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英语常用词根大全
词根ac，acr(o)，acu，acerb，acet1= sour 酸Acerbic adj. 尖酸的acerb 酸+ ic …的→尖酸的acetic adj. 醋的，乙酸的acet 酸+ ic 某种药→醋的，乙酸的acid adj. 酸的ac 酸+ id …的→酸的acidify v. 酸化acid 酸的+ ify …化→酸化acidity n. 酸度，酸性acid 酸的+ ity 表性质→酸度，酸性acidulous adj. 微酸的acid 酸的+ ul〔= ule 小…〕+ ous …的→微酸的antacid adj./n. 解酸的（药剂），抗酸的（药剂）ant 抗+ acid 酸的→解酸的（药剂），抗酸的（药剂）exacerbate v. 恶化，加剧ex 使…+ acerb 酸+ ate 使…→使变酸→恶化2= sharp 尖，锐利Acerbate v. 激怒acerb 尖，锐利+ ate 使…→用尖刺→激怒aciform adj. 针状的aci〔= ac〕尖，锐利+ form 形状→针状的acme n. 顶点，顶峰acumen的变体acrid adj. 辛辣的；尖刻的acr 尖，锐利+ id 有…的性质→辛辣的；尖刻的acrimony n. 刻薄，尖刻acri〔= acr〕尖，锐利+ mony 表状态→刻薄，尖刻acuity n. 尖锐，敏锐acu 尖，锐利+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→尖锐，敏锐acumen n. 敏锐，聪明acu 尖，锐利+ men 表名词→敏锐，聪明acupuncture n. 针灸acu 尖，锐利+ punct 点+ ure 表行为→用尖〔针〕点→针灸acute adj. 尖锐的，敏锐的acu 尖，锐利+ te →尖锐的，敏锐的词根act= to do, to drive 做；驱使Act n. 行为；（戏）幕Acting n. 演技act 做；驱使+ ing 表行为→表演戏剧的行为→演技acting adj. 代理的activity n. 活动act 做；驱使+ ivity 表状态→活动actualize v. 实现act 做；驱使+ ual 有…的性质+ ize …化→付诸行动→实现counteract v. 抵抗；抵消counter 相反+ act 做；驱使→起反作用→抵消enact v. 实施，颁布en 使…+ act 做；驱使→使〔法律〕付诸行动→实施exact v. 强求ex 加强+ act 做；驱使→不断驱使→强求inactivity n. 不活跃in 不+ activity 活动→不活跃interact v. 相互作用inter 相互+ act 做；驱使→相互做→相互作用react v. 反应；反抗re 相反+ act 做；驱使→与行动相反→反应；反抗transact v. 做交易；办理trans 转移+ act 做；驱使→在两者之间转移→做交易词根aer(o)= air 空气Aerate v. 通气；充气aer 空气+ ate 使→使有空气→通气aerial adj. 空气的aer 空气+ ial …的→空气的aeriform adj. 无形的，非实体的aeri〔= aer〕空气+ form 形状→如空气般→无形的aerobatic adj. 特技飞行的aero 空气+ bat 打斗+ ic …的→在高空打斗游走的→特技飞行的aerogram n. 无线电报aero 空气+ gram 写，画→写完在空中〔传输〕→无线电报aerology n. 气象学，大气学aero 空气+ logy …学→气象学，大气学aeromechanics n. 航空力学aero 空气+ mechanics 力学→航空力学aerophotography n. 空中摄影aero 空气+ photography 摄影→空中摄影aerospace n. （大气层内外）空间aero 空气+ space 空间→（大气层内外）空间aerosphere n. 大气层aero 空气+ spher 球+ e →环绕着地球的空气→大气层aeroview n. 鸟瞰图aero 空气+ view 看→从空中看→鸟瞰图词根ag= to do, to act, to lead 做；代理；引导Agency n. 代理处ag 做；代理；引导+ ency 表性质→代理处agenda n. 议事日程ag 做；代理；引导+ enda 表示名词多数→做的事情→议程agent n. 代理人ag 做；代理；引导+ ent 表人→做的人→代理人agile adj. 灵活的，敏捷的ag 做；代理；引导+ ile 可…的→能做的→灵活的agility n. 灵活，敏捷agile 的名词agitate v. 鼓动；搅动ag 做；代理；引导+ it 走+ ate 使…→引导走到〔目的地〕→鼓动coagent n. 合作者co 共同+ ag 做；代理；引导+ ent 表人→共同做的人→合作者counteragent n. 反作用剂；反抗力counter 相反+ ag 做；代理；引导+ ent …剂→反作用剂；反抗力reagent n. 反应物；试剂re 一再+ ag 做；代理；引导+ ent 表名词→一再用来做…剂→试剂词根agr(i), agr(o)= field, land 田地, 引申为“农业”Agrarian adj. 土地的；农业的agr 田地，引申为“农业”+ arian …的→土地的；农业的agrestic adj. 乡间的，乡野的agr 田地，引申为“农业”+ estic …的→土地的→乡野的agriculture n. 农业agri 田地，引申为“农业”+ cult 耕种，培养+ ure 行为有关的物→农业agrimotor n. 农用拖拉机agri 田地，引申为“农业”+ motor 机动车→农用拖拉机agrobiology n. 农业生物学agro 田地，引申为“农业”+ biology 生物学→农业生物学agronomy n. 农学agro 田地，引申为“农业”+ nomy …学→农学词根al, alter, altern= other, to change 其他的；改变状态aliasn. 化名，别名al 其他的；改变状态+ ias →另外的名字）→化名alien adj. 外国的，外来的al 其他的；改变状态+ ien →其他地方的→外国的alienate v. 疏远alien 外国的，外来的+ ate 做，造成，使…→把别人当外来的人→疏远alter v. 变更，改变alterable adj. 可改变的alter 其他的；改变状态+ able 可…的→可改变的alteration n. 改造，改变alter 其他的；改变状态+ ation 行为，过程，状态，结果→改造，改变alternate v. 交替altern 其他的；改变状态+ ate 做，造成，使…→更换着做事→交替alternate adj. 轮流的alternative n./adj. 二者择一（的）altern 其他的；改变状态+ ative 有…倾向（性质）的，属于…的→交替〔选择的方法〕→二者择一词根am, amor, amat= love 爱, 情爱Amateur n. 业余爱好者amat 爱，情爱+ eur 表人→爱…的人→业余爱好者amatory adj. 恋爱的；色情的amat 爱，情爱+ ory …的→恋爱的；色情的amiable adj. 和蔼的，友善的ami〔= am〕爱，情爱+ able …的→能爱〔别人〕的→友善的amicable adj. 友好的，温和的amic〔= am〕爱，情爱+ able 可…的，能…的；具有…性质的→友好的，温和的amity n. 友好，和睦am 爱，情爱+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→友好，和睦amorous adj. 色情的；恋爱的amor 爱，情爱+ ous …的→色情的；恋爱的amour n. 爱情am 爱，情爱+ our →爱情enamored adj. 迷恋的，倾心的en 使…+ amor 爱，情爱+ ed 表形容词→使人生爱的→迷恋的词根ambul, ambl= to walk 行走, 走路Amble v. 漫步，徐行Ambul 的变体Ambulance n. 救护车ambul 行走，走路+ ance 表状态→行走在路上〔治病救人〕→救护车ambulant adj. 走动的；流动的ambul 行走，走路+ ant …的→走动的；流动的circumambulate v. 环行，绕…而行circum 环绕+ ambul 行走，走路+ ate 使…→环行，绕…而行perambulate v. 游历，巡游per 贯穿+ ambul 行走，走路+ ate 做，造成，使…→到处走→游历somnambulate v. 梦游somn 睡觉+ ambul 行走，走路+ ate 做，造成，使…→梦游词根anim= life, spirit, soul 生命；精神；心神Animal n. 动物anim 生命；精神；心神+ al 表名词→有生命的东西→动物animate v. 使有生气；活泼anim 生命；精神；心神+ ate 使→使有生气；活泼equanimity n. 平静；沉着equ 平等+ anim 生命；精神；心神+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→心神平稳→平静inanimate adj. 无生命的in 无+ anim 生命；精神；心神+ ate 具有…的→无生命的magnanimous adj. 心胸博大的magn 大+ anim 生命；精神；心神+ ous …的→生命经得起大风浪的→心胸博大的unanimous adj. 全体一致的un 一个+ anim 生命；精神；心神+ ous 有…性质的，关于…的→心神合一的→全体一致的词根ann(u), enn= year, one year 年, 一年Annals n. 编年史ann 年，一年+ al 表人或物+ s →一年年的人和事物→编年史anniversary n. 周年纪念anni〔= ann〕年，一年+ vers 转+ ary 物→一年转到一次→周年纪念annual adj. 一年一度的annu 年，一年+ al …的→一年一度的annuity n. 年金；养老金annu 年，一年+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→每年都有的东西→年金biannual adj. 一年两次的bi 二+ annu 年，一年+ al …的，具有…性质的→一年两次的biennial adj. 两年一次的bi 二+ enn 年，一年+ ial …的→两年〔一次〕的millennium n. 一千年mill 千+ enn 年，一年+ ium →一千年perennial adj. 终年的；长期的per 自始至终+ enn 年，一年+ ial 具有…的，属于…的→一年到头→终年的词根anthrop= man, human being 人, 人类Anthropoid adj. 似人的anthrop 人，人类+ oid 像…的→似人的anthropoid n. 类人猿anthropology n. 人类学anthrop 人，人类+ ology …学→人类学misanthropist n. 厌世主义者mis〔= miso 憎恨〕+ anthrop 人，人类+ ist 人→厌世主义者philanthropist n. 慈善家phil 爱+ anthrop 人，人类+ ist 从事某职业的人→充满爱的人→慈善家词根apt, ept= to fit, ability 适应；能力Adapt v. 使适应，适应（环境）ad 加强+ apt 适应；能力→使适应，适应（环境）adaptable adj. 有适应能力的ad 做…+ apt 适应；能力+ able 有…能力的→有适应能力的adept adj. 熟练的，老练的ad 做…+ ept 适应；能力→有能力的→熟练的adept n. 能手，内行apt adj. 有…倾向的；适当的aptitude n. 适宜；才能apt 适应；能力+ itude 状态→适宜；才能inapt adj. 不适当的；不恰当的in 无+ apt 适应；能力→不适当的；不恰当的inept adj. 不适宜的；无能的in 无+ ept 适应；能力→不适宜的；无能的ineptitude n. 无能in 无+ ept 适应；能力+ itude 表情况→无能词根aqu(a)= water 水Aquamarine n. 海蓝宝石aqua 水+ marine 海的→如海水般→海蓝宝石aquarium n. 水族馆aqu 水+ arium 场所，地点→水族馆aquatic adj. 水的；水中的aqu 水+ atic 有…性质的→水的；水中的aqueduct n. 引水槽aque〔= aqua〕水+ duct 引导→引导水→引水槽aqueous adj. 多水的；水状的aque 水+ ous 有…性质的→多水的；水状的aquiform adj. 水状的aqui〔= aqu〕水+ form 形状→水状的opaque adj. 不透明的op 不+ aque 水→不像水一样〔透明〕→不透明的subaqueous adj. 水下的sub 下+ aqu 水+ e + ous …的→水下的词根archy= rule 统治Anarchy n. 无政府状态an 无+ archy 统治→无政府状态gynarchy n. 妇女政治gyn 女人+ archy 统治→女人统治→妇女政治hierarchy n. 阶级，等级hier 神+ archy 统治→诸神的统治→等级词根arch= ruler 统治者Anarchic adj. 无政府主义的an 无+ arch 统治者+ ic …的→无统治者的→无政府主义的Anarchism n. 无政府主义an 无+ arch 统治者+ ism 表主义→无政府主义Matriarch n. 女家长matri 母亲+ arch 统治者→女家长Monarch n. 君主，帝王mon 一个+ arch 统治者→一个人统治→君主Patriarch n. 家长；族长patri 父亲+ arch 统治者→父亲统治→族长词根art(i)1= skill 技巧Article n. 物品；文章art 技巧+ icle 小→用技巧做〔写〕出来的东西→物品；文章artifact n. 工艺品arti 技巧+ fact 做→有技巧地做出来→工艺品artifice n. 技巧arti 技巧+ fic 做+ e →技巧artisan n. 工匠，技工artis〔= arti〕技巧+ an 精通…的人→工匠，技工2= joint 关节Articular adj. 关节的art 关节+ icular 属于…的→关节的articulate v. （关节）咬合；咬字清楚art 关节+ iculate →像关节一样〔字字入扣〕→咬字清楚3= trick 诡计Artful adj. 狡猾的art 诡计+ ful …的→狡猾的artificial adj. 矫揉造作的arti 诡计+ fic 做+ ial …的→做诡计→矫揉造作的artless adj. 纯真的；粗笨的art 诡计+ less 无…的→纯真的；粗笨的词根astr(o), aster= star 星星Asterism n. 星座，星群aster 星星+ ism 表现象→星座，星群asteroid adj. 星状的aster 星星+ oid 像…的→星状的asteroid n. 小行星astral adj. 星的，星状的astr 星星+ al …的→星的，星状的astrology n. 占星术，星象学astr 星星+ ology …学→占星术，星象学astronaut n. 宇航员astro 星星+ naut 航行员→宇航员astronomy n. 天文学astro 星星+ nomy …学→天文学astrophysics n. 天体物理学astro 星星+ physics 物理学→天体物理学astrospace n. 宇宙空间astro 星星+ space 空间→宇宙空间disaster n. 灾难，灾祸dis 不+ aster 星星→星位不正→灾难词根aud(i), audit= to hear 听audible adj. 听得见的；可听的aud 听+ ible 能…的→听得见的；可听的audience n. 听众；观众audi 听+ ence 表名词→听的人→听众audiology n. 听觉学audi 听+ ology …学→听觉学audiometer n. 测听器audio〔= audi〕听+ meter 测量计→测听器audit v. 旁听；审计audit 听→旁听，引申为审计audition n. （对歌手的）试听，试唱audit 听+ ion 表动作→听〔歌手〕唱→试听auditor n. 旁听生；审计员audit 听+ or 表人→旁听生；审计员auditorium n. 礼堂；讲堂audit 听+ orium 场所→听〔布道〕的场所→礼堂inaudible adj. 听不见的in 不+ aud 听+ ible 能…的→听不见的词根av(i)，avar1= desire 渴望Avarice n. 贪心avar 渴望+ ice 表性质→贪心Avaricious adj. 贪婪的，贪心的avaric〔e〕贪心+ ious …的→贪婪的，贪心的Avid adj. 渴望的；贪婪的av 渴望+ id …的→渴望的；贪婪的Avidity n. 