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IAS 10 International Accounting Standard 10Events after the Reporting PeriodThis version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 17 January 2008.IAS 10 Events After the Ba la nce Sheet Da te was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in May 1999. It replaced those parts of IAS 10 Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date (originally issued June 1978, reformatted 1994) that were not replaced by IAS 37 (issued September 1998).In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.In December 2003 the IASB issued a revised IAS 10 with a modified title—Events after the Balance Sheet Date.IAS 10 was amended by the following IFRSs:•IFRS5Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations (issued March 2004).•IAS1Presentation of Financial Statements (revised September 2007)As a result of the changes in terminology made by IAS 1 in 2007, the title of IAS 10 was changed to Events after the Reporting Period.The following Interpretation refers to IAS 10:•SIC-7 Introduction of the Euro (issued May 1998 and subsequently amended).© IASCF1035IAS 101036© IASCF C ONTENTSparagraphs INTRODUCTIONIN1–IN4INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 10EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING PERIODOBJECTIVE1SCOPE2DEFINITIONS3–7RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT8–13Adjusting events after the reporting period8–9Non-adjusting events after the reporting period10–11Dividends12–13GOING CONCERN14–16DISCLOSURE17–22Date of authorisation for issue17–18Updating disclosure about conditions at the end of the reporting period19–20Non-adjusting events after the reporting period21–22EFFECTIVE DATE23WITHDRAWAL OF IAS 10 (REVISED 1999)24APPENDIXAmendments to other pronouncementsAPPROVAL OF IAS 10 BY THE BOARDBASIS FOR CONCLUSIONSIAS 10 International Accounting Standard 10 Events after the Reporting Period (IAS 10) is set out in paragraphs 1–24 and the Appendix. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB. IAS 10 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Prefa ce to Interna tiona l Fina ncia l Reporting Sta nda rds and the Fra mework for the Prepa ra tion a nd Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.© IASCF1037IAS 10IntroductionIN1International Accounting Standard 10 Events a fter the Reporting Period (IAS 10)* replaces IAS 10 Events After the Balance Sheet Date (revised in 1999) and should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged.Reasons for revising IAS 10IN2The International Accounting Standards Board developed this revised IAS 10 as part of its project on Improvements to International Accounting Standards.The project was undertaken in the light of queries and criticisms raised in relation to the Standards by securities regulators, professional accountants and other interested parties. The objectives of the project were to reduce or eliminate alternatives, redundancies and conflicts within the Standards, to deal with some convergence issues and to make other improvements.IN3For IAS 10 the Board’s main objective was a limited clarification of the accounting for dividends declared after the reporting period. The Board did not reconsider the fundamental approach to the accounting for events after the reporting period contained in IAS 10.The main changesIN4The main change from the previous version of IAS 10 was a limited clarification of paragraphs 12 and 13 (paragraphs 11 and 12 of the previous version of IAS 10).As revised, those paragraphs state that if an entity declares dividends after the reporting period, the entity shall not recognise those dividends as a liability at the end of the reporting period.*In September 2007 the IASB amended the title of IAS 10 from Events after the Balance Sheet Date to Events a fter the Reporting Period as a consequence of the revision of IAS 1 Presenta tion of Fina ncia l Statements in 2007.1038© IASCFIAS 10 International Accounting Standard 10Events after the Reporting PeriodObjective1The objective of this Standard is to prescribe:(a)when an entity should adjust its financial statements for events after thereporting period; and(b)the disclosures that an entity should give about the date when thefinancial statements were authorised for issue and about events after thereporting period.The Standard also requires that an entity should not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis if events after the reporting period indicate that the going concern assumption is not appropriate.Scope2This Standard shall be applied in the accounting for, and disclosure of, events after the reporting period.Definitions3The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:Events after the reporting period are those events, favourable and unfavourable, that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue. Two types of events can be identified:(a)those that provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of thereporting period (adjusting events after the reporting period); and(b)those that are indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period(non-adjusting events after the reporting period).4The process involved in authorising the financial statements for issue will vary depending upon the management structure, statutory requirements and procedures followed in preparing and finalising the financial statements.© IASCF1039IAS 105In some cases, an entity is required to submit its financial statements to its shareholders for approval after the financial statements have been issued. In such cases, the financial statements are authorised for issue on the date of issue, not the date when shareholders approve the financial statements.ExampleThe management of an entity completes draft financial statements for the yearto 31 December 20X1 on 28 February 20X2. On 18 March 20X2, the board ofdirectors reviews the financial statements and authorises them for issue.The entity announces its profit and selected other financial information on19March 20X2. The financial statements are made available to shareholdersand others on 1 April 20X2. The shareholders approve the financial statementsat their annual meeting on 15 May 20X2 and the approved financial statementsare then filed with a regulatory body on 17 May 20X2.The financial statements are authorised for issue on 18 March 20X2 (date of boardauthorisation for issue).6In some cases, the management of an entity is required to issue its financial statements to a supervisory board (made up