outcome2.1(outcome 2 的图)

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DEAP2.1教程数据包络分析 DEA

deap 2.1软件分析过程及结果解释找了很久才找到DEAp2.1，东西下载起来很小，用法也很简单，下面是教程：第一步分析过程，设置参数，变量及选定所用模型，下述：16为DMU个数，即总体样本个数；1为面板数据中的年限，如果做横截面数据，就写1，面板数据则写选取的时序个数（如年数）；4，3分别为产出指标、投入指标个数（在编辑EG1.DTA文件时，产出指标放前面）；0表示选取的是投入主导型模型，1表示产出主导型，二者区别不大，关键结合问题选取，一般选投入主导型；crs表示不考虑规模收益的模型即C2R模型，vrs表示考虑规模收益模型即BC2模型；最后是内部算法，一般选0就可以。

eg1.dta DA TA FILE NAMEeg1.out OUTPUT FILE NAME16 NUMBER OF FIRMS1 NUMBER OF TIME PERIODS4 NUMBER OF OUTPUTS3 NUMBER OF INPUTS0 0=INPUT AND 1=OUTPUT ORIENTA TED1 0=CRS AND 1=VRS0 0=DEA(MULTI-STAGE), 1=COST-DEA, 2=MALMQUIST-DEA,3=DEA(1-STAGE), 4=DEA(2-STAGE)第二步，结果解释：1、效率分析EFFICIENCY SUMMARY:firm crste vrste scale四列数据分别表示：firm样本次序；crste不考虑规模收益时的技术效率（综合效率）；vrste考虑规模收益时的技术效率（纯技术效率）；scale考虑规模收益时的规模效率（规模效率），纯技术效率和规模效率是对综合效率的细分；最后有一列irs,---，drs,分别表示规模收益递增、不变、递减。

2、SUMMARY OF OUTPUT SLACKS、SUMMARY OF INPUT SLACKS分别表示产出和投入指标的松弛变量取值，即原模型中的s值。

statistics1-2

Section 3.1 The Concept of Probability
An experiment is any process of observation with an uncertain outcome. --- On any single trial of the experiment, one and only one of the possible outcomes will occur. The possible outcomes for an experiment are called the experimental outcomes Probability is a measure of the chance that an experimental outcome will occur when an experiment is carried out
Section 3.3 Some Elementary Probability Rules
The complement A of an event A is the set of all sample space outcomes not in A. Further, P(A) = 1 - P(A).
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then
P(A B)=P(A)+P(B).
Example 3.7

Newspaper Subscribers #1

Define events: A = event that a randomly selected household subscribes to the Atlantic Journal. B = event that a randomly selected household subscribes to the Beacon News. Given: total number in city, N = 1,000,000 number subscribing to A, N(A) = 650,000 number subscribing to B, N(B) = 500,000 number subscribing to both, N(A∩B) = 250,000

PI-RADSv2.1联合PSA相关指标预测PSA灰区前列腺癌的价值研究

第30卷第5期CT理论与应用研究Vol.30, No.5 2021年10月（567-574）CT Theory and Applications Oct., 2021张苏波, 徐永军, 孙毅, 等. PI-RADS v2.1联合PSA相关指标预测PSA灰区前列腺癌的价值研究[J]. CT理论与应用研究, 2021, 30(5): 567-574. DOI:10.15953/j.1004-4140.2021.30.05.04.ZHANG S B, XU Y J, SUN Y, et al. Study on the value of predicting prostate cancer in the grey zone of PSA by use of PI-RADS v2.1 combined with PSA-related indicators[J]. CT Theory and Applications, 2021, 30(5): 567-574. DOI:10.15953/ j.1004-4140.2021.30.05.04. (in Chinese).PI-RADS v2.1联合PSA相关指标预测PSA灰区前列腺癌的价值研究张苏波1，徐永军，孙毅，万金鑫，赵妍，刘静芳，王锐江苏大学附属连云港医院（连云港市第二人民医院）影像科，江苏连云港222000摘要：目的：探讨建立前列腺影像报告及数据系统（PI-RADS v2.1）联合前列腺抗原（PSA）相关衍生物的Logistic模型对PSA灰区（4～10ng/mL）前列腺癌（PCa）的诊断价值。

材料与方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的49例前列腺癌（PCa）和118例非癌患者的资料，包括年龄、tPSA、fPSA、PI-RADS v2.1评分、PSAD、fPSA/tPSA。

对组间有统计学差异的指标进行Logistic回归分析，确定PCa独立预测指标，并分别联合PI-RADS v2.1评分建立Logistic回归预测模型。

Experimental Design (实验设计)