贪婪avid 渴望的；贪婪的+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→贪婪2= bird 鸟Aviary n. 鸟笼，鸟舍avi 鸟+ ary 场所→〔养〕鸟的地方→鸟舍Aviation n. 飞行；航空学avi 鸟+ ation 行为，过程，状态，结果→像鸟〔在空中飞〕→飞行Aviator n. 飞行员avi 鸟+ ator 表人→像鸟一样飞翔的人→飞行员Aviculture n. 养鸟业avi 鸟+ culture 培养→养鸟业词根bar(r)1= weight 重Baric adj. 气压的Baritone n. 男中音bari〔= bar〕重+ tone 声音→压下去的声音→男中音Barometer n. 气压计baro〔= bar〕重+ meter 计量仪→气压计2= barrier 栏；障碍Barrage n. 阻塞barr 栏；障碍+ age 表行为→用障碍拦住→阻塞Barricade n. 障碍物barr 栏；障碍+ ic …的+ ade 动作的结果→障碍物Barrier n. 栅栏barr 栏；障碍+ ier 表物→栅栏Embarrass v. 使难堪em 使…+ barr 栏；障碍+ ass →使遇到障碍→使难堪词根ball，bol1= to throw，to dance 抛；舞Ballad n. 民歌，歌谣ball 抛；舞+ ad 表东西→伴随〔民间〕舞蹈的歌谣→民歌Ballet n. 芭蕾舞ball 抛；舞+ et 小→舞蹈→芭蕾舞Ballistics n. 弹道学ball 抛；舞+ ist 人+ ics …学→研究〔物体〕抛出去的〔线路〕→弹道学Ballroom n. 舞厅ball 抛；舞+ room 房间→舞厅Hyperbole n. 夸张法hyper 过多+ bol 抛；舞+ e →话抛得很高→夸张法2= ball 球Balloon n. 气球ball 球+ oon 表物→气球Ballot v./n. 投票ball 球+ ot …人→〔投票用的〕小球→投票Bullet n. 枪弹bull〔= ball〕球+ et 小→小球→子弹Meatball n. 肉丸meat 肉+ ball 球→肉丸Metabolism n. 新陈代谢meta 转变+ bol 球，引申为循环+ ism 表行为→体内循环变化→新陈代谢softball n. 垒球运动，垒球soft 软的+ ball 球→垒球运动，垒球symbol n. 符号；象征sym 共同+ bol 球→共同〔代表事物的〕球形符号→象征symbolize v. 用符号表示；象征symbol 符号；象征+ ize …化→用符号表示；象征词根bas= low, foundation 低, 下；基础Abase v. 贬低（自己） a 加强+ base 低，下；基础→往低压〔自己〕→贬低〔自己〕Base adj. 低下的bas 低，下；基础+ e →低下的Base n. 基础Baseborn adj. 出身卑微的base 低，下；基础+ born 出生→出身卑微的Basement n. 地下室base 低，下；基础+ ment 具体物→地下室Baseness n. 低下，卑微base 低，下；基础+ ness 表状态→低下，卑微Basic adj. 基础的bas 低，下；基础+ ic …的→基础的Basis n. 基础bas 低，下；基础+ is 表性质→基础Bass adj. 低音的bas 低，下；基础+ s →低音的Bass n. 低音Debase v. 降低；使卑下de 使…+ base 降低→降低；使卑下Subbase n. 基层；基地sub 下+ base 基础→基层；基地词根bell，bel1= war, to fight 战争；打斗Bellicism n. 好战性，好战倾向bell 战争；打斗+ ic …的+ ism 表性质→好战性，好战倾向Bellicose adj. 好战的bell 战争；打斗+ ic …的+ ose 多…的→好战的Belligerent adj. 交战的belli〔= bell〕战争；打斗+ ger 带来+ ent 具有…性质的，关于…的→带来战争→交战的bellow v. 怒吼bell 战争；打斗+ ow →战争的叫喊→怒吼rebel n. 叛乱者re 回，向后+ bel 战争；打斗→反过来打〔自己人〕→叛乱者rebel v. 反叛rebellion n. 反叛；反抗re 回，向后+ bell 战争；打斗+ ion 表动作→反叛；反抗rebellious adj. 反抗的；难控制的re 回，向后+ bell 战争；打斗+ ious …的→反抗的；难控制的2= fine 美好Belle n. 美女bell 美好+ e →美女Embellish v. 装饰em 使…+ bell 美好+ ish 使…→使变得美好→装饰词根bio, bi= life 生命；生物Abiosis n. 无生命 a 无+ bi 生命；生物+ osis 表生理现象→无生命Amphibian n. 两栖动物amphi 两类+ bi 生命；生物+ an 表名词→以两种生命形式存在→两栖动物antibiotic n. 抗生素anti 抗+ bio 生命；生物+ tic …素→抗生素autobiography n. 自传auto 自己+ biography 传记→自传biochemistry n. 生物化学bio 生命；生物+ chemistry 化学→生物化学biocide n. 杀虫剂bio 生命；生物+ cid 杀+ e →杀生物→杀虫剂biography n. 传记bio 生命；生物+ graph 写，画+ y 表人→写成的关于人的生命故事→传记biology n. 生物学bio 生命；生物+ logy …学→生物学biosphere n. 生物圈bio 生命；生物+ spher 球+ e →生物圈symbiosis n. 共生；合作关系sym 共同+ bi 生命；生物+ osis 表现象→共同维持生命→共生词根brev, bridg= short, to shorten 短；缩短Abbreviate v. 缩短；缩写ab 加强+ brev 短；缩短+ iate 做→一再弄短→缩短Abbreviation n. 缩写；节略Abbreviate 的名词Abridge v . 删减；削减 a 加强+ bridg 短；缩短+ e →删减；削减Abridgment n. 删节；摘要 a 加强+ bridg 短；缩短+ ment 表结果→删节；摘要Brevity n. 短暂；简洁brev 短；缩短+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→短暂；简洁Bridge n. 桥；桥架bridg 短；缩短+ e →使〔路〕变短→桥词根cad, cas, cid, cay= to fall, to drop, to fall down 落下；降临Cadence n. 声音的抑扬；韵律cad 落下；降临+ ence 表行为→落下的〔声音〕→声音的抑扬Cascade n. 小瀑布casc〔= cas〕落下；降临+ ade 表动作的结果→〔水〕落下→小瀑布Casual adj. 偶然的cas 落下；降临+ ual 有…性质的→〔没有准备〕降临的→偶然的Casualty n. 事故；伤亡cas 落下；降临+ ual 有…性质的+ ty 表情况→〔突然〕降临→事故Coincide v. 巧合；同时发生co 共同+ in 使…+ cid 落下；降临+ e →使一同降临→巧合Decadent adj. 颓废的de 向下+ cad 落下；降临+ ent 具有…性质的，关于…的→向下堕落的→颓废的decay v. 衰退；腐败de 向下+ cay 落下；降临→向下掉→衰退deciduous adj. 落叶的；脱落的de 加强+ cid 落下；降临+ uous …的→〔树叶、表皮〕落下→落叶的；脱落的incident n. 偶然事件in 使…+ cid 落下；降临+ ent 表名词→使〔突然〕降临→偶然事件occasion n. （事情的）发生；时机oc 加强+ cas 落下；降临+ ion 表动作→使…降临→发生occident n. 西方oc 加强+ cid 落下；降临+ ent 表名词→〔太阳〕落下的地方→西方词根cand, cend, cens= white, to glow 白；发光Candescence n. 发光cand 光+ escence 开始出现…状态→发光Candid adj. 坦白的，直率的cand 白；发光+ id …的→白的→坦白的Candidate n. 候选人candid〔= cand〕白；发光+ ate 表人→古希腊人穿白袍候选→候选人Candle n. 蜡烛cand 白；发光+ le 表做某种动作所使用的东西→蜡烛Candor n. 坦白cand 白；发光+ or 表状态→坦白Incandescent adj. 白热的；遇热发光的in 使…+ cand 白；发光+ escent 开始出现…的→白热的；遇热发光的incendiary adj. 放火的，纵火的in 使…+ cendi〔= cend〕白；发光+ ary …的→使燃烧发光→放火的incense n. 香；焚香时的烟（或香气）in 使…+ cens 白；发光+ e →使发出白〔烟〕→焚香时的烟词根cant, cent= to sing, song 唱；歌Accent n. 口音；重音ac 加强+ cent 唱；歌→着重唱→重音Accentuate v. 强调；重读accent 口音；重音+ uate 使…→用重音→强调Cant n. 术语；暗语（唱出来的话→暗语）Cantata n. 清唱剧cant 唱；歌+ ata →清唱剧Canto n. 长诗中的篇章cant 唱；歌+ o 表音乐术语→唱的诗歌→长诗中的篇章Descant v. 详述；伴唱des〔= dis 分散〕+ cant 唱；歌→分开唱→伴唱Incantation n. 咒语，咒文in 不+ cant 唱；歌+ ation 行为，过程，状态，结果→不停地唱→咒语incentive n. 激励；刺激力量in 进入+ cent 唱；歌+ ive 表名词→把〔力量〕唱进去→激励recant v. 撤消（声明）；放弃信仰re 相反+ cant 唱；歌→唱反调→撤消〔声明〕词根cap(t), cep(t), ceive, cip, cup= to take, to hold, to seize 拿, 抓, 握住Accept v. 接受ac 加强+ cept 拿，抓，握住→一再拿→接受Acceptability n. 可接受性accept 接受+ ability 可…性→可接受性Anticipate v. 预料；预期anti〔= ante 前面〕+ cip 拿，抓，握住+ ate 做，造成，使…→提前把握〔事物发展结果〕→预料capacious adj. 宽阔的；容积大的cap 拿，抓，握住+ acious 多…的→〔有地方〕可多拿的→宽阔的capacity n. 才能cap 拿，抓，握住+ acity 性质，状态，情况→抓住〔事物〕的能力→才能captain n. 首领；船长capt 拿，抓，握住+ ain 表人→掌握一群人→首领caption n. 标题；字幕cap 拿，抓，握住+ tion 表名词→抓住〔文章的大意〕→标题captious adj. 吹毛求疵的capt 拿，抓，握住+ ious …的→抓人〔毛病〕的→吹毛求疵的captivate v. 迷惑；吸引captiv〔e〕俘虏+ ate 使…→使…变成俘虏→迷惑captive n. 俘虏capt 拿，抓，握住+ ive 表人→抓住〔的人〕→俘虏capture v. 逮捕，捉拿capt 拿，抓，握住+ ure 表行为→抓住→逮捕conceive v. 想像；构想con 共同+ ceive 拿，抓，握住→大家一起抓〔思想〕→想像；构想conception n. 概念，观念con 共同+ cept 拿，抓，握住+ ion 表名词→共同把握住的〔思想〕→观念deceive v. 欺骗de 否定，非+ ceive 拿，抓，握住→不拿来→欺骗deceptive adj. 欺骗性的de 否定，非+ cept 拿，抓，握住+ ive …的→不拿来→欺骗性的emancipate v . 解放e 出+ man 手+ cip 拿，抓，握住+ ate 做，造成，使…→把被抓的手放出来→解放except v. 把…除外ex 出+ cept 拿，抓，握住→拿出去→把…除外inception n. 开始，开端in 进入+ cept 拿，抓，握住+ ion 表名词→〔开始〕进来拿→开端incipient adj. 开始的，初期的in 进入+ cip 拿，抓，握住+ ient …的→开始的，初期的intercept v. 拦截，阻止inter 在…之间+ cept 拿，抓，握住→在〔路程间〕抓人）→拦截occupant n. 占有者oc 加强+ cup 拿，抓，握住+ ant 人→一再拿的人→占有者occupation n. 职业；占有oc 加强+ cup 拿，抓，握住+ ation 行为，过程，状态，结果→职业；占有occupy v. 占领；使用oc 加强+ cup 拿，抓，握住+ y 表行为→占领；使用perceive v. 知觉；发觉per 贯穿+ ceive 拿，抓，握住→全部抓住→发觉precept n. 箴言；规范pre 预先+ cept 拿，抓，握住→预先掌握的〔话〕→箴言preoccupation n. 全神贯注pre 预先+ occupation 职业；占有→首先占有〔注意力〕→全神贯注receive v. 接受，收到re 一再+ ceive 拿，抓，握住→一再拿到→收到receptacle n. 容器re 一再+ cept 拿，抓，握住+ acle 表物→装了可以再装的物品→容器susceptible adj. 易受影响的；易患病的sus 下+ cept 拿，抓，握住+ ible …的→容易被〔病〕抓住的→易患病的cape n. 海角，岬cap 头+ e →像头一样伸向海里→海角capital adj. 首要的capit 头+ al …的→头的→首要的capital n. 首都；资本capitation n. 人头税，丁税capit 头+ ation 行为，过程，状态，结果→按人头〔收税〕→人头税capitulate v. （有条件）投降capit 头+ ulate 表动作→头〔低下〕→投降decapitate v. 杀头，斩首de 去掉+ capit 头+ ate 使…→杀头，斩首precipice n. 悬崖pre 前+ cip 头+ ice 性质，行为，情况→前面是尽头→悬崖precipitate v. 加速；促进pre 前+ cipit 头+ ate 做，造成，使…→头往前→加速precipitate adj. 鲁莽的precipitous adj. 陡峭的；急躁的precipice 的形容词词根card, cord(i)= heart 心, 心脏Accord v. 一致，符合ac 加强+ cord 心，心脏→心贴心→一致Accordion n. 手风琴ac 加强+ cord 心，心脏+ ion 表物→抒发心声〔的琴〕→手风琴cardiac adj. 心脏的card 心，心脏+ iac 关于…的→心脏的cardinal adj. 首要的，主要的card 心，心脏+ inal →像心一样的→首要的concord n. 协调；协议con 共同+ cord 心，心脏→齐心协力→协调cordial adj. 真诚的cord 心，心脏+ ial …的→用心的→真诚的cordiform adj. 心形的cordi 心，心脏+ form 形状→心形的discord v. 不和；不一致dis 不+ cord 心，心脏→心不齐→不和electrocardiogram n. 心电图electro 电+ cardio〔= cardi〕心，心脏+ gram 写，画→画心脏跳动的电路图→心电图record n./v. 记录re 一再+ cord 心，心脏→一再放心上→记录词根carn(i)= flesh 肉Carcass n. （动物）尸体；残骸carc〔= carn〕肉+ ass →〔变成〕肉→尸体Carnage n. 大屠杀carn 肉+ age 表行为→〔把人〕切成肉的行为→大屠杀Carnal adj. 肉体的；肉欲的carn 肉+ al …的→肉体的；肉欲的Carnival n. 狂欢节carn 肉+ ival →〔疯狂吃〕肉的节日→狂欢节Carnivorous adj. 食肉类的carni 肉+ vor 吃+ ous …的→食肉类的Carrion n. 腐肉carr〔= carn〕肉+ ion 表物→腐肉Incarnate v. 化身；体现in 使…+ carn 肉+ ate 使…→使成为肉体状态→化身Reincarnate v. 使转世化身re 重新+ incarnate 化身→使转世化身词根ced, ceed, cess= to go, to proceed 行走, 前进Accede v. 答应，同意ac 加强+ ced 行走，前进+ e →一起走→同意Access n. 接近；入口ac 加强+ cess 行走，前进→一再向前走→接近Ancestor n. 祖先；祖宗an 加强+ cest〔= cess〕行走，前进+ or 表人→走了很久的人→祖先antecedent adj. 先行的；以前的ante 前面+ ced 行走，前进+ ent 具有…性质的，关于…的→先行的；以前的cede v. 割让；交出ced 行走，前进+ e →〔使〕走开→割让exceed v. 