronic medical conditions;—all people over the age of 65.Physicians, nurses, and other personel in primary and intensive care units, who are potentially capable of transmitting influenza to high risk persons, should be immunized; visiting nurses and volunteer workers providing home care to high-risk persons should also be included.41. This passage ______.A. concerns the damaging effects of influenzaB. mentions the steps of fighting against the harmful effects of influenzaC. emphasizes the worry expressed by all age groupsD. both A and B42. That a **ponent part of the vaccine is necessary is principally due to the variable change of ______.A. virusB. strainC. antigenD. immunization43. Which has been done by World Health Organization in combating the bad effects of influenza?A. Supervising the assessment of influenza virus strains.B. Holding meetings twice a year to provide the latest data concerning **position of the vaccines.C. Publishing the related information in a WHO almanac.D. Stressing the importance of preventing influenza for people living in tropical areas of Asia.44. According to the passage, high-risk persons exclude which of the following kinds of people?A. Children suffering from asthma.B. The elderly with chronic pulmonary diseases.C. Middle aged people with chronic heart diseases.D. Nurses taking special care of the sick.45. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?A. A surgery book.B. A psychology book.C. An epidemiologist book.D. An obstetrics book.Passage FourIn most American cities, the rent for a one-bedroom apartment was ＄250 or more per month in recent years. In some smaller cities such as Louisville, Kentucky or Jacksonville, Florida the rent was less, but in larger cities it was more. For example, if you lived in Los Angeles, you had to pay ＄400 or more to rent a one-bedroom apartment, and the Same apartment rented for ＄625 and up in Chicago. The most expensive rents in the U.S. were in New York City, where you had to pay at least ＄700 a month to rent a one-bedroom apartment in most parts of the city.Renters and city planners are worried about the high cost of renting apartments. Many cities now have rent-control laws to keep the cost of renting low. These laws help low-income families who cannot pay high rents.Rent control in the United States began in 1943 when the government imposed rent controls on all American cities to help workers and the families of soldiers during World War Ⅱ. After thewar, only one city—New York—continued these World War H controls. Recently, more and more cities have returned to rent controls. At the beginning of the 1980s, nearly one fifth of the people in the United States lived in cities with rent-control laws.Many cities have rent-control laws, but why are rents so high? Builders and landlords blame rent controls for the high rents. Rents are high because there are not enough apartments to rent, and they blame rent controls for the shortage of apartments. Builders want more money to build more apartment buildings, and landlords want more money to repair their old apartment buildings. But they cannot increase rents to get this money because of the rent-control laws. As a result, landlords are not repairing their old apartments, and builders are not building new apartment buildings to replace the old apartment buildings. Builders are building apartments for high-income families, not low-income families, so low-in- come families must live in old apartments that are in disrepair. Builders and landlords claim that rent-control laws really hurt low-income families.Many renters disagree with them. They say that rent control is not the problem. Even without rent controls, builders and landlords will continue to ignore low-income housing because they can make more money from high-income housing. The only answer, they claim, is more rent controls and government help for low-income housing.46. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. The Highest RentB. Rent ControlsC. Building Apartments for low-Income FamiliesD. Rent-Control Laws47. The aim of the U.S. government in imposing rent controls on American cities in 1943 was to help ______.A. workers and the families of soldiersB. low-income familiesC. up-middle-income familiesD. high-income families48. This passage implies that the high cost of renting apartments is worried by ______.A. some city governmentsB. low-income familiesC. renters and city plannersD. all of the above49. It can be inferred from the passage that rent controls ______.A. seems unable to control high rentsB. is successfulC. is favoured by builders and landlordsD. will be cancelled50. From the passage we learn that many renters disagree with ______.A. low-income familiesB. builders and landlordsC. high-income familiesD. the governmentPassage FiveThere is a new type of advertisement becoming **mon in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among "situations vacant", although it doesn't offer anyone job, and sometimes it appears "situations wanted", although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job,"Contact us before writing your application" ,i or" Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history", is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae, with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seeker simply wrote letters of application. "Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams", was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, and everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter, which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for," was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job interview.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.51. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art52. The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns ______.A. informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB. promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employer that people are available for work53. In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would ______.A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview54. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter ______.A. something that would attract attention to one's applicationB. a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC. something that would offend the person reading itD. a lie that one could easily get away with telling55. The job history has become such an important document because ______.A. there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB. there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degreesC. jobs are becoming much **plicated nowadaysD. the other processes of applying for jobs are **plicatedPart Ⅳ ClozeFor the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the (41) of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel (42) to go to bed and pleased when the journey (43) . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed (44) earlier than usual. When I (45) my cabin, I was surprised (46) that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected (47) but there was a suitcase (48) mine in the **er. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in, He was the sort of man you might meet (49) , except that he was wearing (50) good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not (51) whoever he was and did not say (52) . As I had expected, he 'did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered (53) , as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a (54) **ing from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten (55) the door, so I got up (56) the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air **ing from the window opposite, I crossed the room and (57) the moon shone through it on to the other bed (58) . there. It took me a minute or two to (59) the door myself.I realized that my companion (60) through the window into the sea.56. A. reason B. motive C. cause D. sake57. A. is achieved B. finish C. is over D. is in the end58. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring59. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that60. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhere D. anywhere61. A. a so B. so C. such a D. such62. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together63. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him64. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myself D. myself up65. A. draft B. voice C. air D. sound66. A. to close B. closing C. to have to close D. for closing67. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shutting D. but shut68. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so69. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone70. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking71. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumped72. A. quite B. rather C. fairly D. somehow73. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived to D. reached at74. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see75. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alonePart Ⅴ Translation76. 我国的技术曾经改变了世界的面貌。
考博英语-169_真题-无答案
考博英语-169(总分100,考试时间90分钟)V ocabulary1. Obviously these are all factors affecting smooth operation, but the underlying problem is still to be identified.A. operationalB. fundamentalC. operatingD. underneath2. If you can convince the interviewer of your special qualifications, your chance of being accepted will be greatly enhanced.A. appreciatedB. encouragedC. frustratedD. increased3. Initially his book did not receive much attention, but two weeks after the critic" s review appeared in the newspapers, it climbed to the best sellers" list.A. At firstB. First of allC. At first sightD. From the first4. Presumably, excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.A. TheoreticallyB. PracticallyC. IncrediblyD. Probably5. The sitting-room **fortable with the fireplace shedding warm and faint light.A. giving offB. calling offC. shaking offD. putting off6. The nasty language of local officials makes them seem very ignorant and rude.A. artificialB. indecentC. humorousD. lively7. We shouldn"t treat children as peers or friends, but guide them in making their choices, even if it means with some discipline.A. persuasionB. punishmentC. rewardsD. criticism8. Silk, although it is considered a delicate fabric, is in fact very strong, but it is adversely affected by sunlight.A. softB. sheerC. fragileD. refined9. I"d like to take this opportunity to extend my heart-felt gratitude to the host.A. increaseB. prolongC. intensifyD. express10. Chinese farmers are mostly living a simple and thrifty life as it is today.A. miserableB. economicalC. luxuriousD. sensible11. Many of the local residents left homes to ward off the danger of flooding.A. **eB. encloseC. encounterD. avoid12. The State Council will lay down new rules that aim to make **patible with internationally accepted conventions.A. conferencesB. conversationsC. practicesD. formations13. Personality in Americans is **plicated by successive waves of immigration from various countries.A. uninterruptedB. successfulC. forcefulD. overwhelming14. Without question, people"s lives in China have improved dramatically in the past two decades.A. Out of the questionB. No doubtC. NaturallyD. Obviously15. The dean can"t see you at the moment. He is addressing the first-year students in the lecture hall.A. complaining toB. arguing withC. speaking toD. consulting with16. He does nothing that violates the interests of the collective.A. runs forB. runs againstC. runs overD. runs into17. We have done all we could and now our cherished project is at the mercy of our