2011届高三历史上册第一次月考检测试题8
2011届高三月考四文科综合试题参考答案
2011届高三月考四文科综合试题参考答案月考4地理答案1-5 DAACC 6-10 BBABD 11 C40答案（1）西部；东部；东部；中部；中部；东北（2）西部；中部；东部；①增加收入②促进就业③先进技术的引入等（3）陇海（4）地形崎岖，交通不便，经济不发达等41答案（1）水运便利取水方便（2）集中式或团块状P（3）甲位于河流下游；位于与盛行风向垂直方向的郊外；水陆交通便利（4）分担城市职能；缓解城市土地、交通压力；有利于保护和改善城市环境；促进城市合理化发展。
历史部分参考答案一、单项选择题：12—16 CBBCD 17—21 CAADD 22—23 CD二、非选择题：38、（1）种植业为主，家畜饲养业为辅的产业结构；男耕女织的经营方式；精耕细作的农业生产模式。
（每点2分，共6分）（2）自然经济开始解体，商品经济逐步发展起来，中国农村日益卷入资本主义世界市场。
（4分）（3）变化：完成了对农村的社会主义改造，消灭了私有制，在农村建立了公有制；人民公社化运动使公有化程度进一步提高。
（4分）不利因素：人民公社化运动，脱离农村生产力状况，挫伤了农民生产积极性。
（2分）（4）变化：实行家庭联产承包责任制，发展乡镇企业和非农业生产。
（4分）意义：调动了农民积极性，解放了农村生产力，推动了农村经济的发展，推动了农村产业结构的调整。
（4分）39、（1）英国较早地确立了资产阶级的统治；最早进行了工业革命，19世纪中期即成为“世界工厂”；拥有广大的殖民地；近代自然科学发展较早。
（9分，答出其中3点即可）（2）原因：辛亥革命胜利后，中华民国政府重视民族工业的发展，重视开辟世界市场，参与国际交流；一战期间，民族资本主义的进一步发展。
（6分）（3）中国科技文化的发展，综合国力的提高，国际影响不断提高；政府的大力支持；市民的热情参与；上海自身的地理优势与综合实力。
（8分）（4）宋代，随着商品经济的发展，城市布局中的坊市界限不复存在，有夜市、晓市、草市等；城市的经济功能大大增强，呈现出前所未有的繁荣景象。
长沙市雅礼中学2011年高三第一次月考试卷
2011届高三第一次月考PART TWO: LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGESECTION ADirections : Beneath each of the following sentences there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose one answer that best completes the sentence .21．What do you mean _________ saying that I’m lucky?A．at B．on C．by D．of22．I told them not everybody could do it , _________?A．could they B．couldn’t they C．did I D．didn’t I.23．--Where did you see him for the first time?-- It was in the factory _________ we worked.A．that B．where C．which D．when24．_________ is known to us all is that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.A．As B．What C．That D．It25．–It’s really a pity that I didn’t see you in Shanghai.-- I _________ to see you in the hotel, but I was too busy.A．hope B．had hoped C．hoped D．am hoping26．More than one student in our class _________ to Shanghai Expo.A．has been B．have been C．is D．are27．All things _________, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A．consideration B．considering C．considered D．are considered28．-- _________ you called yesterday?-- Tom．Why?A．Who it is that B．Who is it that C．Who was it that D．Who it was that29．-- I’m so sorry for breaking the plate, Mom.-- It doesn’t matter．_________ careful next time.A．Being B．Do be C．Do D．To be30．It was unwise of him to _________ the unreliable data in his speech.A．refer to B．add to C．belong to D．point to31．_________ it rain, the crops would be saved.A．Will B．Should C．Would D．Could32．--Which of the two films do you prefer?-- To tel l you the truth,, I don’t like _________.A．neither of them B．both of themC．either of them D．none of them33．Tom has been absent for two days．Do you know what _________ to him?A．has happened B．would happen C．was happened D．had happened34．Rose _________ tell her mother that she didn’t pass the exam.A．dare not to B．doesn’t dare to C．ddoesn’t dare D．dares not35．_________ the extremely hot weather, we continued having classes．A．Thanks to B．In addition to C．In defence of D．Regardless ofSECTION B (18 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and DThis year’s Cannes Film Festival threw actress Fan Bingbing int o the international spotlight–thanks to her performance on the red carpet, not on the big screen．36 a string of fancy dresses may have impressed many, the film featuring her -–director Wang Xiaoshuai’s Chongqing Blues–failed to take home an award．Chongqing Blues, based on a real story, is about a captain and 37 (Wang Xueqi) who has been 38 with work __39___ neglects his family．When he learns that his son was killed by police because of a kidnapping, he goes 40 from Rizhao to Chongqing to discover the truth, while reflecting on his own faults during the trip．In the judges’ eyes, 41 , the film was just not artsy enough．In an interview with after the award presentation, Wang Xiaoshuai admitted that the main reason why the film 42 was because it was a bit too commercial for the judges．―Yes, it’s a pity．But a film can’t just fulfill a director’s ambition．It should also 43 a market, and keep the investors’ needs 44 , ‖ Wang said．―So, we had to add some commercial elements into this film.‖Wang Xiaoshuai and the main actors 45 Wang Xueqi and Fan Bingbing in this film, have got a modest attitude．