超越…的界限；胜过ex 出+ ceed 行走，前进→走出去→超越intercede v. 调停；仲裁inter 在…之间+ ced 行走，前进+ e →在两者中间走→调停precede v. 在先，优于pre 预先+ ced 行走，前进+ e →在先，优于precedent n. 先例；惯例pre 前；预先+ ced 行走，前进+ ent 表名词→在前面的东西→先例procedure n. 程序；手续pro 在前+ ced 行走，前进+ ure 表结果→前面经过的〔历程〕→程序proceed v. 继续进行，前进pro 向前+ ceed 行走，前进→继续进行，前进process n. 过程；进行pro 向前+ cess 行走，前进→向前走的〔历程〕→过程procession n. 队伍，行列process 过程；进行+ ion 表名词→向前走→队伍recede v. 后退re 向后+ ced 行走，前进+ e →后退recess n. 休息；隐居re 回+ cess 行走，前进→走回去→休息recession n. 撤退；交还recess 休息；暂停+ ion 表动作→走回去→撤退secede v . 脱离；退出se 分开+ ced 行走，前进+ e →分开走→脱离succeed v. 成功；继续suc 下+ ceed 行走，前进→从下面走到上面→成功success n. 成功，胜利suc 下+ cess 行走，前进→成功，胜利unprecedented adj. 史无前例的un 无+ precedent 前例+ ed 表形容词→史无前例的词根celer= quick, speedy 快, 迅速Accelerate v. 加速，加快ac 加强+ celer 快，迅速+ ate 做，造成，使…→加速，加快Acceleration n. 加速（度）Accelerate 的名词Accelerator n. 加速器Accelerate 的名词Celerity n. 迅速，敏捷celer 快，迅速+ ity 具备某种性质，状况→迅速，敏捷Decelerate v. 减速de 减少+ celer 快，迅速+ ate 做，造成，使…→减速Deceleration n. 减速（度）Decelerate 的名词词根cent(i)= hundred 一百Centenarian n. 百岁老人cent 一百+ en〔= enn 年〕+ arian 表人→百岁老人Centennial adj. 百年纪念的cent 一百+ enn 年+ ial …的→百年〔纪念〕的Centimeter n. 厘米centi 一百+ meter 一米→百分之一米→厘米Century n. 一世纪，一百年cent 一百+ ury →一世纪，一百年Percent n. 百分之…，百分比per 每+ cent 一百→一百中的每部分→百分之…Percentage n. 百分率percent 百分之…，百分比+ age 总称→百分率词根centr(i)= center, middle 中心；中间Acentric adj. 无中心的 a 无+ centr 中心；中间+ ic …的→无中心的Central adj. 中心的centr 中心；中间+ al …的→中心的Centrifuge n. 离心力；分离机centri 中心；中间+ fug 逃+ e →使逃出中心→离心力Centripetal adj. 向心的centri 中心；中间+ pet 寻求+ al …的，具有…性质的→寻求中心的→向心的concentrate v. 集中；浓缩con 加强+ centr 中心；中间+ ate 使…→使…成为中心→集中concentric adj. 同心的；集中的con 共同+ centr 中心；中间+ ic 某种药→同心的；集中的eccentric adj. 古怪的反常的ec〔= e 出〕+ centr 中心；中间+ ic 某种药→偏离中心的→古怪的egocentric adj. 以自我为中心的ego 自我+ centr 中心；中间+ ic 某种药→以自我为中心的词根cern, cert, cret, crimin= to be sure, to separate 搞清；区别Ascertain v. 确定，查明as 加强+ certain 肯定的→一再区别→确定Certain adj. 肯定的cert 搞清；区别+ ain 表名词→搞清的→肯定的Certainty n. 确实，确定Certain 的名词Certificate n. 证明书；执照cert 搞清；区别+ ific 产生…的+ ate 表总称→能够作证明的东西→证明书certify v. 证明；保证cert 搞清；区别+ ify 使…→使…清楚→证明certitude n. 确信，确实cert 搞清；区别+ itude 表情况→搞清楚→确信concern n. 关心con 加强+ cern 搞清；区别→需要搞清楚→关心discern v . 识别dis 加强+ cern 搞清；区别→识别discrete adj. 分立的，不同的dis 加强+ cret 搞清；区别+ e →加以区别→不同的discretion n. 谨慎，小心dis 加强+ cret 搞清；区别+ ion 表状态→一再搞清楚→谨慎discriminate v. 区别；歧视dis 加强+ crimin 搞清；区别+ ate 做，造成，使…→区分〔对待〕→区别；歧视discriminating adj. 有辨别能力的dis 加强+ crimin 搞清；区别+ at〔e〕具有…的，有…性质的+ ing 正…的，令人…的→有辨别能力的indiscriminate adj. 不加区别的；一视同仁的in 不+ discriminate 歧视→不加区别的；一视同仁的词根chron(o)= time 时间Chronic adj. 长期的；慢性的chron 时间+ ic …的→长期的；慢性的Chronicle n. 编年史chron 时间+ icle 小→〔记录〕一小段时间〔内发生的事件〕→编年史Chronograph n. 精密记时器chrono 时间+ graph 写，画→记录时间→精密记时器Chronological adj. 按年代顺序的chrono 时间+ log 说+ ical …的→按照时间来讲述→按年代顺序的chronology n. 年代学；年表chrono 时间+ logy …学→年代学；年表chronometer n. 精密计时器chrono 时间+ meter 测量计→精密计时器synchronize v. 同时发生syn 共同+ chron 时间+ ize 使→同时发生synchronous adj. 同期的；同步的syn 共同；同时+ chron 时间+ ous …的→同期的；同步的词根cid, cis= to cut, to kill 切；杀Concise adj. 简洁的con 加强+ cis 切；杀+ e →切掉〔多余的〕→简洁的Decide v. 决定；决心de 加强+ cid 切；杀+ e →切下去→下）决心Decision n. 决心；决议Decide 的名词Excise v. 割去；删去ex 出+ cis 切；杀+ e →割去；删去Homicide n. 杀人（者）homi 人+ cid 切；杀+ e →杀人（者）Incise v. 切割；雕刻in 加以…+ cis 切；杀+ e →切割；雕刻Incisive adj. 一针见血的；锐利的in 进入+ cis 切；杀+ ive …的→一下切入的→锐利的Pesticide n. 杀虫剂pesti〔= pest 害虫〕+ cid 切；杀+ e →杀虫剂Precise adj. 精确的，清楚的pre 预先+ cis 切；杀+ e →预先切好的→精确的Suicide n. 自杀sui 自己+ cid 切；杀+ e →自杀词根circ, cycl= ring, circle 圆, 环Bicycle n. 自行车bi 二+ cycl 圆，环+ e →两个轮子→自行车Circlet n. 小环，小圈circ 圆，环+ let 小→小环，小圈Circuit n. 环行；电路circu〔= circ〕圆，环+ it 走→环行；电路Circular adj. 圆的；循环的circ 圆，环+ ular 表形容词→圆的；循环的Circulate v. 循环；流通circ 圆，环+ ul + ate 使…→绕圈走→循环Circus n. 马戏团；圆形广场circ 圆，环+ us 表名词→圆形的地方→圆形广场Cycle n. 周期；循环Cyclone n. 旋风；气旋cycl 圆，环+ one →转圈的东西→旋风Cyclopedia n. 百科全书cyclo〔= cycl〕圆，环+ ped 教育+ ia 某种病→囊括全部知识→百科全书encircle v. 环绕，包围en 加以+ circl 圆，环+ e →用圆加以环绕→包围recycle v. 再循环；回收re 重新+ cycl 圆，环+ e →再循环；回收词根cit= to quote, to call 引用；唤起, 激起Citation n. 引用，引证cit 引用；唤起，激起+ ation 行为，过程，状态，结果→引用，引证Cite v. 引用，引证cit 引用；唤起，激起+ e →引用，引证Excitant n. 兴奋剂excit〔e〕使兴奋，刺激+ ant 表物→兴奋剂Excite v. 使兴奋，刺激ex 出+ cit 引用；唤起，激起+ e →激起〔情绪〕→刺激Incite v. 激励，煽动in 使…+ cit 引用；唤起，激起+ e →使唤起〔情绪〕→激励Recital n. 背诵recit〔e〕背诵；朗诵+ al 表行为→背诵Recite v. 背诵；朗诵re 一再+ cit 引用；唤起，激起+ e →一再唤起记忆→背诵Resuscitate v. 复活；恢复。
北语18春《英语电影赏析》
18春《英语电影赏析》作业_1一、单选题 ( 每题4分, 共20道小题, 总分值80分 )＇s brother sends her an envelope he1.The first time Annie sees Tom＇s handwriting is when Tomfound in Tom＇s room. What does the note inside say?A. I love you.B. Pull the cord.C. In case of emergency.D. In case you forget.答案：D2.Where did the princess and Joe meet for the first time?A. on a bench in the streetB. at a shopC. on the busD. at a conference答案：A＇?3.Who sang these words:＇I leave, and heave a sigh and say goodbye.A. FriedrichB. KurtC. MartaD. Liesl答案：B＇s family?4.How many children were there in Von TrappA. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案：C＇Hara, if you＇ll take that Southern belle5.Fill in the Blank. Rhett says, "I＇ll tell you, Scarlett O______ off your face".A. smileB. simperC. smirkD. sass答案：B6.When Scarlett and Melanie are first shown helping with injured soldiers, Melanie is talking t＇t heard anything about his brother Jeff since which battle?one of them. He says his family hasnA. Bull RunB. GettysburgC. ManassasD. Vicksburg7.Where did Sam work?A. in a bankB. in a hospitalC. in a companyD. in a college8.Who is the housekeeper of the von Trapp family?A. Frau Von AmburgB.Frau EsserbenC.Frau WittD.Frau Schmidt9.How many children do Bessie and Robert have?A. 4B. 1C. 3D. 210.What is the dance that Maria and the Captain perform called?A. The LeiderB. The LaendlerC. The LondleD. The Leindes11.Where did Scarlett live at the very beginning?A. AtlantaB. Twelve OaksC. TaraD. Old Guard12.How old was Jane when she was sent away to school?A. 8B. 11C. 9D. 1013.How long had Jane and Edward been married at the end of the book?A. 2 yearsB. 10 yearsC. 5 yearsD. 15 years14.What kind of drink did Joe order for himself when invited the princess?A. orange juiceB. cold coffeeC. hot coffeeD. champagne＇s first name?15.What is Miss TempleA. MariaB. MaryC. HelenD. Sarah16.Naughty Mr. Rochester had Mistresses in all of these countries but one. Which one is it?A. FranceB. GermanyC. IrelandD. Italy17.What was Ike＇s work?A. lawyerB. bankerC. reporterD. teacher18.How many days furlough is granted to Ashley Wilkes for Christmas?A. 5B. 2C. 4D. 319.Which line follows this quote: "And do you or do you not have trouble following these simple instructions?"A. Only in pyjamasB. Only during thunderstormsC. Only when children are concernedD. Only at night time＇s column?20.What was Maggie＇s reaction after reading IkeA. argued with himB. wrote a letter backC. telephoned himD. found him and hit him二、判断题 ( 每题4分, 共5道小题, 总分值20分 )1.Joe and the princess loved each other.答案：正确2.Von Trapp agreed to cooperate with Germany navy.3.Bruce was eager to leave the prison.4.Maggir is a catholic.＇s mother at last.5.Maria became the children18春《英语电影赏析》作业_2一、单选题 ( 每题4分, 共20道小题, 总分值80分 )＇s character?1.What was the name of the dodgy weird guy who killed Patrick SwayzeA. Rita MillerB. Willy LopezC. Sam WheatD. Oda Mae2.While the children are onstage the afternoon before the festival, what is the orchestra playingA. The song Maria and the Captain danced to at the partyB. The processional from the weddingC. The theme that they use to announce winnersD. Edelwiess3.Where did they meet the last time in the film?