“湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体”2016届高三12月联考 英语
浙江省温州市十校联合体2016届高三下学期期初联考英语试卷(含答案)
2015学年第二学期十校联合体高三期初联考英语试卷第I卷（共90分）第一部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节：单项填空(共20小题；每小题0.5分，满分10分)1. — Jennifer, you seem to be overjoyed— ______? I have just received the offer from the National University of Singapore.A. So whatB. Guess whatC. What ifD. What for2. Nowadays people are more likely to go to ______ mall than visit the tailor when shopping for clothes, so tailors have adapted to _________ new reality.A. the; aB. \; theC. the; theD. a; a3. I’m always ________ about what I say because careless remarks are likely to hurt others’ feelings.A. enthusiasticB. curiousC. doubtfulD. cautious4. The water was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, _________ the car out.A. gettingB. gotC. to getD. get5. _______ early warnings from forecasters, residents were able to prepare and no deaths or serious injuries were reported.A. In spite ofB. According toC. Regardless ofD. Thanks to6. Good news never goes beyond the gate, ______ bad news spreads far and wide.A. whenB. asC. whileD. before7. It was playing video games that took the boy too much time that he _______ have spent learning．A. couldB. mustC. mightD. ought to8. By now, no one has come up with a（n）_____ explanation of why dinosaurs died out, and it remains amystery．A. astonishingB. amusingC. convincingD. puzzling9. —You look tired, Jack. What's wrong with you?—Oh, I worked quite late last night. Nothing wrong with me, ________．A. althoughB. thoughC. yetD. still10. The Internet allows us quick ______ to all the data and research findings in the fields availableworldwide.A. entranceB. chargeC. accessD. advance11. Sherry has taught me that no matter how bad things seem they can ______ in the end.A. work outB. make outC. set outD. pick out12. Over 1.8 million of Hong Kong’s residents have sent out a clear message against the movement ______they want an end to disorders and a return to normal life.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. where13. The new technology, if _________ to rice growing, will help increase the grain output．A. appliedB. applyingC. to applyD. having applied14. —I hear that Jason is planning to buy a new car.—I know. By next month, he ________ enough for a used one.A. has savedB. savesC. will be savingD. will have saved15. Readers are required to _________ the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. confirmC. reviewD. appreciate16. Experts and teachers all think that failure is not ________ a bad thing to some extent.A. greatlyB. necessarilyC. definitelyD. extremely17. Tomorrow we'll pay a visit to a museum, next to _______ is a nice restaurant where we can have Italian food．A. thatB. thisC. itD. which18. —Mr. Anderson is popular with his students, for he is kind, strict and knowledgeable.—No wonder he has such a good_________.A. reputationB. traditionC. preferenceD. presentation19. She would move quietly up to the sparrow on a small tree just to get a better look, her face __________with childlike expressio ns at one of God’s simple wonders.A. shoneB. shiningC. having shoneD. being shone20. Afraid __________? This type of anxiety can deeply disturb people’s enjoyment of social relationships.A. of laughing atB. to be laughed atC. of being laughed atD. to laugh at第二节完形填空（共20小题; 每小题1分，满分20分）A few months ago, I was picking up the children at school. Emily, another mother that I knew well, rushed up to me. She was full of 21 .“Do you know 22 you a nd I are?” she asked.23 I could answer, she gave out the reason for her question. She had just returned from renewing her driver’s license at a government office. The woman 24 desk asked her what her “occupation” was. Emily hesitated,25 how to answer it. “What I mean is,” explained the woman, “do you have a job, or are you just a ...?” “Of course I have a job,” answered Emily. “I’m a (an) 26 .” “We don’t 27 ‘mother’ as an occupation ... ‘housewife’ covers it,” she said.I forgot all about her story 28 one day I found myself in the same situation. This time it was at our own Town Hall. The clerk was a woman.“And what is your occupation?” she asked. What 29 me say it, I do not know. The words simply jumped out. “I’m ... a (an) 30 in the field of Child Development and Human Relations.”The clerk stopped, her ball-point pen 31 in mid-air. She looked up 32 she had not heard right. I repeated the title slowly.“Might I ask,” said the clerk with new interest, “just what you do in your 33 ?” Coolly, I heard myself 34 , “I have a continuing program of research in the laboratory and in the field. I’m working for my masters (the whole family) and already have 35 credits (令人增光的人或事物) (all daughters). I often work 14 hours a day (24 is more like it). The job is more challenging than most jobs and the 36 are in satisfaction rather than just money.”There was an increasing note of 37 in the clerk’s voice as she 38 in the form. As I drove into our driveway(私家车道), I was 39 by my lab assistants — ages 13, 7, and 3. Inside the house I could hear our new experimental model (six months) in the child-development program.I felt successful. Motherhood...what a great 40 .21. A. surprise B. anxiety C. anger D. excitement22. A. who B. what C. how D. why23. A. When B. As C. Before D. Since24. A. at B. after C. by D. around25. A. nervous B. sure C. anxious D. uncertain26. A. mother B. worker C. teacher D. doctor27. A. think B. list C. expect D. give28. A. since B. unless C. until D. when29. A. got B. caused C. permit D. made30. A. researcher B. manager C. expert D. scholar31. A. dropped B. floated C. frozen D. broke32. A. so that B. even though C. as though D. because of33. A. family B. subject C. study D. field34. A. words B. reply C. shout D. whisper35. A. two B. three C. four D. five36. A. rewards B. awards C. profits D. benefits37. A. interest B. respect C. doubt D fear38. A. explained B. passed C. completed D. filled39. A. accepted B. greeted C. recognized D. refused40. A. person B. award C. career D. business第三部分阅读理解（第一节20小题，第二节5小题；每小题2分，满分50分）AOn a number of drives throughout my childhood, my mother would suddenly pull over the car to examine a flower by the side of the road or rescue a beetle(甲壳虫) from tragedy while I, in my late teens and early twenties, sat impatiently in the car.Though Mother’s Day follows Earth Day, for me, they have always been related to each other. My mom has been “green” since s he became concerned about the environment. Part of this habit was born of thrift (节俭). Like her mother and her grandmother before her, mom saves glass jars, empty cheese containers and reuses her plastic bags.Mom creates a kind of harmonious relationship with wildlife in her yard. She knows to pick the apples on her trees a little early to avoid the bears and that if she leaves the bird feeders(给食器) out at night, it is likely that they will be knocked down by a family of raccoons (浣熊). Spiders that make their way into the house and are caught in juice glasses will be set loose in the garden.I try to teach my children that looking out for the environment starts with being aware of the environment. On busy streets, we look for dandelions (蒲公英) to fly in the wind; we say hello to neighborhood cats and pick up plastic cups and paper bags. This teaching comes easily, I realize, because I was taught so well by example. Mom didn’t need to lecture; she didn’t need to beat a drum to change the world. She simply slowed down enough to enjoy living in it and with that joy came mercy and an instinct for protection.I am slowing down and it isn’t because of the weight of my nearly forty years on the planet, it is out of my concern for the planet itself. I’ve begun to sav e glass jars and reuse packing envelopes. I pause in my daily tasks to watch the squirrels race each other in the trees above my house.Last summer, in the company of my son and daughter, I planted tomatoes in my yard. With the heat of August around me, I ate the first while sitting on my low wall with dirt on my hands. Warm from the sun, it burst on my tongue with sweetness. I immediately wanted to share with my mom.41. Why does the author say Earth Day is connected with Mother’s Day?A. Because Mother’s Day falls shortly after Earth Day.B. To show that all the older women in her family are environmentalists.C. To show how much her mother cares about the environment.D. Because her mother shows her how to be friendly to nature on Mother’s Day.42. Which of the following is NOT related to Mom’s “green life”?A. Rescuing a beetle from a certain tragedy.B. Saving glass jars, empty cheese containers.C. Setting a caught spider free in the gardenD. Picking dandelions on busy streets.43. We can infer from the article that ______.A. the author realizes that she should teach her children by example as wellB. the author’s mother knows how to get rid of the wildlife in her yardC. the author believes that only by learning to slow down can we enjoy lifeD. the author’s mother used to lecture her to protect the environment.44. What can be learned from the last paragraph?A. Tomatoes are the author’s favourite fruit.B. It is her mother who taught the author to plant tomatoes.C. Planting tomatoes is a way of protecting environment.D. The author really appreciates her mother’s teaching.45. The writer’s attitude towards her mom’s behavior changed in the order of ______.A. understanding — negative— supportingB. supporting — doubtful — negativeC. negative — understanding — supportingD. doubtful— negative— supportingBBelow is an entry taken from an English dictionary．