―We didn’t 46 too much when we came,‖ said Fan in a press conference．―This time we’ve 47 great communication with filmmakers around the world–that’s what we came here for.‖ 36．A．While B．When C．Because D．For37．A．father B．mother C．teacher D．doctor38．A．angry B．busy C．familiar D．popular39．A．and B．then C．so D．or40．A．in no way B．by the way C．all the way D．in the way 41．A．meanwhile B．fortunately C．therefore D．however42．A．lost B．succeeded C．won D．missed43．A．take to B．take on C．appeal to D．apply for44．A．out of mind B．in mind C．never mind D．to mind45．A．as B．like C．such that D．so that46．A．expect B．think C．hope D．wish47．A．made B．founded C．built D．establishedSECTION C (12 points)Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with one word that best fitsthe context.On the first day of classes at a Los Angeles high school, several American boys came up to a Chinese boy and said: ―Hi, what’s up?‖ 48 hearing their greeting, the boy, 49 had just moved to the US with his parents, raised his head and looked at the sky.This is a story told by David Chen, 50 31-year-old actor in Taiwan who recently launched a Sinamini-blog, on which he teaches easy English expressions.― 51 me, the mini-blog is like a mirror．When I read the comments, I see myself more clearly.‖Chen made a breakthrough last year 52 he had a double-eyelid surgery．―I like making changes and I think it’s necessary,‖ he said．―I know many fans like my pretty boy image．But now I’m growing up, I want to look rougher and 53 mature.‖―When you have a new haircut, you do not need to explain it．__54___ is just like changing your mood to do so–if you feel happy, that’s great,‖ said Chen．―Young people should realiz ethat sometimes you can just do what you want to do．You will eventually get support from others if you dare to be 55 .‖PART THREE READING COMPREHENSIONstatements．For each of them there are four choices marked with A, B, C and D．choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage.ATayka Hotel De SalWhere: Tahua, BoliviaHow much: About $95 a nightWhy it’s cool: You’ve stayed at hotels made of brick or wood, but salt? That’s something few can claim．Tayka Hotel de Sal is made totally of salt—including the beds (though you’ll sleep on regular mattresses (床垫) and blankets)．The hotel sits on the Salar de Uyuni, a prehistoric dried-up lake that’s the world’s biggest salt flat．Builders use the salt from the 4,633-square-mile flat to make the bricks, and glue them together with a paste of wet salt that hardens when it dries．When rain starts to dissolve the hotel, the owners just mix up more salt paste to strengthen the bricks.Green Magic Nature ResortWhere: Vythiri, IndiaHow much: About $240 a nightWhy it’s cool: Ridding a pulley(滑轮)-operated lift 86 feet to your treetop room is just the start of your adventure．As you look out of your open window—there is no glass!—you watch monkeys and birds in the rain forest canopy．Later you might test your fear of heights by crossing the handmade rope bridge to the main part of the hotel, or just sit on your bamboo bed and read．You don’t even have to come down for breakfast—the hotel will send it up on the pulley-drawn ―elevator‖.Dog Bark Park Inn B&BWhere: Cottonwood, IdahoHow much: $92 a nightWhy it’s cool: This doghouse isn’t just for the family pet．Sweet Willy is a 30-foot-tall dog with guest rooms in his belly．Climb the wooden stairs beside his hind leg to enter the door in his side．You can relax in the main bedroom, go up a ffew steps ot the loft in Willy’s head, or hang out inside his nose．Cotta ―go‖(想要方便一下)? Although you have a full private bathroom in your quarters, there is also a toilet in the 12-foot-tall fire hydrant outside.Gamirasu Cave HotelWhere: Ayvali, TurkeyHow much: Between $130 and $475 a night.Why it’s cool: This is caveman cool! Experience what it wa s like 5,000 years ago, when people lived in these mountain caves formed by volcanic ash．But your stay will be much more modern．Bathrooms and electricity provide what you expect from a modern hotel, and the white volcanic ash, called tufa, keeps the rooms cool, about 65℉in summer．(Don’t worry—there is heat in winter.)56．Which of the following about Tayka Hotel de Sal is true?A．