＇s homeA. at Joe＇s carB. in JoeC. in the streetD. at a news conference4.What did Maggie design?A. lampB. clockC. pictureD. window5.What was Oda Mae＇s work?B. a lawyerC. a hucksterD. a book seller6.The last line of this film is "After all, tomorrow is ( ) day."A. a beautifulB. a wonderfulC. a niceD. another7.Did Scarlett really love Ashley?A. yesB. noC. no clearD. I don＇t know8.what did Andy gain from warden for his co-workers when they worked on the roof?A. a day restB. beerC. cigaretteD. alcohol9.At the charity ball, what is the first bid for a lady and who is it for?A. $20.00 for Miss Maybelle MerriwetherB. $25.00 for Miss Maybelle MerriwetherC. $20.00 for Miss Fanny ElsingD. $25.00 for Miss Fanny Elsing10.In order to have an interview, how much did Ike pay?A. $200B. $650C. $750D. $100011.Where was Rhett Butler from?A. CharlestonB. AtlantaC. SpringfieldD. Washington D.C.12.Annie uses her maiden name professionally. What is her married name?A. GregoryB. GravesD. MacDonald13.What is the dance that Rhett pays money for to be allowed to dance with Scarlett?A. WaltzB. Virginia ReelC. Blue Bell HopD. Line Dance14.When did the srory happen?A. 1978B. 1946C. 1950D. 194915.Where were the princess going to visit except?A. LondonB. RomeC. AmsterdamD. Sydney＇s column?16.What is the theme of IkeA. womenB. sportC. fashionD. news＇s father?17.What is the nationality of GraceA. IndianB. KoreanC. South AmericanD. German18.What magic did Oda have?A. she could see the dead manB. she could hear the dead manC. She could touch the dead manD. she could hit the dead man19.What did Maria do in Von Trapp＇s family?A. servantB. governessD. babysitter＇s home?20.Where did Jane go after leaving her auntA. LowoodB. ThornfieldC. WutheringD. London二、判断题 ( 每题4分, 共5道小题, 总分值20分 )1.Jane forgave her aunt.2.It was Andy who killed his wife.3.Sam and Molly have married.4.Oda Mae is a spiritualist.5.As a ghost, Sam can move things.18春《英语电影赏析》作业_3一、单选题 ( 每题4分, 共20道小题, 总分值80分 )1.Which play did they see in the theatre?A. HamletB. MacbethC. Romeo and JulietD. Othello＇s wedding?2.What was Bob＇s final advice to Ike at IkeA. to take care of MaggieB. to have a honeymoonC. to maintain eyecontactD. not to argue with Maggie3.Which of these was NOT one of the ways in which Rolf signed off his telegram to Liesl?A. TrulyB. CordiallyC. AffectionatelyD. Sincerely4.第一次作业均出自于《马语者》和《人鬼情未了》两部电影 Where did Tom Booker live?A. KenturkyB. MontanaD. Indiana＇Go! Your folly sickens me!＇?5.What is strange about Jane sayingA. She is saying it to herselfB. She is saying it to Mr. RochesterC. She is saying it to AdeleD. she is saying it to Mrs. Fairfax6.What was that mean by saying Ike " the last minute man" in this film?A. He always arrived at the last minuteB. He finished his work quicklyC. He always went to work at the last minuteD. He always finished his report at the last minute7.What is the FALSE name that Whoopi Goldberg has to use to open and close the bank account?A. Rita MillerB. Molly JensenC. Sam WheatD. Oda Mae8.How did Maggie run away from Ike and her wedding?A. by taxiB. by horseC. by bikeD. by truck9.Where did Andy go after breaking prison?A. WashingtonB. South AmericaC. MexicoD. Brazil10.What is Miss Temple＇s married name?A. Mrs. WhitlockB. Mrs. BlackC. Mrs. LongfellowD. Mrs. Nasmyth11.What did the men talked about at the barbecue?A. sportB. warD. horse＇s computer?12.Which word appeared in CarlA. murderB. killC. deadD. Carl13.What was the name of the girl whom Jane was governess to?A. GeorgianaB. AdeleC. MaryD. Helen14.What did Annie do in New York?A. editorB. doctorC. lawyerD. designer15.What did they call the new prinsoner?A. boyB. buckC. fresh manD. fish16.What did Scarlett promise to Ashley?A. to take care of MelanieB. to never say "she loves him" againC. to marry himD. to wait for him17.Who always makes Maria kiss the floor after a disagreement?A. Sister BerniceB. Sister SophiaC. Sister BertheD. Sister Margerethe18.Where does the first dialogue in the movie take place?A. In a corridor in the AbbeyB. In the Von Trapp homeC. Outside of the AbbeyD. Outdoors on the street19.Who told Maria that the von Trapp family dances?A. LouisaB. KurtC. BrigittaD. Friedrich20.What was the name of the plantation where the Wilkes family lived?A. Twelve OaksB. TaraC. Thirty TreesD. One House二、判断题 ( 每题4分, 共5道小题, 总分值20分 )1.Joe had an interview with the princess at 11:45 and he went there on time.2.In the end, Annie lived with Tom.” before he died.3.Sam always says“ I love you4.Judith and her horse were killed in an accident.5.Joe knew that the girl was a princess.18春《英语电影赏析》作业_4一、单选题 ( 每题4分, 共20道小题, 总分值80分 )1.How much did Jane earn as a governess?A. 30 poundsB. 40 poundC. 50 poundsD. 60 pounds2.How to address the head of a monastery?A. sisterB. motherC. leaderD. director3.Where did Joe want the princess to sleep at the first night?A. on bedB. on the floorC. on the streetD. on a couch4.How many years did Jane stay at Lowood?A. 5B. 10C. 15D. 205.How many times did the bride run away in the film?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 46.Who answered Jane＇s advert for employment?A. Mr RochesterB.Mr LloydC.Mrs ReedD.Mrs Fairfax7.Where did Jane and Rochester meet?A. on the busB. at homeC. on a muddy roadD. in a church8.Where did Scarlett go last?A. AtlantaB. Twelve OaksC. TaraD. Old Guard9.What is Uncle Max＇s last name?A. SchraederB.ZellerC.DetweilerD.von Trapp10.What did Scarlett see when she came back from Atlanta except?A. house in ruinB. the food goneC. her father deadD. the slaves run off11.Who left Jane so many property?A. her uncleB. her auntC. her motherD. her friend12.Which country controlled Austria?A. GermanyB. HollandC. FranceD. Switzerland13.What is l it up in the window where Whoopi Goldberg＇s character has her fortune t ellerbusiness?A. A tarot cardB. A rabbitC. A top hatD. A hand14.As an exchange for asking Maggie questions when they first met, what did Ike agree?A. to pay for moneyB. to invite her for dinnerC. to buy something for herD. to have his hair washed15.How many times did Scarlett married?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5＇s Fourth of July/Memorial Day barn dance, Frank plays bartender. When16.At Hank and DarleneAnnie asks him for a glass of water, he apologizes and tels her there is no water and only one ki of soft drink. Which soft drink does Frank have?A. Coke-a-ColaB. PepsiC. Dr. PepperD. Sprite17.Why did they call Red " Red"?A. Because he cames from RedB. Because it is his nicknameC. Because his skin is red, he is an IrishD. Because the cigar he smokes is Red.18.Which word has the same meaning with“murdered”?A. set downB. set onC. set outD. set up19.Where was Mr Rochester living when Jane returned?A. Moor CottageB. The Rochester ArmsC. FerndeanD. Thornfield Hall20.Who is the ＇tubab＇?A. TomB. SmokeyC. JoeD. Robert二、判断题 ( 每题4分, 共5道小题, 总分值20分 )1.The children were unhappy and resentful of the governesses before Maria.2.Andy got some fees from the state for the library in prinson.＇s father and daughter died from the same reason.3.Scarlett4.Seeing an old penny is a good omen.5.Maggie likes big weddings.。
护肤品中文英文德文对照