46. “Be careful not to scratch the furniture”most probably means “Be careful not to”．A. remove any marksB. damage its surfaceC. make any noisesD. change its position47. The word "scratch" in "It took us some time to scratch the paint from the wall.” has the same meaningasin“”．A．We scratched some of the dirt away.B．The car's paintwork is badly scratchedC．The dog kept scratching at the door to go outD．She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.48. “She had scratched because of a knee injury”might imply that “She couldn't．A．take part in a race B．cancel a prepared activityC．make a living D．make enough money49. When the French girl says “I learned German from scratch for six months”, she means she ．A．had previously well prepared B．was unsatisfied with her GermanC．knew no German before that D．found few materials availableCMore than four decades ago British scientist Robert Edwards first witnessed the miracle of human life growing inside a test tube at his Cambridge lab. Since that ground-breaking moment, more than four million babies have been born through IVF and in 2010 his great contribution to science was finally recognized as he was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine．The prize for Dr Edwards, who was given a Daily Mirror Pride of Britain Award in 2008, includes ￡900,000 cheque. The Nobel Assembly described IVF as a "milestone in modern medicine"．With the help of fellow scientist Patrick Steptoe, the Manchester-born physiologist developed IVF —leading to the birth of the world's first test tube baby. Dr Steptoe died 10 years later but their work has transformed fertili--ty treatment and given hope to millions of couples．It was a scientific breakthrough that transformed the lives of millions of couples. They said: "His achievemen--ts have made it possible to treat infertility, a disease which makes human unable to have a baby. This condition has been afflicting a large percentage of mankind including more than 10% of all couples worldwide.”Louise Brown, the world's first test tube baby, made international headlines when she was born in Oldham, Gtr Manchester, in 1978 to parents Lesley and John who had been fruitlessly trying for a baby since 1969．Ivf-in-vitro fertilisation is the process whereby egg cells are fertilised outside the body before being implanted in the womb. After a cycle of IVF, the probability of a couple with infertility problems having a baby is one in five — the same as healthy couples who conceive naturally．Professor Edwards, who has five daughters and 11 grandchildren, began his research at Cambridge University in 1963, after receiving his PhD in 1955．He once said: "The most important thing in life is having a child. Noth--ing is more special than a child.” With the help of fellow scientist Patrick Steptoe, Prof. Edwards founded the Bourn Hall clinic in Cambridge shire, which now treats more than 900 women a year. Each year, more than 30,000 women in Britain now undergo IVF and 11,000 babies are born as a result of the treatment．But his work attracted widespread criticism from some scientists and the Catholic Church who said it was "unethical and immoral"．Martin Johnson, professor of reproductive（生殖的）sciences at the University of Cambridge, said the award was "long overdue". He sai d: “We couldn't understand why the Nobel has come so late but he is delighted — this is the cherry on the cake for him.”Professor Edwards was too ill to give interviews but a statement released by his family said he was "thrilled and delighted"．50．What is Robert Edwards’ contribution to science?A. Challenging a disease which stops human having a baby．B. Seeing the wonder of the first tube baby growing.C. Enabling millions of couples to live a better life．D. Helping couples with infertility to have tube babies．51．What does the underlined word “afflicting”（Paragraph 4）most probably refer to?A. Troubling.B. Developing.C. Improving.D. Confusing.52．Why did Professor Edwards begin his research on tube baby?A. Because he thought it of great significance to have a child in life．B. Because the birthrate around the world was unexpectedly low then．C. Because a special child did make a difference to an ordinary family．D. Because his fellow scientist wanted to give hope to the unlucky couples．53．It can be inferred from Paragraph 8 and Paragraph 9 that ___________．A. some people envied Professor Edwards for his being awardedB. different opinions were voiced on Professor Edwards’ findingC. Professor Edwards deserved the prize for his breakthroughD. the prize was late because the finding was first considered immoral54. What might be the best title for the passage?A. Life Stories of Robert EdwardsB. Preparations for Having a BabyC. Nobel Prize for IVF Expert EdwardsD. Treatment of Infertility in a LabDAndy is the most unreasonable, pigheaded life form in the world, and he makes me so angry I could scream! Of course, I love him like a brother. I have to because he is my brother. More than that, he is my twin!That’s right. Andy and Amy (that’s me) have the same curly hair and dark eyes and equally stubborn characters. Yet, though we may look alike, on most issues we usually take completely opposite positions. If I say day, you can count on Andy to say night.Just this week, the hot topic in school was all about the PTA’S proposal (提议) to adopt a school dress principle. Every student would be required to wear a uniform. Uniforms! Can you imagine? Oh, they would be uniforms in color. The dress style would be sort of loose and free.Boys would wear white or blue button-down shirts, a school tie, blue or gray pants, and a navy blue blazer (运动夹克). Girls would wear white or blue blouses or sweaters, blue or gray pants or skirts, along with a navy blue blazer.Socks or tights could be black, gray, blue, or white. The teachers are divided: Some are in favor of the uniforms, others are opposed. The headmaster has asked the students to express their opinions by voting on the issue before making their decisions. She will have the final word on the dress principle.I think a dress principle is a good idea. The reason is simple. School is tough enough without worrying about looking cool every single day. The fact is, the less I have to decide first thing in the morning, the better. I can’t tell you how many mornings I look into my closet and just stare, unable to decide what to wear. Of course, there are other mornings when my room looks like a storm had hit it, with bits and pieces of a dozen different possible clothes on the bed and on the floor. I also wouldn’t mind not having to see guys wearing oversized jeans and shirts. And I certainly would welcome not seeing kids showing off designer-labeled clothes.Andy is surprised at my opinion. He says he can’t believe that I w ould be willing to give up my all-American teenage birthright by dressing like — well, like a typical teenager. Last night, he even dragged out Mom and Dad’s high school photo albums. What a couple of peace-loving hippies (嬉皮士) they were!“Bruce Springsteen never wore a school uniform. Bob Dylan wouldn’t have been caught dead in a school uniform!“If I have to wear a uniform, I won’t feel like me!” he declared.To which I replied, “So your personal heroes didn’t wear school uniforms. Big deal! They went to high school about a million years ago! I feel sorry for you, brother dear. I had no idea that you are so fragile that you would be completely destroyed by gray or blue pants, a white or blue shirt, a tie, and a blazer.”That really made him angry. Then he said, “You’re just mimicking (模仿) what you hear that new music teacher saying!”“That is so not true. I’m saying exactly what I think,” I said, raising my voice in what mom would call “a very rude manner.”“You have always been stupid, and you know it!” he shouted.