The hotel is the cheapest among the four mentioned.B．Everything in the hotel is made of salt.C．It is on an island in the Pacific Ocean.D．It is located on a prehistoric lake.57．What is the similarity of the four hotels?A．Being expensive. B．Being beautiful. C．Being natural. D．Being unique.58．What does the underline part ―Sweet Willy‖ refer to?A．The building of Dog Bark Park Inn B&B. B．The name of a pet dog of the hotel owner.59．Which of the hotel makes you have a feeling of living in the far past?A．Tayka Hotel De Sal B．Green Magic Nature ResortC．Dog Bark Park Inn B&B D．Gamirasu Cave Hotel60．What may be the purpose of the writer writing the passage?A．To show his wide knowledge. B．To introduce some interesting hotels.C．To develop business in tourism. D．To attract attention from the readers.BSwedish master medical photographer Lennart Nilsson is a pioneer in medical photography．In association with researchers and with the help of advanced, specially designed equipment, he has documented the inside of man down to the level of a cell with his camera.Born in Strängnäs, a satellite city of Stockholm, in 1922, Nilsson got his first camera from his father when he was 11 years old．From the early stage, he has been interested in looking at ants and taking photos of them.Throughout the years, he has devoted special attention to capturing the creation of a human being, from conception to birth.In 2006 when his photo book Life was published in both Swedish and English, he was invited to give a lecture at the Stockholm bookstore．He vividly described to the public how he took the photos so that the development process of the embryo can be understood better．Finally when he was signing his name in the book, I asked him what made him so passionate about working on this, he stopped writing and thought for a second, ―I think it is the respect for life,‖ Nilsson sa id.Nilsson began his career as a photographic journalist in the middle of the 1940s and published a number of photo-essays in Swedish and foreign magazines, including "Polar Bear Hunting in Spitzbergen" (1947) and Midwife.―When I went to the professor t o take the embryo photo, I was looking around and then I saw something which was unbelievable, it was a tiny human embryo lies in a very special place, a 10-20 millimeter embryo with hands, arms and eyes, and I got a shock,‖ Nilsson said.Nilsson began experimenting with new photographic techniques in the mid-1950s to report on the world of ants and life in the sea．His revealing macro-studies were published in his book on ants, Myror (1959), and in the Life in the Sea (1959), and in Close to Nature (1984)．In the 1960s special designed, very slim endoscopes (内窥镜))made it possible for him to photograph the blood vessels and the cavities (空洞) of the body with the necessary depth of field and, in 1970, he used a scanning electron microscope for the first time, he was also considered the pioneer for three dimension digital pictures of the body organs.After his photographs of human embryo were published, he was encouraged to continue photographing the origins of human being.Nilsson is very modest and sincere．At age of nearly 88, he is still cooperating with colleagues in Karolinska Institute where the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is selected every year.―He can forget all the other things when he is working and he is still working diligently,‖ Mrs Nilsson told People’s Daily Online.61．Why does Nilsson want to document the creation of a human being?A．Because he is a pioneer in medical photography.B．Because he has been interested in taking photos.C．Because he thinks it a way to show respect for life.D．Because he wished to win a Nobel Prize.62．What can we learn from the passage?A．Nilsson was the only expert in medical photography. B．Nilsson’s camera is specially designed.D．Nilsson has always been working alone．63．How many books written by Nilsson are mentioned in this passage?A．3．B．4. C．5. D．6.64．Which of the following word can Not be used to describe Nilsson?A．Passionate. B．Devoted. C．Forgetful. D．Dillgent.65．What can be the title for the passage?A．Nilsson, a pioneer medical photographer B．Nilsson, a pioneer medical publisherC．