solely of non-executives) for approval.In such cases, the financial statements are authorised for issue when the management authorises them for issue to the supervisory board.ExampleOn 18 March 20X2, the management of an entity authorises financialstatements for issue to its supervisory board. The supervisory board is made upsolely of non-executives and may include representatives of employees andother outside interests. The supervisory board approves the financialstatements on 26 March 20X2. The financial statements are made available toshareholders and others on 1 April 20X2. The shareholders approve thefinancial statements at their annual meeting on 15 May 20X2 and the financialstatements are then filed with a regulatory body on 17 May 20X2.The financial statements are authorised for issue on 18 March 20X2 (date of managementauthorisation for issue to the supervisory board).7Events after the reporting period include all events up to the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue, even if those events occur after the public announcement of profit or of other selected financial information.Recognition and measurementAdjusting events after the reporting period8An entity shall adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements to reflect adjusting events after the reporting period.1040© IASCFIAS 10 9The following are examples of adjusting events after the reporting period that require an entity to adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements, or to recognise items that were not previously recognised:(a)the settlement after the reporting period of a court case that confirms thatthe entity had a present obligation at the end of the reporting period.The entity adjusts any previously recognised provision related to this courtcase in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and ContingentAssets or recognises a new provision. The entity does not merely disclose acontingent liability because the settlement provides additional evidencethat would be considered in accordance with paragraph 16 of IAS 37.(b)the receipt of information after the reporting period indicating that anasset was impaired at the end of the reporting period, or that the amountof a previously recognised impairment loss for that asset needs to beadjusted. For example:(i)the bankruptcy of a customer that occurs after the reporting periodusually confirms that a loss existed at the end of the reporting periodon a trade receivable and that the entity needs to adjust the carryingamount of the trade receivable; and(ii)the sale of inventories after the reporting period may give evidence about their net realisable value at the end of the reporting period.(c)the determination after the reporting period of the cost of assetspurchased, or the proceeds from assets sold, before the end of the reportingperiod.(d)the determination after the reporting period of the amount ofprofit-sharing or bonus payments, if the entity had a present legal orconstructive obligation at the end of the reporting period to make suchpayments as a result of events before that date (see IAS 19 Employee Benefits).(e)the discovery of fraud or errors that show that the financial statements areincorrect.Non-adjusting events after the reporting period10An entity shall not adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements to reflect non-adjusting events after the reporting period.11An example of a non-adjusting event after the reporting period is a decline in market value of investments between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue. The decline in market value does not normally relate to the condition of the investments at the end of the reporting period, but reflects circumstances that have arisen subsequently.Therefore, an entity does not adjust the amounts recognised in its financial statements for the investments. Similarly, the entity does not update the amounts disclosed for the investments as at the end of the reporting period, although it may need to give additional disclosure under paragraph 21.© IASCF1041IAS 10Dividends12If an entity declares dividends to holders of equity instruments (as defined in IAS32 Financial Instruments: Presentation) after the reporting period, the entity shall not recognise those dividends as a liability at the end of the reporting period.13If dividends are declared (ie the dividends are appropriately authorised and no longer at the discretion of the entity) after the reporting period but before the financial statements are authorised for issue, the dividends are not recognised asa liability at the end of the reporting period because they do not meet the criteriaof a present obligation in IAS 37. Such dividends are disclosed in the notes in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.Going concern14An entity shall not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis if management determines after the reporting period either that it intends to liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or that it has no realistic alternative but to do so.15Deterioration in operating results and financial position after the reporting period may indicate a need to consider whether the going concern assumption is still appropriate. If the going concern assumption is no longer appropriate, the effect is so pervasive that this Standard requires a fundamental change in the basis of accounting, rather than an adjustment to the amounts recognised within the original basis of accounting.16IAS 1 specifies required disclosures if:(a)the financial statements are not prepared on a going concern basis; or(b)management is aware of material uncertainties related to events orconditions that may cast significant doubt upon the entity’s ability tocontinue as a going concern. The events or conditions requiring disclosuremay arise after the reporting period.DisclosureDate of authorisation for issue17An entity shall disclose the date when the financial statements were authorised for issue and who gave that authorisation. If the entity’s owners or others have the power to amend the financial statements after issue, the entity shall disclose that fact.18It is important for users to know when the financial statements were authorised for issue, because the financial statements do not reflect events after this date. 1042© IASCFIAS 10 Updating disclosure about conditions at the end of thereporting period19If an entity receives information after the reporting period about conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period, it