“Is that so? Anyone who doesn’t agree with you is automatically stupid. And that’s the stupidest thing of all!” I said.Fortunately, the bell rang before we could do each other physical harm, and we went thankfully to our separate classes.The vo te for or against uniforms took place later that day. The results of the vote and the headmaster’s decision will be announced next week. I wonder what it will be. I know how I voted, and I’m pretty sure I know how Andy voted.How would you vote — for or against?55. Amy and Andy quarrel because .A. they share a cupboardB. Amy likes to show offC. they both have the word for dress principleD. they always take the opposite views on issues56. The story is about .A. a conflict of opinions between boys and girlsB. a historical event and is told in the third personC. a personal experience and is told in the first personD. a school policy decision that will affect parents and students57. Amy’s opinion on school uniforms are most likely based on .A. logical conclusions drawn from her own personal experienceB. an emotional reaction to what she has been told by people in authorityC. her preference for designer-labeled clothesD. not liking anything her brother likes58. Which of the following is the best statement of Andy’s opinions?A. School clothing should reflect parents’ values.B. Teenagers should never follow the latest fashions in dress.C. How one dresses should be an expression o f one’s individuality.D. Wearing school uniforms means one less decision every morning.59. Which of these statements from the story is a form of an emotional appeal?A. The teachers are divided: some are in favor of uniforms; others are opposed.B. You are so fragile that you would be completely destroyed by gray or blue pants.C. The results of the vote and the headmaster’s decision will be announced next week.D. The hot topic in school was all about the PTA’s proposal to adopt a school dress principle.60. What is the best title for the passage?A. A School Dress PrincipleB. My Stubborn Twin BrotherC. Endless Fights with My BrotherD. For or Against? — That Is the Question第二节：下面文章中有5处（第81–85题）需要添加小标题。
湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体2016届高三第四次模拟考试理科综合试题（PDF版）化学答案
五月联考理综化学答案7.C8.B9.A10.C11.D12.C13.D26.（15分，除标记外，其余2分/空）①3︰2②B③防倒吸④C（1分）⑤把装置中残留的氨气全部赶入C装置（类似给分）⑥AlO2-+2H2O+CO2＝Al(OH)3↓+HCO3-⑦过滤、洗涤⑧41（m2-m1+m3）/10m127.（14分，除标记外，其余2分/空）①抑制Fe3＋、Pb2＋的水解②PbS+2Fe3＋+2Cl－=PbCl2+2Fe2＋+S或PbS+2Fe3＋+4Cl－=PbCl42-+2Fe2＋+S③用冰水浴使反应PbCl2(s)+2Cl－(aq)PbCl42－(aq)逆向移动，使PbCl4－不断转化为PbCl2晶体而析出。
④FeCl盐酸（1+1=2分）3⑤Pb(OH)3-+OH-=Pb(OH)42-⑥97%⑦B28.（14分，除标记外，其余1分/空）（1）正O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH-（2分）负（2）(100a-1)×10-7（2分）B（2分）10-12增大（3）0.03mol/(L·min)d CD（2分）36.(15分，最后一空3分，其余2分/空)（1）HNO3温度低溶解速度慢、温度过高铵盐分解（2）2Cu2++SO32-+2Cl-+H2O=2CuCl↓+SO42-+2H+（3）重结晶法（4）醇洗有利加快去除CuCl表面水分，防止其水解氧化（5）AC（6）0.597ab/m×100%37.(15分，除标记外，其余1分/空)（1）电子云（2）C有4个价电子且半径较小，难以通过得或失电子达到稳定结构（2分）（3）σ键和π键（2分）sp CO2、CS2、HCN（或COS等,只要求二种，2分）（4）1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2(或[Ar]3d64s2)分子（5）①32②12（2分）438.(15分，除标记外，其余2分/空)（1）1.8mol（2）醛基8（3）加成反应消去反应(1分)（4）CH 3COCH 3+HSCH 2CH 2CH 2SH →CH 3-C-S-CH 2CH 2+H 2O(5)保护羰基CH 3S-CH 2（6）或。
湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体2020届高三12月联考数学(理)试题Word版含解析
湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体2020届高三12月联考数学（理）试题注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结朿后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.已知是虚数单位，则（）A. B. C. D.2.设集合，，则（）A. B.C. D.3.已知向量，满足，，，（）A. B. C. D.4.已知数列满足，，，则（）A. B. C. D.5.已知，分别是三棱锥的棱，的中点，，，，则异面直线与所成的角为（）A. B. C. D.6.—只蚂蚁在三边长分别为，，的三角形内自由爬行，某时刻该蚂蚁距离三角形的任意一个顶点的距离不超过的概率为（）A. B. C. D.7.在直角坐标系中，抛物线的焦点为，准线为，为上一点，垂直于点，，分别为，的中点，直线与轴交于点，若，则（）A. B. C. D.8.函数的部分图象大致为A. B. C. D.9.《算法统宗》是中国古代数学名著，由明代数学家程大位所著，该书完善了珠算口诀，确立了算盘用法，完成了由筹算到珠算的彻底转变，对我国民间普及珠算和数学知识起到了很大的作用.如图所示程序框图的算法思路源于该书中的“李白沽酒”问题，执行该程序框图，若输入的的值为，则输出的的值为（）A. B. C. D.10.已知正实数，，满足，则当取得最大值时，的最大值为（）A. B. C. D.11.已知，，是双曲线上的三个点，直线经过原点，经过右焦，若，且，则该双曲线的离心率为（）A. B. C. D.12.设是奇函数的导函数，当时，，则使得成立的的取值范围是（）A. B.C. D.二、填空题。
13.若实数，满足约朿条件，则的最大值为____________.14.的展开式中的系数为____________.15.函数的部分图像如图所示，则的值为_______________.16.将正整数分解成两个正整数的乘积有，，三种，其中是这三种分解中两数差的绝对值最小的，我们称为的最佳分解.当且是正整数的最佳分解时我们定义函数，例如.则的值为___________，数列的前项的和为____________.三、解答题。
浙江省温州市十校联合体2016届高三下学期期初联考英语试卷
2015学年第二学期十校联合体高三期初联考英语试卷第I卷（共90分）第一部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节：单项填空(共20小题；每小题0.5分，满分10分)1. — Jennifer, you seem to be overjoyed—______? I have just received the offer from the National University of Singapore.A. So whatB. Guess whatC. What ifD.What for2. Nowadays people are more likely to go to ______ mall than visit the tailor when shopping for clothes, so tailors have adapted to _________ new reality.A. the; aB. \; theC. the; theD.a; a3. I’m always ________ about what I say because careless remarks are likely to hurt others’ feelings.A. enthusiasticB. curiousC. doubtfulD. cautious4. The water was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, _________the car out.A. gettingB. gotC. to getD. get5. _______ early warnings from forecasters, residents were able to prepare and nodeaths or serious injuries were reported.A. In spite ofB. According toC. Regardless ofD. Thanks to6. Good news never goes beyond the gate, ______ bad news spreads far and wide.A. whenB. asC. whileD. before7. It was playing video games that took the boy too much time that he _______ havespent learning．A. couldB. mustC. mightD. ought to8. By now, no one has come up with a（n）_____ explanation of why dinosaurs diedout, and it remains a mystery．A. astonishingB. amusingC. convincingD. puzzling9. —You look tired, Jack. What's wrong with you?—Oh, I worked quite late last night. Nothing wrong with me, ________．A. althoughB. thoughC. yetD.still10. The Internet allows us quick ______ to all the data and research findings inthe fields available worldwide.A. entranceB. chargeC. accessD. advance11. Sherry has taught me that no matter how bad things seem they can ______ in theend.A. work outB. make outC. set outD.pick out12. Over 1.8 million of Hong Kong’s residents have sent out a clear message againstthe movement ______ they want an end to disorders and a return to normal life.A. whatB. thatC. whichD.where13. The new technology, if _________ to rice growing, will help increase the grainoutput．A. appliedB. applyingC. to applyD.having applied14. — I hear that Jason is planning to buy a new car.—I know. By next month, he ________ enough for a used one.A. has savedB. savesC. will be savingD.will have saved15. Readers are required to _________ the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. confirmC. reviewD.appreciate16. Experts and teachers all think that failure is not ________ a bad thing to someextent.A. greatlyB. necessarilyC. definitelyD. extremely17. Tomorrow we'll pay a visit to a museum, next to _______ is a nice restaurantwhere we can have Italian food．A. thatB. thisC. itD.which18. — Mr. Anderson is popular with his students, for he is kind, strict and knowledgeable.—No wonder he has such a good_________.A. reputationB. traditionC. preferenceD.presentation19. She would move quietly up to the sparrow on a small tree just to get a betterlook, her face __________ with childlike expressio ns at one of God’s simplewonders.A. shoneB. shiningC. having shoneD.being shone20. Afraid __________? This type of anxiety can deeply disturb people’s enjoymentof social relationships.A. of laughing atB. to be laughed atC. of being laughed atD. to laugh at第二节完形填空（共20小题; 每小题1分，满分20分）A few months ago, I was picking up the children at school. Emily, another motherthat I knew well, rushed up to me. She was full of 21 .“Do you know 22 you a nd I are?” she asked. 23 I could answer, shegave out the reason for her question. She had just returned from renewing her driver’s license at a government office. The woman 24 desk asked her what her “occupation” was. Emily hesitated, 25 ho w to answer it. “What I mean is,” explained the woman, “do you have a job, or are you just a ...?” “Of course I have a job,” answered Emily. “I’m a (an) 26 .” “We don’t 27 ‘mother’ as an occupation ... ‘housewife’ covers it,” she said.I forgot all about her story 28 one day I found myself in the same situation. This time it was at our own Town Hall. The clerk was a woman.“And what is your occupation?” she asked. What 29 me say it, I do not know. The words simply jumped out. “I’m ...a (an) 30 in the field of Child Development and Human Relations.”The clerk stopped, her ball-point pen 31 in mid-air. She looked up 32 she had not heard right. I repeated the title slowly.