4.1 Pre-experimental design
Pre-experimental designs are so named because they follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group. In other words, a single
1
Definition of experimental design
1
Definition of experimental design
Experimental design is a detailed experiment design which is done before
the experiment, it changes one or more process variables to observe the response variable changes, it is a procedure for obtain the research data, and gain yield valid and objective conclusion (Winer, 1971). Experimental design is a research design that eliminates all factors that influence outcome except for the cause being studied (independent variable), all other factors are controlled by randomization, investigator-controlled
2. What is the difference(s) between/among them ? The same, you can divide into four groups freely, and choose one to two representative(3) to anwer.

review-outcome1-2011

Key points for question 1(2):
The opportunity cost of producing one good or providing one service is the sacrifice of some other desirable alternative that could have been produced by the use of the same resources.
Question 3---(a)
2) when price rises from 3p to 4p Price elasticity of demand =% change in quantity demanded / % change in price % change in quantity demanded=14.28% % change in price=33.3% Price elasticity of demand=0.43 Price elasticity of demand is inelastic.
D’ priceBiblioteka D increaseQuestion 4 (3)
p
p1 D’ Quantity demanded q1’
D q
q’
q1
Key points for question 5:
A decrease in the price of the factors of production. New technology (for example, mechanization, computerization etc) can make the production more efficient, and eventually lower the costs. Subsidies received from the government.

meta分析导论ppt课件

将各研究进行平均
• 给各研究相同的权重进行平均 • 从直观上看这是错误的 • 有的研究实际上比另一些研究具有更“
恰当分配各研究的权重
• 将较多的权重分配给能使我们获得较多信息的研究，这些研究具有：
➢ 较多的研究对象 ➢ 较多的临床事件 ➢ 较低的变异 • 权重与变异呈反变关系
例：
Study ID
• 机会
➢ 滑倒的机遇是未滑倒人数的三分之一 ➢ 每滑倒一个就有三个不滑倒 ➢ 滑倒的机遇是一对三
危险度和机会相差多大？
• 某研究对照组的164个患者中有130个无效，则无效的机遇：
➢ 危险度(Risk)=130/164=0.79; ➢ 机会(Odds)=130/34=3.82 • 另一研究对照组的63个患者中有4个无效，则
Session 1 Meta-分析导论
Chinese Cochrane Centre
本节内容
• 什么是Meta-分析？ • Meta-分析的条件 • Meta-分析的步骤 • Meta-分析结果的表示 • Meta-分析结果的解释
一.什么是Meta-分析？
• 一种计算平均值的方法 • 用于估计“平均值”或“共同”
合并均数差
• 权重均数差法 • 将所有研究使用相同单位进行测量 • 治疗效应量是“均数的差异” • 均数差异的变化由标准误计算公式进行计算：
v • 采法用）标准方i法=转snd化21后1i i进+行sMnd22eit2ai-分析（非对数
合并均数差的例子
WMD的问题
• 对临床的一些重要变化常常不能清楚地反映出来；
• 危险性和机会是表达机遇的方法 • RR和OR是比较两个以上对象的机
遇的方法 • 当事件发生率很高时RR和OR不等 • RD表示从基线发生改变的绝对值 • NNT表示需要治疗多少人才能成功