Nilsson, a person of rich experience D．Nilsson, a talented photographerCSHANGHAI - Health experts in Shanghai are calling for more protection for young children as the latest research shows about half of the youngsters are suffering from secondhand smoke.About 45 percent of children suffer passive smoking in families, 50 percent in public places, and almost 6 percent on public transportation, shows a research released by the Shanghai Children's Medical Center on Tuesday."Not only adults but also children and newborn babies are at risk for the adverse effects of passive smoking," said Tang Jingyan, a doctor at the Shanghai Children's Medical Center."Actually, those young children whose bodies are still growing and developing are more sensitive to the effects of secondhand smoke."Research has shown that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke will suffer from more colds, coughs and sore throats, and they are more likely to suffer from bronchitis, pneumonia and will have a higher risk of developing cancer.Doctors even suggested that children suffering passive smoking are more likely to have behavioral problems and may not develop mentally as quickly as their peers．Other research by the Shanghai Children's Medical Center has found that more than 80 percent of child patients in the center live in a smoke-filled household, where one or both parents smoke．"Though doctors have stressed the harm of passive smoking over and over, it is still hard to reach a totally 'smoke free' home," said a pediatrician named Zhang Yiwen, noting that parents are often tempted to smoke even though they have learned the harmful effects of secondhand smoke.China has 540 million people suffering from passive smoke, 180 million of them younger than 15．The age of smokers is also getting lower, earlier reports said."There are more young smokers than before．You can see young people wearing a school uniform and carrying a schoolbag light a cigarette on the street．Some of them are even female students," said Jing Xingming, a professor of children's developmental behavior at the center."Children like to imitate adults, especially their parents．If parents often smoke at home, it is very likely children will develop a smoking habit, which can cause a vicious circle," Jin said.Reports from the Ministry of Health said China has about 350 million smokers, of whom 15 million are underage smokers．Also, around 40 million of the country's 130 million children aged between 13 and 18 had tried smoking, and 15 million had become addicted to tobacco.66．What is the main idea of the passage?A．About half of the youngsters are suffering from secondhand smoke.B．Experts are calling for more protection for youngsters from smoking.C．More and more youngsters are picking up the habit of smoking.D．Smoking does great harm to the health of the youngsters.67．What kind of the youngsters most possibly develop a habit of smoking?A．Children of non-smoking mothers B．Children of non-smoking fathers.68．Which of the following disease may not be connected with secondhand smoking?A．Cancer. B．Behavioral problemsC．Sore throats. D．Coughs.69．The underlined word ―vicious‖ in the last paragraph but one most probably means ___________.A．complete B．simple C．great D．bad70．What can be inferred from the passage?A．About 80% of the children in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center smoke heavily.B．About 45 percent of children suffer passive smoking in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center.C．About 540 million people are heavy smokers in China.D．Children aged between 13 to 18 are more likely addicted to smoking.PART FOUR WRITINGSection ADirections: Read the following passage．Complete the diagram by using the information for the passage．Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer.United Nations officials say now fewer people than they thought are infected with the AIDS virus.Last year, the agency known as UNAIDS thought that 39.5 million people were living with HIV．On Tuesday it reduced by 16% to a little more than 33 million.Agency officials say the low number reflects better information form more countries．