“Might I ask,” said the clerk with new interest, “just what you do in your33 ?” Coolly, I heard myself 34 , “I have a continuing program of research in the laboratory and in the field. I’m working for my masters (the whole family) and already have 35 credits (令人增光的人或事物) (all daughters). I often work 14 hours a day (24 is more like it). The job is more challenging than most jobs and the 36 are in satisfaction rather than just money.”There was an increasing note of 37 in the clerk’s voice as she 38 in the form. As I drove into our driveway(私家车道), I was 39 by my lab assistants —ages 13, 7, and 3. Inside the house I could hear our new experimental model (six months) in the child-development program.I felt successful. Motherhood...what a great 40 .21. A. surprise B. anxiety C. angerD. excitement22. A. who B. what C. how D. why23. A. When B. As C. BeforeD. Since24. A. at B. after C. byD. around25. A. nervous B. sure C. anxious D. uncertain26. A. mother B. worker C. teacherD. doctor27. A. think B. list C. expectD. give28. A. since B. unless C. untilD. when29. A. got B. caused C. permitD. made30. A. researcher B. manager C. expertD. scholar31. A. dropped B. floated C. frozenD. broke32. A. so that B. even though C. as thoughD. because of33. A. family B. subject C. studyD. field34. A. words B. reply C. shoutD. whisper35. A. two B. three C. fourD. five36. A. rewards B. awards C. profitsD. benefits37. A. interest B. respect C. doubtD fear38. A. explained B. passed C. completedD. filled39. A. accepted B. greeted C. recognizedD. refused40. A. person B. award C. careerD. business第三部分阅读理解（第一节20小题，第二节5小题；每小题2分，满分50分）AOn a number of drives throughout my childhood, my mother would suddenly pull over the car to examine a flower by the side of the road or rescue a beetle(甲壳虫) from tragedy while I, in my late teens and early twenties, sat impatiently in the car.Though Mother’s Day follows Earth Day, for me, they have always been related to each other. My mom has been “green” since she became concerned abo ut the environment. Part of this habit was born of thrift (节俭). Like her mother and her grandmother before her, mom saves glass jars, empty cheese containers and reuses her plastic bags.Mom creates a kind of harmonious relationship with wildlife in her yard. She knows to pick the apples on her trees a little early to avoid the bears and that if she leaves the bird feeders(给食器) out at night, it is likely that they will be knocked down by a family of raccoons (浣熊). Spiders that make their way into the house and are caught in juice glasses will be set loose in the garden.I try to teach my children that looking out for the environment starts with being aware of the environment. On busy streets, we look for dandelions (蒲公英) to fly in the wind; we say hello to neighborhood cats and pick up plastic cups and paper bags. This teaching comes easily, I realize, because I was taught so well by example. Mom didn’t need to lecture; she didn’t need to beat a drum to change the world. She simply slowed down enough to enjoy living in it and with that joy came mercy and an instinct for protection.I am slowing down and it isn’t because of the weight of my nearly forty years on the planet, it is out of my concern for the planet itself. I’ve begun to save glass jars and reuse packing envelopes. I pause in my daily tasks to watch the squirrels race each other in the trees above my house.Last summer, in the company of my son and daughter, I planted tomatoes in my yard.With the heat of August around me, I ate the first while sitting on my low wall with dirt on my hands. Warm from the sun, it burst on my tongue with sweetness. I immediately wanted to share with my mom.41. Why does the author say Earth Day is connected with Mother’s Day?A. Because Mother’s Day falls shortly after Earth Day.B. To show that all the older women in her family are environmentalists.C. To show how much her mother cares about the environment.D. Because her mother shows her how to be friendly to nature on Mother’s Day.42. Which of the following is NOT related to Mom’s “green life”?A. Rescuing a beetle from a certain tragedy.B. Saving glass jars, empty cheese containers.C. Setting a caught spider free in the gardenD. Picking dandelions on busy streets.43. We can infer from the article that ______.A. the author realizes that she should teach her children by example as wellB. the author’s mother knows how to get rid of the wildlife in her yardC. the author believes that only by learning to slow down can we enjoy lifeD. the author’s mo ther used to lecture her to protect the environment.44. What can be learned from the last paragraph?A. Tomatoes are the author’s favourite fruit.B. It is her mother who taught the author to plant tomatoes.C. Planting tomatoes is a way of protecting environment.D. The author really appreciates her mother’s teaching.45. The writer’s attitude towards her mom’s behavior changed in the order of ______.A. understanding — negative— supportingB. supporting — doubtful —negativeC. negative — understanding — supportingD. doubtful— negative—supportingBBelow is an entry taken from an English dictionary．46. “Be careful not to scratch the furniture”most probably means “Be careful notto ”．A. remove any marksB. damage its surfaceC. make any noisesD. change its position47. The word "scratch" in "It took us some time to scratch the paint from the wall.”has the same meaning asin“”．A．We scratched some of the dirt away.B．The car's paintwork is badly scratchedC．The dog kept scratching at the door to go outD．She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.48. “She had scratched because of a knee injury”might imply that “Shecouldn't ．A．take part in a race B．cancel a prepared activityC．make a living D．make enough money49. When the French girl says “I learned German from scratch for six months”, shemeans she ．A．had previously well prepared B．was unsatisfied with her German C．knew no German before that D．found few materials availableCMore than four decades ago British scientist Robert Edwards first witnessed the miracle of human lifegrowing inside a test tube at his Cambridge lab. Since that ground-breaking moment, more than four million babies have been born through IVF and in 2010 his great contribution to science was finally recognized as he was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine．The prize for Dr Edwards, who was given a Daily Mirror Pride of Britain Award in 2008, includes￡900,000 cheque. The Nobel Assembly described IVF as a "milestone in modern medicine"．With the help of fellow scientist Patrick Steptoe, the Manchester-born physiologist developed IVF — leading to the birth of the world's first test tube baby. Dr Steptoe died 10 years later but their work has transformed fertili--ty treatment and given hope to millions of couples．It was a scientific breakthrough that transformed the lives of millions of couples. They said: "His achievemen--ts have made it possible to treat infertility, a disease which makes human unable to have a baby. This condition has been afflicting a large percentage of mankind including more than 10% of all couples worldwide.”Louise Brown, the world's first test tube baby, made international headlines when she was born in Oldham, Gtr Manchester, in 1978 to parents Lesley and John who had been fruitlessly trying for a baby since 1969．Ivf-in-vitro fertilisation is the process whereby egg cells are fertilised outside the body before being implanted in the womb. After a cycle of IVF, the probability of a couple with infertility problems having a baby is one in five —the same as healthy couples who conceive naturally．Professor Edwards, who has five daughters and 11 grandchildren, began his research at Cambridge University in 1963, after receiving his PhD in 1955．He once said: "The most important thing in life is having a child. Noth--ing is more special than a child.”With the help of fellow scientist Patrick Steptoe, Prof. Edwards founded the Bourn Hall clinic in Cambridge shire, which now treats more than 900 women a year. Each year, more than 30,000 women in Britain now undergo IVF and 11,000 babies are born as a result of the treatment．But his work attracted widespread criticism from some scientists and the CatholicChurch who said it was "unethical and immoral"．Martin Johnson, professor of reproductive（生殖的） sciences at the University of Cambridge, said the award was "long overdue". He said: “We couldn't understand why the Nobel has come so late but he is delighted —this is the cherry on the cake for him.”Professor Edwards was too ill to give interviews but a statement released by his family said he was "thrilled and delighted"．50．What is Robert Edwards’ contribution to science?A. Challenging a disease which stops human having a baby．B. Seeing the wonder of the first tube baby growing.C. Enabling millions of couples to live a better life．D. Helping couples with infertility to have tube babies．51．What does the underlined word “afflicting”（Paragraph 4）most probably refer to?A. Troubling.B. Developing.C. Improving.D. Confusing. 52．Why did Professor Edwards begin his research on tube baby?A. Because he thought it of great significance to have a child in life．B. Because the birthrate around the world was unexpectedly low then．C. Because a special child did make a difference to an ordinary family．D. Because his fellow scientist wanted to give hope to the unlucky couples．53．It can be inferred from Paragraph 8 and Paragraph 9 that ___________．