基于PubMed数据库病人报告结局研究热点的共词聚类分析

基于P u b M e d 数据库病人报告结局研究热点的共词聚类分析邹丽萍,宁向东,徐淑君,尹婷,孙美艳,吴飞摘要目的:分析P u b M e d 数据库中病人报告结局的研究热点,了解该领域研究现状及发展方向㊂方法:以P u b M e d 收录的病人报告结局相关文献为研究对象,使用B i c o m b2.0㊁S P S S25.0软件对主题词+副主题词进行词频分析和共词聚类分析㊂结果:共纳入3652篇文献,获得高频主题词+副主题词77个,占总频次累计百分比为20.23%㊂通过共词聚类分析总结出病人报告结局研究的11个热点㊂战略坐标图中,第Ⅰ象限1个类团;第Ⅱ象限4个类团;第Ⅲ象限3个类团;第Ⅳ象限3个类团㊂结论:病人报告结局研究热点分析有助于了解该领域的研究现状及发展趋势㊂癌症治疗及幸存者的心理㊁脊柱手术术后并发症及病人满意度㊁骨关节手术术后疼痛评估方式㊁膝关节手术的不良反应等类团主题是未来病人报告结局研究的热点㊂关键词病人报告结局;聚类分析;战略坐标;类团K e y w o r d s p a t i e n t -r e p o r t e do u t c o m e s ;c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s ;s t r a t e g i c c o o r d i n a t e s ;c l a s s g r o u p d o i :10.12104/j.i s s n .1674-4748.2023.22.008 病人报告结局(p a t i e n t -r e po r t e d o u t c o m e s ,P R O s)是一种在没有医生或他人影响下,直接由病人对自身健康状况进行测量报告[1]㊂P R O s 在治疗效果的评价㊁治疗不良反应的检测㊁病人健康状况的监测㊁症状严重程度的判断及病人治疗依从性和医疗服务质量的评估方面都有应用[2]㊂P R O s 可有效提高病人疾病体验,促进医/护患沟通和病人在临床决策中的参与,降低病人门诊及二次入院次数,最终提升病人整体生活质量和照护质量[3]㊂病人报告结局工具(pa t i e n t -r e po r t e do u t c o m e m e a s u r e s ,P R OM s )是用来测量P R O s 的一种工具[4],是一种标准化的问卷或量表㊂G r a m -H a n s s e n 等[5]认为P R OM s 一般可以分为通用㊁特定疾病㊁特定领域3种类型,通用P R OM s 用来评估病人一般症状或体征;特定疾病P R OM s 用于某种特定疾病或状况的评估㊂由于疾病种类繁多,需要通过聚类分析了解当前P R O s 领域的研究热点,明确研究方向和发展趋势㊂1 资料与方法1.1 资料来源通过查询美国国立生物技术信息中心(N a t i o n a lC e n t e r f o rB i o t e c h n o l o g y In f o r m a t i o n ,N C B I )网站的基金项目湖南省卫生健康委2020年度卫生科研课题立项项目,编号:D 202314027633㊂作者简介邹丽萍,主管护师,本科,单位:421001,南华大学附属第二医院;宁向东㊁徐淑君㊁尹婷㊁孙美艳单位:421001,南华大学附属第二医院;吴飞(通讯作者)单位:421001,南华大学护理学院㊂引用信息邹丽萍,宁向东,徐淑君,等.基于P u b M e d 数据库病人报告结局研究热点的共词聚类分析[J ].全科护理,2023,21(22):3061-3065.医学主题词(M e d i c a lS u b j e c tH e a d i n gs ,M e S H )数据库,确定主题词为 P a t i e n tR e p o r t e dO u t c o m eM e a s u r e s ㊂检索P u b M e d 数据库,检索时间2019年5月29日2021年5月29日,共检索到相关文献3669篇㊂通过N o t e E x p r e s s 软件去重后,剩余3652篇文献㊂将剩余文献题录以x m l 格式导入书目共现分析系统(B i b l i o g r a ph i c I t e m C o o c c u r r e n c eM a t r i xB u i l d e r ,B I C OM B )[6],包括文献题目㊁作者㊁所在期刊㊁主题词㊁摘要等基本信息㊂1.2 研究方法1.2.1 系统聚类分析在B I C OM B2.0软件提取的主题词+副主题词列表中,将 P a t i e n tR e p o r t e d O u t c o m e s 以及同义词删除,将剩余主题词+副主题词按出现频次降序排列,形成主题词+副主题词次序和频次对照表,通过h 指数㊁高低频次分界公式T =1/2ˑ(-1+1+8I 1)㊁普赖斯公式m =0.749ˑn m a x 和二八定律4种方法确定高频主题词+副主题词的结果,选择最佳频次和累计百分比,记录序号㊁关键字段㊁出现频次㊁出现百分比和累计百分比㊂高频主题词+副主题词计算确定后,利用B i c o m b2.0软件构建高频主题词+副主题词词篇矩阵,并将词篇矩阵(t x t )数据导入S P S S25.0软件进行系统聚类分析,选择谱系图,聚类方法选择组内联接,词篇矩阵为二值(0,1)矩阵,选择落合(o c h i a i )系数,主题词+副主题词的聚类分析结果以树状图形式呈现㊂1.2.2 战略坐标图分析战略坐标图是一个二维坐标轴,是类团分析的主要方法,X 轴为向心度,表示类团主题间相互作用的强度,一个学科主题同其他学科主题联系的强度越大,说明这个类团主题在整个学科研究中趋于中心地位;Y㊃1603㊃全科护理2023年8月第21卷第22期Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.