一，化妆品/护肤品/洗涤中性皮肤Normal skin 干性皮肤Dry Skin 油性皮肤Oily Skin 混合型皮肤Mixed skin 敏感型皮肤Sensitive Skin护肤: skin care洗面奶: facial cleanser/facewash(foaming,milky,cream,gel)爽肤水: toner/astringent紧肤水：firming lotion柔肤水：toner/smoothing toner （facial mist/facial spray/complexion mist）护肤霜: moisturizers and creams保湿：moisturizer隔离霜，防晒：sun screen/sun block美白：whitening露：lotion，霜：cream日霜：day cream晚霜：night cream眼部gel: eye gel面膜: facial mask/masque眼膜: eye mask护唇用：lip care口红护膜：lip coat磨砂膏: facial scrub去黑头: (deep) pore cleanser/striper pore refining去死皮: exfoliating scrub润肤露（香体乳）:lotion/moisturizer护手霜: hand lotion/moisturizer沐浴露: wash 一,化妆品/护肤品/洗涤中性皮肤Normale Haut干性皮肤Trockene Haut油性皮肤Fettige Haut混合型皮肤Mischhaut敏感型皮肤Empfindliche Haut护肤: Hautpflege洗面奶: Gesichtsreiniger / Gesicht zu waschen ( Schäumen, milchig , Creme, Gel ) 爽肤水: Toner / adstringierend紧肤水: straffende Lotion柔肤水: Toner / Glättungs Toner (Gesichts Nebel / Gesichtsspray / Teint Nebel)护肤霜: Feuchtigkeitscremes und Cremes保湿: Feuchtigkeitscreme隔离霜,防晒: Sonnenschutz / Sonnencreme 美白: Bleaching露: Lotion,霜: creme日霜: Tagescreme晚霜: Nachtcreme眼部Gel : Augen-Gel面膜: Gesichtsmaske / Maske眼膜: Augenmaske护唇用: Lippenpflege口红护膜: Lippenlack磨砂膏: Peeling去黑头: ( tief) Porenreiniger / Ringelporenraffination去死皮: Peeling润肤露(香体乳) : Lotion / Feuchtigkeitscreme护手霜: Handcreme / Feuchtigkeitscreme沐浴露: Wasch二，化妆品/护肤品功能acne/spot（青春痘用品）active（赋活用）after sun（日晒后用品）alcohol-free（无酒精）anti-（抗、防）anti-wrinkle（抗老防皱）balancing（平衡酸硷）clean-/purify-（清洁用）combination（混合性皮肤）dry（干性皮肤）essence（精华液）facial（脸部用）fast/quick dry（快干）firm（紧肤）foam（泡沫）gentle（温和的）hydra-（保湿用）long lasting（持久性）milk（乳）mult-（多元）normal（中性皮肤）nutritious（滋养）oil-control（抑制油脂）oily（油性皮肤）pack（剥撕式面膜）peeling（敷面剥落式面膜）remover（去除、卸妆）repair（修护）revitalite（活化）scrub（磨砂式(去角质)）sensitive（敏感性皮肤）solvent（溶解）sun block（防晒用）toning lotion（化妆水）trentment（修护）wash（洗）waterproof（防水）二,化妆品/护肤品功能Akne / Spot (青春痘用品)aktiv (赋活用)nach Sonnen (日晒后用品) Alkoholfrei (无酒精) Anti-(抗,防) Anti-Falten (抗老防皱)Ausgleich (平衡酸硷)clean-/purify- (清洁用) Kombination (混合性皮肤)trocken (干性皮肤)Essenz (精华液) Gesichtsbehandlung (脸部用) schnell / schnell trocken (快干) Firma (紧肤) Schaum (泡沫)sanft (温和的) Hydra - (保湿用) lang anhaltende (持久性) Milch (乳) Mult (多元)normal (中性皮肤)nahrhafte (滋养)Öl - Kontrolle (抑制油脂)ölige (油性皮肤)Pack (剥撕式面膜)Peeling (敷面剥落式面膜) Entferner (去除,卸妆)Reparatur (修护)revitalite (活化)Peeling (磨砂式(去角质) ) empfindlich (敏感性皮肤)Lösungsmittel (溶解) Sonnencreme (防晒用) Gesichtswasser (化妆水) trentment (修护)Wasch (洗)wasserdicht (防水)三，化妆品/彩妆彩妆: cosmetics遮瑕膏: concealer修容饼：shading powder粉底: foundation (compact,stick)粉饼: pressed powder散粉：loose powder闪粉：shimmering powder/glitter眉粉: brow powder眉笔：brow pencil眼线液（眼线笔）：liquid eye liner, eye liner 眼影: eye shadow睫毛膏: mascara唇线笔: lip liner唇膏: lip color/lipstick（笔状 lip pencil，膏状lip lipstick，盒装 lip color/lip gloss）唇彩: lip gloss/lip color腮红: blush卸装水: makeup remover卸装乳: makeup removing lotion帖在身上的小亮片: art指甲: manicure/pedicure指甲油: nail polish/color/enamel去甲油：nail polish remover护甲液：nail saver发: hair products/accessories洗发水: shampoo护发素: hair conditioner锔油膏: conditioninghairdressing/hairdressing gel /treatment 摩丝: mousse发胶: styling gel染发: hair color冷烫水: perm/perming formula卷发器: rollers/perm rollers 三,化妆品/彩妆彩妆: Kosmetik遮瑕膏: Concealer修容饼: Schattierung Pulver粉底: Fundament ( kompakt, Stick)粉饼: gepressten Puder散粉: lose Pulver闪粉: schimmernde Pulver / Glitter眉粉: Brauenpuder眉笔: Stirn Bleistift眼线液(眼线笔) : flüssige Eyeliner , Eyeliner 眼影: Lidschatten睫毛膏: Mascara唇线笔: Lipliner唇膏: Lippenfarbe / Lippenstift (笔状Lippe Bleistift ,膏状Lippe Lippenstift, Lippenfarbe 盒装/ Lipgloss )唇彩: Lipgloss / Lippenfarbe 腮红: blush卸装水: Make-up -Entferner卸装乳: Make-up entfernen Lotion帖在身上的小亮片: art指甲: Maniküre / Pediküre指甲油: Nagellack / Farbe / Schmelz去甲油: Nagellack -Entferner护甲液: Nagelschoner发: Haar-Produkte / Zubehör洗发水: Shampoo护发素: Haar-Conditioner锔油膏: Anlage Friseur / Friseur- Gel / Behandlung摩丝: Mousse发胶: Styling Gel染发: Haarfarbe冷烫水: Dauerwelle / Dauerwelle Formel 卷发器: Rollen / Walzen Dauerwelle四，化妆品/化妆工具工具: cosmetic applicators/accessories粉刷: cosmetic brush, face brush粉扑: powder puffs海绵扑: sponge puffs眉刷: brow brush 睫毛夹: lash curler眼影刷: eye shadow brush/shadow applicator 口红刷: lip brush 胭脂扫: blush brush转笔刀: pencil sharpener电动剃毛器: electric shaver-for women电动睫毛卷: electric lash curler描眉卡: brow template纸巾: facial tissue吸油纸: oil-absorbing sheets化装棉: cotton pads 棉签: q-tips 四,化妆品/化妆工具工具: kosmetische Applikatoren / Zubehör 粉刷: Kosmetikbürste , Gesichtsbürste粉扑: Puderquasten海绵扑: Schwamm Züge眉刷: Stirn Pinsel睫毛夹: Wimpernzange眼影刷: Lidschattenpinsel / shadow Applikator口红刷: Lippenpinsel 胭脂扫: blush转笔刀: Bleistiftspitzer电动剃毛器: Elektrorasierer für Frauen -电动睫毛卷: Elektrowimpernzange描眉卡: Stirn -Vorlage纸巾: Gesichts-Gewebe吸油纸: Öl-absorbierenden Platten化装棉: Wattepads棉签: Q-Tipps1、eye cream/eye care/eye gel：眼霜或者眼部保养品或者眼胶2、masque：面膜,是面膜产品的通称.面膜的其他表示方法有*mask-面具*pack-外盒,包3、day&night：指白天专用的产品和晚上专用的产品4、exfoliate：剥落,脱落.一般看到exfoliate基本上就是去角质的产品了.其他表示方法:scrub去除杂质5、essence：精华,要素;指精华液,美容液,精华露.essential-精华的;soul-精髓;extract-萃取精华6、lotion：化妆水,洗涤剂.英文法文表示一致,都是lotion有些品牌也用lotion作为乳液的用词,不过严格来讲,最好是在lotion前面加上milk(乳液,乳状物),或者milky(乳状的),也就是milk/milky lotion化妆水的其他用语:toner;tonic;water乳液的其他用语:fluid-流动的,液体(英文法文通用);liquid-液体物质7、foam：泡沫,或者可以挤出来的泡沫,可以产生泡沫的产品8、soap：肥皂,块状的产品.肥皂类其他用语:bar 9、make up remover：卸妆.卸妆的其他用语:cleanser, cleansing, clean off, clean out都有清洁,扫除的意思,但有时会跟洗脸产品的标示有重叠,要留意是否注明[可以清除彩妆].10、balm：香油,芳香性树脂,大多指护唇油(罐装的唇膏).护唇膏的其他用语:lipsalve-嘴唇用油膏;lipointment-唇用软膏11、shake well before use：使用前请先摇匀.通常这一类产品都含有不同密度的物质,所以要先摇匀.摇匀的其他用语:brandish-摇动;jiggle-轻轻晃动;joggle-轻摇12、tissue-off：用完以后要以面纸或者化妆棉,擦掉的产品.擦拭的其他用语:well-off;brush;wipe off.需要[剥,撕]的其他用语eel off.13、wash-off：水洗,用后要洗掉的.水洗的其他用语:water-off;rinsing-off;washable;sweep.14、pat：轻拍,轻抚,轻压.拍打的其他用语ab-以手按压;flap-拍打,扑打.有些产品需要稍加画圆,按摩.外文是:massage-onto-在肌肤上面按摩;circular movement-画圆移动1,Augencreme/Augenpflege/Augen-Gel:眼霜或者眼部保养品或者眼胶2 ,Maske:面膜,是面膜产品的通称.面膜的其他表示方法Masken面具Pack外盒,包3,Tag,Nacht:指白天专用的产品和晚上专用的产品4,Peeling:剥落,脱落一般看到Peeling基本上就是去角质的产品了.其他表示方法:Peeling去除杂质5,Essenz精华,要素;指精华液,美容液,精华露essential精华的Seele精髓; extrahieren 萃取精华6,Lotion :化妆水,洗涤剂英文法文表示一致,都是Lotion有些品牌也用lotion作为乳液的用词,不过严格来讲,最好是在lotion前面加上milk(乳液,乳状物),或者milky(乳状的),也就是milk/milky Lotion化妆水的其他用语Toner, Tonic ,Wasser乳液的其他用语:Fluid-流动的,液体(英法通用);lüssigkeits液体物质7, Schaum:泡沫,或者可以挤出来的泡沫,可以产生泡沫的产品8,Seife :肥皂,块状的产品.肥皂类其他用语: bar. 9,Make-up Entferner :卸妆.卸妆的其他用语: Reinigungsmittel ,Reinigung, säubern,sauber out都有清洁,扫除的意思,但有时会跟洗脸产品的标示有重叠,要留意是否注明[可以清除彩妆]10 , Melisse :香油,芳香性树脂,大多指护唇油(罐装的唇膏).护唇膏的其他用语:lipsalve 嘴唇用油膏; Lippensalbe-唇用软膏11, vor Gebrauch gut schütteln :使用前请先摇匀.通常这一类产品都摇匀的其他用语: schwingen 摇动; wackeln轻轻晃动;joggle 轻摇12,Gewebe off用完以后要以面纸或者化妆棉,擦掉的产品.擦拭: welloff;Pinsel;abwischen.需要的其他用语Aalaus13,Abwasch:水洗,用后要洗掉的水洗的其他用语:Wasser off;Spülen off ,aschbar; Sweep14, pat :轻拍,轻抚,轻压.拍打的其他用语ab-以手按压; Klappen拍打,扑打.有些产品需要稍加画圆,按摩外文是: Massage auf 在肌肤上面按摩,kreisförmige Bewegung -画圆移动nail polish 指甲油cosmetics case 化妆箱high heels 高跟鞋gloves 手套wrist watch 手表belt 腰带pendant 项饰necklace 项链neck scarf 围巾earrings 耳环bracelet 手链, 手镯tie 领带cuff links 袖扣ascot 宽领带pocket watch 表袋hair net 发网shampoo 洗发水cream rinse 营养发水hair spray 发胶powder puff 粉扑compact 带镜粉盒astringent 化妆水perfume 香水skin milk 乳液cold cream 油底霜atomizer 喷雾式香水clip 夹子hand mirror 手镜bobby pin 发夹false eyelash 假睫毛lipstick 口红wig 假发tie pin 领带夹tissue 面纸purse 手提包brooch 胸针shawl 披肩neckerchief 领巾Nagellack指甲油 Kosmetik-Etui化妆箱High Heels高跟鞋Handschuhe手套 Armbanduhr手表Gürtel腰带 Anhänger项饰Halskette项链 Halstuch围巾Ohrringe耳环 Armband手链,手镯binden领带 Manschettenknöpfe袖扣ascot宽领带 Taschenuhr表袋Haarnetz发网 Shampoo洗发水Cremespülung营养发水Haarspray发胶Puderquaste粉扑kompakte带镜粉盒adstringierend化妆水Parfüm香水Hautmilch乳液kalte Sahne油底霜Zerstäuber喷雾式香水Clip夹子Handspiegel手镜Schupostift发夹falschen Wimpern假睫毛Lippenstift口红Perücke假发Krawattennadel领带夹Gewebe面纸Geldbörse手提包Brosche胸针Schal披肩Halstuch领巾Shampoo洗发水Cremespülung营养发水Haarspray发胶Puderquaste粉扑kompakte带镜粉盒adstringierend化妆水Parfüm香水Hautmilch乳液kalte Sahne油底霜Zerstäuber喷雾式香水Clip夹子 Handspiegel手镜Schupostift发夹falschen Wimpern假睫毛Lippenstift口红 Perücke假发Krawattennadel领带夹Gewebe面纸 Geldbörse手提包Brosche胸针Schal披肩Halstuch领巾。
世界各种石材中英文翻译对照
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英语构词法
一）利用构词/遣词方法→理解词义1、根据构词法猜测词义1) 派生需要多积累常用前缀、常用词根、常用后缀。