A. some people envied Professor Edwards for his being awardedB. different opinions were voiced on Professor Edwards’ findingC. Professor Edwards deserved the prize for his breakthroughD. the prize was late because the finding was first considered immoral54. What might be the best title for the passage?A. Life Stories of Robert EdwardsB. Preparations for Having a BabyC. Nobel Prize for IVF Expert EdwardsD. Treatment of Infertility in a LabDAndy is the most unreasonable, pigheaded life form in the world, and he makes me so angry I could scream! Of course, I love him like a brother. I have to because he is my brother. More than that, he is my twin!That’s right. Andy and Amy (that’s me) have the same curly hair and dark eyes and equally stubborn characters. Yet, though we may look alike, on most issues we usually take completely opposite positions. If I say day, you can count on Andy to say night.Just this week, the hot topic in school was all about the PTA’S proposal (提议) to adopt a school dress principle. Every student would be required to wear a uniform. Uniforms! Can you imagine? Oh, they would be uniforms in color. The dress style would be sort of loose and free.Boys would wear white or blue button-down shirts, a school tie, blue or gray pants, and a navy blue blazer (运动夹克). Girls would wear white or blue blouses or sweaters, blue or gray pants or skirts, along with a navy blue blazer.Socks or tights could be black, gray, blue, or white. The teachers are divided:Some are in favor of the uniforms, others are opposed. The headmaster has asked the students to express their opinions by voting on the issue before making their decisions. She will have the final word on the dress principle.I think a dress principle is a good idea. The reason is simple. School is tough enough without worrying about looking cool every single day. The fact is, the less I have to decide first thing in the morning, the better. I can’t tell you how many mornings I look into my closet and just stare, unable to decide what to wear. Of course, there are other mornings when my room looks like a storm had hit it, with bits and pieces of a dozen different possible clothes on the bed and on the floor.I also wouldn’t mind not having to see guys wearing oversized jeans and shirts. And I certainly would welcome not seeing kids showing off designer-labeled clothes.Andy is surprised at my opinion. He says he can’t believe that I would be willing to give up my all-American teenage birthright by dressing like —well, like a typical teenager. Last night, he even dragged out Mom and Dad’s high school photo albums. What a couple of peace-loving hippies (嬉皮士) they were!“Bruce Springsteen never wore a school uniform. Bob Dylan wouldn’t have been caught dead in a school uniform!“If I have to wear a uniform, I won’t feel like me!” he declared.To which I replied, “So your personal heroes didn’t wear school uniforms. Big deal! They went to high school about a million years ago! I feel sorry for you, brother dear. I had no idea that you are so fragile that you would be completely destroyed by gray or blue pants, a white or blue shirt, a tie, and a blazer.”That really made him angry. Then he said, “You’re just mimicking (模仿) what you hear that new music teacher saying!”“That is so not true. I’m saying exactly what I think,” I said, raising my voice in what mom would call “a very rude manner.”“You have always been stupid, and you know it!” he shouted.“Is that so? Anyone who doesn’t agree with you is automatically stupid. And that’s the stupidest thing of all!” I said.Fortunately, the bell rang before we could do each other physical harm, and we went thankfully to our separate classes.The vote for or against uniforms took place later that day. The results of the vote and the headmaster’s decision will be announced next week. I wonder what it will be. I know how I voted, and I’m pretty sure I know how Andy voted.How would you vote — for or against?55. Amy and Andy quarrel because .A. they share a cupboardB. Amy likes to show offC. they both have the word for dress principleD. they always take the opposite views on issues56. The story is about .A. a conflict of opinions between boys and girlsB. a historical event and is told in the third personC. a personal experience and is told in the first personD. a school policy decision that will affect parents and students57. Amy’s opinion on school uniforms are most likely based on .A. logical conclusions drawn from her own personal experienceB. an emotional reaction to what she has been told by people in authorityC. her preference for designer-labeled clothesD. not liking anything her brother likes58. Which of the following is the best statement of Andy’s opinions?A. School clothing should reflect parents’ values.B. Teenagers should never follow the latest fashions in dress.C. How one dresses should be an expression of one’s individuality.D. Wearing school uniforms means one less decision every morning.59. Which of these statements from the story is a form of an emotional appeal?A. The teachers are divided: some are in favor of uniforms; others are opposed.B. You are so fragile that you would be completely destroyed by gray or blue pants.C. The results of the vote and the headmaster’s decision will be announced next week.D. The hot topic in school was all about the PTA’s proposal to adopt a schooldress principle.60. What is the best title for the passage?A. A School Dress PrincipleB. My Stubborn Twin BrotherC. Endless Fights with My BrotherD. For or Against? —That Is the Question第二节：下面文章中有5处（第81–85题）需要添加小标题。
【解析】湖南省十校共同体2016届高三上学期12月联考化学试卷 Word版含解析[ 高考]
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2015-2016学年湖南省十校共同体高三（上）联考化学试卷（12月份）一、选择题（本大题共14小题，每小题3分，共42分．在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的）1．化学与生产、生活、社会密切相关，下列说法错误的是( )A．高容量的储氢材料研究是推广应用氢氧燃料电池的关键问题之一B．大力发展新型电动汽车，可以减少燃油汽车的尾气排放量C．生活中常用的蚕丝、棉花、淀粉、油脂等都是由高分子组成的物质D．塑料袋在全球“失宠”，有偿使用成为风尚，是因为塑料袋填埋占用土地且难以降解2．如图A～D四种物质均含有同一种元素，A可以是单质也可以是气态氢化物，D是该元素最高价氧化物对应的水化物，则A、B、C、D中共同含有的元素可能是( )A．氯B．铁C．碳D．氮3．下列除杂试剂或方法有错误的是( )原物质所含杂质除杂试剂主要操作方法A HNO3溶液H2SO4BaCl2溶液过滤B CO2SO2酸性KMnO4溶洗气、干燥液、浓硫酸C SiO2Al2O3稀盐酸过滤D C2H5OH CH3COOH CaO 蒸馏A．A B．B C．C D．D4．根据下列反应判断有关物质还原性由强到弱的顺序是( )①H2SO3+I2+H2O═2HI+H2SO4②2FeCl3+2HI═2FeCl2+2HCl+I2③3FeCl2+4HNO3═2FeCl3+NO↑+2H2O+Fe（NO3）3．A．H2SO3＞I﹣＞Fe2+＞NO B．I﹣＞Fe2+＞H2SO3＞NOC．Fe2+＞I﹣＞H2SO3＞NO D．NO＞Fe2+＞H2SO3＞I﹣5．在溶液中加入足量Na2O2后仍能大量共存的离子组是( )A．NH4+、Ba2+、Cl﹣、NO3﹣B．K+、AlO2﹣、Cl﹣、SO42﹣C．Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3﹣、HCO3﹣D．Na+、Cl﹣、CO32﹣、SO32﹣6．设N A表示阿伏加德罗常数．下列说法中错误的是( )A．标准状况下，22.4 L由H2和O2组成的混合气体，所含分子总数为N AB．1mol Cl2参加反应，转移的电子数一定为2N AC．常温常压下，1 mol氖气含有的原子数为N AD．1L1 mol．L﹣l FeCl3溶液中Fe3+的数目小于N A7．某氯化镁溶液的密度为1.2g．cm﹣3，其中镁离子的质量分数为4.0%，500mL该溶液中Cl﹣的物质的量等于（不考虑镁离子的水解）( )A．0.5 mol B．1.0 mol C．2.0 mol D．4.0 mol8．短周期主族元素X、Y、Z、W的原子序数依次增大，X原子的最外层电子数是其内层电子数的2倍，Y是地壳中含量最高的元素，Z2+与Y2﹣具有相同的电子层结构，W与X同主族，下列说法正确的是( )A．原子半径的大小顺序：r（W）＞r（Z）＞r（Y）＞r（X）B．Y分别与Z、W形成的化合物中化学键类型相同C．X的最高氧化物对应的水化物的酸性比W的弱D．Y的气态简单氢化物的热稳定性比W的强9．除虫菊酯是一种从植物除虫菊中提取出来的广谱杀虫剂，结构如图所示，下列描述正确的是( )A．除虫菊酯属于芳香族化合物B．除虫菊酯的分子式为C22H28O5C．除虫菊酯在镍作催化剂下最多可与7mol H2发生加成反应，与3mol NaOH发生水解反应D．除虫菊酯在酸性条件下发生水解后得到的产物均带有羧基10．已知：2Fe203（s）+3C（s）═3C02（g）+4Fe（s）△H=+468.2kJ．mol﹣l；C（s）+02（g）═C02（g）△H=﹣393.5kJ．mol﹣1；则4Fe（s）+3O2（g）═2Fe203（s）的△H是( )A．﹣1648.7 kJ．mo1﹣1B．﹣1255.3 kJ．mol﹣1C．﹣861.7 kJ．mol﹣l D．+867.1 kJ．mol﹣111．反应X（g）+Y（g）⇌2Z（g）；△H＜0，达到平衡时，下列说法正确的是( ) A．减小容器体积，平衡向右移动B．加入催化剂，Z的产率增大C．增大c（X），X的转化率增大D．降低温度，Y的转化率增大12．金属镍有广泛的用途，粗镍中含有少量Fe、Cu、Pt等杂质，可用电解法制备高纯度的镍（用NiS04作电解质溶液）．已知：氧化性Fe2+＜Ni2+＜Cu2+，下列叙述正确的是( ) A．阳极发生还原反应，其电极反应式：Ni2++2e﹣=NiB．电解过程中，阳极质量的减少与阴极质量的增加相等C．电解后，溶液中存在的金属阳离子只有Fe2+D．电解后，可以从电解槽底部的阳极泥中回收Cu和Pt13．常温下，向20mL某盐酸溶液中逐滴加入0.1mol/L的氨水，溶液pH的变化与加入氨水的体积关系如图所示，下列叙述正确的是( )A．盐酸的物质的量浓度为1mol/LB．在①、②之间的任意一点：c（Cl﹣）＞c（NH4+），c（H+）＞c（OH﹣）C．在点②所示溶液中：c（NH4+）=c（Cl﹣）＞c（OH﹣）=c（H+），且V＜20D．在点③所示溶液中：由水电离出的c（OH﹣）＞10﹣7mol/L14．铜和镁的合金4.6g完全溶于一定量的浓硝酸，若反应中硝酸被还原只产生1792mL的NO2气体和1120mL的NO气体（都已折算到标准状况），在反应后的溶液中加入足量的氢氧化钠溶液，生成沉淀的质量为( )A．7.04g B．8.26g C．8.51g D．9.02g二、非选择题（本大题4题，共58分）15．（14分）A、B、C、D、E为原子序数依次增大的短周期元素．A、C处于同一主族，C、D、E处于同一周期，E原子的最外层电子数是A、B、C原子最外层电子数之和，D是地壳中含量最高的金属元素；A、B组成的常见气体甲能使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝；E的单质与甲反应能生成B的单质，同时生成两种水溶液均呈酸性的化合物乙和丙（该反应中氧化产物只有一种），25℃时0.1mol．L﹣l的乙溶液pH＞l；D的单质既能与C元素最高价氧化物的水化物的溶液反应生成盐丁，也能与丙的水溶液反应生成盐．请回答下列问题：（1）甲的化学式为__________；B单质的电子式为__________．（2）D元素的名称是__________．（3）写出丁溶液中通人入过量二氧化碳时的离子方程式__________（4）工业上利用A、B的单质合成甲（BA3）：B2（g）+3A2（g）⇌2BA3（g）△H＜0在一定温度下，在2L密闭容器中，2mol单质B2和1.6mol单质A2充分反应后达到平衡，测得BA3的物质的量浓度为0.4mol．L﹣l，计算该温度下的平衡常数K=__________．（5）E的单质与甲反应生成的乙和丙的物质的量之比为2：4．反应中被氧化的物质与被还原的物质的物质的量之比为__________．16．（14分）NH3是一种重要的化工产品．（1）根据氨气还原氧化铜的反应，可设计测定铜元素相对原子质量Ar（Cu）（近似值）的实验．先称量反应物氧化铜的质量m（Cu0），反应完全后测定生成物水的质量m（H2O），由此计算Ar（Cu）．为此，提供的实验仪器及试剂如下（根据实验需要，装置可重复选择，加入的NH4Cl与Ca（OH）2的量足以产生使CuO完全还原为N2的氨气）：请回答下列问题：①氨气还原炽热氧化铜的化学方程式为__________；②从所提供的仪器及试剂中选择并组装本实验的一套合理、简单的装置，按气流方向的连接顺序为（用图1中标注的字母表示）A一→__________；③在本实验中，若测得m（CuO）=ag，m（H2O）=b g，则Ar（Cu）=__________；④在本实验中，使测定结果Ar（Cu）偏大的是__________（填字母）；A．CuO未完全起反应B．CuO不干燥C．CuO中混有不反应的杂质D．NH4 Cl与Ca（OH）2混合物不干燥（2）按图2装置进行NH3性质实验．①先打开旋塞1，B瓶中的现象是__________原因是__________②稳定后，关闭旋塞1，再打开旋塞2，B瓶中的现象是__________．17．工业废水中常含有一定量的Cr2O72﹣和CrO42﹣，它们会对人类及生态系统产生很大损害，必须进行处理．常用的处理方法有两种．方法1：还原沉淀法该法的工艺流程为：CrO Cr2O Cr3+Cr（OH）3↓其中第①步存在平衡：2CrO（黄色）+2H+⇌CrO（橙色）+H2O（1）若平衡体系的pH=2，该溶液显__________色．（2）能说明第①步反应达平衡状态的是__________（填字母）．a．2v正（Cr2O）═v逆（CrO）b．Cr2O和CrO的浓度相同c．