The agency reduced the number for five African countries: Angola, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria and Zimbabwe.Also, UNAIDS says it now believes the number of new HIV cases per year reached a high in the late 1990s at more than three million．This year, it thinks that 2.5 million people became infected, and 2 million people died of AIDS.Luckily, better treatments are saving lives, and more people are getting the drugs.Yet even as the number of new infections has dropped, UN officials say AIDS is still one of the leading causes of the death worldwide, and the major cause in Africa．African death rates remain high, they say, because treatment needs are not being met．Sub-Saharan Africa had almost 70% of the new cases of HIV reported this year．UNAIDS officials say this is a sharp reduction since 2001, but there is a need to further improve research method.Billions of dollars are being spent preventing and treating HIV．Experts worry that the new number may lead to a drop in financial support．But UNAIDS officials say they do not change the need for immediate action and more money．They warn that in some countries, infection rates that were falling are rising again now．Title: A New Report on (71) Infections(72) Few people are infected with AIDS.(73) ◆The number has been (74) a little over 33 million. ◆HIV infected 2.5 million and (75) 2 million last year.◆The number of infections in five (76) has fallen.Measure To reduce new infections, the organization is supplying more people with better (77) .(78) ◆That treatment needs are not being met results in(79) in Africa.◆Because of the new number, some organizations mayprovide (80) to the program.◆In some countries, the infection rates are rising again.Section Bpassage and required words limit．Write your answers on your answer sheet.Richard Wagner was a German musician who lived in the mid-19th century．He gained fame by writing opera, a form of performance combining singing, music on instruments, and drama.Wagner’s life and work have been ve ry controversial(有争议的)．While he wrote excellent music, many people think his operas are too dark and serious, lacking tile fun common in operas written before his time.Wagner, on the other hand, thought the opera of his time was too simple．He wanted to make opera a serious form of art that combined drama and music to tell deep stories that would have a strong effect on the audience.Some people thought Wagner’s new kind of music was too different from the operas they were used to hearing．Wagner agreed with them．In fact, he didn’t call his works ―operas‖ at all, using instead a German word that means ―Musical Festival‖ or ―Musical play‖.While many people today still do not like Wagner’s operas, they cannot deny that Wagner had a lot of influence on opera as a form of art．Wagner invented the tradition of turning off the lights before starting a play．He also was the first person to make the whole audience sit down for an entire play．Today, almost all operas are performed in this manner.Wagner as a man was even more controversial than Wagner as a writer of music．He hated Jewish people, slept with his friends’ wives, and made many people angry, which we would today think of as evil．Some would say he was a good musician, while others would say that he was a bad musician．But it would be difficult to say he was not an important person in music and in the world.81．What is the best word that describes Wagner? (no more than one word)82．What does the underlined word ―deep‖ in Para．3 mean? (no more than 3 words)83．W hy does the author say ―Wagner as a man was even more controversial‖? (no more than 15 words) 84．List two things that showed Wagner had a lot of influence on opera? (no more than 30 words)Section C (25)Directions :Write an English composition according to the instructions given below in Chinese .近年来选秀类的电视节目吸引了很多人的注意力。
2011届高三历史上册月考测试题2
试卷类型：B2011版《高考复习方案》历史配套月考试题一适用地区：大纲地区考查范围：中国古代史全部建议使用时间：2010年8月底第Ⅰ卷一、选择题：本大题25小题，每小题2分，共50分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求。
1．（2010·上海历史试题）汉代以来，某地出土了数以千计的青铜重器，青铜铭文多涉及诸侯战争、土地交换等内容。
学者推断此地应是A．夏人的活动地域B．周朝的重要都城C．秦朝的阿房宫遗址D．汉初同姓王的封国2．（吉林·二模）对比图1和图2，从中可以观察到的是（）A．生产模式的变化B．生产工具的进步C．社会组织的完善D．经营方式的改变3．(2010•河北省唐山市第二次模拟考试)《左传·哀公七年》说：“禹合诸侯于涂山，执玉帛者万国。