轴为密度,表示类团主题内的联系强度,是该类维持自己和发展自己的能力,密度越大表示该类团主题发展得越成熟[7]㊂从B i c o m b2.0软件导出共现矩阵数据,根据词篇矩阵的聚类分析结果对高频主题词+副主题词进行分类,并计算高频主题词+副主题词的总链接数㊁类内链接数㊁类外链接数㊁类内主题词数㊁类外主题词数㊁类内链接平均数和类外链接平均数,然后根据上述数据计算各类团的类内链接平均值㊁类间链接平均值㊁总计平均值,再计算各类团的向心度X和密度Y,并绘制战略坐标图[8]㊂2结果2.1高频主题词+副主题词聚类分析2.1.1高频主题词+副主题词统计分析通过B i c o m b2.0软件共提取9377个P R O s的主要主题词+副主题词,根据h指数原则确定高频词阈值为24,累计百分比只有11.55%,占比较小,不适合;根据高低频词分界公式计算的T值为77.85,只有1个主题词+副主题词符合,不适合;根据普赖斯公式计算出的m值为9.5,高频词阈值确定为10,有113对主要主题词+副主题词,数量较大;根据二八定律自主确定,高频词阈值为12时,累计百分比达到20.23%,有77对主要主题词+副主题词,更为适合进行聚类分析㊂2.1.2高频主题词+副主题词聚类分析在B i c o m b2.0软件设置频次阈值ȡ12,ɤ161,生成词篇矩阵㊂将B i c o m b2.0软件词篇矩阵(t x t)数据导入S P S S25.0软件进行系统聚类分析,生成谱系图㊂谱系图横坐标聚类标定距离表示2个主题词之间的平均距离,反映二者之间的亲密关系,距离越小,主题词内涵越接近,在同一篇文献中出现次数越多,反映的主题越一致㊂以聚类谱系图为参考,结合专业知识,共总结了11个主题类团,其中第1类团~第3类团最具代表性,主题词亲密关系梯度更加明显,聚类分析结果见图1㊂图1 P R O s高频主题词+副主题词第1类团~第3类团聚类分析谱系图2.2战略坐标图绘制根据各主题类团的向心度和密度计算结果绘制P R O s主题战略坐标,见图2㊂㊃2603㊃C H I N E S EG E N E R A LP R A C T I C E N U R S I N G A u g u s t2023V o l.21N o.22Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.图2 P R O s主题类团战略坐标3讨论3.1聚类分析P R O s主题类团热点分析P R O s高频主题词+副主题词聚类分析形成的11个类团热点可以划分为鼻炎病人生活质量㊁类风湿关节炎病人生活质量㊁癌症病人心理㊁骨关节手术病人生活质量和术后疼痛5个方面㊂3.1.1鼻炎病人生活质量第1类团为鼻炎手术治疗对病人生活质量及心理的影响,该热点说明鼻炎对病人健康相关生活质量有显著负面影响,需借助P R O s进行报告,22项鼻腔结局测量工具(22-i t e m S i n o N a s a lO u t c o m eT e s t,S N O T-22)属于鼻炎这种特定疾病的P R OM s,H u s a i n等[9]通过S N O T-22来评价过敏性鼻炎病人的生活质量和症状控制,B a c h e r t等[10]通过S N O T-22评价慢性鼻窦炎合并鼻息肉病人的健康相关生活质量㊂3.1.2类风湿关节炎病人生活质量第2类团为单克隆抗体在类风湿性关节炎(r h e u m a t o i da r t h r i t i s,R A)治疗中的应用,该热点关注的是类风湿性关节炎,该疾病造成病人关节疼痛和日常活动困难,单次就诊判断病人的情况可能会导致医生和病人对疾病的评估不一致,将P R O s作为主要结果是类风湿性关节炎临床研究的重大转变之一[11],但尚缺乏类风湿性关节炎特异性的P R OM s㊂3.1.3癌症病人心理第3类团和第4类团涉及的热点均与癌症病人的心理有关,因为抗肿瘤药物治疗会导致病人出现疲劳㊁恶心㊁血小板减少㊁头痛等一系列不良反应,病人的心理负担更重㊂P R O s可用于评估癌症病人化疗的效果,C o n t e等[12]比较乳腺癌病人术后2种化疗方法的效果,使用欧洲癌症研究治疗组织的生活质量问卷-核心30(Q u a l i t y o fL i f e Q u e s t i o n n a i r e-C o r e30,Q L Q-C30)和生活质量问卷乳腺癌模块(Q L Q-B R23)测量癌症特异性和乳腺癌特异性生活质量结果;K a r g o等[13]对P R OM s在卵巢癌幸存者中的前瞻性应用进行系统综述,表明P R OM s可以识别其他未观察到的症状,提出未来的研究应评估使用P R OM s是否能促进更个性化和更有效的随访计划,以适应卵巢癌病人的需求和偏好㊂3.1.4骨关节手术病人生活质量第5类团涉及的热点是脊柱手术,F a r a j等[14]对成人脊柱畸形手术的病人报告结果进行系统综述,评估各种P R OM s的优点㊁缺点和不足,结果显示脊柱侧凸研究会-22(S c o l i o s i sR e s e a r c hS o c i e t y,S R S-22)问卷的评估质量最高㊂第7类团和第10类团涉及的热点是膝关节手术,K a n e k o等[15]通过美国膝关节协会评分(K n e e S o c i e t y S c o r e,K S S)㊁西部安大略省和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分(W e s t e r n O n t a r i oa n d M c M a s t e rU n i v e r s i t i e sA r t h r i t i s I n d e x,WOMA C)等4个P R OM s评估膝关节置换术后1.5年病人的满意度㊁生理功能㊁股四头肌肌力等多个方面的状况,及时评价膝关节手术术后病人存在的不良反应;前交叉韧带(A n t e r i o r c r u c i a t e l i g a m e n t,A C L)损伤是临床上一种较为常见的运动创伤,S a r r a j等[16]的研究结果表明前交叉韧带重建(A n t e r i o r c r u c i a t e l i g a m e n t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n, A C L R)联合半月板切除的病人随访2年的症状较A C L R联合半月板修复的病人更好;G r a s s i等[17]对A C L R病人随访10年,通过膝关节损伤和骨关节炎评分表㊁L y s h o l m评分表和疼痛视觉模拟评分表评价病人主观的临床结果㊂第8类团和第9类团涉及的热点是髋关节手术,髋关节置换前症状持续时间可能影响㊃3603㊃全科护理2023年8月第21卷第22期Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.