词根patient（n.病人）→加前缀impatient（a.不耐心的）→加后缀impatiently（ad.不耐心地）词根state（v.陈述,声明）→加前缀restate（v.重申）→加后缀restatement（n.重新陈述）place — irreplaceable(无法替代的) →immoral impossible illegal irregular inevitablymemory — commemorate → recommend correct colleague cooperate coincide contemporary woman — womanish / womanlike → manish / manlike childish / childlike2) 合成lifestyle(生活方式) visionphone(可视电话)3) 转化v. → n. say draw n.→v. pencil bell chair back head eye nursenum.→v. second a.→v. slow quiet right idle brave lowerv. →a. repeat ad. →v. out down forward offn. →a. fancy a. →n. dear noble black natural final medicaln. →ad. north1. They overestimate the interviewee’s ability and a sked him many difficult questions.2. Those proponents of economic growth believe that only more growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life on the world.3. Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.4. He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.5. I'm illiterate about such things.6. Insecticide is applied where it is needed.7. Then the vapor may change into droplets.8. Her weak eyesight disqualified her for the job.9. Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.10. The train is snaking its way through the mountains.11. The sailor roped himself to the rail to keep the sea from washing him off the desk.附1. 常用前缀表示否定、反向意义的前缀negative prefixes and reversal prefixes前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词un- (接v. a. participle) the opposite of unfair, unexpected, unassuming, untie unwrapunlockin-, il-l, im-m/p/b, ir- r(接n.a.) the opposite of inactive, impractical, illegal, irregular irresistibleinjusticenon- not nonsmoker, non-nucleardis- (接v. a. 抽象n.) the opposite of disloyal, dislike, disallow, discoverde-(接v. 抽象n.) 相反的动作defrost，decentralizea- an- ab-元音前(接n. a.) lacking in amoral, anarchy, abnormal, abuse表降格、贬低意义的前缀pejorative prefixes前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词mis- (接v. 抽象n.) wrongly, astray misinform, misleading, misconductmal-(接v. a. 抽象n.) badly maltreat, malformed, malpractice,malnutritionpseudo- (接n. a.) false, imitation pseudoscience, pseudo-student, pseudoheart表程度或大小的前缀prefixes of degree or size前缀(加在何种词性上)意义例词arch- (接n.) highest, worst arch-criminal, arch-enemy archbishopsuper- (接n. a.) above, more than,better supernatural, supermarket, supersonic, superpowerextra- (接a.) especially extra-strongout- (接v.) to do faster, longer outrun, outgrow, outlivesur- (接n.) over and above surtaxsub- (接a.) lower than, less than subhuman, substandard subheading, suburbover- (接v. a. pp.) too much overeat, overheat, overdressed, overconfident,overweightunder- (接v. pp.) too little underdeveloped, under-privileged, underestimate hyper- (接a.) extremely hyper-criticalultra- (接a.) beyond, excessive ultraviolet, ultrafashionable, ultrasonicmini- (接n.) little mini-skirt, minibus, ministermaxi- (接n.) large maxi-skirtmicro - (接n.) small microeconomics, microscopemacro - (接n.) big macroeconomics表示位置的前缀locative prefixes前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词super- (接n.) over super-structuresub- (接v. n. a.) beneath, lesser in rank subway, subconscious, sublet,submarineintra- intro-(接v. n. a.) in, into introduce, intrastate, intranuclearin-, il-l, im-m/p/b, ir-r(接n. a.)in inland, invade, immigrate, importinter- (接v. n. a.) between, among international, intermarry, inter-city,interactionex- e- (接v. n. a.) out export, excludeextra- (接a.) out extraordinary, extranuclearfore- (接v. n. a.) in front of foreheadtele- (接v. n. a.) far, far away telecommunication, telescopetrans- (接v. n. a.) across, from one place toanothertransport, transplant表示时间、顺序的前缀prefixes of time and order前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词fore- (接v. 抽象n.) before foretell, foreknowledgepre- ante- (接n. a.); before pre-war, pre-marital, prepare, precaution post- (接n. a.) after post-war, post-classical, postgraduateex- (接n.) former ex-husband, ex-president, ex-wifere- (接v. 抽象n.) again, back rebuild, re-evaluate, reconsider表态度的前缀prefixes of orientation and attitude前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词con-, co-元音, col-l, cor-r, com-m/p/b (接v. n.) with, joint cooperate, coauthor, companion, combine,coexistence, connection, concentrate, colleague,correlate, correctcontra- (接v. 抽象n.) in opposition to contraflow, contradiction, contraclockwise counter- (接v. 抽象n.) in opposition to counteract, counterattack, countermeasureanti- (接n. a. ad.) against anti-missile, anti-social, anti-clockwise,anti-governmentpro- (接n. a.) on the side of pro-communist表示能改变词性的前缀前缀(加在何种词性上)意义例词be- (接v. n. a.) 使（显得）、视作becalm, bewitch, befriend, belittleen- em-b/m/p (接n.a.) 使（成为）、使处于…状态enslave, enlarge, endanger, embitter,empowera- (接v.) 构成形容词，副词afloat, asleep表示数字的前缀number prefixes前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词semi- (hemi-) half semicircle, hemisphere, semiofficial,semiconductoruni- (mono-) sol- one unilateral, uniform, monograph, monologuebi- (di-) two biceps, dioxide, bicycle, bimonthly, bilateral,dialoguetri- three triangle, triple, tricycle, trilateralquadr- (tetra-) four quadruple, tetrametrepenta- (quinqu-) five quinquagenarian, pentagonsex- (hexa-) six sexennial, hexametre, hexalateralsept- seven septangleoct- eight octagon, octave, octopusnona- nine nonagon, nonagenariandec- ten decimalcenti- (hecto-) 100 centigrade, hectoemetremilli- 1000 millipedepoly- (multi-) many polygon, multiple, multifunctional,multinational其他前缀miscellaneous prefixes前缀(加在何种词性上) 意义例词auto- self autobiography, automatic, automobile neo- new, revived neo-Fascism, neo-Darwinismpan- all, worldwide pan-American, pan-Europeanproto- first, original prototypevice- deputy vice-president, vice-principal2. 常用附着词根aer(o) 空气：空中；航空ag 做，驱动ag, act (to do)做agr, agri (field)农田al (other)另外，其他alter (other)另外其他变化am, amat (love)爱anim (life, mind, spirit)生命心神；意志ann, enn (year)年anthro(po) man 人类apt (adjust)调整aqua (water)水arch, archy rule or government治理,政府arch (first, chief)首要的aster, astro (star)星audi, audit (to hear)听bat 打bell 战争bi(o) (life)生命，生物bibli(o) 书blanc 白cac (empty)空，空虚cand (to glow，to be white)发光，变白cap (take, hold)拿，取card (heart)心cas, cid, cad (to fall，to befall)降临ced, ceed,cess(to go)行走ceive (take, hold)拿，取cent (hundred)百centr (center)中心cept (take, hold)拿，取cern, cret to separate 分离cert (perceive, make certain)确定,确信chrom (color)颜色chron (time)时间cia(i)m (shout)叫喊cid 降落；降临cid(e), cis (kill, cut)切；杀cip (take, hold)拿，取circ 环，圆claim, clam (to call out)喊叫clin to bend，to lean 弯，倾clud, clus 关闭cogn (know)知晓cor(d) heart) 心corp (body)身体，躯干cosm (universe, world)宇宙course (run)跑cred (believe)相信cult 耕作，栽培；培养cur 关心，挂念；注意cur(s),cour(s)(run)跑cycl(o) (circle)圆，环，轮demo (people)人民derm (skin)皮肤di 日dic(t) (speak)说dit 给divid, divis (to separate)分开doc(t) (teach)教dom 屋，家dorm 睡眠duc(t) lead引导em, am 拿emper, impre 命令；统帅；统治enn (year)年equ(i) (equal, even)平等, 均erg (work)功err 漫游;走fac(t) fect (do, make)做fer (carry, bring) 带; 拿; 运送;产生fic (do, make)做fict, fig 制造；塑造；虚构fid 信任；信仰fin (end, limit)终，极flect, flex (bend)弯曲flict (strike)打击flu (flow)流forc, fort (strong)强的form (form, shape)形式fract, frag (break)破,折frig 冷fug (flee)逃fund, found 底，基础fus (pour)熔化;灌;流;倾注gen, gener (birth, race, cause)出生,种类,起源geo (earth)地球,土地grad, gress (step, walk)跨步; 走; 级gram (write)写，画；文学；图形graph (write)写，画；文字；图形grat (pleasing, thankful)高兴，感激的grav (weigh, heavy)称重，重的greg (flock)群gress (step)跨步, 行走habit 居住hap 机会，运气，偶发her, hes (to stick)粘hibit 拿，持horr 战栗，怕hospit, host 客人hydra (water)水ide(o) 思想；概念；意；心idio 特殊的；个人的；专有的it 行走jac, ject (to throw)投掷join, junct (to connect)连接jud, jur (judge)法官, 裁判lat (to carry，to bear)持，带，负lect1, leg1, lig (choose)挑选，收lect2, leg2读，言leg3, legis (law)法lev 举升liber 自由lig (to bind)束lingu 