shall update disclosures that relate to those conditions, in the light of the new information.20In some cases, an entity needs to update the disclosures in its financial statements to reflect information received after the reporting period, even when the information does not affect the amounts that it recognises in its financial statements. One example of the need to update disclosures is when evidence becomes available after the reporting period about a contingent liability that existed at the end of the reporting period. In addition to considering whether it should recognise or change a provision under IAS 37, an entity updates its disclosures about the contingent liability in the light of that evidence.Non-adjusting events after the reporting period21If non-adjusting events after the reporting period are material, non-disclosure could influence the economic decisions that users mak e on the basis of the financial statements. Accordingly, an entity shall disclose the following for each material category of non-adjusting event after the reporting period:(a)the nature of the event; and(b)an estimate of its financial effect, or a statement that such an estimatecannot be made.22The following are examples of non-adjusting events after the reporting period that would generally result in disclosure:(a) a major business combination after the reporting period (IFRS 3 BusinessCombinations requires specific disclosures in such cases) or disposing of amajor subsidiary;(b)announcing a plan to discontinue an operation;(c)major purchases of assets, classification of assets as held for sale inaccordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sa le a nd DiscontinuedOperations, other disposals of assets, or expropriation of major assets bygovernment;(d)the destruction of a major production plant by a fire after the reportingperiod;(e)announcing, or commencing the implementation of, a major restructuring(see IAS 37);(f)major ordinary share transactions and potential ordinary sharetransactions after the reporting period (IAS 33 Earnings per Share requires anentity to disclose a description of such transactions, other than when suchtransactions involve capitalisation or bonus issues, share splits or reverseshare splits all of which are required to be adjusted under IAS 33);© IASCF1043IAS 10(g)abnormally large changes after the reporting period in asset prices orforeign exchange rates;(h)changes in tax rates or tax laws enacted or announced after the reportingperiod that have a significant effect on current and deferred tax assets andliabilities (see IAS 12 Income Taxes);(i)entering into significant commitments or contingent liabilities, forexample, by issuing significant guarantees; and(j)commencing major litigation arising solely out of events that occurred after the reporting period.Effective date23An entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.Withdrawal of IAS 10 (revised 1999)24This Standard supersedes IAS 10 Events After the Balance Sheet Date (revised in 1999). 1044© IASCFIAS 10 AppendixAmendments to other pronouncementsThe a mendments in this a ppendix sha ll be a pplied for a nnua l periods beginning on or a fter 1Janua ry2005. If an entity applies this Standard for an earlier period, these amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.* * * * *The a mendments conta ined in this a ppendix when this Sta nda rd wa s revised in 2003 ha ve been incorporated into the relevant IFRSs published in this volume.© IASCF1045IAS 10Approval of IAS 10 by the BoardInternational Accounting Standard 10 Events after the Balance Sheet Date was approved for issue by the fourteen members of the International Accounting Standards Board.Sir David Tweedie ChairmanThomas E Jones Vice-ChairmanMary E BarthHans-Georg BrunsAnthony T CopeRobert P GarnettGilbert GélardJames J LeisenringWarren J McGregorPatricia L O’MalleyHarry K SchmidJohn T SmithGeoffrey WhittingtonTatsumi Yamada1046© IASCFIAS 10 BC Basis for Conclusions onIAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period*This Basis for Conclusions accompanies, but is not part of, IAS 10.IntroductionBC1This Basis for Conclusions summarises the International Accounting Standards Board’s considerations in reaching its conclusions on revising IAS 10 Events After the Balance Sheet Date in 2003. Individual Board members gave greater weight to some factors than to others.BC2In July 2001 the Board announced that, as part of its initial agenda of technical projects, it would undertake a project to improve a number of Standards, including IAS 10. The project was undertaken in the light of queries and criticisms raised in relation to the Standards by securities regulators, professional accountants and other interested parties. The objectives of the Improvements project were to reduce or eliminate alternatives, redundancies and conflicts within Standards, to deal with some convergence issues and to make other improvements. In May 2002 the Board published its proposals in an Exposure Draft of Improvements to International Accounting Standards, with a comment deadline of 16 September 2002. The Board received over 160 comment letters on the Exposure Draft.BC3Because the Board’s intention was not to reconsider the fundamental approach to the accounting for events after the balance sheet date established by IAS 10, this Basis for Conclusions does not discuss requirements in IAS 10 that the Board has not reconsidered.Limited clarificationBC4For this limited clarification of IAS 10 the main change made is in paragraphs 12 and 13 (paragraphs 11 and 12 of the previous version of IAS 10). As revised, those paragraphs state that if dividends are declared after the balance sheet date,† an entity shall not recognise those dividends as a liability at the balance sheet date.This is because undeclared dividends do not meet the criteria of a present obligation in IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. The Board discussed whether or not an entity’s past practice of paying dividends could be considered a constructive obligation. The Board concluded that such practices do not give rise to a liability to pay dividends.*In September 2007 the IASB amended the title of IAS 10 from Events after the Balance Sheet Date to Events after the Reporting Period as a consequence of the amendments in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007).†IAS1Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007) replaced the term ‘balance sheet date’with ‘end of the reporting period’.© IASCF1047。