”据此，我国古代丝织业的产生可追溯到A．夏初 B．商末 C．春秋 D．战国4．（2010·天津市河东区2010届高三第一次模拟考试）公元前3世纪晚期经过多年的兼并战争，秦统一中国后建立了君主专制中央集权制封建国家。
这一制度一直沿袭了两千多年君主专制中央集权制长期存在的根本原因是( )A．科技的不断创新B．自然经济占主体地位C．发达的现代农业生产D．发达的对外贸易5．（2010·上海卷历史14）历史上大凡激烈变革和动荡的时代，总不免出现两种倾向：一种是要砸烂一旧传统的革命倾向，一种是要维护旧传统的保守倾向。
中国历史上符合这种现象的时期有①公元前8世纪到公元前3世纪②7世纪初期③20世纪初期A．①②③B．②③C．①②D．①③6．（2010·四川省自贡市高三三诊）诗人张以宁过辛弃疾墓时赋诗云：“英雄已尽中原泪，臣主原无北伐心”。
该诗反映的史实是A．北宋放弃收复幽云十六州地区B．渣渊之盟，辽宋和议C．绍兴和议，南宋偏安东南一隅D．南宋灭亡，元朝统一7．（2010·上海历史试题）元朝为加强中央对西藏和台湾的管理，分别设置了A．中书省、伊犁将军B．宣政院、中书省C．伊犁将军、澎湖巡检司D．宣政院、澎湖巡检司8．（2010·重庆市重庆一中高三4月月考）秦朝时期，北京地区的最高长官是A.燕王B.广阳郡守C.幽州牧D.范阳节度使9．（2010·福建卷文综14）《朱子语类》云：“唐制：每事先经由中书省，中书做定将上，得旨，再下中书，中书以付门下。
甘肃省平川中恒学校2011届高三第一次月考试题
甘肃省平川中恒学校2011届高三第一次月考试题甘肃省平川中恒学校2011届高三第一次月考试题高三语文试题第卷一、语言知识和语言表达（共35个小题，每个2分，共70分）1.下列四项中加点字的读音均不相同的一项是()A.尽管/尽善尽美卷土重来/卷帙浩繁B.悄然/悄悄话量入为出/量体裁衣C.鲜活/屡见不鲜乍暖还寒/一报还一报D.冠心病/冠冕堂皇弓弦/丝竹管弦2.下列词语中加点字的读音全都正确的一组是()A.联袂(mi) 角斗(ju)余勇可贾()戛然而止()B.木讷(n)稼穑(qin)并行不悖(bi)喟然长叹(ku)C.关卡(k)扁舟(pin)柔情缱绻(qun)刚愎自用(b)D.掉色(shi) 犷悍(un)鳞次栉比(zh)含英咀华(j)3.下列词语中加点的字,读音全都不相同的一组是( )A.徇私殉情造诣流光溢彩雄关险隘B.喧哗寒暄渲染权势煊赫眩于名利C.镇静缜密嗔怒谨小慎微精卫填海D.蝉蜕禅让婵娟千载难逢载歌载舞4.下列词语中加点的字,每对读音都相同的一组是( )A.罹难/淋漓尽致蛊惑/余勇可贾炽热/栉风沐雨·B.酩酊/鼎力相助恪守/溘然长逝飙升/彪炳史册C.瓶颈/泾渭分明木讷/按捺不住犄角/掎角之势D.斡旋/运筹帷幄狡黠/亦庄亦谐濒危/彬彬有礼5.下列各组词语中加点字的读音,与所给字的注音全都相同的一组是( )A.恶恶浊恶煞深恶痛绝恶贯满盈B.畜ch牲畜耕畜从事畜牧畜养牲口C.弄nn弄潮弄堂弄巧成拙弄虚作假D.勒l勒令勒逼悬崖勒马敲诈勒索6．下列各组词语中加点字的读音，完全相同的一组是（）A．矍铄诡谲角逐咬文嚼字B．犄角跻身畸形有案可稽C．莅临旖旎瓦砾风声鹤唳D．桎梏对峙炽热栉风沐雨7.下列各句中,没有错别字的一句是( )A.他们一家一直过着颠沛流离、缺衣少食的生活,虽然坚苦,却也甜蜜,令人歆羡。
B.这尊青铜雕像虽然经受了严重的腐食,变得锈迹斑驳、残缺不全,但它标志着人类曾经创造了一个高度文明的社会。
2013高考历史总复习 4-3单元过关检测 新人教版必修2
单元过关检测(时间：90分钟满分：100分)一、选择题(每小题2分，共50分)1．(天津市河西区2011届高三第一次模拟，8)1952年，毛泽东在中共中央书记处会议上提出，在未来要把私营工商业经济挂在共产党的火车头上，使之成为社会主义经济。
符合这一设想的措施是( )A．组织互助组B．成立生产合作社C．进行公私合营 D．建立人民公社解析：从材料的“把私营工商业经济挂在共产党的火车头上，使之成为社会主义经济”可知为后来的对私营工商业的社会主义改造，即C项公私合营。
答案：C3．(江苏省南京市2012届高三学情调研，8)时任山东范县党委第一书记的谢惠玉说：“到那时：人人进入新乐园，吃喝穿用不要钱，鸡鸭鱼肉味道鲜，顿顿可吃四大盘……人人都说天堂好，天堂不如新乐园。
”为建立此“新乐园”，全国开展了( )A．农业合作化运动 B．“大跃进”运动C．人民公社化运动 D．家庭联产承包责任制解析：本题较简单，考查了教材有关人民公社化运动的有关知识点。
1958年，在急于求成和片面强调经济建设发展速度的思想指导下，“大跃进”运动在全国范围内迅速展开。
同时，在全国农村又一哄而起，大办人民公社。
人民公社化运动浪费了大量资源，造成国民经济比例严重失调，农民劳动积极性受伤害，造成社会生产力的极大破坏。
答案：C4．(福建省四地六校2012届高三第二次月考，20)1958年8月，国家计委提出了“二五”计划意见书。
意见书中规定“二五”所要达到的主要指标是：“工业总产值平均每年增长速度为53%左右；农业总产值30%左右。
”下面关于这一指标评价正确的是( )①体现了中共八大制定的路线方针②违背了经济发展的客观规律③促进了中国经济的快速发展④反映了迫切要求改变经济落后面貌的愿望A．①② B．①③C．②④ D．③④6．(河北省2012届高三质检，9)下面是一名同学整理的历史读书笔记，记录了某一历史时期的情况：对此历史时期的认识，正确的是( )A．从国民经济恢复到“一五”计划完成B．从“左”倾冒进到国民经济调整C．从“文化大革命”到实施拨乱反正D．从改革开放到社会主义市场经济的形成解析：工业强调“以钢为纲”应是“大跃进”运动；“统筹兼顾，全面安排”体现出了“八字方针”的精神。
2011届高三历史上册第一次月考试题9
金沙一中2012届高二文科第一次月考 历史试卷
命题范围：《世界近现代史》上册（1—2章） 一、选择题（每小题2分，共25小题50分。） 1、开辟新航路的原因是： ①天文地理知识进步、航海、造船技术发达 ②欧洲人想证实地圆学说 ③资本主义萌芽使欧洲人渴望得到黄金 ④土耳其人控制东西方之间通商要道引起商业危机 A、①②③④ B、①③ C、③④ D、①② 2、西欧国家开辟新航路的环球航行，先后经过的海洋是 A、大西洋—太平洋—印度洋—大西洋 B、大西洋—印度洋—太平洋 C、大西洋—北冰洋—太平洋—印度洋 D、大西洋—太平洋—印度洋—地中海 3、新航路开辟从本质上反映了 A、形成中的资产阶级征服世界的要求 B、欧洲商品经济的发展居世界领先地位 C、欧洲人比其他地区的人们更具有创新和冒险精神 D、西欧封建制度的衰落加速 4、新航路的开辟引起了“商业革命”。这里“商业革命”的含义是指 A、商业的繁荣促成了新的生产关系的产生 B、欧洲与世界各地区、各民族贸易联系加强，世界市场开始形成 C、商业繁荣带动了生产技术的革新 D、生产力迅速发展，商业空前繁荣 5、新航路的开辟引起了“价格革命”，工商业资产阶级获得暴利，这是因为 A、封建统治阶级巨额消费 B、物价上涨，货币贬值 C、主要商路转移到大西洋沿岸 D、雇佣劳动者日益贫困化 6、对文艺复兴运动的正确理解是 A、古典文化的复兴运动 B、资产阶级的文学艺术运动 C、资产阶级的思想文化运动 D、反封建的人文主义思想运动 7、人文主义思想的实质是 A、肯定人的价值，注重人性的发展 B、提倡个人主义的价值 C、提倡个人奋斗，鼓励发展私有制 D、14—16世纪欧洲主要的社会思潮 8、人文主义成为文艺复兴时期主要的社会思潮，其根本原因是 A、资本主义工商业的发展 B、新航路的开辟，扩大文化交往 C、它肯定人，注重人性，适应社会的发展 D、它反对神学迷信，提倡现世生活享乐 9、文艺复兴时，提倡“人权”、否定“神权”的本质含义是 A、反对天主教会宣传神权 B、资产阶级个人主义的反映 C、商品经济发展的反映 D、资产阶级反对封建束缚，要求提高自身的政治经济地位 10、《蒙娜丽莎》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等伟大作品的产生，主要说明了 A、人文主义的时代精神 B、世俗社会的生活状况 C、反对基督教的宗教活动 D、封建社会的经济繁荣 11、下列哪一项不是英国和法国资产阶级革命的相同背景 A、资本主义经济的发展受到阻碍 B、封建专制统治 C、启蒙思想的广泛传播 D、社会矛盾的尖锐激化 12、从社会转型的角度看，英国《权利法案》的颁布表明 A、国王已经有名无实，权利被剥夺 B、以法律为标志的国家权力取代专制王权 C、国王受法律约束，只能依法行事 D、资本主义取代封建统治已经成为定势 13、英国资产阶级革命反映了世界历史发展的趋势，主要体现在 A、成立共和国 B、推行圈地运动 C、制定《权利法案》 D、实行内阁制 14、发源于西欧的启蒙运动能迅速传播到欧洲大多数国家的主要原因是 A、它使文艺复兴运动进一步发展 B、它追求政治民主和权利平等 C、它把斗争矛头指向专制主义和教权主义 D、它适应了发展中的资产阶级的需要 15、卢梭主张的“社会契约论”的积极意义在于： ①否定了专制王权 ②论证了革命的合理性 ③揭示了人类不平等的根源 ④否定了宗教的权威 A、①② B、②④ C、③④ D、①④ 16、启蒙运动与文艺复兴运动的不同之处是 A、主张以民主法制取代封建专制 B、反对天主教会的精神统治 C、推动了欧洲反封建的发展 D、反映了资产阶级的思想主张 17、成为法国大革命建立资本主义正常统治秩序转折点的是 A、瓦尔密大捷 B、雅各宾派专政开始 C、“热月政变” D、“雾月政变” 18、拿破仑曾说：“我真正的光荣并非打了40次胜仗，滑铁卢之战抹去了关于这一切的记忆。但是有一样东西是不会被人所忘却的，它将永垂不朽———那就是我的民法典。”