语言liqu (fluid)流动的liter (letter)字母, 文字,文化liv (live)生活，生存loc (place)地点locu (speak)说话log 言，说lun 月亮magn(i) (great)大的maj 大man 居住，停留man(u) (hand)手,控制med,medic(o)(heal)医治medi (middle)中间memor (mindful)记住, 记忆ment 心，智，神，思，意metr(y) 测量，测量学metre, meter (measure)测量(器)，计，表migr 迁移milit 兵, 军事min(i) (less)少, 小mir 惊奇，惊异misc (mix)混合miss, mit (send)投，送，发mob, mot,mov(move)移动mon1单独，一个mon2告诫，提醒morph (form)形式mort (death)死亡nasc, nat (to be born)出生nect, nex 结，系，束neur (nerve)神经noc 伤害nom(y) 学，术，法norm 规范，正规；正常not (to get to know)知晓note (mark)记号nov (new)新onom (name)名oper (work)操作, 工作opt1(light)光线opt2选择ori 升起paci 和平par1相等, 相似par2生产, 生育par3准备, 出现para 侧面, 旁边; 超越part 分，部分part, pater father，fatherlandpath (feeling)感情ped (foot)足pel (drive)追逐pend, pens (hang, weight, pay)悬,挂,支付pet, pelit to seek，to strive 寻求，追求phon (sound)声音phot(o) (light)光pict 画，描绘pisci (fish)鱼plen 满，全plex 重叠，重plic 折，重叠pon (place)放置popul 人民port 拿，带，运pos (place)放置press 压，逼迫prim (first)第一，首要psych (mind)精神pun, pen 罚pur 清，纯，净put (think, reckon)考虑，计算quer, quest (ask, seek)问，求quies, quiet (rest)休息quire (ask)问，求ras, rad 擦，刮rect (straight, right) 正，直, 对rid (laugh)笑rupt (break)破坏sal 盐, 必需品sanguine (blood)血sat(is), satur (enough)足够，满，饱scend (climb)爬sci (know)知道，知晓scrib, script (write)写sec, sequ (follow)跟随sect 切割sed (sit)坐seg (cut)切割sen 大, 长, 老sens, sent (feel)感觉sequ (follow)跟随serv 奴，仆, 服务sid (sit)坐，安顿simil, simul 相似，相同sist 站, 立sol1(sun)太阳sol2单独soph (wise)明智, 聪明，智慧sorb (suck in)吸收spec(t), spic (look)看spir (breath, life)呼吸，生命splend 发光st(at) (stand)站立stell (star)星string (tighten)拉紧struct 建造tact, tag 触，接触tail 切割tain, ten, tin (hold)握，保持，守tang (touch)接触tect 掩盖tele 远tend, tens,tent(stretch)伸张terr1怕，恐吓terr2(earth)地球text 编织therm(o) (heat)热tin (hold)握tir 拉，引tor(t) (twist)扭，扭转tour 转，迂回tract (drag, draw)拖，拉，吸引，引trib (give)给予turb (disorder)搅乱, 混乱，骚扰tut, tuit 监护,教育umbr 荫，影un(i) (one)一ut (use)使用vac (empty)空，空虚vari 变化ven(t) (come)来verb 字，词，言vers, vert (turn)翻转vi(a) (way, road)路vid, vis (see)看见vit, viv (live)生活voc, vok (voice, call)声音，叫喊vol(unt) 意志，意愿volv (roll, turn)滚动wis, wit (know)知晓zo(o) 动物3. 常见后缀1) 名词后缀-ability, -ibility …能力,可…性ability能力flexibility-acle 可…性，易…性，可…miracle奇迹-age 费用postage-age 集合名词，总称average平均数；平均的；平均-age 加在v.或n.后，表动作,状态marriage结婚shrinkage-al 人，物rival对手；竞争-al 加在v.后，表动作,过程，构成名词 arrival refusal funeral葬礼-an, -ian, -arian 人humanitarian librarian musician vegetarian-ance / -ancy 加在v.后构成名词，表示行为,性质,状态appearance referenceabundance romance-ancy / -ency 动作,状态emergency expectancy-ant, -ent 人servant infant student-ard, -erd 人（大多含有贬义）coward懦夫-ary 从事…的人，与…有关的物secretary秘书-ate 表人或物，职权candidate候选人/classmate同学-ation 附在v.后，表动作，状态，结果application申请，应用-cy 动作，状态，结果accuracy bankruptcy-dom n.或a.后表地位,领域,状态,性质等freedom / kingdom王国，领域-ee 动作的承受者absentee employee-eer, -ier, -er, -or 表动作的发出者cashier lawyer customer traitor-en, -let, -et, -ette 小pamphlet小册子chicken小鸡-ence, -ency, -ancy 表动作,性质,状态silence violence frequency-ent 表人或物accent口音-er, -or, -ar 人、器painter conductor beggar-er, -ier, -or …工具、武器、机械等barrier / powder / ladder梯子-ery 表示行为，习性，性质bravery cookery misery痛苦/ robbery掠夺-ese 附在地名后，表语言或居民Chinese中国人,汉语-ess / -ress n 后构成阴性人称waitress hostess actress lioness-ful 数量handful spoonful-hood 加在n. a.后表身份、性质，时代childhood，likelihood可能性，neighborhood-ian 职业，地位，物证librarian 图书馆理员-ic, -ics 人, …学术,学科fabric结构traffic交通electronicslinguistics-ine 表抽象名词outline 轮廓，大纲-ing, -ings 表制成品reading shopping clothing-ion, -ition, -ation 行为，状态，结果, 物collection composition vocation-ism 主义，状态tourism heroism-ist 主义者, 专业人，专家typist 打字员socialist violinist-ity -ty 状态cruelty purity ability flexibility-ment 表过程，状态，程度，性质，结果movement retirement payment-ness 表性质，程度，状态goodness darkness happiness illness -o 表人物，场所piano volcano-(o)logy 学科,学问futurology musicology-oon 表物balloon-ry 表行为，性质，场所history library-ship 表状态，性质，身份，技能friendship partnership ownership所有权-sion, -ssion 行为，性质decision expansion-th 表动作，性质，过程wealth length warmth-ture, -ure 表动作，行为，结果及集合词mixture figure closure exposure -ty, -ity, -ety 表性质，状态，程度cruelty poverty dignity necessity loyalty -y 表前面v或adj的相应状态jury 陪审团spray 喷雾，飞沫-y 表示职业，技术，场所，…的产品fishery渔业渔场养殖场/grocery杂货店2) 形容词后缀-able, -ible 可以的，能…的suitable admissible possible desirablehumble-al …的educational natural-an, -arian, -ian …的suburban disciplinarian Canadian urban城市的-aneous 有…性质的，属于…的spontaneous自发的-ant, -ent 有…性质的，关于…的different resultant fragrant frequent abundantelegant-ar, -ary, -ory 有…性质的，属于…的，关于…的voluntary advisory customary-ate, -atibe, -itibe 有…性质的，属于…的talkative话多的,健谈的consideratefortunate-ed 加在n 有……的gifted-ed 加在v 后，有…特征的，已…的beloved used-en (n.后)由…制成的，含有…的golden woolen-ern 在…方向上eastern western-ese …地方的Chinese Japanese-free 免于…的carefree troublefree-ful 充满，富有…的beautiful careful painful-ial, -ual, -al 具性质的feudal封建的royal王室的-ic, -atic, -etic, -tic有…性质的与有关的属于…的 historic romantic-ic, -ical …的atomic biological-id, -ious -ous, 特性的spacious dangerous-ish 似的性质的foolish childish girlish reddish-ive …的creative supportive-less 在n / v 后,无…的不…的wireless hopeless jobless-like 象…的childlike ladylike-ly 每特定时间发生一次的weekly yearly monthly-ly 像…的，有…特征的early holy manly-most 最的utmost最远的-some 易于…的，有…倾向的tiresome讨厌的quarrelsome troublesome-ward …方向的downward homeward-y 附在n后,有…的，似…的，多…的 hairy healthy noisy crazy funny sly3).动词后缀-ate 造成，做…事celebrate necessitate lubricate 润滑deteriorate使恶化-en 使成为deepen fasten deafen flatten frighten open waken-er 反复wander 徘徊-fy 致使apply reply-ify 致使classify simplify-ish 使，令publish polish擦亮-ize, -ise 使成为, …化modernize popularize minimize summarize概括4).副词后缀-ly 程度,性质likely, nearly highly easily quickly-ward(s) 表方向northward upward afterward-wise 表方向clockwise otherwise注意:1）-al即可作形容词后缀，又可作名词后缀，接在名词后变成形容词，表示：具有…性质的，如：national国家的，民族的continental大陆的basal基础的-al在动词后构成抽象名词，表示行为、状态、事情。
PTEN和P-ERK蛋白在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中的表达和意义
ＰＴＥＮ和Ｐ－ＥＲＫ蛋白在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中的表达和意义目的：探讨PTEN和P-ERK蛋白在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义。
方法:采用免疫组化SP法观察34例皮肤鳞癌组织和15例正常皮肤组织石蜡标本中PTEN蛋白和P-ERK蛋白的表达情况。
结果:皮肤鳞状细胞癌（SCC）组织中PTEN 蛋白阳性表达率（41.18%）明显低于正常皮肤组织（100%）（P＜0.05）；P-ERK 蛋白在SCC中的阳性表达率（76.47%）明显高于正常皮肤组织（20.00%）（P＜0.05）；SCC中低分化组的PTEN和P-ERK蛋白的阳性表达率分别低于和高于高分化组（P＜0.05）。
SCC中PTEN和P-ERK蛋白表达之间呈明显的负相关（P ＜0.01）。
结论：PTEN蛋白的低表达或失表达，不能有效抑制Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK 信号通路的异常激活，可能使细胞恶性转化和增殖。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the expression and significance of PTEN and P-ERK protein in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. MethodsExpression of PTEN and P-ERK protein was detected in 34 SCC and 15 normal skin specimens by SP immunohistochemical technique. ResultsThe positive rate of PTEN protein was significantly lower in SCC(41.18%) than that in normal skin(100%)(P＜0.05); The positive rate of P-ERK was significantly higher in SCC(76.47%) than that in normal skin (20.00% )(P＜0.05); The positive rate of PTEN and P-ERK protein in the low differentiation group were lower and higher than them in the high differentiation group(P＜0.05), A significant negative relationship was observed between the expression of PTEN and P-ERK protein in SCC(P＜0.01).ConclusionsThe decrease or deletion of PTEN protein expression may not be able to effectively inhibit the over-activation of Ras/Raf /MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which will result in the m alignant transformation and proliferation.Key words: cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; PTEN protein; P-ERK protein; Immunohistochemistry;signal transduction皮肤鳞状细胞癌(cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, SCC)的发生发展与抑癌基因的失活、突变及某些细胞信号的传导异常密切相关。
2023年高考英语模拟题读后续写(共10篇)