国际会计准则第2号

IAS2 International Accounting Standard2InventoriesThis version includes amendments resulting from new and amended IFRSs issued up to 31December2004.஽IASCF655IAS2C ONTENTSparagraphs INTRODUCTION IN1–IN17 INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD2INVENTORIESOBJECTIVE1 SCOPE2–5 DEFINITIONS6–8 MEASUREMENT OF INVENTORIES9–33Cost of inventories10–22 Costs of purchase11 Costs of conversion12–14 Other costs15–18 Cost of inventories of a service provider19 Cost of agricultural produce harvested from biological assets20 Techniques for the measurement of cost21–22 Cost formulas23–27 Net realisable value28–33RECOGNITION AS AN EXPENSE34–35 DISCLOSURE36–39 EFFECTIVE DATE40 WITHDRAWAL OF OTHER PRONOUNCEMENTS41–42 APPENDIXAmendments to other pronouncementsAPPROVAL OF IAS2BY THE BOARDBASIS FOR CONCLUSIONSTABLE OF CONCORDANCE656஽IASCFIAS2 International Accounting Standard2Inventories(IAS2)is set out in paragraphs1–42andthe Appendix.All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB.IAS2should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions,the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS8Accounting Policies,Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.஽IASCF657IAS2IntroductionIN1International Accounting Standard2Inventories(IAS2)replaces IAS2Inventories (revised in1993)and should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after1January2005.Earlier application is encouraged.The Standard also supersedesSIC-1Consistency—Different Cost Formulas for Inventories.Reasons for revising IAS2IN2The International Accounting Standards Board developed this revised IAS2as part of its project on Improvements to International Accounting Standards.Theproject was undertaken in the light of queries and criticisms raised in relation tothe Standards by securities regulators,professional accountants and otherinterested parties.The objectives of the project were to reduce or eliminatealternatives,redundancies and conflicts within the Standards,to deal with someconvergence issues and to make other improvements.IN3For IAS2the Board’s main objective was a limited revision to reduce alternatives for the measurement of inventories.The Board did not reconsider thefundamental approach to accounting for inventories contained in IAS2.The main changesIN4The main changes from the previous version of IAS2are described below. Objective and scopeIN5The objective and scope paragraphs of IAS2were amended by removing the words ‘held under the historical cost system’,to clarify that the Standard applies to allinventories that are not specifically excluded from its scope.Scope clarificationIN6The Standard clarifies that some types of inventories are outside its scope while certain other types of inventories are exempted only from the measurementrequirements in the Standard.IN7Paragraph3establishes a clear distinction between those inventories that are entirely outside the scope of the Standard(described in paragraph2)and thoseinventories that are outside the scope of the measurement requirements butwithin the scope of the other requirements in the Standard.Scope exemptionsProducers of agricultural and forest products,agricultural produce after harvest and minerals and mineral productsIN8The Standard does not apply to the measurement of inventories of producers of agricultural and forest products,agricultural produce after harvest,and mineralsand mineral products,to the extent that they are measured at net realisable valuein accordance with well-established industry practices.The previous version of 658஽IASCFIAS2IAS2was amended to replace the words‘mineral ores’with‘minerals and mineralproducts’to clarify that the scope exemption is not limited to the early stage ofextraction of mineral ores.Inventories of commodity broker–tradersIN9The Standard does not apply to the measurement of inventories of commodity broker-traders to the extent that they are measured at fair value less costs to sell.Cost of inventoriesCosts of purchaseIN10IAS2does not permit exchange differences arising directly on the recent acquisition of inventories invoiced in a foreign currency to be included in thecosts of purchase of inventories.This change from the previous version of IAS2resulted from the elimination of the allowed alternative treatment of capitalisingcertain exchange differences in IAS21The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates.That alternative had already been largely restricted in its application by SIC-11Foreign Exchange—Capitalisation of Losses from Severe Currency Devaluations.SIC-11hasbeen superseded as a result of the revision of IAS21in2003.Other costsIN11Paragraph18was inserted to clarify that when inventories are purchased with deferred settlement terms,the difference between the purchase price for normalcredit terms and the amount paid is recognised as interest expense over the periodof financing.Cost formulasConsistencyIN12The Standard incorporates the requirements of SIC-1Consistency—Different Cost Formulas for Inventories that an entity use the same cost formula for all inventorieshaving a similar nature and use to the entity.SIC-1is superseded.Prohibition of LIFO as a cost formulaIN13The Standard does not permit the use of the last-in,first-out(LIFO)formula to measure the cost of inventories.Recognition as an expenseIN14The Standard eliminates the reference to the matching principle.IN15The Standard describes the circumstances that would trigger a reversal of a write-down of inventories recognised in a prior period.DisclosureInventories carried at fair value less costs to sellIN16The Standard requires disclosure of the carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell.஽IASCF659IAS2Write–down of inventoriesIN17The Standard requires disclosure of the amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period and eliminates the requirement to disclosethe amount of inventories carried at net realisable value.660஽IASCFIAS2 International Accounting Standard2InventoriesObjective1The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories.A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost tobe recognised as an asset and carried forward until the related revenues arerecognised.This Standard provides guidance on the determination of cost and itssubsequent recognition as an expense,including any write-down to net realisablevalue.It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign coststo inventories.Scope2This Standard applies to all inventories,except:(a)work in progress arising under construction contracts,includingdirectly related service contracts(see IAS11Construction Contracts);(b)financial instruments;and(c)biological assets related to agricultural activity and agriculturalproduce at the point of harvest(see IAS41Agriculture).3This Standard does not apply to the measurement of inventories held by:(a)producers of agricultural and forest products,agricultural produceafter harvest,and minerals and mineral products,to the extent thatthey are measured at net realisable value in accordance withwell-established practices in those industries.When such inventoriesare measured at net realisable value,changes in that value arerecognised in profit or loss in the period of the change.(b)commodity broker-traders who measure their inventories at fair valueless costs to sell.When such inventories are measured at fair value lesscosts to sell,changes in fair value less costs to sell are recognised inprofit or loss in the period of the change.4The inventories referred to in paragraph3(a)are measured at net realisable value at certain stages of production.This occurs,for example,when agricultural cropshave been harvested or minerals have been extracted and sale is assured under aforward contract or a government guarantee,or when an active market exists andthere is a negligible risk of failure to sell.These inventories are excluded fromonly the measurement requirements of this Standard.5Broker-traders are those who buy or sell commodities for others or on their own account.The inventories referred to in paragraph3(b)are principally acquiredwith the purpose of selling in the near future and generating a profit fromfluctuations in price or broker-traders’margin.When these inventories aremeasured at fair value less costs to sell,they are excluded from only themeasurement requirements of this Standard.஽IASCF661IAS2Definitions6The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: Inventories are assets:(a)held for sale in the ordinary course of business;(b)in the process of production for such sale;or(c)in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the productionprocess or in the rendering of services.Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course ofbusiness less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costsnecessary to make the sale.Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged,or a liabilitysettled,between knowledgeable,willing parties in an arm’s lengthtransaction.7Net realisable value refers to the net amount that an entity expects to realise from the sale of inventory in the ordinary course of business.Fair value reflects theamount for which the same inventory could be exchanged betweenknowledgeable and willing buyers and sellers in the marketplace.The former isan entity-specific value;the latter is realisable value for inventories maynot equal fair value less costs to sell.8Inventories encompass goods purchased and held for resale including,for example,merchandise purchased by a retailer and held for resale,or land andother property held for resale.Inventories also encompass finished goodsproduced,or work in progress being produced,by the entity and include materialsand supplies awaiting use in the production process.In the case of a serviceprovider,inventories include the costs of the service,as described in paragraph19,for which the entity has not yet recognised the related revenue(see IAS18Revenue). Measurement of inventories9Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.Cost of inventories10The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of purchase,costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to theirpresent location and condition.Costs of purchase11The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price,import duties and other taxes(other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from thetaxing authorities),and transport,handling and other costs directly attributableto the acquisition of finished goods,materials and services.Trade discounts,rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase. 662஽IASCFIAS2Costs of conversion12The costs of conversion of inventories include costs directly related to the units of production,such as direct labour.They also include a systematic allocation offixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materialsinto finished goods.Fixed production overheads are those indirect costs ofproduction that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume ofproduction,such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings andequipment,and the cost of factory management and administration.Variableproduction overheads are those indirect costs of production that vary directly,ornearly directly,with the volume of production,such as indirect materials andindirect labour.13The allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities.Normal capacity is theproduction expected to be achieved on average over a number of periods orseasons under normal circumstances,taking into account the loss of capacityresulting from planned maintenance.The actual level of production may be usedif it approximates normal capacity.The amount of fixed overhead allocated toeach unit of production is not increased as a consequence of low production oridle plant.Unallocated overheads are recognised as an expense in the period inwhich they are incurred.In periods of abnormally high production,the amountof fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is decreased so thatinventories are not measured above cost.Variable production overheads areallocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of theproduction facilities.14A production process may result in more than one product being produced simultaneously.This is the case,for example,when joint products are producedor when there is a main product and a by-product.When the costs of conversionof each product are not separately identifiable,they are allocated between theproducts on a rational and consistent basis.The allocation may be based,forexample,on the relative sales value of each product either at the stage in theproduction process when the products become separately identifiable,or at thecompletion of production.Most by-products,by their nature,are immaterial.When this is the case,they are often measured at net realisable value and thisvalue is deducted from the cost of the main product.As a result,the carryingamount of the main product is not materially different from its cost.Other costs15Other costs are included in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.For example,it may be appropriate to include non-production overheads or thecosts of designing products for specific customers in the cost of inventories.16Examples of costs excluded from the cost of inventories and recognised as expenses in the period in which they are incurred are:(a)abnormal amounts of wasted materials,labour or other production costs;(b)storage costs,unless those costs are necessary in the production processbefore a further production stage;஽IASCF663IAS2(c)administrative overheads that do not contribute to bringing inventories totheir present location and condition;and(d)selling costs.17IAS23Borrowing Costs identifies limited circumstances where borrowing costs are included in the cost of inventories.18An entity may purchase inventories on deferred settlement terms.When the arrangement effectively contains a financing element,that element,for example adifference between the purchase price for normal credit terms and the amountpaid,is recognised as interest expense over the period of the financing.Cost of inventories of a service provider19To the extent that service providers have inventories,they measure them at the costs of their production.These costs consist primarily of the labour and othercosts of personnel directly engaged in providing the service,including supervisorypersonnel,and attributable bour and other costs relating to salesand general administrative personnel are not included but are recognised asexpenses in the period in which they are incurred.The cost of inventories of aservice provider does not include profit margins or non-attributable overheadsthat are often factored into prices charged by service providers.Cost of agricultural produce harvested from biological assets20In accordance with IAS41Agriculture inventories comprising agricultural produce that an entity has harvested from its biological assets are measured on initialrecognition at their fair value less estimated point–of–sale costs at the point ofharvest.This is the cost of the inventories at that date for application of thisStandard.Techniques for the measurement of cost21Techniques for the measurement of the cost of inventories,such as the standard cost method or the retail method,may be used for convenience if the resultsapproximate cost.Standard costs take into account normal levels of materials andsupplies,labour,efficiency and capacity utilisation.They are regularly reviewedand,if necessary,revised in the light of current conditions.22The retail method is often used in the retail industry for measuring inventories of large numbers of rapidly changing items with similar margins for which it isimpracticable to use other costing methods.The cost of the inventory isdetermined by reducing the sales value of the inventory by the appropriatepercentage gross margin.The percentage used takes into consideration inventorythat has been marked down to below its original selling price.An averagepercentage for each retail department is often used.Cost formulas23The cost of inventories of items that are not ordinarily interchangeable and goods or services produced and segregated for specific projects shall beassigned by using specific identification of their individual costs.664஽IASCFIAS224Specific identification of cost means that specific costs are attributed to identified items of inventory.This is the appropriate treatment for items that are segregatedfor a specific project,regardless of whether they have been bought or produced.However,specific identification of costs is inappropriate when there are largenumbers of items of inventory that are ordinarily interchangeable.In suchcircumstances,the method of selecting those items that remain in inventoriescould be used to obtain predetermined effects on profit or loss.25The cost of inventories,other than those dealt with in paragraph23,shall be assigned by using the first-in,first-out(FIFO)or weighted average costformula.An entity shall use the same cost formula for all inventorieshaving a similar nature and use to the entity.For inventories with adifferent nature or use,different cost formulas may be justified.26For example,inventories