其之所以“不会被人忘却”的原因包括： ①它排除了封建等级观念，确立了资本主义社会的立法规范 ②它将法国大革命的成果转化为法律 ③它被带到所征服的国家里，对许多国家民法典的制定产生了影响 ④它甚至远越重洋影响了美国宪法的制定 A、①②③ B、②③④ C、①②④ D、①③④ 19、法国大革命之所以能彻底进行的原因是： ①启蒙思想的充分动员 ②人民群众积极参与并推动了革命发展 ③专制政权和封建势力薄弱 ④资产阶级始终不与封建势力妥协 A、②④ B、①③ C、②③ D、①② 20、英国资产阶级革命、法国大革命、美国独立战争的共同点有： ①改变了原来的社会性质 ②建立了资产阶级的君主立宪制 ③制定了本国历史上第一部宪法 ④开始了资产阶级议会制政治制度 A、①③④ B、②③ C、①④ D、①②③④ 21、在法国资产阶级革命中，英国多次组织反法同盟进行武装干涉，其主要目的是 A、阻止法国建立资产阶级政权 B、阻止法国革命蔓延到整个欧洲 C、帮助波旁王朝重新统治法国 D、维护自己在欧洲的霸主地位 22、下列哪一项的表述是不正确的 A、来克星顿枪声打响了北美独立战争的第一枪 B、第二届大陆会议宣布美国成立 C、萨拉托加大捷改变了美国独立战争的被动局面 D、1781年10月，英国承认美国独立，北美独立战争结束 23、下列关于1787年美国宪法的表述不正确的是 A、确立了美国的联邦共和制 B、规定了人民的民主权利 C、体现了资产阶级和种植园主的利益 D、三权分立是其最突出的特点 24、“上帝给了我们自由，法国人没有权利把它拿去”，发出这一号召的是 A、杜桑•卢维杜尔 B、圣马丁 C、伊达尔哥 D、玻利瓦尔 25、拉美独立运动中 A、废除奴隶制，经过10年艰苦奋战而独立的是海地 B、玻利瓦尔解放的地区有委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔、智利 C、玻利瓦尔和圣马丁南北夹击横扫西班牙、葡萄牙殖民势力 D、独立后拉美大多数国家建立了独裁统治
2011-2012学年上学期高一历史上册第一次月考测试题(有答案)
2011-2012学年上学期高一历史上册第一次月考测试题（有答案）“华安、连城、永安、漳平一中，龙海二中，泉港一中”六校联考2011-2012学年上学期第一次月考高一历史试题（考试时间：90分钟总分：100分）一、选择题：共40题，每题1.5分，共60分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目的要求。
1、2011年4月5日，农历三月初三，在黄帝故里新政举行拜祖大典。
这种祭祀先人的情结源于古代的A.宗法制B.分封制C.郡县制D.井田制2、商代统治者凡事都要通过占卜予以决定，这一现象说明我国古代政治制度的一大特点是A.以血缘关系为纽带B.神权与王权密切结合C.权利高度集中于商王手中D.决策体现原始民主色彩3、“九鼎即成。
迁于三国。
夏后氏失之，殷人受之；殷人失之，周人受之。
”其中“九鼎”之所以被广泛重视并在夏商周流转，主要因为它是A.反映民心民意的凭据B.国王祭祀的重要礼器C.青铜工艺水平高的标志D.王朝统治权利的象征4、在《红楼梦》第九十回中，贾母说：“自然是先给宝玉娶了亲，然后给林丫头说人家。
再没有先是外人，后是自己的……”。
这反映出贾母A.具有男尊女卑的思想B.固守传统的家庭等级观念C.具有浓厚的宗法观念D.遵循长幼有序的婚姻礼俗5、史书记载，晋武帝司马炎共有儿子26人，但太子司马衷却天生痴愚。
晋武帝想要废太子，另择继承人，皇后劝说：“立嫡以长不以贤，岂可动乎！”于是晋武帝没有更换太子的人选。
由此可见，晋武帝选太子是根据A.世袭制的父死子继原则B.宗法制的嫡长子继承制原则C.君主制的集权独裁原则D.禅让制的尚贤原则6、《三字经》写到：“周武王，始伐纣，八百载，最长久。
”其中“最长久”的主要原因是周朝实行了A.世袭制B.分封制C.宗法制D.禅让制7、柳宗元在《封建论》中说：“秦有天下，裂都会而为郡邑，废侯卫而为守宰。
……此其所以为得也。
”这句话指的是A.推行分封制B.建立郡县制C.废除郡县制D.废除行省制8、嬴政统一全国后，改革制度，自称“朕”，命令称“制”或者“诏”，并在重要物品上铭刻诏令。
2010秋世界历史上古代部分月考试题
江北街道实验学校2011级第一次月考世界历史月考试题班级 考号 姓名 成绩一．选择题：请将正确答案的字母填在相应的空格内。
（本大题15分，每小题1分。
每小题只有一个正确答案。
）1．2009年月11月美国第44届总统奥巴马首次访华，并登上了中国长城八达岭(右图)。
按人种划分，他属于( B )A ．黄种人B ．黑种人C ．白种人D ．棕种人2．.观察右图，图片中的三人可以说是当今世界三大人种中的杰出代表；请说出导致三大人种差异的主要原因是 （ C ）A ．体貌特征不同B ．生活习俗不同C ．不同自然地理环境等众多因素长期的影响D ．进化阶段不同3．四大文明发源于大江大河流域，主要是因为这些地区①灌溉水源充足 ②地势平坦 ③土壤肥沃 ④利于农作物的培植和生长 （ D ）A ．①②B ．①③④C ．③④D ．①②③④4．山东省东营市法院办公楼大厅的两侧是反映东、西方法制文明的铜铸浮题号 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 答案雕：中华人民共和国筇…部宪法、《汉谟拉比法典》、铭义刑鼎等37幅图案，诠释了人类司法文明的历史进程。
浮雕中选用《汉漠拉比法典》图案的原因是( D )A．制定者是古巴比伦王国国王B．此法典出土于山东省东营地区C．此法典内容丰富。
正文282条D．此法典是世界卜第一部体系比较完备的法典5．日本人化改新是孝德天皇实行的改革．其王要下容有( B ）①班田收授法②租庸调制③废除址袭制度④培养武士阶层A．①②④B．①②③C．②③④D．①④6．2003年伊拉克的首都巴格达为战火所笼罩，满目疮痍．历史上，巴格达曾有过无比的辉煌，曾与中国唐代的长安城一起并列为东西亚两大繁华大都市。
请问它当时所属的帝国是………………( C )A．罗马帝国B．拜占庭帝国C．阿拉伯帝国D．奥斯曼土耳其帝国7．2009年l0月2日。
国际奥委会主席罗格(右图)在丹麦哥本哈根举行的国际奥委会第121次全会上宣布，巴西里约热内卢获得2016年夏季奥运会的主办权。
2011学年高一历史上册第一次月考调研考试题(含答案)
2011学年高一历史上册第一次月考调研考试题(含答案)龙湾中学2011学年第二学期高一月考（一）历史试题试卷Ⅰ：选择题部分一．选择题（本大题有35小题，每题2分，共70分。
每题所列的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
所有试题的选项均答在答题卷上。
）1．《礼记》载：“武王克殷反商，未及下车，而封黄帝之后于蓟。
”与蓟城建立相关的制度是A.禅让制B.井田制C.分封制D.郡县制2．“九鼎既成，迁于三国。
夏后氏失之，殷人受之；殷人失之，周人受之。
”其中所说的“九鼎”之所以被广泛重视并在夏商周流转，主要因为它是A.反映民心民意的凭据B.国王祭祀的重要礼器C.青铜工艺水平高的标志D.王朝统治权力的象征3．公元前782年，幽王宫涅继位，宠幸褒姒。
“褒姒不好笑……幽王为烽隧大鼓，有寇至则举烽火。
诸侯悉至，至而无寇，褒姒乃大笑。
”这段材料不能表明A．幽王荒淫无道B．分封制下，各诸侯王对周王承担军事义务C．西周末年诸侯势力强大D．分封制确立了周王天下共主的地位，各封国必须服从周王室的政令4.西周一贵族的妻室和子嗣状况见下表，其中处于大宗地位的应是妻室子嗣妻（正配）B.二哥（20岁）D.四哥（15岁）妾一（侧室）A.大哥（23岁）妾二（侧室）C.三哥（18岁）5．《史记•楚世家》记载：（春秋时期）“（楚庄王）八年，伐陆军戎（在洛阳西南），遂至洛，观兵于周郊。
周定王使王孙满劳楚王。
楚王问鼎小大轻重。
”这反映了当时A.周室衰微，王命不行B.尊王攘夷，大国争霸C.王权衰弱，分封制受到破坏D.列国内乱，诸侯兼并6．以下关于宗法制的评述，正确的有①是周人把血缘纽带同政治关系结合起来的一种措施②其核心是嫡长子继承制③有利于凝聚宗族，防止内部纷争④有利于强化皇权A．②③④B．①③④C．①②③D．①②③④7.以下与右图中圆圈所示地区开始进入中原政权版图有关的是A.开凿灵渠,平定岭南B.修筑“自九原抵甘泉”的直道C.开辟“五尺道”，并在当地任命官吏D.设置桂林、南海、象郡对该地区进行管辖8.以下与下图中圆圈所示地区开始归入中央王朝管辖有关的是A.开凿灵渠并设郡，实施军事镇守和行政管理B.修筑“自九原抵甘泉”的直道C.开辟“五尺道”，并在当地任命官吏D.击退匈奴，修筑长城9.在一块秦朝地砖上面有“海内皆臣，岁登成熟，道毋饥人”的模印字样，下列对地砖上面文字的解释不正确的是A.该文字是对秦始皇的歌功颂德之词B.“岁登成熟，道毋饥人”违背史实C.此时的“海内”包含匈奴控制的地区D.秦始皇对“海内”之“臣”拥有任免权10.刘邦在位末年与众臣歃血为盟，特别诏令：“非刘氏而王者，若无功，上所不置而侯者，天下共诛之。
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平川中恒学校第一次月考历史试题 一、选择题(本大题共37小题，第1题至20题每题1分，21题至37题每题2分，共54分。各题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意)