new CEO.A. under the guidance ofB. in the power ofC. with the guidance ofD. on the agenda of18. He seemed in such an inconsolable state that I didn"t know whether to leave or stay.A. distractedB. enragedC. overjoyedD. brokenhearted19. She was delirious last night, but she seems quite lucid this morning.A. rationalB. peacefulC. patientD. insane20. The humanitarian claims that he venerates all men, regardless of their position in life.A. lovesB. distrustsC. servesD. respects21. Ploughs and other agricultural implements were on display at the recent exhibition.A. equationsB. playthingsC. toolsD. machinery22. My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A. symptomB. likenessC. habitD. tendency23. **bination of lenses in a compound microscope makes possible greater amplification than can be achieved with a single lens.A. managementB. magnificenceC. magnetismD. magnification24. The degree of downward slope of a beach depends on **position of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A. sentimentB. sedimentC. semesterD. segment25. Recent studies have posed the question as to whether there is a link between film violence and real violence.A. supposedB. poisedC. arousedD. raised26. Floods have undermined the foundation of the ancient bridge.A. weakenedB. reachedC. spoiledD. covered27. A frequently cited example of the endangered species is the panda.A. worriedB. neglectedC. reducedD. mentioned28. Some psychologists argue that the traditional idea "spare the rod and spoil the child" is not rational.A. helpfulB. kindC. sensibleD. effective29. Providing first-class service is one of the tactics the airline adopts to attract passengers.A. methodsB. attitudesC. thoughtsD. solutions30. Before you decide on a vocation, it might be a good idea to consult a few good friends.A. careerB. holidayC. planD. research31. The police are trying to get back the stolen statue.A. detainB. retrieveC. trackD. detect32. Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.A. localB. unfamiliarC. goodD. unfavorable33. If he told his wife about their plan, she was bound to agree.A. would unnecessarilyB. would simplyC. would certainlyD. would alternatively34. As college teachers, they enjoy talking about their own specialties.A. problemsB. experiencesC. interestsD. fields35. John"s mindless exterior concealed a warm and kindhearted nature.A. appearanceB. personalityC. outlookD. temper36. Factors leading to the crisis included poor regulation, mismanagement and deception in the industry, **petition from other types of financial firms.A. cheatingB. pollutionC. abuseD. depression37. The colors in these artificial flowers are guaranteed not to come out.A. disappearB. vanishC. fadeD. blend38. Initial reports were that multiple waves of warplanes bombed central Baghdad, hitting the oil refineries and the airport.A. beatingB. knockingC. hurtingD. striking39. The editor considered the author"s analysis in his article to be penetrating.A. extensiveB. profoundC. conclusiveD. valuable40. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it"s illuminated.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. lit upD. studied carefully41. A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity.A. freedomB. assistanceC. cluesD. funds42. When snow collects on top of a building during the winter, the weight sometimes weakens the construction and occasionally causes the roof to collapse.A. meltsB. accumulatesC. selectsD. scatters43. Courageous people think quickly and act without hesitation.A. delayB. anxietyC. complaintD. consideration44. I"ve only recently explored Shakespeare with profit and pleasure.A. actedB. studiedC. followedD. evaluated45. Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemed incredible 50 years ago.A. hard to imagineB. hard to believeC. hard to inventD. hard to understand46. You have to pay a(n) premium for express delivery.A. extra tipB. extra bonusC. extra chargeD. extra price47. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily put up for a month or a year as for a single day.A. lastB. stayC. arrangeD. manage48. The salesman approached the house cautiously when he saw the vicious dog at the door.A. nervouslyB. bravelyC. carefullyD. deliberately49. A new technological process may be employed to tap this abundant supply directly.A. exploitB. searchC. produceD. reserve50. An international treaty signed several years ago bans trade in plants and animals of endangered species.A. promotesB. protectsC. forbidsD. eliminates。
考博英语-95_真题无答案
考博英语-95(总分90, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that **pletes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET1.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully the risks and benefits.SSS_SINGLE_SELA valuingB evaluatingC estimatingD weighing2.And the topic "fat" is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and ______ of youth.SSS_SINGLE_SELA vagueB vigorC vogueD vulgar3.Chinese often shake my hand and don't let go. They talk away contentedly, ______ of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.SSS_SINGLE_SELA obliviousB patentC obviousD pernicious4.Many well-educated people don't believe that ______ will endanger freedom of speech.SSS_SINGLE_SELA censershipB censureshipC sensorshipD censorship5.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the ______ suggested.SSS_SINGLE_SELA alterationsB alternativesC alternationsD altercations6.The ______ of "snake" is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.SSS_SINGLE_SELA connotationB denominationC donationD denotation7.The word "foolish" is too mild to describe your behavior, I would prefer the word ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ideologicalB idyllicC idioticD idiomatic8.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car has Germany's Touring Car Championship.SSS_SINGLE_SELA conqueredB contestedC dominatedD determined9.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a ______, many families find that ownership of two cars is indispensable.SSS_SINGLE_SELA fashionB necessityC proclivityD nuisance10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger ______ his good sense and hit the boy back.SSS_SINGLE_SELA got the feel ofB got the hang ofC got the better ofD got the worst ofSection BDirections: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.11.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.SSS_SINGLE_SELA exceedB witherC overpassD neglect12.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many of the incidents are imaginary.SSS_SINGLE_SELA fascinatingB factitiousC fastidiousD fictitious13.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.SSS_SINGLE_SELA withdrawB emergeC recoverD uncover14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in which a great many lives were lost.SSS_SINGLE_SELA casualtyB catastropheC catalogueD crusade15.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.SSS_SINGLE_SELA rationalB obscureC worldlyD eminent16.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said, "There's no point in talking about impossibilities."SSS_SINGLE_SELA intersectB interjectC penetrateD adulterate17.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer's warranty that he will replace any defective part for five years or 50000 miles.A prohibition B. insurance C. prophecy D. guaranteeSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D18.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.SSS_SINGLE_SELA submitB commitC transmitD permit19.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industries and overseas auto industries.SSS_SINGLE_SELA promoteB protectC preserveD prolong20.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.SSS_SINGLE_SELA contemptuousB contagiousC conspicuousD contemplatedPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneBefore the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited, there was no way to prevent spoilage, But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk.Canned goods and condensed milk became **mon during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diet. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them forlonger periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. All easy means of producing **mercially had been invented in the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two**mercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.SSS_SINGLE_SEL21.What does the passage mainly discuss?A Causes of food spoilageB Commercial production of iceC Inventions that led to changes in the American dietD Population movement in the nineteenth centurySSS_SINGLE_SEL22.The world "prevent" in line 4 is closest in meaning to ______.A estimateB avoidC correctD confineSSS_SINGLE_SEL23.During the 1860's, canned food products were ______.A unavailable in rural areasB shipped in refrigerator carsC available in limited quantitiesD a staple part of the American dietSSS_SINGLE_SEL24.It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use______.A before 1860B before 1890C after 1900D after 1920SSS_SINGLE_SEL25.The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice ______.A decreased in numberB were on an irregular scheduleC increased in cost .D occurred only in the summerPassage TwoMass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were inthe premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district. By the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and **mute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and pulled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago; most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550000 were plotted outside the city limits butwithin the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800000 potential building sits to the Chicago region in just thirty years lots that could have housed five to six million people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL26.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?A Types of mass transportationB Instability of urban lifeC How supply and demand determine land useD The effects of mass transportation on urban expansionSSS_SINGLE_SEL27.The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT.A growth in city areaB separation of commercial and residential districtsC changes in life in the inner cityD increasing standards of living.SSS_SINGLE_SEL28.The word "vast" in line 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A largeB basicC newD urbanSSS_SINGLE_SEL29.The word "sparked" in line 11 is closest in meaning to ______.A brought aboutB surroundedC sent outD followedSSS_SINGLE_SEL30.Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?A To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growthB To show that mass transit changed many citiesC To exemplify cities with and without mass transportationD To contrast their rate of growthPassage ThreeIn the late 20th century, information has acquired two major utilitarian connotations. On the one hand, it is considered an economic resource, somewhat on par with other resources such as labour, material, and capital. This view stems from evidence that the possession, manipulation, and use of information can increase the cost-effectiveness of many physical and cognitive processes. The rise in information-processing activities in industrial manufacturing as well as in human problem solving has been remarkable. Analysis of one of the three traditional divisions of the economy, the service sector, shows a sharp increase in information-intensive activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activitiesaccounted for half of the labour force of the United States, giving rise to the so-called information society.As an individual and societal resource, information has some interesting characteristics that separate it from the traditional notions of economic resources. Unlike other resources, information is expansive, with limits apparently imposed only by time and human cognitive capabilities. Its expansiveness is attributable to the following: (1) it is naturally diffusive; (2) it reproduces rather than being consumed through use; and (3) it can' be shared only, not exchanged in transactions. At the same time, information is compressible, both syntactically and semantically.The second perception of information is that it is an **modity, which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth of a new segment of national economies-the information service sector. Taking advantage of the properties of information and building on the perception ofits individual and societal utility and value, this sector provides a broad range of information products and services. By 1992 the market share of the U.S. information service sector had grown toabout $ 25 billion. This was equivalent to about one-seventh of the country's computer market, which, in turn, represented roughly 40 percent of the global market in computers in that year. However, the probable convergence of computers and television (which constitutes a market share 100 times larger **puters) and its impact on information services, entertainment, and education are likely to restructure the respective market shares of the information industry before the onset of the 21st century.SSS_SINGLE_SEL31.The first paragraph is mainly about ______.A the remarkable rise in information-processing activitiesB a sharp increase in information-intensive activitiesC information as an economic resourceD the birth of information societySSS_SINGLE_SEL32.It is not true that information can be ______.A condensedB consumed through useC shared by many peopleD delivered at very high speedSSS_SINGLE_SEL33.According to this passage, the market share of ______.A the U. S. information service sector was equivalent to 40 percent of the global market shareB the U. S. information service sector was about one-seventh of the global market shareC computers in the United States had reached about $ 3. 5billion by 1992D computers in the United States is much smaller than that of televisionSSS_SINGLE_SEL34.The proper title for this passage should be ______.A information societyB characteristics of informationC two major utilitarian connotationsD information as a resource **moditySSS_SINGLE_SEL35.The characteristics of information are ______ those of other economic resources.A same withB different fromC contrary toD opposite toPart Ⅳ ClozeDirections: For each numbered bracket in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET.The development of writing was one of the great human inventions. It is difficult (36) many people to imagine language without writing; the spoken word seems intricately tied to the written (37) . But children speak (38) they learn to write. And millions of people in the world speak languageswith (39) written form. Among these people oral literature abounds, and crucial knowledge (40) memorized andpassed (41) generations. But human memory is short-lived, and the brain's storage capacity is finite. (42) overcame such problems and **munication across the miles (43) through the years and centuries. Writing permits a society (44) permanently record its poetry, its history and its technology.It might be argued (45) today we have electronic means of recording sound and (46) to produce films and television, and thus writing is becoming obsolete. (47) writing became extinct, there would be no knowledge of electronics (48) TV technicians to study; there would be, in fact, little technology in yearsto (49) There would be no film or TV scripts, no literature, no books, no mail, no newspapers, no science. There wouldbe (50) advantages: no bad novels, junk mail, poison-pen letters, or "unreadable" income-tax forms, but the losses would outweigh the (51) .There are almost as (52) legends and stories on the invention of writing as there are (53) the origin of language. Legend has it that Cadmus, Prince of Phoenicia and founder of thecity of Thebes, (54) the alphabet and brought it with him to Greece. In one Chinese fable the four-eyed dragon-god T'sang Chien invented writing. In (55) myths, the Babylonian god Nebo and the Egyptian god Thoth gave humans writing as well as speech.SSS_FILL36.SSS_FILL37.SSS_FILL38.SSS_FILL39.SSS_FILL40.SSS_FILL41.SSS_FILLSSS_FILL 43.SSS_FILL 44.SSS_FILL 45.SSS_FILL 46.SSS_FILL 47.SSS_FILL 48.SSS_FILL 49.SSS_FILL 50.SSS_FILL 51.SSS_FILL 52.SSS_FILLSSS_FILL54.SSS_FILL55.Part Ⅴ TranslationDirections: Choose ANY FOUR SENTENCES from the following and translate them into English1.保持国民经济较快增长，是扩大就业、改善人民生活和维护社会稳定的基础，也是推进结构调整和深化改革的重要条件。
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷136(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷136(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionOne hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society”is not on the horizon—it’s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors , bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.1．According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ______.A．withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesB．obtain more convenient services than other people doC．enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD．cash money wherever he wishes to正确答案：B解析：本题是细节题，从第1段可以得出答案。
考博英语-164_真题无答案
考博英语-164(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionPart Ⅰ VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one **pletes the sentence and then mark the correspondingletter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1.It is ______ understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of in his hearing will remain forever unspoken.SSS_SINGLE_SELA uncommunicativelyB acceptablyC tacitlyD taciturnly2.Hydrocarbons, ______ by engine exhausts, react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to **plex toxic gases.SSS_SINGLE_SELA are given offB give offC they are given offD given off3.We listened dumb-struck, full of ______ to the shocking details of the corruption of the ex-president of **pany.SSS_SINGLE_SELA incredulityB ingenuityC ingenuousnessD incredibility4.The doctor's ______ is that she'll soon be as good as new if she takes insulin and watches her diet.SSS_SINGLE_SELA agnosticismB anticipationC diagnosisD prognosis5.The statesman was evidently ______ by the journalist's questions and glared at him for a few seconds.SSS_SINGLE_SELA put downB put outC put acrossD put away6.Whenever work is being done, energy ______ from one form into another.SSS_SINGLE_SELA convertsB convertedC is convertedD is being converted7.Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so ______ and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe.SSS_SINGLE_SELA vociferouslyB patrioticallyC verboselyD loquaciously8.______ to tell us that the interest of the individual should be subordinate to that of the collective?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Were you usedB Are you usedC Did you useD Do you used9.He could hardly ______ his temper when he saw the state of his office.SSS_SINGLE_SELA hold inB hold upC hold offD hold out10.To be sure, there would be scarcely no time left over for other things if school children ______ all sides of every matter on which they hold opinions.SSS_SINGLE_SELA would have been expected to have consideredB were expected to considerC will be expected to have been consideredD were expected to have considered11.He is ______ drinker, who has been imbibing for so long that he has figuratively speaking, grown old with the vice.SSS_SINGLE_SELA an inveterateB an incorrigibleC a chronicD an unconscionable12.People suffering from ______ prefer to stay shut in their homes and become panic-stricken in large public buildings and open fields.SSS_SINGLE_SELA acrophobiaB agoraphobiaC claustrophobiaD xenophobia13.The child is ______ all the evidence for his opinion.SSS_SINGLE_SELA not encouraged either to be critical or to examineB encouraged either to be critical nor to examineC either encouraged to be critical or to examineD neither encouraged to be critical nor to examine14.______ springs not out of true and deep admiration, but more often out of a self-seeking wish to identify with someone important or famous.SSS_SINGLE_SELA A complimentB An adulatoryC FlatteryD Praise15.Too much ______ can possibly lead to unhappiness, even to thoughts of suicide as few people have the courage to analyze themselves objectively and minutely.SSS_SINGLE_SELA retrospectB introspectionC perspicacityD perspicuity16.All normal human beings are ______ at least to a degree -they get a feeling of warmth and kinship from engaging in group activities.SSS_SINGLE_SELA segregatedB congregationalC gregariousD egregious17.The detective watched and saw the suspect ______ a hotel at the corner of the street.SSS_SINGLE_SELA getting off the taxi and walking intoB got off the taxi and walked intoC get off the taxi and walk intoD got off the taxi to walk into18.______, it is widely used in making flares and fireworks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA As the brilliant white light that burning magnesium producesB Because of the brilliant white light of burning magnesiumC The brilliant white light of burning magnesiumD Burning magnesium produces a brilliant white light19.I would have gone to the lecture with you ______ I was sobusy. A. exceptthat B. providedthat C. but that D, only thatSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D20.Leaving for work in plenty of time to catch the train will ______ worry about being late.SSS_SINGLE_SELA rule offB preventC avoidD obviatePart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choice based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make much personal decision is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice.There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.SSS_SINGLE_SEL21.The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because ______.A personal health choices help cure most illnessesB it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC it is essential to personal freedom in American societyD wrong decisions could lead to poor healthSSS_SINGLE_SEL22.To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 8, Paragraph 1 ) in the passage means ______.A to "live an inactive life"B to "live a decent life"C to "live a life **plete freedom"D to "live a life of vice"SSS_SINGLE_SEL23.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because______.A current medical knowledge is still insufficientB there are many factors influencing our decisionsC few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeD people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friendsSSS_SINGLE_SEL24.To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to ______.A improving the quality of one's lifeB limiting one's personal health choiceC deliberately ending one's lifeD breaking the rules of social behaviorSSS_SINGLE_SEL25.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on ______.A personal decisionsB society's lawsC statistical evidenceD friends' opinionsPassage TwoAs the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic **bined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond **pulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific population. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.SSS_SINGLE_SEL26.It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was ______.A the growing number of schools in **munitiesB an increase in the number of trained teachersC the expanding economic problems of schoolsD the increased urbanization of the entire countrySSS_SINGLE_SEL27.The phrase" coincided with" in line 8 is closest in meaning to______.A was influenced byB happened at the same time asC began to grow rapidlyD ensured the success ofSSS_SINGLE_SEL28.According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920's was that ______.A most places required children to attend schoolB the amount of time spent on formal education was limitedC new regulations were imposed on nontraditional educationD adults and children studied in the same classesSSS_SINGLE_SEL29.Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned inlines 11～12 to illustrate ______.A alternatives to formal education provided by public schoolsB the importance of education changesC activities **peted to attract new immigrants to their programsD the increased impact of public schools on studentsSSS_SINGLE_SEL30.According to the passage, early-twentieth-century education reformers believed that ______.A different groups needed different kinds of educationB special programs should be set up in **munities to modernize themC corporations and other organizations damaged educational progressD more women should be involved in education and industry Passage ThreeIn the early clays of the United States, postal charges were paid by the recipient and charges varied with the distance carried.In 1825, the United States Congress permitted local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivery, but these carriers received no government salary and their **pensation on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.In 1847 the United States Post Office Department adopted the idea of a postage stamp, which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay. Besides, the stamp covered only delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a private address. In Philadelphia, for example, with a population of 150000, people still had to go to the post office to get their mail. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters wasitself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express businesses developed. Although their activities were only semilegal, they thrived, and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the government mail. The government postal service lost volume to**petition and was not able to handle efficiently even the businessit had.Finally, in 1863, Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary, and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery. But this delivery service was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10000 people to be eligible for free home delivery. In 1890, of the 75 million people in the United States, fewer than 20 million had mail delivered free to their doors. The rest, nearly three-quarters of the population, still received no mail unless they went to their post office.SSS_SINGLE_SEL31.What does the passage mainly discus?A The increased use of private mail services.B The development of a government postal system.C A comparison of urban and rural postal services.D The history of postage stamps.SSS_SINGLE_SEL32.The word "varied" in line 2 could best be replaced by ______.A increasedB differedC returnedD startedSSS_SINGLE_SEL33.Which of the following was seen as a disadvantage of the postage stamp?A It had to be purchased by the sender in advance.B It increased the cost of mail delivery.C It was difficult to affix to letters.D It was easy to counterfeit.SSS_SINGLE_SEL34.The private postal services of the nineteenth century claimed that they could do which of the following better than the government ?A Deliver a higher volume of mail.B Deliver mail more cheaply.C Deliver mail faster.D Deliver mail to rural areas.SSS_SINGLE_SEL35.In 1863 the United States government began providing which of the following to mail carriers?A A salary.B Housing.C Transportation.D Free postage stamps.Part Ⅲ ClozeDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.For (36) the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain (37) : a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences **bined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the terrible consequences of war stopped (38) of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the allies hit those wavebattered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandy invasion stands as afeat (39) to be repeated.There will never be (40) D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have (41) . All-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out (42) for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No credible scenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of the Normandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a presidential decision to put teas of millions of American livesat. (43) . And the possible benefits for the allies would be uncertain at best.European defense experts often ask whether the U.S. would be willing to "trade Pittsburgh for Dusseldorf". In practice, the question may well be whether it is worth (44) American cities to avenge a Europe already (45) to rubble.SSS_FILL36.SSS_FILL37.SSS_FILL38.SSS_FILL39.SSS_FILL40.SSS_FILL41.SSS_FILL42.SSS_FILL43.SSS_FILL44.SSS_FILL45.Part Ⅳ TranslationDirection: Choose and four sentences from the following and translate them into English1.1．在过去5年中，国民经济持续快速健康发展，综合国力进一步增强。
考博英语-464_真题无答案
考博英语-464(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Section Ⅰ VocabularyThere are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are .four choices ,marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that **pletes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.1.In a sudden______of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.SSS_SINGLE_SELA attackB burstC splitD blast2.He is______about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.SSS_SINGLE_SELA optimisticB optionalC outstandingD obvious3.That sound doesn't______in his language, so it's difficultfor him to pronounce it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA happenB occurC haveD take place4.The director was critical______the way we were doing the work.SSS_SINGLE_SELA atB inC ofD with5.In the______of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to ﹩30 million.SSS_SINGLE_SELA faceB timeC eventD course6.My boss insists on seeing everything in______before he makes a decision.SSS_SINGLE_SELA black and blueB red and blueC black and whiteD green and yellow7.It's often a mistake to______appearance; that poor-looking individual is any thing but poor. In fact, he is a millionaire.SSS_SINGLE_SELA go overB go byC go againstD go for8.I'd______his reputation with other farmers and business people in**muni ty, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.SSS_SINGLE_SELA take into accountB account forC make up forD make out9.The precious manuscripts were hopelessly______by long exposure in the cold, damp cellar.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ruinedB damagedC destroyedD harmed10.His attention often______at lectures. No wonder he failed the exam.SSS_SINGLE_SELA branchedB wonderedC wanderedD went out11.At the meeting, Smith argued______in favor of the proposal.SSS_SINGLE_SELA severelyB warmlyC forcefullyD heavily12.The work is not very profitable______cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in the light ofB according toC on the basis ofD in terms of13.The board of **pany has decided to______its operation to include all as pects of the clothing business.SSS_SINGLE_SELA extendB enlargeC expandD amplify14.In Britain people______four million tons of potatoes every year.SSS_SINGLE_SELA swallowB disposeC consumeD exhaust15.In no country______Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.SSS_SINGLE_SELA other thanB more thanC better thanD rather than16.The accommodation was cheap, but the food was very______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA highB costlyC dearD overpaid17.The British constitution is______a large extent a product of the historical events described above.SSS_SINGLE_SELA withinB toC byD at18.A lorry______Jane's cat and sped away.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ran overB ran intoC ran throughD ran down19.Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA appreciatedB approvedC appealedD applied20.He doesn't seem to be able to______any interest in his studies.SSS_SINGLE_SELA make upB work upC turn upD use upSection ⅡClozeRead the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark .your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, which must be (21) for by his prospective employer. The problem here is that the Department of Employment has the right to (22) or refuse these permits, and there is little that can be (23) about it, it would be extremely unwise (24) a foreign visitor to work without a permit, since anyone doing so is (25) to immediate deportation. There are some (26) to this rule, most nota bly people from the Common Market countries, who are (27) to work without permits and who are often given (28) residence permits of up to five years. Some (29) people, such as doctors, foreign journalists, authors and others, can work without (30)The problem with the Act is not just that some of its rulesare (31) but (32) it is administered, and the people who administer it.An immigration official has the power to stop avisitor (33) these **ing into the country. If this happens the visitor has the (34) to appeal to the Immigration AppealTribunal (35) the appeals are being considered, the visitor has no choice but to wait sometimes for quite a long time.SSS_SINGLE_SEL21.A appliedB madeC askedD waitSSS_SINGLE_SEL 22.A allowB admitC presentD grantSSS_SINGLE_SEL 23.A madeB doneC explainedD talkedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 24.A forB toC asD inSSS_SINGLE_SEL 25.A aptB likelyC liableD inclinedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 26.A exemptionsB exceptionsC extractionsD expositionsSSS_SINGLE_SEL 27.A prescribedB qualifiedC entitledD certifiedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 28.A temporaryB immediatelyC eternalD nextSSS_SINGLE_SEL 29.A moreB fewerC othersD otherSSS_SINGLE_SEL 30.A permitsB askC acceptsD cloneSSS_SINGLE_SEL 31.A unfairB fairC justD justifySSS_SINGLE_SEL 32.A the wayB thatC the timeD whatSSS_SINGLE_SEL 33.A out ofB toC fromD offSSS_SINGLE_SEL34.A honorB forceC rightD authoritySSS_SINGLE_SEL35.A WhileB ButC AlthoughD AndSection Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionRead the following .four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choo sing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.1The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness actu ally reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happi ness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, **mitment (承担的义务), self-improvement.Ask a bachelor (单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commit ment. **mitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night's sleep or a three-day vaca tion. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising chil dren. But couples whodecide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activi ties that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money, buying that new ear or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy. we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.SSS_SINGLE_SEL36.According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chieflybecause______.A he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesB he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains singleC he finds more fun in dating than in marriageD he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitementSSS_SINGLE_SEL37.Raising children, in the author's opinion, is______.A a moral dutyB a thankless jobC a rewarding taskD a source of inevitable painSSS_SINGLE_SEL38.From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stemsfrom______.A hatredB misunderstandingC prejudiceD ignoranceSSS_SINGLE_SEL39.To understand what true happiness is, one must______.A have as much run as possible during one's lifetimeB make every effort to liberate oneself from painC put up with pain under all circumstancesD be able to distinguish happiness from funSSS_SINGLE_SEL40.What is the author trying to tell us?A Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain.B One must know how to attain happiness.C It is important to **mitments.D It is pain that leads to happiness.2It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say thatif **panies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more im- migrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn't occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need.Likewise, I don't hear people in the academy saying "Let's go backward. Let's go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘—格选人才)" (which was never true we never had a meritocracy, although we've come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years.I talked with an African American who has been a professor there fora long time, and she remembers that when she first joined **munity, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media--not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.SSS_SINGLE_SEL41.The word "imperative" ( Line 5, ParA 1) most probably refers to something______.A. superficialB. remarkableC. debatableD. essentialSSS_SINGLE_SEL42.Which of the following groups of people still differ in their views on diversity?A Minorities.B Politicians.C Professors.D Managers.SSS_SINGLE_SEL43.High-ranking corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to______.A lower the rate of unemploymentB win equal political rights for minoritiesC be competitive in the world marketD satisfy the demands of a growing populationSSS_SINGLE_SEL44.It can be inferred from the passage that______.A meritocracy can never be realized without diversityB American political circles will not accept diversityC it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U. S. mediaD minorities can only enter the fields where no debate is heard about diversitySSS_SINGLE_SEL45.According to the passage, diversity can be achieved in American society by______.A expanding the pool of potential employeesB promoting policies that provide skills to employeesC training more engineers, scientists, lawyers and business managersD providing education for all regardless of race or sex3Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as manysmokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate. " Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers de prived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.In the first test, each subject (实验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers performed equally well.The next test was **plex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters was transformed into a different one. Non-smok ers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were fas ter than deprived smokers.In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but de prived **mitted fewer errors than active smokers.The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details."As our tests became **plex," sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed bet ter than smokers by wider and wider margins. " He predicts, "smokers might perform ad equately at many jobs until they **plicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly ade quately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity. \SSS_SINGLE_SEL46.The purpose of George Spilich's experiment is______.A to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokersB to show how smoking damages people's mental capacityC to prove that smoking affects people's regular performanceD to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memorySSS_SINGLE_SEL47.George Spilich's experiment was conducted in such a way as to______.A compel the subjects to separate major information from minor detailsB put the subjects through **plex testsC check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokersD register the prompt responses of the subjectsSSS_SINGLE_SEL48.The word "bested" (Line 3, ParA 5) most probably means______.A. beatB. enviedC. caught up withD. made the best ofSSS_SINGLE_SEL49.Which of the following statements is true?A Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.B Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.C Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.D Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.SSS_SINGLE_SEL50.We can infer from the last paragraph that______.A smokers should not expect to become airline pilotsB smoking in emergency cases causes mental illnessC no airline pilots smoke during flightsD smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases4There is no denying that students should learn something about **puters work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the **bustion engine (内燃机) has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons (活塞) being driv en. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers**puter's impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. **puter literacy is not a form of literacy (读写能力) ; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art.Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct ac tivities. A case might be made that **petent citizens of tomorrow should free them selves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a ca- reer. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the sameis true of auto repair and violin-making.Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more "user-friendly". Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase "learning to use a computer" mean? It sounds like "learning to drive a car", that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.In fact, "learning to use a computer" is much more like "learning to play a game", but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. Thereis no such thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.SSS_SINGLE_SEL51.To be **petent citizens of tomorrow, people should______.A try to lay a solid foundation in computer scienceB be aware of how the things that they use do what they doC learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skillsD understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a carSSS_SINGLE_SEL52.In the second paragraph "violin making" is mentioned to showthat______.A programming a computer is as interesting as making a violinB our society needs experts in different fieldsC violin-making requires as much skill as computer programmingD people who can use a computer don't necessarily have to **puter program- mingSSS_SINGLE_SEL53.Learning to use a computer is getting easier all the timebecause______.A programs are becoming **plicatedB programs are designed to be convenient to usersC programming is becoming easier and easierD programs are becoming readily available to computer usersSSS_SINGLE_SEL54.According to the author, the phrase "learning to use a computer" (Line 4, ParA 3) means learning______.A. a set of rulesB. the fundamentalsof computer scienceC. specific programsD. general principles of programmingSSS_SINGLE_SEL55.The author's purpose in writing this passage is______.A to stress the impact of **puter on societyB to explain the concept of computer literacyC to illustrate the requirements for **petent citizens of tomorrowD to emphasize **puter programming is an interesting and challenging jobSection Ⅳ TranslationIn this section there is a passage in English. Translate the .five sentences under tined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.56.The agreement is overseen by the Committee on Agriculture which reviews pro gress in the implementation of commitments, and is required to monitor the follow-up on the Ministerial decisionrelating to the least-developed countries and net-food importing de veloping countries. "Peace" provisions within the agreement aim to reduce the likelihood of serious disputes or challenges on agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI57.The agreement was conceived as part of a continuing process with the long-term objec tive of securing substantial progressive reductionsin support and protection in agriculture. It calls for further negotiations to be initiated before the end of the fifth year of implementation.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI58.The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (植物检疫的) Measures concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations.It recognizes governments' rights to take sanitary and pbytosanitary measures but stip ulates that they must be based onscience, should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifiabiy discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail.Members are encouraged to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI59.However, members may maintain or introduce measures which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification or as a conse quence of consistent risk decisions based on an appropriate risk assessment.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI60.It is expected that members will accept the sanitary and phytosanitary measures of others as equivalent if the exporting country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importing country's appropriate ievel of health protection.SSS_TEXT_QUSTISection Ⅴ WritingYou are asked to write a composition in no less than 150 words according to the chart given below. Remember to write clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.1.(1) 以上图为依据描述发展中国家的预期寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿的死亡率(in fant mortality)的变化情况。
考博英语-598_真题-无答案