溶液的颜色不变（3）完成第②步中氧化还原反应的离子方程式：( )Cr2O+( )Fe2++( )__________═( )Cr3++( )Fe3++( )__________（4）第③步生成的Cr（OH）3在溶液中存在以下沉淀溶解平衡：Cr（OH）3（s）⇌Cr3+（aq）+3OH﹣（aq）常温下，Cr（OH）3的溶度积K30=c（Cr3+）•c3（OH﹣）=1×10 ﹣32，要使Cr3+沉淀完全（Cr3+浓度等于或小于1×10﹣5mol．L﹣l时，Cr3+已沉淀完全），溶液的pH至少应调至__________ 方法2：电解法该法用Fe做电极电解含Cr2O72﹣；的酸性废水，随着电解进行，在阴极附近溶液pH升高，产生Cr（OH）3沉淀．（5）用Fe做电极的原因为__________．（6）在阴极附近溶液pH升高的原因是（用电极反应解释）__________．溶液中同时生成的沉淀还有__________（填化学式）．18．香料龙葵醛（）曾入选伦敦奥运会指定产品，下面是工业合成龙葵醛的路线图（部分反应条件及副产物已略去），回答问题：（1）龙葵醛的分子式为__________，C中官能团的名称为__________．（2）生成A的反应类型为__________，D→E的反应条件为__________（3）写出下列E→龙葵醛的方程式：__________．（4）F是龙葵醛与新制Cu（OH）2反应后得到的物质，F有多种同分异构体，其中某些芳香族物质具有下列特征：①能发生银镜反应，也能与稀硫酸溶液反应；②是苯环的二元取代产物．则符合此条件的同分异构体共有__________种，写出核磁共振氢谱有5种的物质的结构简式__________．2015-2016学年湖南省十校共同体高三（上）联考化学试卷（12月份）一、选择题（本大题共14小题，每小题3分，共42分．在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的）1．化学与生产、生活、社会密切相关，下列说法错误的是( )A．高容量的储氢材料研究是推广应用氢氧燃料电池的关键问题之一B．大力发展新型电动汽车，可以减少燃油汽车的尾气排放量C．生活中常用的蚕丝、棉花、淀粉、油脂等都是由高分子组成的物质D．塑料袋在全球“失宠”，有偿使用成为风尚，是因为塑料袋填埋占用土地且难以降解【考点】常见的生活环境的污染及治理；有机高分子化合物的结构和性质．【专题】化学应用．【分析】A．氢气的密度小，所以氢气的储存是面临的关键问题；B．燃油汽车的尾气中会含有大量的一氧化碳、二氧化氮、二氧化硫等空气污染物；C．油脂不是高分子；D．塑料袋难以降解，会对环境造成污染．【解答】解：A．氢气的密度小，储氢材料研究是推广应用氢氧燃料电池的关键问题之一，故A正确；B．燃油汽车的尾气中会含有大量的一氧化碳、二氧化氮、二氧化硫等空气污染物，大力发展电动车、减少燃油汽车的尾气排放量可改善空气质量，故B正确；C．蚕丝的主要成分是蛋白质，棉花的主要成分是纤维素，高分子化合物包含淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素等，油脂不属于高分子，故C错误；D．塑料袋难以降解，且填满会对土壤、地下水等造成污染，所以塑料袋在全球“失宠”，故D正确．故选C．【点评】本题主要考查了与环境相关的化学知识，难度不大，激励了学生的社会责任感，了解化学探究的领域，明了化学学习的意义，为学生学好化学，树立为化学科学奋斗的目标，激励学生的社会责任感都有重要的意义．2．如图A～D四种物质均含有同一种元素，A可以是单质也可以是气态氢化物，D是该元素最高价氧化物对应的水化物，则A、B、C、D中共同含有的元素可能是( )A．氯B．铁C．碳D．氮【考点】氮族元素简介．【专题】氮族元素．【分析】由框图转化关系可知，B应为氧化物，D能与Cu反应生成B，说明D应为具有强氧化性的酸，则D可能为浓HNO3或浓H2SO4．【解答】解：A．如A为Cl2或HCl二者都不与O2反应，不存在如图转化关系，故A错误；B．如为Fe，不可能实现如图转化关系，故B错误；C．如为C，则D可能为H2CO3，不能与Cu发生氧化还原反应，故C错误；D．如为N，则B为NO，C为NO2，D为HNO3，可与Cu发生氧化还原反应生成NO，故D正确．故选D．【点评】本题考查无机物的推断，题目难度不大，本题注意D与Cu反应生成B的性质，为解答该题的关键点，学习中注重相关知识的积累．3．下列除杂试剂或方法有错误的是( )原物质所含杂质除杂试剂主要操作方法A HNO3溶液H2SO4BaCl2溶液过滤B CO2SO2酸性KMnO4溶洗气、干燥液、浓硫酸C SiO2Al2O3稀盐酸过滤D C2H5OH CH3COOH CaO 蒸馏A．A B．B C．C D．D【考点】物质的分离、提纯的基本方法选择与应用．【专题】物质的分离提纯和鉴别．【分析】A．硫酸与氯化钡反应生成硫酸钡和盐酸；B．二氧化硫与高锰酸钾发生反应，而二氧化碳不能；C．氧化铝与盐酸反应，而二氧化硅不能；D．乙酸与CaO反应后，增大与乙醇沸点差异．【解答】解：A．硫酸与氯化钡反应生成硫酸钡和盐酸，引入新杂质，故A错误；B．二氧化硫与高锰酸钾发生反应，而二氧化碳不能，则利用酸性KMnO4溶液、浓硫酸试剂洗气、干燥可除杂，故B正确；C．氧化铝与盐酸反应，而二氧化硅不能，则加足量稀盐酸、过滤可除杂，故C正确；D．乙酸与CaO反应后，增大与乙醇沸点差异，则加CaO后蒸馏可分离，故D正确；故选A．【点评】本题考查物质的分离、提纯，为高频考点，把握物质的性质、发生的反应及混合物分离方法为解答的关键，侧重分析与应用能力的考查，注意元素化合物知识的综合应用，题目难度不大．4．根据下列反应判断有关物质还原性由强到弱的顺序是( )①H2SO3+I2+H2O═2HI+H2SO4②2FeCl3+2HI═2FeCl2+2HCl+I2③3FeCl2+4HNO3═2FeCl3+NO↑+2H2O+Fe（NO3）3．A．H2SO3＞I﹣＞Fe2+＞NO B．I﹣＞Fe2+＞H2SO3＞NOC．Fe2+＞I﹣＞H2SO3＞NO D．NO＞Fe2+＞H2SO3＞I﹣【考点】氧化性、还原性强弱的比较．【专题】氧化还原反应专题．【分析】利用化合价变化来判断还原剂，并利用还原剂的还原性大于还原产物的还原性来比较还原性的强弱．【解答】解：①H2SO3+I2+H2O=2HI+H2SO4中，I元素的化合价降低，S元素的化合价升高，则H2SO3为还原剂，还原性H2SO3＞I﹣，②2FeCl3+2HI=2FeCl2+2HCl+I2中，Fe元素的化合价降低，I元素的化合价升高，则HI为还原剂，还原性I﹣＞Fe2+，③3FeCl2+4HNO3=2FeCl3+NO↑+2H2O+Fe（NO3）3中，N元素的化合价降低，Fe元素的化合价升高，则FeCl2为还原剂，还原性Fe2+＞NO，显然还原性由强到弱的顺序为H2SO3＞I﹣＞Fe2+＞NO，故选A．【点评】本题考查氧化还原反应中还原性的比较，能利用化合价分析氧化还原反应，利用氧化还原反应中的规律来比较还原性是解答本题的关键．5．在溶液中加入足量Na2O2后仍能大量共存的离子组是( )A．NH4+、Ba2+、Cl﹣、NO3﹣B．K+、AlO2﹣、Cl﹣、SO42﹣C．Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3﹣、HCO3﹣D．Na+、Cl﹣、CO32﹣、SO32﹣【考点】离子共存问题；钠的重要化合物．【专题】离子反应专题．【分析】Na2O2具有强氧化性，与水反应生成OH﹣，溶液中加入足量Na2O2后仍能大量共存，说明溶液中离子不与Na2O2或OH﹣反应，且离子之间不发生任何反应．【解答】解：A．NH4+与OH﹣反应而不能大量共存，故A错误；B．在碱性条件下，离子之间不发生任何反应，可大量共存，故B正确；C．Mg2+与OH﹣反应，Ca2+、HCO3﹣与OH﹣反应生成沉淀而不能大量共存，故C错误；D．SO32﹣具有还原性，可与Na2O2发生氧化还原反应，故D错误．故选B．【点评】本题考查离子共存问题，题目难度不大，本题注意把握题中所给信息，把握离子的性质，易错点为D，注意SO32﹣具有还原性，可与Na2O2发生氧化还原反应．6．设N A表示阿伏加德罗常数．下列说法中错误的是( )A．标准状况下，22.4 L由H2和O2组成的混合气体，所含分子总数为N AB．1mol Cl2参加反应，转移的电子数一定为2N AC．常温常压下，1 mol氖气含有的原子数为N AD．1L1 mol．L﹣l FeCl3溶液中Fe3+的数目小于N A【考点】阿伏加德罗常数．【专题】阿伏加德罗常数和阿伏加德罗定律．【分析】A．标准状况下22.4L混合气体的物质的量为1mol；B.1mol氯气与氢氧化钠溶液的反应中，转移的电子为1mol；C．稀有气体为单原子分子，1mol氖气中含有1mol氖原子；D．铁离子在溶液中部分水解导致铁离子数目减少．【解答】解：A．标准状况下，22.4 L由H2和O2组成的混合气体的物质的量为：=1mol，所含分子总数为N A，故A正确；B.1mol Cl2参加反应，若与氢氧化钠溶液反应，1mol氯气完全反应转移了1mol电子，转移的电子数一定为N A，故B错误；C．常温常压下，1 mol氖气含有1mol原子，含有氖原子数为N A，故C正确；D.1L 1mol．L﹣l FeCl3溶液中含有溶质氯化铁的物质的量为：1mol/L×1L=0.1mol，由于铁离子部分水解，则溶液中Fe3+的数目小于N A，故D正确；故选B．【点评】本题考查了阿伏伽德罗常数的计算与判断，题目难度中等，明确物质的量与阿伏伽德罗常数、摩尔质量、气体摩尔体积之间的关系为解答关键，B为易错点，注意稀有气体为单原子分子．7．某氯化镁溶液的密度为1.2g．cm﹣3，其中镁离子的质量分数为4.0%，500mL该溶液中Cl﹣的物质的量等于（不考虑镁离子的水解）( )A．0.5 mol B．1.0 mol C．2.0 mol D．4.0 mol【考点】物质的量的相关计算．【专题】物质的量的计算．【分析】先根据镁离子的质量分数计算氯化镁的质量分数，进而根据c=计算氯化镁的物质的量浓度，求出氯离子的物质的量浓度，最后求出Cl﹣的物质的量．【解答】解：MgCl2中Mg元素的质量与Cl元素的质量之比为24：71，镁离子的质量分数为4.0%，则氯化镁的质量分数为×95=15.8%，溶液中氯化镁的物质的量浓度为==2.0mol/L，则c（Cl﹣）=2c（MgCl2）=2×2mol/L=4mol/L，Cl﹣的物质的量为4mol/L×0.5L=2mol，故选C．【点评】本题考查物质的量浓度的计算，题目难度不大，注意根据镁离子的质量分数计算氯化镁的质量分数，进而根据c=计算氯化镁的物质的量浓度．8．短周期主族元素X、Y、Z、W的原子序数依次增大，X原子的最外层电子数是其内层电子数的2倍，Y是地壳中含量最高的元素，Z2+与Y2﹣具有相同的电子层结构，W与X同主族，下列说法正确的是( )A．原子半径的大小顺序：r（W）＞r（Z）＞r（Y）＞r（X）B．Y分别与Z、W形成的化合物中化学键类型相同C．X的最高氧化物对应的水化物的酸性比W的弱D．Y的气态简单氢化物的热稳定性比W的强【考点】真题集萃；原子结构与元素周期律的关系．【专题】元素周期律与元素周期表专题．【分析】X原子的最外层电子数是其内层电子数的2倍，因此X是C，Y是地壳中含量最高的元素O，W与X同主族，W是Si，短周期元素Z2+与Y2﹣具有相同的电子层结构，电子层结构与Ne相同，因此Z为Mg，A、同周期自左到右原子半径逐渐减小，同主族自上而下原子半径逐渐增大；B、MgO中含有离子键，SiO2中含有共价键；C、元素非金属性越强，最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性越强，D、元素非金属性越强，简单气态氢化物越稳定．【解答】解：X原子的最外层电子数是其内层电子数的2倍，因此X是C，Y是地壳中含量最高的元素O，W与X同主族，W是Si，短周期元素Z2+与Y2﹣具有相同的电子层结构，电子层结构与Ne相同，因此Z为Mg．A、Mg和Si、C和O同周期，C和Si同主族，同周期自左到右原子半径逐渐减小，同主族自上而下原子半径逐渐增大，因此原子半径r（Mg）＞r（Si）＞r（C）＞r（O），故A错误；B、Y分别与Z、W形成的化合物分别为MgO、SiO2，MgO中含有离子键，SiO2中含有共价键，化学键类型不同，故B错误；C、C和Si同主族，非金属性C＞Si，因此碳酸的酸性大于硅酸的酸性，故C错误；D、非金属性O＞Si，元素非金属性越强，简单气态氢化物越稳定，因此H2O的热稳定性大于SiH4，故D正确；故选D．【点评】本题考查了短周期元素种类推断，涉及元素周期律中原子半径、非金属性的比较以及化合键的判定等知识，难度不大，熟悉短周期元素的原子结构、10个电子的微粒是解题的必备知识．9．除虫菊酯是一种从植物除虫菊中提取出来的广谱杀虫剂，结构如图所示，下列描述正确的是( )A．除虫菊酯属于芳香族化合物B．除虫菊酯的分子式为C22H28O5C．除虫菊酯在镍作催化剂下最多可与7mol H2发生加成反应，与3mol NaOH发生水解反应D．除虫菊酯在酸性条件下发生水解后得到的产物均带有羧基【考点】有机物的结构和性质．【专题】有机物的化学性质及推断．【分析】A．含有苯环的有机物是芳香族化合物；B．根据结构简式确定分子式；C．碳碳双键和羰基能与氢气发生加成反应；D．酯基水解生成羧基和醇羟基．【解答】解：A．含有苯环的有机物是芳香族化合物，该物质中不含苯环，所以不属于芳香族化合物，故A错误；B．根据结构简式确定分子式为C22H28O5，故B正确；C．碳碳双键和羰基能与氢气发生加成反应，该分子中含有4个碳碳双键、2个酯基、1个羰基，所以除虫菊酯在镍作催化剂下最多可与5mol H2发生加成反应，与2mol NaOH发生水解反应，故C错误；D．酯基水解生成羧基和醇羟基，除虫菊酯在酸性条件下发生水解后得到的产物有的带羧基，有的带醇羟基，故D错误；故选B．【点评】本题考查有机物结构和性质，为高频考点，明确官能团及其性质关系是解本题关键，侧重考查酯、酮和烯烃性质，注意酯基中碳氧双键不能发生加成反应，为易错点．10．已知：2Fe203（s）+3C（s）═3C02（g）+4Fe（s）△H=+468.2kJ．mol﹣l；C（s）+02（g）═C02（g）△H=﹣393.5kJ．mol﹣1；则4Fe（s）+3O2（g）═2Fe203（s）的△H是( )A．﹣1648.7 kJ．mo1﹣1B．﹣1255.3 kJ．mol﹣1C．﹣861.7 kJ．mol﹣l D．+867.1 kJ．mol﹣1【考点】用盖斯定律进行有关反应热的计算．【专题】燃烧热的计算．【分析】根据盖斯定律，将热化学方程式②×3﹣①可得目标热化学方程式：4Fe（s）+3O2（g）═2Fe203（s），据此计算出该热化学方程式的焓变．【解答】解：已知：①2Fe203（s）+3C（s）═3C02（g）+4Fe（s）△H=+468.2kJ•mol﹣1，②C（s）+02（g）═C02（g）△H=﹣393.5 kJ•mol﹣1，根据盖斯定律②×3﹣①可得：4Fe（s）+3O2（g）═2Fe203（s）△H=（﹣393.5kJ•mol﹣1）×3﹣（+468.2kJ•mol﹣1）=﹣1648.7 kJ•mol﹣1，故选A．【点评】本题考查了用盖斯定律进行有关反应热的计算，题目难度中等，明确盖斯定律的含义为解答关键，注意掌握有关反应热计算的方法，试题培养了学生的化学计算能力．11．反应X（g）+Y（g）⇌2Z（g）；△H＜0，达到平衡时，下列说法正确的是( ) A．减小容器体积，平衡向右移动B．加入催化剂，Z的产率增大C．增大c（X），X的转化率增大D．降低温度，Y的转化率增大【考点】化学平衡的影响因素．【专题】化学平衡专题．【分析】A、反应前后气体体积不变，减小容器体积压强增大，平衡不变；B、催化剂改变反应速率，不改变化学平衡；C、两种反应物，增加一种物质的量增大另一种物质转化率，本身转化率减小；D、反应是放热反应，降温平衡正向进行；【解答】解：A、反应前后气体体积不变，减小容器体积压强增大，平衡不变，故A错误；B、催化剂改变反应速率，不改变化学平衡，Z的产率不变，故B错误；C、两种反应物，增加一种物质的量增大另一种物质转化率，本身转化率减小，增大c（X），X的转化率减小，故C错误；D、反应是放热反应，降温平衡正向进行，Y的转化率增大，故D正确；故选D．【点评】本题考查了化学平衡的影响因素分析判断和化学平衡移动的理解应用，题目难度中等．12．金属镍有广泛的用途，粗镍中含有少量Fe、Cu、Pt等杂质，可用电解法制备高纯度的镍（用NiS04作电解质溶液）．已知：氧化性Fe2+＜Ni2+＜Cu2+，下列叙述正确的是( ) A．阳极发生还原反应，其电极反应式：Ni2++2e﹣=NiB．电解过程中，阳极质量的减少与阴极质量的增加相等C．电解后，溶液中存在的金属阳离子只有Fe2+D．电解后，可以从电解槽底部的阳极泥中回收Cu和Pt【考点】电解原理．【专题】电化学专题．【分析】A．阳极上金属失电子发生氧化反应；B．电解过程中，阳极上Fe、Ni失电子发生氧化反应，阴极上只有Ni2+得电子发生还原反应；C．电解后溶液中存在的金属阳离子有Fe2+、Ni2+；D．因为氧化性Fe2+＜Ni2+＜Cu2+，铂为惰性电极，所以阳极中铂和铜不生成金属阳离子．【解答】解：A．阳极上金属失电子发生氧化反应，阴极上只有Ni2+得电子发生还原反应，阴极电极反应式为Ni2++2e﹣=Ni，故A错误；B．电解过程中，阳极上Fe、Ni失电子发生氧化反应，阴极上只有Ni2+得电子发生还原反应，且Fe摩尔质量小于Ni，根据转移电子守恒知，所以阴极上析出质量大于阳极溶解质量，故B错误；C．电解后溶液中存在的金属阳离子有Fe2+、Ni2+，故C错误；D．因为氧化性Fe2+＜Ni2+＜Cu2+，铂为惰性电极，所以阳极中铂和铜不生成金属阳离子，则铜和铂在电解槽底部形成阳极泥，故D正确；故选D．【点评】本题考查电解原理，为高频考点，明确离子放电顺序、阳极上失电子难易程度是解本题关键，注意：较活泼金属作阳极上，阳极上金属失电子而不是电解质溶液中阴离子失电子，为易错点．13．常温下，向20mL某盐酸溶液中逐滴加入0.1mol/L的氨水，溶液pH的变化与加入氨水的体积关系如图所示，下列叙述正确的是( )A．盐酸的物质的量浓度为1mol/LB．在①、②之间的任意一点：c（Cl﹣）＞c（NH4+），c（H+）＞c（OH﹣）C．在点②所示溶液中：c（NH4+）=c（Cl﹣）＞c（OH﹣）=c（H+），且V＜20D．在点③所示溶液中：由水电离出的c（OH﹣）＞10﹣7mol/L【考点】酸碱混合时的定性判断及有关ph的计算；离子浓度大小的比较．【专题】压轴题；电离平衡与溶液的pH专题．【分析】A、根据当未加氨水时盐酸的PH值计算盐酸溶液的物质的量浓度．B、采用极值法判断溶液中各种离子浓度的关系．C、根据溶液中电荷守恒判断各种离子浓度的关系，由生成盐的类型判断氨水的体积．D、无论酸溶液还是碱溶液都抑制水的电离．【解答】解：A、当未加氨水时，盐酸的PH=1，HCl是强电解质完全电离，氢离子的浓度=HCl的浓度，所以盐酸的物质的量浓度=0.1mol/L，故A错误．B、采用极值法分析，当未加氨水时，溶液中没有铵根离子，所以c（Cl﹣）＞c（NH4+），该溶液呈酸性，即氢离子的浓度大于氢氧根离子的浓度c（H+）＞c（OH﹣），故B正确．C、当溶液的PH=7时，溶液中c（H+）=c（OH﹣），溶液呈电中性，所以c（Cl﹣）=c（NH4+）；氯化铵是强酸弱碱盐溶液呈酸性，要使溶液呈碱性，氨水的物质的量应该稍微大一些，即V ＞20，故C错误．D、无论酸溶液还是碱溶液都抑制水的电离，点③所示溶液呈碱性，能抑制水的电离，所以由水电离出的c（OH﹣）＜10﹣7mol/L，故D错误．故选B．【点评】本题考查了酸碱混合时溶液中各种离子浓度的判断、溶液PH值的判断等知识点，难度不大，注意酸、碱溶液都抑制水的电离，但含有弱根离子的盐离子能促进水的电离．14．铜和镁的合金4.6g完全溶于一定量的浓硝酸，若反应中硝酸被还原只产生1792mL的NO2气体和1120mL的NO气体（都已折算到标准状况），在反应后的溶液中加入足量的氢氧化钠溶液，生成沉淀的质量为( )A．7.04g B．8.26g C．8.51g D．9.02g【考点】有关混合物反应的计算．【专题】守恒法；利用化学方程式的计算．【分析】先算出铜和镁总共失去的电子数，而铜和镁失去的电子数，就是他们结合的氢氧根的物质的量，而结合氢氧根的质量就正好是质量增加的量，即为沉淀量．【解答】解：反应关系式为Cu Cu2+Cu（OH）2，Mg Mg2+Mg（OH）2，反应后生成Cu（OH）2和Mg（OH）2，根据以上反应关系可知铜和镁失去电子数等于结合的氢氧根的物质的量，则反应后沉淀的质量=合金的质量+氢氧根离子的质量，生成1792mL的NO2气体的物质的量为：=0.08mol，1120mL的NO气体的物质的量为：=0.05mol，生成0.08mol二氧化氮、0.05molNO的反应中转移的电子的物质的量为：0.08mol×（5﹣4）+0.05mol×（5﹣2）=0.23mol，所以生成的沉淀的质量为：4.6g+0.23mol×17g/mol=8.51g，故选C．【点评】本题考查混合物的计算，题目难度中等，正确分析沉淀中氢氧根离子的物质的量与反应中转移电子的物质的量相等为解答关键，注意掌握守恒思想在化学计算中的应用．二、非选择题（本大题4题，共58分）15．（14分）A、B、C、D、E为原子序数依次增大的短周期元素．A、C处于同一主族，C、D、E处于同一周期，E原子的最外层电子数是A、B、C原子最外层电子数之和，D是地壳中含量最高的金属元素；A、B组成的常见气体甲能使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝；E的单质与甲反应能生成B的单质，同时生成两种水溶液均呈酸性的化合物乙和丙（该反应中氧化产物只有一种），25℃时0.1mol．L﹣l的乙溶液pH＞l；D的单质既能与C元素最高价氧化物的水化物的溶液反应生成盐丁，也能与丙的水溶液反应生成盐．请回答下列问题：（1NH3；B单质的电子式为．（2）D元素的名称是铝．（3AlO2﹣+2H2O+CO2═HCO3﹣+Al （OH）3↓（4）工业上利用A、B的单质合成甲（BA3）：B2（g）+3A2（g）⇌2BA3（g）△H＜0在一定温度下，在2L密闭容器中，2mol单质B2和1.6mol单质A2充分反应后达到平衡，测得BA3的物质的量浓度为0.4mol．L﹣l，计算该温度下的平衡常数K=25．（5）E的单质与甲反应生成的乙和丙的物质的量之比为2：4．反应中被氧化的物质与被还原的物质的物质的量之比为2：3．【考点】位置结构性质的相互关系应用．【专题】原子组成与结构专题；元素周期律与元素周期表专题；化学平衡专题．。
湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体高三上学期第二次大联考化学试题
湘名校教育联合体、五市十校教研教改共同体2022-2023学年高三上学期12月第二次大联考 化学本试卷共6页。
全卷满分100分，考试时间75分钟。
注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷和答题卡上。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应的答案标号涂黑，如有改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案；回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 S 32 Cr 52 Fe 56 Ni 59一、选择题：本题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.化学与生产、生活、科技和环境等联系密切。
下列有关说法不正确的是（ ）A.“风干日曝咸味加，始灌潮波塯成卤”，该过程涉及的操作方法是蒸发结晶B.北京2022年冬奥会部分场馆使用“碲化镉”光伏发电系统，利用了太阳能转化为电能C.北京2022年冬奥会运动员“战袍”内层添加石墨烯片用于保暖，石墨烯和碳纳米管互为同分异构体D.市面上的防晒衣通常用聚酯纤维材料制作，忌长期用肥皂或碱性较强的液体洗涤2.下列化学用语或图示表达正确的是（ ）A.CO 燃烧热的热化学方程式：222CO(g)O (g)2CO (g)+═ 1566.0kJ mol H -∆=-⋅B.基态As 原子的价层电子排布式：10253d 4s 4dC.氯化钠的分子式：NaClD.HClO 的空间填充模型：3.设A N 为阿伏加德罗常数的值，下列说法错误的是（ ） A.1mol 14NO 和13CO 混合气体中所含中子数为15A NB.1mol 1822Na O 与足量水反应，最终水溶液中18O 原子的数目为2A NC.2mol ()32Ag NH OH ⎡⎤⎣⎦中配位键个数为4A ND.标准状况下，11.2L 4CH 和22.4L 2Cl 在光照条件下充分反应后的分子数为1.5A N4.下列离子方程式正确的是（ ）A.将2CO 通入2BaCl 溶液中：2223CO Ba H O BaCO 2H ++++↓+═B.向氨水中通入少量2SO ：23243SO NH H O NH HSO +-+⋅+═ C.向氯化二氨合银溶液中加硝酸：()342Ag NH 2H Cl AgCl 2NH ++-+⎡⎤++↓+⎣⎦═D.酸性KI 溶液被空气中的2O 氧化：2224I 2H O O 2I 4OH --+++═5.下列物质（所用溶液为饱和溶液）之间通过一步反应能实现如下图所示转化关系，且箭头所示反应条件或试剂正确的是（ ）6.用下列实验装置或操作进行相应实验，能达到实验目的的是（ ）7.2022年7月，中科院在锌碘液流可充电电池领域研究中取得重要进展。
湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体2019届高三12月联考理科数学试题(解析版)
湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体2019届高三12月联考理科数学注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结朿后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、选择题：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.已知是虚数单位，则（）A. B. C. D.【答案】B【解析】【分析】分子分母同乘分母的共轭复数，化简得到的代数形式【详解】，故选择B【点睛】复数除法的运算方法是分子分母同乘分母的共轭复数，解题中要注意把的幂写出最简形式2.设集合，，则（）A. B.C. D.【答案】D【解析】【分析】解分式不等式，得集合A，再计算函数的定义域，得集合B，求集合A与集合B的交集可得答案【详解】因为，即，得，令，得，所以，选择D【点睛】用描述法表示集合，首先要搞清楚集合中代表元素的含义，再看元素的限制条件，明白集合的类型，常借助数轴来解决数集间的关系3.已知向量，满足，，，（）A. B. C. D.【答案】A【解析】【分析】因为，，所以，所以，由，解得【详解】因为，，所以，所以，则，所以，选择A【点睛】求解平面向量模的方法：1.写出有关向量的坐标，利用公式；2.利用向量的线性运算和向量的数量积公式进行求解，4.已知数列满足，，，则（）A. B. C. D.【答案】B【解析】【分析】由数列满足得数列为等差数列，又由，及等差数列的性质可得，，所以得【详解】由数列满足得数列为等差数列，所以，即，同理,即，所以，选择B【点睛】等差数列，若，则，特别的，若，则，其中000005.已知，分别是三棱锥的棱，的中点，，，，则异面直线与所成的角为（）A. B. C. D.【答案】D【解析】【分析】取AC中点D，连接ED，FD，则直线DE与直线DF所成的角即异面直线与所成的角，在中，由余弦定理计算,可得异面直线与所成的角【详解】取AC中点D，连接ED，FD，因为，分别是三棱锥的棱，的中点，所以，,则直线DE与直线DF所成的角即异面直线与所成的角，又因为，，，所以在中，,即，所以异面直线与所成的角为，选D【点睛】用平移法求异面直线所成的角的步骤：1.根据定义作平行线，作出异面直线所成的角；2.证明作出的角是异面直线所成的角；3.解三角形，求出所作的角6.—只蚂蚁在三边长分别为，，的三角形内自由爬行，某时刻该蚂蚁距离三角形的任意一个顶点的距离不超过的概率为（）A. B. C. D.【答案】B【解析】【分析】距离三角形的任意一个顶点的距离不超过的部分是以三角形三个角分别为圆心角，1为半径的的扇形区域，三个扇形面积之和与三角形面积之比即某时刻该蚂蚁距离三角形的任意一个顶点的距离不超过的概率【详解】因为三角形三边长分别为，，，由勾股定理，该三角形为直角三角形，且面积为，距离三角形的任意一个顶点的距离不超过的部分是以三角形三个角分别为圆心角，1为半径的的扇形区域，因为三个圆心角之和为，所以三个扇形面积之和为，所以某时刻该蚂蚁距离三角形的任意一个顶点的距离不超过的概率为，选择B【点睛】求解概率问题时要区分是古典概率类型还是几何概率类型，区分方法是看基本事件个数是有限还是无限个，古典概型问题的基本事件个数有限，几何概型的问题基本事件个数无限，几何概型问题又分为长度型，角度型，面积型，体积型，关键是弄清某事件对应的图形7.在直角坐标系中，抛物线的焦点为，准线为，为上一点，垂直于点，，分别为，的中点，直线与轴交于点，若，则（）A. B. C. D.【答案】A【解析】【分析】根据题意画出图形，根据题意可得为等边三角形，继而可得与R的位置关系，得FR长度【详解】由抛物线，所以焦点,准线方程，因为，分别为，的中点，所以,所以四边形QMRF为平行四边形，FR=QM，又由垂直于点，所以PQ=PF，因为，所以为等边三角形，所以，所以，选择A【点睛】在解决与抛物线的性质有关的问题时，要注意利用几何图形的形象、直观的特点来解题，特别是涉及焦点、顶点、准线的问题更是如此8.函数的部分图象大致为A. B.C. D.【答案】B【解析】【分析】先判断函数的奇偶性，再根据与的性质，确定函数图象【详解】，定义域为，，所以函数是偶函数，排除A、C，又因为且接近时，，且，所以，选择B【点睛】函数图象的辨识可以从以下方面入手：1.从函数定义域，值域判断；2.从函数的单调性，判断变化趋势；3.从函数的奇偶性判断函数的对称性；4.从函数的周期性判断；5.从函数的特征点，排除不合要求的图象9.《算法统宗》是中国古代数学名著，由明代数学家程大位所著，该书完善了珠算口诀，确立了算盘用法，完成了由筹算到珠算的彻底转变，对我国民间普及珠算和数学知识起到了很大的作用.如图所示程序框图的算法思路源于该书中的“李白沽酒”问题，执行该程序框图，若输入的的值为，则输出的的值为（）A. B. C. D.【答案】C【解析】【分析】将代入框图，根据循环结构，得到输出的的值【详解】由题，，，，，第一次循环，，；第二次循环，，；第三次循环，，；第四次循环，，；所以输出，选择C【点睛】对算法初步的考查主要是对程序框图含义的理解与运用，重点放在条件结构与循环结构，对于循环结构要搞清楚进入或退出循环的条件、循环的次数，是解题的关键10.已知正实数，，满足，则当取得最大值时，的最大值为（）A. B. C. D.【答案】C【解析】【分析】由正实数，，满足，得，由基本不等式得当且仅当时，取最大值，此时，所以，最大值为1【详解】由正实数，，满足，得，当且仅当，即时，取最大值，又因为，所以此时，所以，故最大值为1【点睛】在利用基本不等式求最值时，要根据式子特征灵活变形，然后再利用基本不等式，要注意条件：一正二定三相等11.已知，，是双曲线上的三个点，直线经过原点，经过右焦，若，且，则该双曲线的离心率为（）A. B. C. D.【答案】A【解析】【详解】如图，因为，所以四边形为矩形，设，则，又，所以，，所以，得，所以，又因为，即，所以得离心率，选择A【点睛】双曲线的几何性质是高考考查的重点，求离心率、准线、双曲线渐近线是常考题型，解决这类问题的关键是熟练掌握各性质的定义，及相关参数间的联系，掌握常用变形技巧，有助于提高解题准确度12.设是奇函数的导函数，当时，，则使得成立的的取值范围是（）A. B.C. D.【答案】C【解析】【分析】因为当时，，构造函数，探索在上单调递性，又因为且为奇函数，得时，，当时，，解，得不等式解集【详解】因为当时，，构造函数，当时，，即在上单调递减，又因为，所以当，，，，当，，，，又因为为奇函数，所以当时，，由，得或，解得，选择C【点睛】构造函数解决不等式问题将不等式问题转化为函数问题，要求从被解的不等式或条件特点入手，发生联想，合理的构造函数模型，解决不等式问题二、填空题。
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“湖南省五市十校教研教改共同体”2016届高三12月联考英语分值：150分；时量：120分钟命题单位：雷锋学校南方中学东山学校宁乡一中审校单位：箴言中学第I卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. When did Sue leave home?A. At 4:30.B. At 5:00.C. At 5:15.2. What does the man prefer?A. Foreign languages.B. Science.C. Politics.3. What will the weather probably be like over the weekend?A. Rainy.B. Sunny.C. Snowy.4. Where are the speakers?A. On a train.B. On a ship.C. In a hotel.5. What has the woman been doing?A. Traveling.B. Exercising.C. Relaxing just a bit.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6. What does the woman say about the boy?A. He did as great as she expected.B. He did a better job this time.C. He didn’t try as hard as he could.7. Who are the speakers?A. Boss and employee.B. Mother and son.C. Teacher and student.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。
8. When does the conversation probably take place?A. At the end of a term.B. In the middle of a semester.C. At the beginning of a school year.9. What do we know about the man?A. He is deciding between two places.B. He likes diving in the ocean.C. He has been to Australia before.10. What do the woman’s parents care about?A. Money.B. Holiday activities.C. Spending time together with their family.听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。
11. What has the woman been studying?A. International culture.B. Business management.C. English writing.12. How many books can the woman borrow in all?A. Twelve.B. Ten.C. Eight.13. What will the woman do after the conversation?A. Take an exam.B. Have a class.C. Go to the man’s office.听第9段材料，回答第14至16题。
14. Who were arguing last night?A. The speakers.B. Two strangers.C. The speakers’ neighbors.15. When was the man woken up?A. At 2:00 a.m.B. At 3:00 a.m.C. At 4:00 a.m.16. What is the woman’s new routine?A. Having a cup of coffee every day.B. Drinking some soy milk every morning.C. Doing some exercise every morning.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
17. What will take place in the main theater next week?A. Some professors will give lectures there.B. A student film festival will be held there.C. There will be an art exhibition there.18. What is the collection in the Picture Gallery about?A. Life of local artists.B. History of the university.C. Students’ social activities.19. What will the audience visit next?A. A museum.B. An art gallery.C. The entertainment building.20. How soon will everyone meet again?A. In half an hour.B. In an hour.C. In an hour and a half.第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
AWashington Sightseeing GuideWhite House – Public tours of the White House have been offered since Thomas Jefferson was president, but you can’t just drop in. Visits to t he White House are in high demand, and you mustmake your request through your member of Congress(国会) up to six months, and no fewer than 21 days, before your visit. Be sure to check the White House tour-info Web site to make sure about the personal identi fication you’ll need. And before the day of your visit, call 202-456-7041 to confirm the tour schedule.Lincoln’s Cottage –Lincoln’s Cottage, the hilltop home where President Lincoln lived during part of the Civil War, is simply furnished but features lig hting effects and actors’ recordings that reveal Lincoln’s thoughts on slavery and the war. ―In the library you can actually see the ghost lines of where the library shelves would have been,‖ says cottage director Erin Carlson Mast. ―We haven’t re-created the bookshelves because that was such an amazing moment of discovery for us that we wanted to preserve that so people can have that moment of discovery themselves.