2010年度十大医学突破

来源《时代》周刊2010-12-11 12:23:43《时代》周刊：2010年度十大医学突破 ips最新进展入选生物谷萧驷整理分享| 收藏【大中小】美国《时代》周刊在其网站上公布了2010年十大医学突破名单，其中“可降低HIV感染风险的抗艾滋病药”、“人工合成细胞”、“老年性痴呆症的血液检测”及“更快更安全培育iPS细胞”等成果入选。

生物谷编辑根据网友编译和原文整理如下：1.可降低HIV感染风险的抗艾药1. AIDS Drugs Lower the Risk of HIV Infection研究者在对来自6个国家的2500名HIV阳性同性恋男性进行的一项高风险试验期间，研究人员发现与安慰剂相比，一种被称作Truvada的抗逆转录病毒药物能降低44%的HIV感染风险。

科学家对那些每天服用这种药物最积极的试验参与者进行更进一步研究，发现他们感染HIV的风险甚至更低，比服用安慰剂的参与者低近73%。

目前还需要进行更多研究才能确定抗逆转录病毒药物对预防HIV的好处，公共卫生专家发出警告说，即使最终结果证实这种方法确实有效，它也不能取代最好的预防方法：安全性生活和使用避孕套。

这是因为所谓的暴露前预防方法的工作原理，是让高风险人群在接触这种病毒前服用抑制HIV抗逆转录病毒药物，这样做能促使该药尽快对抗HIV。

但是抗逆转录病毒药物不会像疫苗一样，激活免疫系统预防感染。

相关阅读美Gilead公司研发出抗艾滋新药TruvadaFDA批准抗艾药Truvada和VireadAntiretroviral drugs have turned the AIDS epidemic around, by thwarting the virus in HIV-positive patients. But new research suggests that this powerful treatment may have another benefit — as a weapon against infection in healthy individuals.In a trial involving nearly 2,500 HIV-negative, but high risk, gay men in six countries, researchers found that a combination antiretroviral pill called Truvada reduced the risk of HIVinfection by 44%, compared with placebo. When scientists looked more carefully at the study volunteers who took the medication most faithfully, on a daily basis, they found that the risk of contracting HIV was even lower — 73% lower than the placebo group.More studies will need to confirm the benefit of antiretrovirals in the prevention of HIV, and public health experts warn that even if the results hold up, it would not replace the best method of prophylaxis: safe sex and consistent use of condoms. That's because the way so-called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, works is to load up high-risk people with HIV-disabling antiretroviral drugs before exposure to the virus, which allows the medication to hit HIV as early as possible. But the drugs do not work as a vaccine would, by priming the immune system to actually prevent infection美国《时代》周刊在其网站上公布了2010年十大医学突破名单，其中“可降低HIV感染风险的抗艾滋病药”、“人工合成细胞”、“老年性痴呆症的血液检测”及“更快更安全培育iPS细胞”等成果入选。

生物谷编辑根据网友编译和原文整理如下：1.可降低HIV感染风险的抗艾药1. AIDS Drugs Lower the Risk of HIV Infection研究者在对来自6个国家的2500名HIV阳性同性恋男性进行的一项高风险试验期间，研究人员发现与安慰剂相比，一种被称作Truvada的抗逆转录病毒药物能降低44%的HIV感染风险。

科学家对那些每天服用这种药物最积极的试验参与者进行更进一步研究，发现他们感染HIV的风险甚至更低，比服用安慰剂的参与者低近73%。

目前还需要进行更多研究才能确定抗逆转录病毒药物对预防HIV的好处，公共卫生专家发出警告说，即使最终结果证实这种方法确实有效，它也不能取代最好的预防方法：安全性生活和使用避孕套。

这是因为所谓的暴露前预防方法的工作原理，是让高风险人群在接触这种病毒前服用抑制HIV抗逆转录病毒药物，这样做能促使该药尽快对抗HIV。

但是抗逆转录病毒药物不会像疫苗一样，激活免疫系统预防感染。

相关阅读美Gilead公司研发出抗艾滋新药TruvadaFDA批准抗艾药Truvada和VireadAntiretroviral drugs have turned the AIDS epidemic around, by thwarting the virus in HIV-positive patients. But new research suggests that this powerful treatment may have another benefit — as a weapon against infection in healthy individuals.In a trial involving nearly 2,500 HIV-negative, but high risk, gay men in six countries, researchers found that a combination antiretroviral pill called Truvada reduced the risk of HIV infection by 44%, compared with placebo. When scientists looked more carefully at the study volunteers who took the medication most faithfully, on a daily basis, they found that the risk of contracting HIV was even lower — 73% lower than the placebo group.More studies will need to confirm the benefit of antiretrovirals in the prevention of HIV, and public health experts warn that even if the results hold up, it would not replace the best method of prophylaxis: safe sex and consistent use of condoms. That's because the way so-called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, works is to load up high-risk people with HIV-disabling antiretroviral drugs before exposure to the virus, which allows the medication to hit HIV as early as possible. But the drugs do not work as a vaccine would, by priming the immune system to actually prevent infection2.人工合成细胞2. Synthetic Cell形象地说，人类基因图谱的联合绘制者克雷格.文特尔就是21世纪版的弗兰肯斯泰因(玛丽.雪莱小说中的科学怪人，他创造的怪物最终毁灭了他本人)。

2010年，文特尔又朝着在实验室创造生命的道路上向前迈出一步。

通过将人工合成的DNA的化学物质“拼接”在一起，文特尔合成了一种细菌的完整基因组，基因组随后被注入一个细胞进行自我复制。

克雷格.文特尔的“人造细胞”显然不具备雪莱笔下的怪物那样可怕的性格，但不管怎样，它终究是一个人造生命。

文特尔希望他的发现将是合成生物学领域第一个实验室制造的生物。

通过混合和匹配遗传物质并与适当的化合物结合，文特尔正制造出可能充当新型生物燃料的生物体，通过允许研究人员将现成不同流感病毒株摆在实验室的架子上，他制造的生物体甚至可以加速流感疫苗生产。

更多阅读Science：世界首个人工生命结构诞生生物谷新闻专题：生命从克隆走向创造生物谷评论：人工生命能否真正实现？人造细胞后的生命——Nature专访八位合成生物领域专家“人造生命”：超越自然还是带来毁灭生物谷张发宝博士：影响人类未来的十大生物科学技术Move over, Dr. Frankenstein, and make room for your 21st-century counterpart, Dr. Venter. That's J. Craig Venter, co-mapper of the human genome, who this year took another step toward creating life in the lab. Generated from a painstaking process of stitching together the chemicals that compose DNA, Venter synthesized the entire genome of a bacterium, which was inserted into a cell and was able to replicate. Granted, Venter's "synthetic cell" had hardly the personality of Mary Shelley's angst-fueled monster, but it's man-made life nonetheless. Venter hopes his findings will be the first of a long line of lab-made creatures in synthetic biology. By mixing and matching genetic material into viable combinations, Venter is already generating organisms that may serve as new types of biofuel, or even speed up flu vaccine production by allowing researchers to keep ready-made versions of different viral strains of influenza on lab shelves.3.老年性痴呆症的血液检测3. Blood Test for Alzheimer's虽然临床医生用以诊断疾病的方法越来越先进，但即便运用最尖端的成像与分子探针手段，老年性痴呆症(亦称阿尔茨海默病)仍然难以确诊。