考博英语-598(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionText 1An invisible border divides those arguing **puters in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing **puters in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to **puters in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he **petently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for **puters into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job andnot. Of course, the basics of using **puter these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. **puter skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, **puter skills are **plementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to become any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.1. The author thinks the present rush to **puters in the classroom is ______.A. far-reachingB. dubiously orientedC. self-contradictoryD. radically reformatory2. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______.A. is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB. came into being along with the arrival of computersC. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesD. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries3. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is ______.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. of little practical valueD. attractive to every kind of professional4. What's the meaning of the underlined word "presumptuous" in Paragraph 3?A. assumptiveB. selfishC. presumableD. worshipful5. According to the author, **puter skills should be ______.A. included as an auxiliary course in schoolB. highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsC. mastered through a life-long courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 2One of the saddest things about the period in which we live is the growing estrangement between America and Europe. This may be a surprising discovery to those who are over impressed by the speed with which turbojets can hop from New York to Paris. But to anyone who is aware of what America once meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers, to the young Ibsen bitterly excoriating European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly disquieting in the way that the European Left, historically "pro-American" because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishes America with Europe's lack of hope in the future.Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in theromantic heyday, Americans have, until recently, thought of themselves as an idea, a "proposition" (in Lincoln's word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind. Officially, we live by our original principles; we insist on this boastfully and even inhumanly. And it is precisely this steadfastness to principle that irks Europeans who under so many pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat.Historically, the obstinacy of America's faith in "principles" has been staggering—the sacrament of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the Moral Tightness of all our policies, the invincibility of our faith in the equality and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and finally outrageous about an attachment to political formulas that arose even before a European revolutionary democracy was born of the French Revolution, and that have survived all the socialist Utopias and internationals. Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice; they hold fast to romantic doctrines of perfectibility even when such doctrines contradict their actual or their formal faith—whether it be as scientists or as orthodox Christians.It is a fact that while Americans as a people are notoriously empirical, pragmatic, and unintellectual, they live their lives against a background of unalterable national shibboleths. The same abundance of theory that allowed Walt Whitman to fill out his poetry with philosophical road signs of American optimism allows a president to make pious references to God as an American tradition—references which, despite their somewhat mechanical quality, are not only sincere but which, to most Americans, express the reality of America.1. The writer uses the example of Ibsen and others to maintain that ______.A. Europeans do not have the proper appreciation of the United StatesB. Europeans have made a notable shift in attitude toward the United StatesC. American culture has been rediscovered by EuropeansD. Europeans no longer feel that there should be an exchange of ideas with Americans2. Judging from the context, "estrangement" (Line 1, Para. 1) probably means ______.A. strange feelingB. remotenessC. loss of affection or interestsD. feeling of hostility3. Until recently, Americans thought of their country as a ______.A. source of enlightenmentB. leader in technological progressC. recipient of a European heritageD. peacemaker4. The author states that American democracy in practice sometimes is in conflict with ______.A. theoretical notions of equalityB. other political systemsC. Europe's best interestsD. orthodox Christianity5. Which of the following was NOT mentioned by the author as an American principle?A. Equality of man.B. Moral Tightness as American policy decisions.C. Man's capacity to become perfect.D. The inviolability of the individual's integrity.Text 3Works of architecture are so much a part of our environment that we accept them as fixed and scarcely notice them until our attention is summoned. People have long known how to enclose space for the many purposes of life. The spatial aspect of the arts is most obvious in architecture. The architect makes groupings of enclosed spaces and enclosing masses, always keeping in mind the function of the structure, its construction and materials, and, of course, its design—the correlative of the other two. We experience architecture both visually and by moving through and around it, so that we perceive architectural space and mass together. The articulation of space and mass in building is expressed graphically in several ways; the principal ones include plans, sections, and elevations.A plan is essentially a map of floor, showing the placement of the masses of a structure and, therefore, the spaces they bound and enclose. A section, like a vertical plan, shows placement of the masses as if the buildings were cut through along a plane, often along a plane that is a major axis of the building. An elevation is a head-on view of an external or internal wall, showing its features and often other elements that would be visible beyond or before the wall.Our response to a building can range from simple contentment to astonishment and awe. Such reactions are products of our experience of a building's function, construction, and design; we react differently to a church, a gymnasium, and an office building. The very movements we must make to experience one building will differ widely and profoundly from the movements required to experience another. These movements will be controlled by the continuity or discontinuity of its axes. For example, in a central plan—one that radiates from a central point, as in the Pantheon in Rome—we perceive the whole spatial entity at once. In the long axial plan of a Christian basilica or a Gothic cathedral, however, our attention tends to focus on a given point—the altar at the eastern end of the nave. Mass and space can be interrelated to produce effects of **plexity, as, for example, in the Byzantine Church of the Katholikon. Thus, our experience of architecture will be the consequence of a great number of material and formal factors, including training, knowledge, and our perceptual and psychological makeup, which function in our experience of any work of art.1. The author thinks architecture is an art of ______.A. spaceB. graphicC. environmentD. masses2. According to the passage, a section shows ______.A. the horizontal placement of masses in buildingB. the vertical placement of masses in a buildingC. an interior view of the buildingD. an exterior view of the building3. We react differently to a church, a gymnasium, and an office building because ______.A. these buildings have different functions, constructions and designsB. they are actually products of our imaginationC. we have a wide range of emotions from simple contentment to astonishment and aweD. we have different experience in life4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ______.A. in the Pantheon in Rome our attention tends to focus on the altarB. in a Gothic cathedral mass and space are interrelated to produce effects of **plexityC. a Christian basilica is an example of central planD. in the Byzantine Church of the Katholikon the axes are discontinuous5. The author believes that in appreciating a sculpture, the factors that will function include ______.A. trainingB. knowledgeC. perceptual and psychological makeupD. all of the aboveText 4What new research reveals about the adolescent brain—from why kids bully to how the teen years shape the rest of your life. They say you never escape high school. And for better or worse, science is lending some credibility to that old saw. Thanks to sophisticated imaging technology and a raft of longitudinal studies, we're learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors. This emerging research sheds light not only on why teenagers act the way they do, but how the experiences of adolescence—from rejection to binge drinking—can affect who we become as adults, how we handle stress, and the way we bond with others.One of the most important discoveries in this area of study, says Dr. Frances Jensen, a neuroscientist at Harvard, is that our brains are not finished maturing by adolescence, as was previously thought. Adolescent brains "are only about 80 percent of the way to maturity," she said at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in November. It takes until the mid-20s, and possibly later, for a brain to become fully developed.An excess of gray matter (the stuff that does the processing) at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learning—the reason we're so good at picking up new languages starting in early childhood—but also particularly sensitive to the influences of our environment, both emotional and physical. Our brains, processing centers haven't been fully linked yet, particularly the parts responsible for helping to check our impulses and considering the long-term repercussions of our actions. "It's like a brain that's all revved up not knowing where it needs to go," says Jensen.It's partially because of this developmental timeline that a teen can be so quick to conjure a stinging remark, or a biting insult, and so uninhibited in firing it off at the nearest unfortunate target—a former friend, perhaps, or a bewildered parent. The impulse to hurl an insult is there, just as it may be for an adult in a stressful situation, but the brain regions that an adult might rely on to stop himself from saying something cruel just haven't caught up.In a paper published last year in the Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Jay Giedd, a scientist at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institutes of Mental Health, wrote that, according to brain scans conducted over several years, gray-matter volume peaks around or just before the beginning of puberty, and then continuously declines. In contrast, white matter (the stuff that helps connect areas of the brain) increases right up to, and beyond, the end of puberty.These adolescent brain developments don't happen to all parts of the brain at the same time. "The order in which this maturation of connection goes, is from the back of the brain to the front of the brain," says Jensen.And one of the last parts to mature is the frontal lobe, a large area responsible for modulating reward, planning, impulsiveness, attention, acceptable social behavior, and other roles that are known as executive functions. It's thanks in part to the frontal lobe that we are able to schedule our time with any sort of efficiency, plan in advance to arrange for a designated driver on a night out (or stop drinking before one is over the legal limit), and restrain ourselves from getting into fights any time we get involved in an argument. Unfortunately, it's just these sorts of behaviors that teenage brains are not fully endowed to deal with—and the consequences are potentially fatal when it comes to high-risk behavior like drinking and driving.This blast of teen-brain change is compounded by profound social and psychological shifts. Of particular importance is that adolescence is the time when we develop stronger social connections with our peers, and more independence from our parents."Before the transition to adolescence, kids interact with one another, and the kinds of friendships that they have, are substantially different," explains Dr. Mitch Prinstein, professor and director of clinical psychology, at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. "After adolescence they can really confide in friends, they turn to them as first sources of social support. Kids tell us all the time they are more likely to tell their friends about things going on in their lives, and stressors, than any adult. "This