‖ Library of Congress–The Library of Congress is housed in three buildings: the Thomas Jefferson Building, James Madison Memorial Building and the John Adams Building. Although trying to see all of it in one day is possible, it’s probably best to do a little thinking ahead and figure out which areas you’d really like to explore (i.e. when your feet start to hurt, you won’t feel so bad about not catching everything). The most popular visitor destination is the Thomas Jefferson Building, but there are things worth seeing – murals(壁画), sculptures, performances – elsewhere in the complex.21. Which is true about the White House?A. It is a new tourist attraction.B. It is open only to members of Congress.C. A reservation for a visit is required.D. You should call 202-456-7041 during your visit.22. In Lincoln’s Cottage, you can ______.A. see actors giving performancesB. see the bookshelves in the studyC. hear the recorded voice of LincolnD. learn about Lincoln’s opinions on slavery23. The paragraph about the Library of Congress implies that ______.A. there is so much to see thereB. there are so many visitors thereC. you needn’t spend so much time thereD. you should drive there instead of walkingBMother’s Day is coming up. Maybe your gift is wrapped and your dinner plans booked f or mom, step-mom, grandmother – whoever the person is who fed, cared for, taught and loved you.But there are other people who said their most special Mother’s Day memories rarely dealt with beautifully wrapped objects, but rather, the ways people showed they cared.Mother’s Day 2012 was the last one Jannet Walsh was able to celebrate with her mother, Margaret, who had a stroke (中风) in 2009. In her last few years, Walsh always shot photos and videos of their visits together, and with Walsh’s West Highland W hite Terrier, Andrew.―My mother had a dog just like him, so I would tell her it was her dog, and she would hold onto his leash, even in bed up to the last few weeks before she passed away,‖ Walsh said.As Mother’s Day approached, Walsh wanted a way to remember her mother and ―best friend‖.She decided to build the memories she captured during those last few years into a video memorial –images of her mother with Andrew or quiet moments at her gravesite.―I thought it good to tell the story with few words, just show my mother as she was – happy, and loved till the end,‖ Walsh said.Mother’s Day was not a light-hearted subject for Wendy Bowers in the past. Her mom had walked out when she was 18, and Bowers had tried for years to become pregnant without success. She had almost convinced herself she wasn’t meant to be a parent.But three years after she gave up on having a baby, Bowers discovered that she was pregnant. Six weeks earlier than expected, little Nathan arrived.That first year, Nathan, only 10 months old, was sick with a stomach bug. Bowers said she spent the day holding him between loads of laundry. ―I would not have been anywhere else in the world that day,‖ she said. ―I wouldn’t trade that first Mother’s Day for anything, and I’m prett y sure Mother’s Day will always be a reminder to me of just how lucky I am to even be a mom.‖24. What does the underlined word ―Andrew‖ refer to?A. Walsh’s child.B. Walsh’s mother.C. Walsh’s dog.D. Walsh’s mother’s dog.25. The purpo se of what Walsh did for her mother before Mother’s Day was to ______.A. bring her mother what she wantedB. show she would be loved till the endC. celebrate her last Mother’s DayD. remember her and share her story26. How does Bowers feel about what happened on her first Mother’s Day as a mother?A. It was worth it.B. It was unlucky.C. It was unexpected.D. It was unbearable.27. What is the text mainly about?A. Painful memories of Mother’s Day.B. Pl ans for Mother’s Day.C. Tips for a special Mother’s Day.D. Special ideas for Mother’s Day.CLike people, plants experience stress. And also, like people, the response to that stress can determine success.Bad environmental conditions, such as drought, flood, heat and other stresses, affect yields(产量) more than crop pests and diseases. We are trying to find a way to equip plants with the ability to tolerate environmental stress and maintain high yields, said Stephen Howell, a professor of genetics and cell biology.Plant cells produce proteins (蛋白质) and ship them to different parts of the cell. Under normal conditions, these proteins are folded into their normal, healthy structures as they are produced. Whena plant is under stress, its cells produce poorly folded or unfolded proteins. Then a built-in system senses this and ―sets off an alarm in the cell,‖ said Howell.In response to the alarm, another protein (IRE1) starts working and creates a different process which activates (激活) the stress response genes whose products bring about defensive measures that help the plant survive.―As it turns out, responses that are activated under stress conditions actually inhibit the growth of plants,‖ said Howell. ―This allows them to preserve their energy to survive the stress conditions.‖ For plants in the wild, this response is a help for survival, he said. In production of agriculture crops, however, this response reduces yields.―You don’t want crop plants to stop growing,‖ Howell said. ―You want them to continue to g row and produce even though they are under stress.‖With the new understanding of this stress response, the next step may be to silence the alarm system, said Howell. ―What may be important is to disable some of these stress responses. That may make the pl ant more productive under stress conditions.‖28. According to the text, an alarm in the plant cells is caused by ______.A. the folded proteinsB. the changed proteinsC. the defensive measuresD. the stress response genes29. The energy preserved in the plants under stress conditions ______.A. helps the plants to surviveB. helps to maintain high yieldsC. keeps the plants growingD. helps to produce proteins30. The underlined word ―inhibit‖ in Paragraph 5 can be replaced by ―______‖.A. preventB. startC. continueD. promote31. How does Howell intend to make crop plants maintain high yields under stress conditions?A. By making crop plants keep more energy.B. By making crop plants stop growing.C. By making the alarm system stop working.D. By making the alarm system respond quickly.DSometimes ideas do not appear when you are concentrating your attention and mysteriously appear when you are not. Modern science recognizes this as a result of incubating(酝酿) the problem in your subconscious(潜意识) yet can’t account for why it occurs.When you quit thinking about a subject and decide to forget it, your subconscious mind doesn’t quit working. Your tho ughts keep making associations. This is why you’ve experienced suddenly remembering names, getting solutions to problems you’ve forgotten about, and ideas out of the blue when you are relaxing and not thinking about any particular thing.You may try solving a problem with your subconscious mind by writing a letter to it. Now let go of the problem. Don’t work on it. Forget it. Do something else. This is the incubation stage when much of what goes on occurs outside your focused awareness, in your unconscious. Open the letterin two days. The answer might magically pop into your mind.An advertising agency was under pressure to come up with a marketing campaign. Bert, the creative director, wrote the following letter which he addressed to his subconscious mind.Secret Expert，I need to come up with a new marketing program to introduce a new season of television shows. I’m interested in some kind of campaign that will capture the audience’s attention more than one time. Is there something people need that we can advertise on? What kind of products, foods and services should we investigate? I need your idea about a fresh approach to advertising.Thanks, BertBert mailed the letter to himself and when he read what he had written, he got his brainstorm, which was to advertise on ―eggs‖. Somehow an association between ―foods‖, ―need‖ and ―fresh approach‖ inspired the thought of using ―fresh eggs to advertise.‖ He arranged to put the ad for the television shows on eggs—some thirty million.The consumers look at a single egg at least a few times, when they buy the eggs at the store, when they transfer them to the refrigerator, and when they crack them open. It’s unlike any other ad medium in the world, because you’re looking at it while you are using it.32. You remember names though you are not thinking about them because your subconscious mind______.A. stops workingB. is still workingC. is full of namesD. improves your memory33. During the incubation stage, your focused awareness ______.A. doesn’t workB. controls your thoughtsC. waits for an answerD. helps your unconscious34. Which of the following was included in Bert’s letter to his subconscious mind?A. What he wanted it to do.B. When he would need its help.C. What product could be advertised.D. How the solution could be found.35. In what way did the ad put on eggs help?A. It greatly increased the sales of eggs.B. It helped Bert to get a brainstorm.C. It made sure that consumers could get fresh eggs.D. It made the TV shows known to people repeatedly.第二节（共5小题，每小题2分；满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。