术后获得的生活质量,L a u等[18]通过欧洲五维健康量表(E Q-5D)和牛津髋关节评分表(O x f o r d H i p S c o r e, O H S)评估病人术前症状持续时间与术后结局之间的关系,结果表明髋关节置换术前病人的症状持续时间增加,术后生活质量㊁功能状态则较差;M a r t i n等[19]通过12项国际髋关节评估工具(12-i t e mI n t e r n a t i o n a l H i p O u t c o m eT o o l,i HO T-12)评估髋关节镜手术后2年内实质性的临床受益和病人可接受症状状态,并通过术后视觉模拟满意度量表评估病人对手术的满意度㊂3.1.5术后疼痛第6类团和第11类团涉及的研究热点为术后疼痛,传统评估疼痛的量表有多种,P R OM s的响应能力关系到P R O s报告结果的质量,C h e n等[20]通过3组临床试验比较病人报告结局测量信息系统疼痛干扰量表(P a t i e n t-R e p o r t e dO u t c o m e sM e a s u r e s I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m P a i n I n t e r f e r e n c e,P R OM I S-P I)与健康调查简表(S F-36)身体疼痛分量表㊁罗兰-莫里斯伤残问卷㊁简明疼痛清单㊁疼痛量表等传统疼痛测量工具的响应能力,结果P R OM I S-P I的响应能力更高㊂慢性疼痛病人的用药频率与P R OM s结果测量的相关性尚不清楚,瑞典的K a l l m a n等[21]通过医院焦虑抑郁量表(H o s p i t a lA n x i e t y a n dD e p r e s s i o nS c a l e,HA D S)㊁多维疼痛清单(M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a lP a i nI n v e n t o r y)㊁欧洲生活质量仪器(E u r o p e a nQ u a l i t y o fL i f e I n s t r u m e n t, E Q-5D)等多个量表评估阿片类药物治疗与P R O s的关系,结果表明阿片类药物的使用与疼痛严重程度㊁干扰㊁健康相关生活质量㊁活动参与度和社会生活满意度呈显著负相关㊂3.2聚类分析P R O M s主题类团核心度与成熟度分析第Ⅰ象限为核心㊁成熟的类团,只有第10类团在第Ⅰ象限,密度高,而向心度较低,表示此类团内部主题之间联系较紧密,研究已经成熟,具备相当的规模,但是与外部各类主题联系不是特别密切,中心地位不够㊂第Ⅱ象限为核心㊁不成熟的类团,第4类团~第7类团主题向心度较高,特别是第6类,但密度较低,表示主题的内部结构比较松散,但与其他类之间联系紧密,处于核心地位,在P R OM s研究领域中比较活跃,未来有很大的发展空间,随着研究的深入会日渐成熟㊂第Ⅲ象限为周边㊁成熟的类团,第1类团㊁第2类团㊁第9类团密度较高,但是向心度最低,表示此类内部主题集聚程度较高,但与外部各类的联系程度很低,说明此类主题的研究虽然已经形成相当的研究规模,但是特异性较强,核心地位低㊂第Ⅳ象限为周边㊁不成熟的类团,第3类团㊁第8类团㊁第11类团的向心度和密度均较低,表示此类主题尚不成熟,且外部各类的紧密程度尚较低,说明这几类研究的关注度不高,处于边缘研究领域㊂4小结聚类的11个类团中只有1个类团处在第Ⅰ象限,说明成熟又具有一定核心性的类团很少;第Ⅱ象限的癌症治疗及幸存者的心理㊁脊柱手术术后并发症及病人满意度㊁骨关节手术术后疼痛评估方式㊁膝关节手术的不良反应4个类团具有较高的核心性,但是发展得不成熟,可以作为未来研究的热点,继续推进相关研究㊂对于既不成熟也不核心的类团要关注其特异性以及临床的研究价值㊂我国对P R O s及P R OM s在临床中的应用研究处于起步阶段,通过本研究有助于国内研究者把握P R O s领域的研究热点,推动相关领域研究进一步深化,在借鉴国外相关领域研究成果的同时,鼓励研究者开发适合我国病人生理㊁精神和社会状态评估的P R OM s,真正做到以病人为中心㊂参考文献:[1] U.S.D e p a r t m e n t o fH e a l t ha n d H u m a nS e r v i c e sF D A C e n t e r f o rD r u gE v a l u a t i o na n d R e s e a r c h,U.S.D e p a r t m e n to f H e a l t ha n dH u m a n S e r v i c e s F D A C e n t e r f o r B i o l o g i c s E v a l u a t i o n a n dR e s e a r c h,U.S.D e p a r t m e n to f H e a l t ha n d H u m a nS e r v i c e sF D AC e n t e r f o rD e v i c e s a n dR a d i o l o g i c a lH e a l t h.G u i d a n c e f o r i n d u s t r y:p a t i e n t-r e p o r t e d o u t c o m e m e a s u r e s:u s e i n m e d i c a l p r o d u c td e v e l o p m e n t t o s u p p o r t l a b e l i n g c l a i m s:d r a f t g u i d a n c e[J].H e a l t hQ u a l L i f eO u t c o m e s,2006,4:79.[2]安凤英,韩吉淑,玄银河,等.国外慢性静脉疾病特异性患者报告结局工具的研究进展[J].解放军护理杂志,2019,36(12):75-78.[3] L A V A L L E E DC,C H E N O K K E,L O V E R M,e ta l.I n c o r p o r a t i n gp a t i e n t-r e p o r t e do u t c o m e s i n t oh e a l t hc a r e t oe n g a g e p a t i e n t s a n de n h a n c e c a r e[J].H e a l t hAf f a i r s,2016,35(4):575-582.