used in one business segment may have a use to the entity different from the same type of inventories used in another businesssegment.However,a difference in geographical location of inventories(or in therespective tax rules),by itself,is not sufficient to justify the use of different costformulas.27The FIFO formula assumes that the items of inventory that were purchased or produced first are sold first,and consequently the items remaining in inventory atthe end of the period are those most recently purchased or produced.Under theweighted average cost formula,the cost of each item is determined from theweighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of a period and thecost of similar items purchased or produced during the period.The average maybe calculated on a periodic basis,or as each additional shipment is received,depending upon the circumstances of the entity.Net realisable value28The cost of inventories may not be recoverable if those inventories are damaged,if they have become wholly or partially obsolete,or if their selling prices havedeclined.The cost of inventories may also not be recoverable if the estimated costsof completion or the estimated costs to be incurred to make the sale haveincreased.The practice of writing inventories down below cost to net realisablevalue is consistent with the view that assets should not be carried in excess ofamounts expected to be realised from their sale or use.29Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item by item.In some circumstances,however,it may be appropriate to group similar or related items.This may be the case with items of inventory relating to the same product linethat have similar purposes or end uses,are produced and marketed in the samegeographical area,and cannot be practicably evaluated separately from otheritems in that product line.It is not appropriate to write inventories down on thebasis of a classification of inventory,for example,finished goods,or all theinventories in a particular industry or geographical segment.Service providersgenerally accumulate costs in respect of each service for which a separate sellingprice is charged.Therefore,each such service is treated as a separate item.30Estimates of net realisable value are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time the estimates are made,of the amount the inventories are expected to஽IASCF665IAS2realise.These estimates take into consideration fluctuations of price or costdirectly relating to events occurring after the end of the period to the extent thatsuch events confirm conditions existing at the end of the period.31Estimates of net realisable value also take into consideration the purpose for which the inventory is held.For example,the net realisable value of the quantityof inventory held to satisfy firm sales or service contracts is based on the contractprice.If the sales contracts are for less than the inventory quantities held,the netrealisable value of the excess is based on general selling prices.Provisions mayarise from firm sales contracts in excess of inventory quantities held or from firmpurchase contracts.Such provisions are dealt with under IAS37Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.32Materials and other supplies held for use in the production of inventories are not written down below cost if the finished products in which they will beincorporated are expected to be sold at or above cost.However,when a decline inthe price of materials indicates that the cost of the finished products exceeds netrealisable value,the materials are written down to net realisable value.In suchcircumstances,the replacement cost of the materials may be the best availablemeasure of their net realisable value.33A new assessment is made of net realisable value in each subsequent period.When the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written downbelow cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in netrealisable value because of changed economic circumstances,the amount of thewrite-down is reversed(ie the reversal is limited to the amount of the originalwrite-down)so that the new carrying amount is the lower of the cost and therevised net realisable value.This occurs,for example,when an item of inventorythat is carried at net realisable value,because its selling price has declined,is stillon hand in a subsequent period and its selling price has increased. Recognition as an expense34When inventories are sold,the carrying amount of those inventories shall be recognised as an expense in the period in which the related revenue isrecognised.The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realisablevalue and all losses of inventories shall be recognised as an expense in theperiod the write-down or loss occurs.The amount of any reversal of anywrite-down of inventories,arising from an increase in net realisable value,shall be recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognisedas an expense in the period in which the reversal occurs.35Some inventories may be allocated to other asset accounts,for example,inventory used as a component of self-constructed property,plant or equipment.Inventories allocated to another asset in this way are recognised as an expenseduring the useful life of that asset.Disclosure36The financial statements shall disclose:(a)the accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories,includingthe cost formula used;666஽IASCFIAS2(b)the total carrying amount of inventories and the carrying amount inclassifications appropriate to the entity;(c)the carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less costs tosell;(d)the amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period;(e)the amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expensein the period in accordance with paragraph34;(f)the amount of any reversal of any write-down that is recognised as areduction in the amount of inventories recognised as expense in theperiod in accordance with paragraph34;(g)the circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write-down ofinventories in accordance with paragraph34;and(h)the carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities.37Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is useful to financialstatement mon classifications of inventories are merchandise,production supplies,materials,work in progress and finished goods.The inventories of a service provider may be described as work in progress.38The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period,which is often referred to as cost of sales,consists of those costs previously included in themeasurement of inventory that has now been sold and unallocated productionoverheads and abnormal amounts of production costs of inventories.The circumstances of the entity may also warrant the inclusion of other amounts,such as distribution costs.39Some entities adopt a format for profit or loss that results in amounts being disclosed other than the cost of inventories recognised as an expense during theperiod.Under this format,an entity presents an analysis of expenses using aclassification based on the nature of expenses.In this case,the entity discloses thecosts recognised as an expense for raw materials and consumables,labour costsand other costs together with the amount of the net change in inventories for theperiod.Effective date40An entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after1January2005.Earlier application is encouraged.If an entity appliesthis Standard for a period beginning before1January2005,it shall disclosethat fact.Withdrawal of other pronouncements41This Standard supersedes IAS2Inventories(revised in1993).42This Standard supersedes SIC-1Consistency—Different Cost Formulas for Inventories.஽IASCF667IAS2AppendixAmendments to other pronouncementsThe amendments in this appendix shall be applied for annual periods beginning on or after 1January2005.If an entity applies this Standard for an earlier period,these amendments shall be applied for that earlier period*****The amendments contained in this appendix when this Standard was revised in2003have been incorporated into the relevant pronouncements published in this volume.668஽IASCFIAS2 Approval of IAS2by the BoardInternational Accounting Standard2Inventories was approved for issue by the fourteen members of the International Accounting Standards Board.Sir David Tweedie ChairmanThomas E Jones Vice–ChairmanMary E BarthHans–Georg BrunsAnthony T CopeRobert P GarnettGilbert GélardJames J LeisenringWarren J McGregorPatricia L O’MalleyHarry K SchmidJohn T SmithGeoffrey WhittingtonTatsumi Yamada஽IASCF669。