cuts both ways. Healthy relationships have a positive effect on how an adolescent navigates through a tumultuous period of life. But at the same time, this reliance on friends makes young people susceptible to the influence of peer pressure, even when it is indirect.1. One of the most important discoveries in the adolescent brain is that adolescent brains ______.A. have become fully developedB. are mainly affected by environmental and genetic factorsC. are particularly sensitive to activities such as drinkingD. remain immature2. Teenagers are likely to ______.A. hurt the people closest to themB. be indifferent to their environmentC. have bewildered parentsD. try to stop themselves from saying something cruel3. Which of the following statements is correct?A. At the beginning of adolescence, our brains' processing centers have been fully linked.B. White matter volume peak just before the beginning of puberty.C. All parts of the adolescent brain do not develop at the same time.D. The maturation of connection goes from the front of the brain to the back of the brain.4. With the maturity of the frontal lobe, teenagers ______.A. can deal with high-risk behavior like drinking and drivingB. will avoid arguingC. never get into fightsD. schedule their time efficiently5. The author's attitude towards kids' reliance on their friends is ______.A. positiveB. objectiveC. subjectiveD. skepticalText 5Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978—1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes **panies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity, switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too **panies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish—"the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".1. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.A. not as good as it seemsB. at its turning pointC. much better than it seemsD. near to complete recovery2. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.A. exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB. fall short of businessmen's anticipationC. meet the expectation of business peopleD. fail to reflect the true state of economy3. The word "disjunction" (Line 7, Para. 2) probably means ______.A. divisionB. connectionC. unionD. segregation4. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.A. he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"B. he does not think the productivity revolution worksC. he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD. he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses5. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B. New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C. The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D. The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.。
南京大学考博英语-5_真题-无答案
南京大学考博英语-5(总分78,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularyPart A1. The editorial described drug abuse as the greatest calamity of our age.A. catalystB. disasterC. casualtyD. retaliation2. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that in most humans the left half of the brain controls language.A. fields of studyB. groups of expertsC. seminarsD. regulations3. The new administration will adopt a policy of laissez-faire toward industry.A. encouragementB. limitationC. noninterferenceD. interference4. Even after ten years her name conjures up such beautiful memories.A. covers upB. revealsC. brings to mindD. makes up5. The conquerors stole not only the gold and silver that were needed to replenish the badly depleted treasure but also the supplies that were vital to the nation.A. substituteB. recollectC. restockD. resume6. The Chisos Mountains in Big Bend National Park in Texas were created by volcanic eruptions that occurred ______.A. the area in which dinosaurs roamedB. when dinosaurs roamed the areaC. did dinosaurs roam the areaD. dinosaurs roaming the area7. Until she was 11 years old, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was confined to her home by her tyrannical father.A. constrictedB. drawnC. tiedD. restricted8. ______ three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting.A. Because having been defeatedB. Because being defeatedC. Having been defeatedD. Having defeated9. ______ initial recognition while still quite young.A. Most famous scientists achievedB. That most famous scientists schievedC. Most famous scientists who achievedD. For most famous scientists to achieve10. Human population growth is a menace to nonhuman life forms on our planet.A. hindranceB. misfortuneC. catastropheD. threatPart B1. Geologists (at) the Hawaiian V olcano Observatory (rely on) (a number of) instruments to (studying) the volcanoes in Hawaii.A. atB. rely onC. a number ofD. studying2. (Depictions) of animals and hunting scenes (can found) (in) the prehistoric cave paintings of (nearly every) continent.A. DepictionsB. can foundC. inD. nearly every3. Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height).A. in sizeB. from small rock barriers toC. many feetD. height4. (After having studied) (so hard) for more than two months, he (felt confidently) of (success).A. After having studiedB. so hardC. felt confidentlyD. success5. Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height).A. in sizeB. from small rock barriers toC. many feetD. height6. (Depictions) of animals and hunting scenes (can found) (in) the prehistoric cave paintings of (nearly every) continent.A. DepictionsB. can foundC. inD. nearly every7. Some (research) suggests (what) there is a (link between) the body"s calcium balance (and) tooth decay.A. researchB. whatC. link betweenD. and8. Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height).A. in sizeB. from small rock barriers toC. many feetD. height9. Perhaps the most typically American (types) of feature movie, the western, (has been) a resurgence (in) popularity (in recent years).A. typesB. has beenC. inD. in recent years10. Crustaceans, (alike) insects, are invertebrate animals (that) (possess) external (skeletons).A. alikeB. thatC. possessD. skeletonsPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionAs a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn"t the stuff of gloomy philosophicalcontemplations, but a fact of Europe"s new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century. **munications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans" private byes.Europe"s new economic climate has largely fosterd the trend toward independence, the current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe"s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today"s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage-twentysometing professionals or widowed senior citizens, while pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative-dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn"t leave much room for relationships. Pirnpi Arroyo, a 35-year-**poser who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn"t got time to get lonely becanse he has too much work. "I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult. Only an Iddeal Woman would make him change his lifestyle," he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called "The Single Woman and Prince Charming", thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expext morn and more of mates, so relationships don"t last long--if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbarthes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she"d never have wanted to do what her mother did--give up a career to raise a family. Instead, "I"ve always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life."1. More and more young Europeans remain single because ______.A. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier ageB. they are pessimistic about their economic futureC. they have embraced a business culture of stabilityD. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism2. What is said about Europan society in the passage?A. It is getting closer to American-style capitalismB. It has limited consumer"s choice despite a free marketC. It is being threatened by irresistible privatizationD. It has fostered the trend towards small families3. According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are ______.A. negative and gloomyB. on either side of marriageC. healthy and wealthyD. warm and lighthearted4. The author quotes Eppendorf to show that ______.A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedomB. most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptableC. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonelyD. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day, Europe5. What is the author"s purpose in writing the passage?A. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualismB. To examine the trend of young people living aloneC. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationshipsD. To review the impact of women becoming high earnersIs language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand **mands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man"s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is **plex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain"s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child"s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child"s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.6. The purpose of Frederick II"s experiment was______A. to prove that children are born with the ability to speakB. to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speechC. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language7. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that______A. they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB. they are exposed to too much language at onceC. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them8. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?A. The faculty of speech is inborn in manB. Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learningC. Human brain is capable of language analysis at very early ageD. Most children learn their language in definite stages9. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ______ in the future.A. have a high IQB. be insensitive to verbal signalsC. be less intelligentD. not necessarily be backwardThe growth of cell-phone users in the U.S. has tapered off from the breakneck pace of 50% annually in the late 1990s to what analysts project will be a 15% to 20% rise in 2002, and no more than that in 2003. To some extent, numerous surveys have found, slower growth in demand reflects consumer disillusionment with just about every aspect of cell-phone service—its reliability, quality, and notorious customer service.The cooling off in demand threatens to cascade through the industry: The big four U.S. cell-phone carders—Verizon Wireless, Cingular Wireless, AT&T Wireless, Sprint imperil their timetables for becoming profitable, not to mention their efforts to whittle down their mountains of debt. As the carders have begun to cut costs, wireless- equipment **panies such as Lucent, Nokia, and Ericsson—have been left with a market that"s bound to be smaller than they had anticipated. Handset makers have been insulated so far, but they, too, face a nagging uncertainty. They"ll soon introduce advanced phones to the U.S. market that will run on the new networks the carders are starting up over the next year or two. But the question then will be: Will Americans embrace these snazzy data features—and their higher costs—with the wild enthusiasm that Europeans and Asians have?Long before the outcome in clear, the industry will have to adopt a new mind-set. "In the old days, it was all about connectivity." says Andrew Cole, an analyst with wireless consultancy Adventis. Build the network, and customers **e. From now on, the stakes will be higher. The new mantra: Please customers, or you may not survive.To work their way out of this box, the carders are spending huge sums to address the problem. Much of Sprint PCS"s $ 3.4 billion in capital outlays this year will be for new stations. And in fact, the new high-speed, high-capacity nationwide networks due to roll out later this year should help ease the calling-capacity crunch that has caused many **plaints. In the meantime, **panies are using better training and organization to keep customers happy.The nation"s largest rural operator, Alltel (AT), recently reorganized its call centers so that a customer"s query goes to the first operator who"s available anywhere in the country, instead of the first one available in the customer"s home area. That should cut waiting time to one minute from three to five minutes previously.10. What is the text mainly about?A. The bad service in the UB. The crisis in the UC. The conflicts among cell-**panies in the UD. The price of the U11. The growth of cell-phone users declines because______.A. cell-phones are unreliableB. cell-phones usually have poor qualityC. the customer service is badD. customers are not satisfied with cell-phone service12. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A. the price war will reverse the present situationB. the wireless equipment makers will try to improve the original networksC. the handset makers will produce new phones with high technologyD. the Europeans are enthusiastic about the new advanced cell-phones13. According to the author, the cell-phone industry must adopt a mind-set in order to______.A. have better training and organizationB. become an indispensable part in people"s lifeC. build more advanced and efficient networksD. help customers to choose proper service14. In order to work their way out of the box, Sprint PCS and Alttel are taking measures to______.A. design new advanced cell-phones in attractive formB. reduce costs and improve the efficiency of networksC. offer the customers better services and satisfy their needsD. arrange the call centers to reduce the customer"s waiting timeAsk an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don"t bother, here"s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy store book rack, next to typical kids" books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy Is Dysfunctional." It"s a teacher"s guide called "Happy To Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem."Self-esteem, as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when ! was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject," be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out. For one thing more important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modem kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modem kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, 23 per cent facial expression, 20 per cent tone of voice, and 50 per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn me at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in How to Win Friends and Influence People. Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in diaries searching their souls and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy To Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great" or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves," which is good, because all that reviling didn"t make me feel particularly good about anything.15. which of the following does the writer imply in paragraph 5 (starting with "Schools have changed.")?A. Self-criticism has gone too farB. Communication is a **prehensive category than language skillsC. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadaysD. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today16. Which of the following does the writer suggest in this passage?A. Grades should not be used to discourage studentsB. Reviling does not inevitably result in low self-esteemC. School subjects are treated more seriously todayD. Kids nowadays are encouraged to be self-critical17. How would you describe the writer"s attitude towards the new idea about journal writing?A. ApprovingB. IndifferentC. SarcasticD. Curious18. The writer"s intention in writing the passage is to______A. criticize the lowering educational requirements on kids todayB. introduce the educational reforms in the past generationC. make a comparison of the old curriculum and the new oneD. commend the progress achieved in school educationPerhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions ofscience; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because **monsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into **bination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.19. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Difficulties of writing satiric literatureB. Popular topics of satireC. New philosophies emerging from satiric literatureD. Reasons for the popularity of satire20. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?A. They are famous examples of satiric literatureB. They **monsense solutions to problemsC. They are appropriate for readers of all agesD. They are books with similar stories21. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?A. Newly emerging philosophiesB. **bination of objects and ideasC. Abstract discussion of morals and ethicsD. Wholesome characters who are unselfish22. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be______A. informed about new scientific developmentB. exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC. reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD. told how they can be of service to **munitiesPart Ⅲ TranslationPart A1. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes, European vacations, travel, BMW"s -- such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit their dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, "Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many **e from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious.Part B1. 当时我们所面临的最关键的问题是熟练劳动力的缺乏，用以培训这种劳动力的大学师资不足，以及我们的大学中由于用于教育和科研的师资和现代化设备短缺造成和研究能力衰退。
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考博英语-116(总分100,考试时间90分钟)V ocabulary1. ______ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.A. Had they arrivedB. Would they arriveC. Were they arrivingD. Were they to arrive2. ______ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.A. He would leave schoolB. He left schoolC. He had left schoolD. He has left school3. Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained ______.A. to be shownB. to have been shownC. to have shownD. being shown4. ______ that should be given priority to.A. It is **mittee has decidedB. It is only **mittee has decidedC. It is what **mittee has decidedD. It is what has **mittee decided5. The most interesting new cars may owe ______ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.A. less local free-spiritedness thanB. less local free-spiritedness than toC. to less local free-spiritedness than toD. less to local free-spiritedness than to6. Over the years, Jimmy Connors ______ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.A. has treated spectators withB. has treated spectators forC. has treated spectatorsD. has treated spectators to7. ______ a ticket for the match, he can now only watch it on TV at home.A. Obtaining notB. Not obtainingC. Not having obtainedD. Not obtained8. How can I ever concentrate if you ______ continually ______ me with silly questions?A. have, interruptedB. had, interruptedC. are, interruptingD. were, interrupted9. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.A. need not have dressed upB. must not have dressed upC. did not need to dress upD. must not dress up10. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco ______ leagues in virtually every sport.A. were home toB. was the home ofC. was home toD. was home of11. If you have any clothes ______ today, give them to me.A. to washB. to be washedC. for washingD. being washed12. I ______ the meeting yesterday, but some urgent matter prevented me **ing.A. ought to attendB. was about to attendC. was to have attendedD. was to attend13. He told us a lot of jokes and had us ______ all through the meal.A. laughingB. laughC. laughedD. to laugh14. There"s ______ when we shall meet again.A. not knowB. not to knowC. no knowingD. never knowing15. The garden looked as if it ______ for years.A. wasn"t wateredB. didn"t waterC. hasn"t wateredD. hadn"t been watered16. ______ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.A. The guide ledB. With the guide leadingC. With the guide to leadD. With the guide lead17. ______ when Shanghai was the paradise for imperialist adventurers.A. Gone are the daysB. Are the days goneC. Gone the days areD. Are gone the days18. Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world that ______ large populations each over ten million.A. hasB. haveC. hadD. are19. Peter used to live in London, ______?A. usedn"t heB. wasn"t heC. didn"t he useD. didn"t he use to20. Plastic heart valves and other human "spare parts" have ______ possible many recent developments in surgery.A. made itB. been madeC. madeD. become21. Adopting this method, the team raised the average yield ______ 40%.A. atB. byC. toD. with22. This is the only book ______ I have on chemistry.A. whatB. whatsoeverC. whichD. that23. That trumpet player was certainly loud, but I wasn"t bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent.A. asB. thanC. rather thanD. so much as24. Our new firm ______ for a credible, aggressive individual with great skills to fill this position.A. have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look25. Many of the fads of the 1970s ______ as today"s latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revokedD. is being reviled26. If you want to do well on the exam, you ______ on the directions that the professor gives and take ex-act notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will be concentratedD. will be concentrating27. One student after another ______ up to answer the teacher"s questions.A. standB. standsC. standingD. to stand28. There used to be a theater here years ago, ______?A. didn"t itB. usedn"t itC. didn"t there use toD. didn"t there29. We think ______ possible for them to fulfil their task in a few weeks.A. itB. thatC. whatD. this30. Neither John nor his brothers bought what ______ needed.A. heB. theyC. oneD. you31. It is not easy to give away money ______ it is to make money.A. asB. more thanC. as much asD. any more than32. He is an honest person. He is ______ to do such a dishonest thing.A. the least manB. not likelyC. the last manD. the latest man33. He has two children, but the elder is ______ of the two.A. cleverB. clevererC. cleverestD. the cleverer34. Listen to that laughter! They ______ themselves.A. must enjoyB. must be enjoyingC. may be enjoyingD. can be enjoying35. ______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet".A. SeeB. SeeingC. SeenD. To be seen36. He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education ______ a thesis.A. writeB. writingC. to writeD. be writing37. ______ for your advice, I would have been taken in.A. Had it notB. Had it not beenC. If it had notD. Weren"t it38. I admit I have made a mistake, ______ I deny the serious consequence it may have.A. soB. so willC. nor willD. how can39. Neither of the two parties ______ able to solve the problems of the poor.A. areB. isC. have beenD. will have been40. I wish to have a talk with you, ______?A. shall IB. would IC. will ID. may I。