A.青铜铸造业生产规模庞大 B.青铜器的种类繁多、工艺精良 C.青铜器具应用于社会生活 D.青铜工具基本取代木、石工具 2．春秋时期，我国农用动力的一次划时代的变革是 ( ) A.铁农具的使用 B.牛耕的出现 C.青铜器的使用 D.翻车的使用 3．战国时期，“百家争鸣”局面形成的根本原因是( ) A.出现不同主张的学派 B.统治者开明的文化政策 C.社会性质发生了变革 D.诸侯国相互兼并的需要 4．秦灭六国实现统一具有划时代意义，最主要是因为( ) A.创建了统一的多民族的封建国家 B.“车同轨、书同文” 、统一度量衡 C.北部和西北部少数民族大量内迁 D.为两汉时期经济繁荣奠定了基础 5．秦朝在地方上实行郡县制的主要目的是( ) A.实践法家学说的理论 B.实现对广阔疆域的直接管辖 C.废除奴隶主贵族特权 D.整齐划一地方行政管理机构 6．史称“汉承秦制”，但西汉对秦制有所改变，其突出之处是实行( ) ①中央集权制度 ②郡国并行制度 ③刺史制度 ④思想专制统治 A.①② B.②③ C.③④ D.①②③④ 7．下列两汉时期有关宗教和哲学的叙述，正确的有( ) ①董仲舒儒学宣扬“天人感应”、“君权神授” ②佛教传入中国内地，道教形成并流行民间 ③《论衡》是王充无神论的代表著作 ④《太平经》是当时道教的主要经典 A.①②③ B.②③④ C.①③④ D.①②③④ 8．汉武帝对统一多民族国家发展的重要贡献不包括( ) A.多次反击匈奴，基本解除匈奴的威胁 B.颁布“推恩令”，最终解决王国问题 C.让王昭君与匈奴和亲，汉匈结束战争 D.在两广地区设置郡县，进行有效管辖 9．“亦欲以究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”的史学家写成的著作是 ( ) A.《春秋》 B.《史记》 C.《汉书》 D.《资治通鉴》 10．秦汉时期，地动仪、《九章算术》、麻沸散、“蔡侯纸”的出现表明( ) A.当时中国科学技术居于世界领先地位 B.我国封建文化具有浓郁的多民族色彩 C.秦汉两朝是我国科学技术的成熟时期 D.中华文明影响扩大，形成中国文化圈 11．魏晋南北朝时期江南经济迅速发展的重大历史作用是( ) A.北方人口大量向南方迁徙 B.河西走廊和辽东地区得到开发 C.统治者推行劝课农桑政策 D.为以后经济重心南移奠定基础 12．隋炀帝时期与都城并称为“两都”的是( ) A.咸阳城 B.大兴城 C.东京城 D.洛阳城 13．下列关于隋朝统一历史条件的叙述，不正确的是( ) A.魏晋南北朝时期的民族融合 B.北方农业得到恢复和发展 C.陈朝统治腐朽，国力弱小 D.隋文帝南粮北调军需充足 14．隋唐时期，农业发展的新特点是( ) ①江南土地资源得到进一步开发 ②农田灌溉的发展和农具的进一步改进 ③农产品的商品化程度有所提高 ④扬州、成都成为东、西地区经济中心 A.①②③④ B.①②③ C.②③④ D.①③④ 15．隋唐时期，我国最早的银行雏形称( ) A.坊 B.市 C.柜坊 D.邸店 16．因少数民族内迁畜牧业有所发展，过度开垦所致环境破坏状况有所缓解是在 ( ) A.先秦时期 B.秦汉时期 C.魏晋南北朝时期 D.隋唐时期 17．唐朝时期，募兵制取代府兵制主要是由于( ) A.府兵地位下降 B.推行租庸调制 C.井田制的瓦解 D.均田制的破坏 18．隋唐时期，中国文化向外传播，受影响最大的地区是( ) A.东亚 B.西亚 C.南亚 D.中亚 19．北宋建立后，宋太祖曾问臣下：“欲息天下之兵，为国家长久之计，其道何如？” 宋太祖要解决的主要问题是( ) A.北宋军队庞大，军费开支过多 B.藩镇拥兵自重，混战割据不息 C.辽、西夏屡屡进攻，战争频仍 D.阶级矛盾激化，农民起义不断 20．在王安石推行新法过程中，最大的阻力来自( ) A.当朝皇帝 B.广大农民 C.大地主、大官僚 D.边患连绵 21．下列科技成就，属于宋元时期出现并深刻影响世界文明发展进程的是( ) A造纸术 B.灌钢法 C.雕版印刷 D.活字印刷术 22．宋代理学的集大成者是( ) A.朱熹 B.司马光 C.董仲舒 D.李贽 23．明成祖迁都到北京的重要原因是( ) A.立新都以树立自己的威信 B.因为“靖难之役”的失败 C.北京比南京物产更加丰饶 D.为了增强北方的军事力量 24．反映明朝中后期出现资本主义萌芽的历史现象是( ) A.“机户出资，机工出力” B.白银成为普遍流通的货币 C.工商业城镇大量涌现 D.农业生产商品化程度提高 25．“织造尚松江，浆染尚芜湖”主要反映清朝的手工业( ) A.生产工具的革新 B.地区性社会分工发展 C.生产规模的扩大 D.资本主义萌芽的产生 26．如果研究明朝手工业生产技术，应查阅的历史文献是( ) A.《农政全书》 B.《梦溪笔谈》 C.《本草纲目》 D.《天工开物》 28．标志明朝末年我国农民斗争进入反封建斗争新阶段的是( ) A.攻占了封建王朝的都城 B.提出了“均田免粮”口号 C.利用宗教组织全国性大起义 D.首次提出了“平均”思想 29．乾隆帝谕旨：“伊等如此携眷，远道辛苦，乞求前来者，殊为可悯，理应妥善安抚办理”中的“伊等”属于( ) A.达斡尔族 B.满族 C.蒙古族 D.回族 30．下列我国古代科技成就中，客观上对近代世界市场开辟起巨大作用的是( ) ①“十二气历”对农事的合理安排 ②指南针应用于航海事业 ③火药在军事等方面的广泛应用 ④《本草纲目》被多国引用 A.①② B.②③④ C.②④ D.②③ 31．戚继光抗击倭寇的同时，来自西方的侵略者对中国的侵略活动是( ) A.沙俄入侵我国黑龙江流域 B.葡萄牙殖民者侵占澳门 C.英国开始向中国输出鸦片 D.荷兰殖民者独占了台湾 32．西藏历世达赖、班禅都必须经过中央政府册封。这一制度开始于( ) A.唐朝 B.元朝 C.明朝 D.清朝 33．以下属于康熙帝维护国家统一的事件是( ) ①平定三藩之乱 ②赐封西藏喇嘛教首领五世达赖 ③雅克萨反击战 ④平定回部大小和卓发动的叛乱 A.①② B.②③ C.①③ D.②④ 34．“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”这一思想来源于明末清初的( ) A.黄宗羲 B.顾炎武 C.王夫之 D.李贽 35．下列关于《大明律》的表述，正确的是( ) A.提出“王子犯法与庶民同罪” B.对贪污贿赂罪的处理较轻 C.包括有惩处经济犯罪的立法 D.反映知识分子参政的愿望 36．一条鞭法是我国赋役制度史上的一次重大改革，其积极历史作用主要在于( ) A.确立了“唯以资产为宗，不以丁身为本”的赋税标准 B.既减轻了农民的负担，又增加了封建国家的田赋收入 C.适应了商品经济的发展，有利于资本主义萌芽的增长 D.促进人口的迅速增长，为农业生产提供了充足的劳力 37．明清政府推行“改土归流”政策的实质是( ) A.实行民族分化 B.加强边疆管理 C.剥夺土司权力 D.加强中央集权 二、非选择题(共46分) 38.（10分）官吏是国家机器的重要组成部分，选拔官吏是巩固政权的重要措施。 阅读以下材料： 材料一 汉制孝廉、茂才等科，皆命公卿大夫、州郡举有经术、德行之士；试以治道，然后官之。魏晋以降，所举秀、孝，犹取经术，州郡皆置中正，以品其才行。„„隋有进士之举，始专试士以文辞，士皆投牒自进，州里无复察举之制矣。 ——《大学衍义补》卷9 材料二 曹魏初期制定的九品中正制选才制度，越到后来越弊病百出。仕途由门阀大族操纵，按门第选入，不讲本事。士人的质量也天天下降，这些人既不会打仗，又无力办事，崇尚清谈，沽名钓誉。官吏滥设，机构重叠，“民少官多，十羊九牧”。 ——《中国政制史》 请回答： (1)根据上述材料和所学知识，列举我国古代的主要选官制度，同时指出其选拔标准。(6分) (2)根据上述材料和所学知识，指出上述材料所述选官制度变化的主要原因。(4分)
39（16分）马克思指出：“国家存在的经济体现就是捐税。” 阅读以下材料： 材料一 湖北江陵出土一批汉代田租算赋[算赋:人口税的一种，每年收120钱。]竹简，其中记载田租中所加的杂税有祭祀用谷、酿酒谷，还有折耗等，其数竟达田租的四分之一以上。算赋也不是按年，而是按月敛收，每月从八钱到三十六钱不等，一年的总数大大超过了一百二十钱。这些算赋中还夹杂着给地方官吏的吏奉以及差费等。 ——《中国古代史·上》人民出版社 材料二 开皇五年(585年)，隋下令在全国整顿户籍，要求各州县按照户籍上注明的年令老小，挨户进行核对，叫做“大索貌阅”。如有谎报年令、诈老诈小以逃避课役的情况，一经查出，其保长、闾正(里正)、族正(党长)[保长、闾正、族正：均为社会基层组织头目。]都要流徙远方。„„有四十多万壮丁，一百六十多万人口被重新编入户籍。为了防止官吏、豪强在户籍、户等、赋役等方面营私舞弊，隋文帝又„„把划分户等的标准(名“定样”)，颁发到各州县。规定每年正月五日，县令派人„„“依样定户上下”，载入簿籍，当作征发差役、确定赋税等级的依据。 ——詹子庆《中国古代史·下册》 材料三 “国家定两税，本意在爱(一作忧)人。„„税外加一物，皆以枉法论。奈何岁月久，贪吏得因循[因循：指增加已经废除的一些杂税。]；浚我以求宠[浚我以求宠：意思是压榨百姓，博取上级欢心。]，敛索无冬春。” ——白居易《重赋》 材料四 宋神宗时颁布法令：“政府重新丈量土地，按照每户占有土地的多少和肥瘠收取赋税，官僚、地主不得例外。” ——人教社版高中教材《中国古代史》 请回答： (1)根据材料一并结合所学知识，指出汉代纳税者的共同身份，并列举汉代最基本的赋税项目。(4分) (2)结合所学知识,指出材料三所述税法出现的朝代、名称及在当时所起的作用。(4分) (3)根据材料二、四,指出这两则材料所述措施的共同目的，并概括指出两则材料所述措施的不同之处及其原因。(5分) (4)根据以上材料和所学知识，概括指出我国封建社会赋税制度改革的主要阻力。(3分)
40（20分）专制主义中央集权制度是中国封建社会的基本政治制度。 请回答： (1)这一政治制度的理论是在什么时期被谁提出？其主要内容是什么？有何历史意义？(5分) (2)简述唐太宗完善这一制度的具体措施和历史作用（5） 。 (3)概括明、清两朝强化这一体制的突出特点、主要内容和对后世的影响。(10分)