国际会计准则第28号对联营企业投资的会计

国际会计准则第28号对联营企业投资的会计国际会计准则第28号（以下简称“IAS28”）是指国际会计准则理事会制定的关于联营企业投资的会计准则。

该准则规范了如何对联营企业进行投资会计处理，并提供了相关的会计信息披露要求。

本文将从定义联营企业、联营企业投资的分类、联营企业的会计处理以及会计信息披露等方面进行详细介绍。

首先，联营企业是指两个或多个投资者共同经营和控制的企业。

根据IAS28的定义，联营企业通常是通过协议建立的，并且在经济利益和影响力方面，各投资者都有一定的权益。

根据联营企业的控制方式，IAS28将联营企业分为两种类型：合营制和共同控制企业。

合营制是指各投资者通过建立合营企业来共同经营实体。

共同控制企业是指投资者通过共同控制协议来共同决策和对联营企业施加重大影响。

其次，根据IAS28，联营企业投资可以按照两种方式进行会计处理：权益法和成本法。

权益法是指投资者根据其持股比例对联营企业的净资产进行资产负债表和利润表的合并报表处理。

在资产负债表中，投资者按照其持股比例计算联营企业的净资产，并将其作为投资资产记录在负债表上。

在利润表中，投资者按照其持股比例计算联营企业的净利润，并将其作为联营企业投资的净收益记录。

成本法是指投资者将联营企业的投资按照购买时的成本计量，并按照利润、股息和其他分配收益；同时，投资者根据联营企业宣告的股息和其他分配收益，进行相应的收入确认。

再次，IAS28对联营企业的会计信息披露提出了一系列要求。

根据IAS28，投资者应当在财务报告中披露其对联营企业的重要会计政策，包括使用的会计方法和核算基准。

此外，投资者还应当披露联营企业的名称、注册地、业务描述和所处行业的描述，并提供关于联营企业财务信息的详细披露。

投资者在财务报告中还应当披露联营企业投资的总额、报表日期计量的联营企业净资产、联营企业净利润和分配给其他投资者的股息和其他分配收益。

此外，投资者还应披露对联营企业投资进行权益法还是成本法处理的原因和依据。

企业会计准则具体准则

企业会计准则具体准则本文目录一览：具体会计准则具体会计准则是以基本会计准则为依据,规定各会计要素确认、计量和报告的原则和对会计处理及其程序作出的具体规定，将会计准则的要求具体化。

它的特点是操作性强，可以根据其直接组织该项业务的核算。

例如；固定资产会计、投资会计、借款会计的准则等等。

根据世界各国的实践经验和中国的实际情况，我国的具体准则可以考虑包括通用业务准则(主要是基本准则的具体化)、特殊业务准则(如物价变动会计准则和破产清算会计准则)、特殊行业会计准则和特殊经营方式会计准则。

42个具体会计准则基本准则的修订征求意见稿是以1992年版本的《企业会计准则——基本准则》为基础，以2000年国务院颁布的《企业财务会计报告条例》为依据，借鉴IFRS《编报财务报表的框架》，结合中国的具体情况修订而成的。