[4]J O K S T A D A.P a t i e n t-r e p o r t e do u t c o m e s(P R O s)v e r s u s p a t i e n t-r e p o r t e do u t c o m em e a s u r e s(P R OM s)-I s t h e r ead i f f e r e n c e?[J].C l i n i c a l a n dE x p e r i m e n t a lD e n t a lR e s e a r c h,2018,4(3):61-62.[5] G R A M-H A N S S E N A,J E S S E N M L,C H R I S T O P H E R S E N C,e t a l.T r e n d si nt h eu s eo f p a t i e n t-r e p o r t e do u t c o m em e a s u r e s f o r i n g u i n a lh e r n i a r e p a i r:a q u a n t i t a t i v e s y s t e m a t i c r e v i e w[J].H e r n i a,2021,25(5):1111-1120.[6]崔雷,刘伟,闫雷,等.文献数据库中书目信息共现挖掘系统的开发[J].现代图书情报技术,2008(8):70-75.[7]李永忠,陈静,谢隆腾.共词分析法中战略坐标图的改进研究[J].情报理论与实践,2019,42(1):65-69.[8] C A L L O N M,C O U R T I A L J P,L A V I L L EF.C o-w o r d a n a l y s i s a s at o o l f o r d e s c r i b i n g t h en e t w o r ko f i n t e r a c t i o n sb e t w e e nb a s i ca n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h:t h e c a s e o f p o l y m e r c h e m s i t r y[J].S c i e n t o m e t r i c s,1991,22(1):155-205.[9] HU S A I N Q,H O E H L E L,P H I L L I P S K,e t a l.T h e22-i t e ms i n o n a s a l o u t c o m e t e s t a sa t o o l f o r t h ea s s e s s m e n to f q u a l i t y o f l i f e a n d s y m p t o mc o n t r o l i na l l e r g i c r h i n i t i s[J].A m e r i c a nJ o u r n a l o fR h i n o l o g y&A l l e r g y,2020,34(2):209-216.[10] B A C H E R TC,H E L L I N G SP W,MU L L O LJ,e ta l.D u p i l u m a bi m p r o v e sh e a l t h-r e l a t e d q u a l i t y o f l i f ei n p a t i e n t s w i t hc h r o n i c㊃4603㊃C H I N E S EG E N E R A LP R A C T I C E N U R S I N G A u g u s t2023V o l.21N o.22Copyright©博看网. 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t a l .A n t e r i o rc r u c i a t e l i ga m e n t r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h c o n c o m i t a n t m e n i s c a l s u r g e r y :as y s t e m a t i c r e v i e wa n d m e t a -a n a l y s i so f o u t c o m e s [J ].K n e e S u r g e r y ,S p o r t sT r a u m a t o l o g y ,A r t h r o s c o p y ,2019,27(11):3441-3452.[17] G R A S S IA ,MA C C H I A R O L A L ,L U C I D IG A ,e ta l .T e n -ye a r s u r v i v o r s h i p ,p a t i e n t -r e po r t e d o u t c o m e m e a s u r e s ,a n d p a t i e n t a c c e p t a b l e s y m p t o m s t a t ea f t e ro v e r -t h e -t o p h a m s t r i n g an t e r i o r c r u c i a t el i ga m e n tr e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h al a t e r a le x t r a -a r t i c u l a r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n :a n a l y s i s o f 267c o n s e c u t i v e c a s e s [J ].T h e A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f S po r t sM e d i c i n e ,2021,49(2):374-383.