英语作文段落结构分析 (2)

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1.什么是主题句?

主题句(topicsentence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例: My mother haspassedalong to me certain rulesfor getting alongwith others. Don’t argue withparents; they will thinkyoudon’t love them. Don't ar gue with children; theywill think themselvesvict imized。Don't argue with spouses; theywill think you areatiresomemate。Don’t arguewith strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother’s rules, in fact,can be summedup in two words:Don’targue。

Our lifetoday depends verymuch on energy。In towns andin villages, on farms and infa ctories, machines have madelife easier thanitusedto be. The machines useenergy,and energy is neededfor heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -—everything。Factories and industrialpl ants use a greatdeal of energy to make the thing sthatwe useand buy and sell。

2 如何写好主题句?

(1)写好主题句中的关键词

关键词要尽量写得具体些.对“具体”的要求包括两个方面:一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展;二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方向。

原句1:He canfix a bicycle himself。

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容,并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开,是用因果关系法还是用分类法?

修正:Hecan fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps。

修正:There are severalreasons why he canfix abi cycle himself。

原句2: She tries to improve her looks。

斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么?或者她采取什么方法来改善呢?我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。修正:She triesmany ways toimproveher looks.

修正:There are somereasons whyshe tries to improve her looks。

(2)写好主题句的中心思想

Exercise is beneficial toyour heart。A 22-year s

tudy was conducted by doctors in California. They found that peoplewho workatphysicaljobs experience fewerheart attacks than otherpeople. These activepeople work all the time at moderatespeeds,t heirdailyroutine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape。

"Exerciseis beneficial"这是毫无疑义的.但主题句中如不加上"toyour heart"来加以control 和limit,那就流于空泛。因此,紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用,是短文写作成功关键之一。(3)要注意主题的可写性

所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。

InHemingway'sstory“Soldier'sHome”,Krebs tells his mother that he wantsno partofGod's Kingdom.

这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。ﻫIn Hemingway'sstory“Soldier’s Home",Krebisalonely,cynicalveteran.

这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonely,cynical”展开段落.ﻫLet metell you somethingabout overpopulation.ﻫ这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。

Why has theworld populationbeen increasing so

rapidly in the lastdecades?ﻫ这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“thereasons foroverpopulationin thelas tdecades”,从“原因"(cause)和“时间”(time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。

2.推展句

2。1 主要推展句

主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是:围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明,句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。

例1:(主题句)There are several factorsaffe cting climate。(推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude,or theheight abovesealevel,alsodetermines climate。(推展句3)The oceans have aneffect on the climate of adjacent land。(推展句4)In addition,climate is influence dby the general circulation of the atmosphere.

主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量,第二种是海拔高度,第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素.

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