它在整个准则体系中起到统驭的作用。

一方面，它是“准则的准则”，指导具体会计准则的制定；另一方面，当出现新的业务，具体会计准则暂未涵盖时，应当按照基本准则所确立的原则进行会计处理。

基本准则规定了整个准则体系的目的、假设和前提条件、基本原则、会计要素及其确认与计量、会计报表的总体要求等内容。

会计准则体系的总体目标是规范会计行为，提高会计信息质量，满足投资人、债权人、社会公众、有关部门和管理测光对会计信息的需求，这是全社会对会计信息共同的基本标准。

总则部分同时也明确了会计的基本假设，包括持续经营（表明该准则体系中不含破产清算会计准则）、会计主体、会计分期、货币计量。

其中对会计分期问题，由于《会计法》的限制，仍然规定以日历年度作为会计年度。

基本准则第二章为会计信息的质量要求，也就是会计基本原则。

其中继续保留了重要性原则、谨慎原则、实质重于形式原则等，也强调了可比性、一致性、明晰性等原则。

刘玉廷认为：信息披露的明晰性和重要性原则贯彻不够，造成了大量“垃圾”信息，并不是越多越好。

权责发生制和历史成本不再作为会计核算的基本原则。

国际会计准则套期保值会计操作详解

国际会计准则套期保值会计操作详解套期保值会计操作是指企业为了规避外汇风险而进行的一种保值操作。

国际会计准则对套期保值提供了详细的指导，下面将对其会计操作进行详解。

1.确定套期保值的目的和范围首先，企业需要确定套期保值的目的和范围。

套期保值的主要目的是规避外汇风险，确保企业获得稳定的收益。

范围包括套期保值的货币、金额、期限等。

2.确定套期保值的计划企业需要制定套期保值的计划，包括选择套期保值的工具和策略，确定套期保值的期限和金额等。

常见的套期保值工具包括远期合约、期货合约、货币互换等。

3.确认套期保值会计分类套期保值涉及到两个会计分类，分别是套期保值工具的会计分类和套期保值交易的会计分类。

套期保值工具一般被视为金融工具，按照国际财务报告准则（IFRS9），可能被归类为以公允价值计量和以摊余成本计量的金融资产或金融负债。

套期保值交易一般被视为现货交易，按照公允价值计量。

4.确认套期保值的会计政策企业需要制定套期保值的会计政策，并在财务报表中进行披露。

会计政策包括套期保值工具的计量、期末确认和溢价或折价的处理等。

5.记录套期保值工具的初始确认企业需要对套期保值工具进行初始确认，记录相关的交易日期、公允价值、成本和支付等信息，并将其计入会计记录中。

6.按公允价值进行后续计量在每个报告期末，企业需要按照公允价值对套期保值工具进行后续计量，并将其计入会计记录中。

公允价值的变动会计处理为损益调整。

7.记录套期保值交易的初始确认企业需要对套期保值交易进行初始确认，记录交易日期、交易量、交易价格等信息，并将其计入会计记录中。

如果套期保值交易产生了溢价或折价，需要单独计入利润或损失。

8.确认套期保值交易的公允价值在每个报告期末，企业需要确认套期保值交易的公允价值，并将其计入会计记录中。

公允价值的变动会计处理为损益调整。

9.确认套期保值的履约当套期保值到期时，企业需要确认套期保值的履约情况，并将其计入会计记录中。

如果套期保值产生了损益，需要在损益表中予以披露。

企业会计准则第42号—— 持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营应用指南

企业会计准则第42号——持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营应用指南企业会计准则第42号——持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营应用指南在企业会计准则中，第42号准则对持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营提出了一系列的应用指南，对于企业在这些方面的会计处理提供了详细的规定和指导。

本文将深入探讨这一准则的内容并共享个人观点和理解。

1. 简介企业会计准则第42号旨在规定并指导企业如何在资产处置或终止经营的情况下进行会计处理，以确保财务报表能够客观、真实地反映企业的财务状况和经营成果。

其内容主要包括了持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营的相关概念、会计处理、披露要求等方面的规定。

2. 深入探讨在准则中，对于持有待售的非流动资产的定义和确认条件进行了明确的规定。

企业需要对其拟出售的非流动资产进行评估，并且确实有意愿和能力在短期内出售。

对于处置组的界定和确认条件也有详细的规定，包括其独立性和主要组成部分的要求。

而在终止经营方面，准则要求企业在决策终止经营时需要满足一系列的条件，包括获得管理层的决策、进行详细的计划和对相关成本和收益的估计等。

3. 个人观点和理解企业会计准则第42号的颁布，为企业在持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营方面提供了明确的规定和指导，这对于企业在这些方面的会计处理和财务报表的编制具有重要的指导意义。

在实际应用中，企业需要严格按照准则的规定进行会计处理，并充分披露相关信息，以确保财务报表的真实、准确和完整。

4. 总结与回顾企业会计准则第42号的出台填补了我国在持有待售的非流动资产、处置组和终止经营方面的法律空白，弥补了相关会计处理的不足和不统一。

通过对这一准则的深入学习和理解，企业能够更好地掌握在这些方面的会计处理要点和规范，提高财务报表的质量和透明度。

在本文中，我们对企业会计准则第42号进行了深入的探讨，包括其相关概念、会计处理、披露要求等方面的内容，并共享了个人观点和理解。