[18] L A U YS ,H A R R I S O N M ,S U T T O N M.A s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e ns y m p t o m d u r a t i o n a n d p a t i e n t -r e po r t e d o u t c o m e s b e f o r e a n d a f t e rh i p r e p l a c e m e n ts u r g e r y [J ].A r t h r i t i sC a r e &R e s e a r c h ,2020,72(3):423-431.[19] MA R T I N RL ,K I V L A N B R ,C H R I S T O F O R E T T IJJ ,e ta l .D e f i n i n g v a r i a t i o n s i n o u t c o m e s o f h i p a r t h r o s c o p y f o r f e m o r o a c e t a b u l a r i m p i n g e m e n tu s i n g th e12-i t e m i n t e r n a t i o n a l h i p o u t c o m e t o o l (i H O T -12)[J ].T h eA m e r i c a nJ o u r n a l o f S p o r t s M e d i c i n e ,2020,48(5):1175-1180.[20] C H E NCX ,K R O E N K E K ,S T UM P T ,e t a l .C o m p a r a t i v e r e s po n s i v e n e s so ft h e P R OM I S p a i ni n t e r f e r e n c es h o r tf o r m s w i t h l e g a c yp a i nm e a s u r e s :r e s u l t s f r o mt h r e e r a n d o m i z e d c l i n i c a l t r i a l s [J ].T h e J o u r n a l o f P a i n ,2019,20(6):664-675.[21] K A L L MA N TF ,B ÄC K R Y D E .P r e v a l e n c eo fa n a l ge s i cu s ei n p a t i e n t sw i t hc h r o n i c p a i nr ef e r r e dt oa m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y pa i n c e n t r e a n d i t s c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h p a t i e n t -r e po r t e d o u t c o m e m e a s u r e s :ac r o s s -s e c t i o n a l ,r e g i s t r y -b a s e ds t u d y [J ].J o u r n a lo f R e h a b i l i t a t i o n M e d i c i n e ,2020,52(11):jr m 00126.(收稿日期:2023-03-23;修回日期:2023-08-05)(本文编辑李进鹏)护理本科五维一体发展性评价体系的信效度分析及应用聂玉翠,卢玉林,史书毓,王肖芹,饶梦摘要目的:检验护理本科五维一体发展性评价体系的信效度,并结合实际应用情况不断完善该评价体系㊂方法:以前期构建的评价指标体系内容为依据,转化编制为调查问卷,采用便利抽样法和整群抽样法,于2022年12月 2023年1月在云南省某医科大学选取符合纳入标准的473名护理本科生进行问卷调查,分析该体系的信效度及初步应用情况㊂结果:体系问卷的C r o n b a c h 's α系数为0.987;总体系的内容效度(S -C V I )为0.93,各指标条目水平的内容效度(I -C V I )为0.75~1.00;该评价体系79个条目的KMO值为0.968,B a r t l e t t 球形检验显著性为0.000,通过探索性因子分析共提取出7个公因子,累计贡献率为81.204%,经最大方差正交旋转后的因子载荷矩阵中,各条目的载荷值均>0.4;再通过2次探索性因子分析,对应本研究的5个维度㊂结论:护理本科五维一体发展性评价体系具有良好的信效度,且初步应用情况良好,可为客观评价护理本科生综合素质的梯度水平提供一定借鉴㊂关键词护理本科;五维一体;评价体系;信度;效度K e y w o r d s b a c h e l o r d e g r e e i nn u r s i n g ;f i v e d i m e n s i o n a l i n t e g r a t i o n ;e v a l u a t i o n s y s t e m ;r e l i a b i l i t y ;v a l i d i t y d o i :10.12104/j.i s s n .1674-4748.2023.22.009基金项目云南省哲学社会科学规划项目,编号:Y B 2021052;昆明医科大学2022年度发展改革研究项目立项课题项目,编号:2022-F G -Z D -02㊂作者简介聂玉翠,护师,本科,单位:650500,昆明医科大学护理学院;卢玉林(通讯作者)㊁史书毓㊁王肖芹㊁饶梦单位:650500,昆明医科大学护理学院㊂引用信息聂玉翠,卢玉林,史书毓,等.护理本科五维一体发展性评价体系的信效度分析及应用[J ].全科护理,2023,21(22):3065-3069.㊃5603㊃全科护理2023年8月第21卷第22期Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。

outcome 2 IT

4.Turn information items into columns- Decide what information you want to store in each table. Each item becomes a fieldand is displayed as a column in the table.For example, an Employees table might include fields such as Last Name and Hire Date.
Foreign key-A foreign key is a reference to a key in another relation, meaning that the referencing table has, as one of its attributes, the values of a key in the referenced table. Foreign keys need not have unique values in the referencing relation. Foreign keys effectively use the values of attributes in the referenced relation to restrict the domain of one or more attributes in the referencing relation.
Database keys
Primary key- A primary key uniquely defines a relationship within a database. In order for an attribute to be a good primary key, it must not repeat. While natural attributes are sometimes good primary keys, Surrogate keys are often used instead

SQA-HND-商法-OUTCOME1 答案

Outcome 11. The two main areas of law are Criminal and Civil Law.- Criminal lawDefinition: deals with all types of offences过错and crimes, concerns itself with the recognition of what amounts to a crime and the punishments suitable for these recognized crimes.Criminal conduct is the behavior which threatens the safety and security of the community. So the offender should be punished by imprisonment or fine or some other sanctions. Examples: murder, culpable homicide, piracy, treason, armed robbery, supplying illegal drugs, fire raising, assault, fraud, theft, house breaking, dangerous driving, and breach of the peace)- Civil lawDefinition: concerned with non-criminal disputes and situation, including the following:a) The settlement of legal disputes between individuals and other bodies (example: divorce case).b) The payment of compensation from one party to another for loss or injury (example: a case where someone was claiming damages after being injured by faulty machinery at work).c) The setting of procedures to govern financial and other matters (example: the legal procedures to be followed when buying or selling a house).2. Sources of Scots Law are Statute Law, European Union Law, and Common Law or Judicial Precedent.- Common LawDefinition: is a numerous legal rules that form the part of unwritten laws of Scotland which has been handed down to us as customs and practices over the centuries.A major source of Common Law is the practice whereby judges make new rules of law will be followed by other court, so that it is legally binding rules.3. Doctrine of Judicial PrecedentDefinition: is a process involves a process whereby a judge can develop a rule of law by making a decision in a test case. A test case refers to the one in which clarification of an important point of law is sought, and judges after listening to opposite legal arguments will have to make the decision about which view of the law is correct. Once this decision has been made, future judges and course will be expected to follow the reasoning in the test case, if they are dealing with a case with similar legal issues.It must be emphasized that not every judge can make a new binding legal rule. The authority of the judge or court should be considered here, if the judge is relatively junior, he/she will be unlikely to be able to create a new rule of law. But on the other hand, if the rule comes from superior courts, this decision will be followed by the lower or inferior courts.Judicial precedent or case law is parts of the unwritten law of Scotland.Donoghue v Stevneson (1932)4. Westminster Parliament and Scottish Parliament (legislative body)Unlike the previous Scottish Parliament which was abolished by the Act of Union in 1707, the new Scottish Parliament is not a completely independence body. The Scottish Parliament is clear and inferior body compared with the Westminster Parliament.It is the Westminster Parliament from which the Scottish Parliament obtains its authority to pass laws for Scotland. So any legislation of the Scottish Parliament is thought to be secondary legislation.It is also necessary to know that a simple Act of the Westminster Parliament is all that it would take to abolish Scottish Parliament. Westminster Parliament has already abolished a local assembly.Acts of Parliament are often referred to as legislation or statute law until the creation of Scottish Parliament, the Westminster Parliament alone made laws for Scotland. However Westminster has given the Scottish Parliament authority in many different areas of policy to make statute law.Abolition of feudal tenure act 2000The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974Sale of Goods Act 1979Employment Rights Act 1996Protection of Children Act 20035. Civil Law v Criminal Law- Criminal Law is primarily used by the state as a means of maintaining law and border by punishing certain individuals who have the behavior as criminally and antisocially. The State uses the Criminal Law to punish criminals on behalf of the community or sociality.- The Civil Law is to resolve legal disputes between private individuals in such areas as 民事纠纷Family Law, Company Law, Partnership Law, Banking and Finance Law, Sale of Goods and Services Law, Consumer Law, Personal Injury Claims Law, and Divorce.- Different courts and standers of evidence and procedures exist depending on whether we are talking about a criminal action or a civil dispute.Conflict between Scottish and european lawIf there is a conflict between Scottish and European law, the court should obey the rules or laws under European law.The European Union is an organization of 25 member states. The members must obey the rules or laws in order to enjoy the benefits of membership.Britain has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 1973. because of the passing of the European Communities Act 1972 by the Westminster Parliament. It is this legislation that recognizes the supremacy of European Law over the domestic law. By the time Britain became a member of European Union 1973. Many of the important law were already in place and Britainhad to accept this as a price of membership of European Union. But if Britain decides to withdrawal from membership from European Union, then its national law will once again get supremacy.6. The Council of MinistersThe European ParliamentThe European Court of JusticeThe European CommissionThe first two have the power to make laws for the people of European.The third one enforces European Union Law.The forth one is effectively the unions civil service and it can propose law. It can also bring breaches of the varies European Union Treaties to the attention of the European courts of justice. The Commission is regarded as the EU Treaties guardian of the varies European Union Treaties.。