2023年高考英语模拟题读后续写（共10篇）目录2023年高考英语模拟题读后续写（共10篇） (1)目录 (1)01个人成长（人与自我） (1)02助人篇（人与社会） (2)03救助动物（人与自然） (4)043实现理想（励志成长）人与自我 (5)05助人篇（人与自我） (6)06友情篇（人与社会） (8)07生活体验（旅途）（人与自然） (9)08助人篇（人与社会） (10)09成长篇（人与自我） (12)10亲情篇（人与社会） (13)01个人成长（人与自我）题目来源：重庆市高2023届高三第一次质量检测阅读下面材料.根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
The sound of glass breaking is instantly recognizable. I’d been telling my best friend Missi a sil ly story and had spun around in the living room when I heard that sound and froze.When I looked down at the carpet, it was covered with pieces of sparkling red, pink and clear glass. Missi said. "Oh, no, not the vase.''"Why? What did I do?" My face reddened."Abby, that glass vase was one of the few items my relatives brought when they came to America,Missi replied nervously. "If you’d broken anything else in the apartment,Iwould've gladly said I did it. But you're going to have to tell my mom that it was your fault, and she's going to be really mad. ”I was terrified.I’d destroyed a priceless family heirloom （传家宝）.Why did I have to spin around like that?Wegathereduptheshatteredpieces. Ikept saying that maybe it could be fixed, but Missi said gently it didn't look possible. Iinsisted we keep the pieces. The glass was so fragile, like a colorful, swirly light bulb had exploded. Some of it broke even more as we tried to sweep it up carefully.Missi said her mom would be home by six. My stomach was in knots. Would her mom yell at me or punish me? Would she tell me I couldn't stay in their apartment for the weekend? I couldn't stop playing the” fifteen seconds over in my mind, me spinning fast and the sound of glass crashing. The only thing I could think of to saywas “I'm sorry. ”A couple of minutes after six we heard a key turn in the door. Her mom was home. Right from the start, we could see she was in a good mood. Hello! It’s hot today. I want to treat you girls to that frozen yogurt Iknow you like, Let’s go! ” her mom said. She pointed at the open door.注意；1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
密歇根神经病变筛查表
How to Use the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument密歇根神经病变筛查表使用指南History 病史The history questionnaire is self-administered by the patient. Responses are added to obtain the total score. Responses of “yes” to items 1-3, 5-6, 8-9, 11-12, 14-15 are each counted as one point. A “no” response on items 7 and 13 counts as 1 point. Item #4 is a measure of impaired circulation and item #10 is a measure of general aesthenia and are not included in scoring. To decrease the potential for bias, all scoring information has been eliminated from the patient version.病史调查表由病人自己填写，回答将计入其筛查总分中，1-3, 5-6, 8-9, 11-12, 14-15题每回答一个“是”将加1分，7和13题每回答一个“否”将加1分，4和10题不计分。
为了减少潜在的误差，在病史调查表上将不出现得分信息。
Physical Assessment体格检查For all assessments, the foot should be warm (>30?C).所有评估必须建立在足部温度>30?C的基础上Foot Inspection:The feet are inspected for evidence of excessively dry skin, callous formation, fissures, frank ulceration or deformities. Deformities include flat feet, hammer toes, overlapping toes, halux valgus, joint subluxation, prominent metatarsal heads, medial convexity (Charcot foot) and amputation.足部检查：足部检查的项目包括：足部皮肤干燥程度、胼胝体、龟裂、溃疡或畸形。
运动干预癌症的自由基机制研究进展
运动干预癌症的自由基机制研究进展汪继兵;王人卫【摘要】在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,论述了自由基代谢在运动对癌症发生、进展中的作用及其可能机制,认为运动通过增强清除自由基能力和适应、耐受氧化损伤能力,调节DNA和重要生命物质的修复过程而干预癌症的发生和进展,并因运动要素和组织类型而存在差异.在此基础上指出了存在的问题和今后可能的研究方向.【期刊名称】《南京体育学院学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2010(009)001【总页数】3页(P150-152)【关键词】运动;癌症;自由基【作者】汪继兵;王人卫【作者单位】上海体育学院,运动科学学院,上海,200438;上海体育学院,运动科学学院,上海,200438【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G804.2目前关于自由基代谢在癌症发生、发展中的作用的认识上尚不一致,运动对自由基代谢的影响与癌症发生、发展间的关系研究也存在一些关键性的争议甚至冲突。
大量研究认为运动可降低癌症风险,改善癌症转归,那么自由基代谢在运动干预癌症中发挥何种作用?其机制如何,鉴于此,我们就有关文献进行了总结分析。
1 自由基的基本生理作用与自由基代谢自由基是指外层轨道上带有未成对电子的原子、原子团、分子或离子,化学性质活泼。
正常代谢可产生自由基,机体也存在自由基清除系统,包括酶系统和非酶系统,前者主要有超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px),后者主要有谷胱甘肽、VitA、VitC、VitE等,使机体保持自由基生成和清除间的动态平衡状态,自由基在人体许多正常活动中有着重要作用,包括抗病原体免疫应答、胞内信号传递和血管渗透性等,但是,若自由基清除能力下降和/或自由基生成过度,则损伤生物大分子,参与多种疾病的发生与发展,包括癌症[1,2]。
2 自由基代谢与癌症的发生、发展早在 1979年Oberley等就提出,癌变的自由基机制在于氧自由基含量的上升和细胞中的 SOD活性显著下降,自由基产生与消除间的相对平衡被破坏而引起细胞癌变[3]。
暗黑2单词中英对照
Summoni ng——召唤系技能树——召喚法術Skeleto nmaste ry——骷髅掌握——支配骷髏；Raisesk eleton——复活骷髅——骷髏復甦；ClayGol em——土之巨人——黏土石魔；简称:CGGolemMa stery——傀儡掌握——支配石魔；简称:GMRaisesk eletal mage——复活骷髅魔法师——復甦骷髏法師；BloodGo lem——血之巨人——鮮血石魔；简称:BGSummone dresis tance——召唤反抗——召喚抵抗；IronGol em——钢铁巨人——鋼鐵石魔；简称:IGFireGol em——火之巨人——火焰石魔；简称:FGRevive——复兴——重生；Poisona ndbone——毒系骨系技能树——毒素和白骨法術Teech——牙齿术——牙；BoneArm or——骨之护甲——白骨裝甲；简称:BAPoisonD agger——毒之匕首——淬毒匕首；简称:PD(骗点？)CorpseE xplosi on+——尸体爆炸术——屍體爆炸；简称:CEBoneWal l——骨墙术——骨墻；PoisonE xplosi on——毒气爆炸术——毒爆；BoneSpe ar——骨之长矛——骨矛；BonePri son——骸骨监狱——骨牢；PoisonN ova——毒之雷星——劇毒新星；简称:PNBonespi rit——骨之灵魂——白骨之魂；简称:BSCurses——诅咒系技能树——詛咒Amplify Damage——加大伤害——傷害加深；简称:Amp/AdDimVisi on——视力模糊——微暗靈視；简称:DimWeaken——弱化——削弱；Ironmai den——钢铁处女——攻擊反噬；简称:IMTerror——恐怖——恐懼；Confuse——混乱——迷亂；LifeTap——生命源泉——偷取生命；Attracc——吸引——吸引；Decrepi fy——衰老——衰老；简称:Decrep/DecLowerRe sist——降低抵抗力——降低抵抗；简称:LR(烂人@_@)巫师常用武器装备中英文名称对照：Suicide Branch自殺支系；Blackha ndKey黑手之鑰；Wizards pike巫師之刺；Aldur'sDecept ion(ShadowP late)艾耳多的欺瞒------艾耳多的守卫(阴影铠甲)BulKath osSacr edCharge(Colossu sBlade)布爾凱索的神聖代價------布爾凱索的孩子(巨神之刃)俗称：Set大剑BulKath osTrib alGuar dian(Mythica lSword)布爾凱索的部族守护------布爾凱索的孩子(秘仪之剑)俗称：Set小剑Griswold'sHonor(V ortexS hield)格瑞斯华尔德的荣耀------格瑞斯华尔德的的传奇(旋风盾)Griswold'sRedemption(Caduceu sMercu ry)格瑞斯华尔德的救赎------格瑞斯华尔德的的传奇(神使之杖) Griswold'sV alor(Corona)格瑞斯华尔德的勇气------格瑞斯华尔德的的传奇(头冠)ImmortalKing's SoulCage(SacredArmor)不朽之王的靈魂牢籠\------不朽之王(神圣铠甲)M'avina'sTrueSight(Diadem)马维娜的真实之眼------马维娜之战斗诗歌(权冠)M'avina'sCaster(GrandMa tronBo w)马维娜的施展------马维娜之战斗诗歌(大院長之弓)M'avina'sEmbrace(KrakenS hell)1SC马维娜的拥抱------马维娜之战斗诗歌(女妖壳甲)Natalya's Mark(ScissorsSuway yah)娜塔垭的记号------娜塔亚的非难(近身剪)俗称：绿爪Ondal'sAlmigh ty(SpiredHelm)安戴尔的全灵------天堂的信徒(螺旋頭盔)Sazabi's CobaltRedeemer(Cryptic S word)沙撒壁的忏悔之钴------沙撒壁的雄伟贡品(神秘之剑)Taebaek's Glory(W ard)泰比克的光荣------天堂的信徒(保护盾牌) TalRasha's Adjudication(Amulet)塔拉夏的判决------塔拉夏的外袍(護身符) TalRasha's Guardianship(Lacquer edPlate)塔拉夏的守护------塔拉夏的外袍(漆甲)Trang-Oul'sGirth(TrollBelt)塔格奥之束带------塔格奥的化身(洞穴巨魔腰带) Trang-Oul'sGuise(BoneV is age)塔格奥之外装------塔格奥的化身(骸骨面罩) Uniques items暗金物品:Weapon武器类:Buriza-DoKyanon(Ballista)布理撒多凱南(弩弓)俗称：玻璃渣/大炮Doombringer(Champio nS word)简称:Doom末日毀滅者(冠軍之劍)Eaglehorn(CrusaderBow)简称:EH；或称EBow鷹號角(十字軍之弓)Hellsla yer(Decapitator)地獄毀滅者(斬首斧)Lightsa bre(PhaseBlade)简称:LS光之軍刀(幻化之刃)Messers chmidt's Reaver(Champio n Axe)希梅斯特的掠奪(豪傑斧)Schaefe r'sHammer(LegendaryMallet)史恰佛之鎚(傳說之錘)Stormspire(GiantTh resher)暴風尖塔(執政官之杖)TheGran dfather(Colossu sBlade)简称：GF(女朋友？@_@)祖父(巨神之刃)TheCran iumBas her(Thunder MAUL)碎腦槌(雷錘)Windforce(HydraBo w)简称:wf風之力(九頭蛇之弓)Armor防具:Arkaine's V alor(BalrogS kin)简称:skin阿凱尼的榮耀(炎魔皮板甲)HarlequinCres t(Shako)简称:Shako諧角之冠(軍帽)俗称：軍帽，不知道有没有绿帽子的说法@_@，开个玩笑了No sferatu's Coil(V ampirefangBelt)吸血聖王之圈(吸血鬼獠牙腰帶)Shaftstop(MeshArm or)简称:shaft謝夫特斯坦布(織網戰甲)俗称：物免甲Skullder'sIre(RussetA rmor)简称:Ire詩寇蒂的憤怒(蘿瑟戰甲)Stormsh ield(Monarch)简称:Storm暴風盾(統治者大盾)俗称：物免盾StringofEars(DemonhideSash)简称:Ears；或称Strin g 長串之耳(魔皮勒帶)俗称：物免腰带Thunderg od's V igor(W arBelt)雷神之力(巨戰腰帶)V ampire Gaze(GrimHelm)简称:Gaze吸血鬼的凝視(殘酷頭盔)俗称：物免头盔V eilofS teel(SpiredHelm)鋼鐵面紗(螺旋頭盔)WarTrav eler(BattleB oots)简称:Wt戰爭旅者(戰場之靴)角色专用：Arreat's Face(SlayerG uard)简称:Face亞瑞特的面容(殺手防護面甲)Bartuc's Cut-Throat(Greater Talons)巴特克的猛擊(巨鷹爪)BlackhandKey(GraveWand)黑手之鑰(墓地之杖)HeraldofZakar um(GildedS hield)简称:Zakarum撒卡蘭姆使者(飾金盾牌)Homunculus(Hieroph antTro phy)侏儒(祭司印記)俗称：尿壶(太搞了吧@_@)Ialal'sMane(Totemic Mask)加爾的長髮(圖騰面具狼盔)俗称：狼头Lycander'sAim(CeremonialBow)雷山得的指標(祭奠之弓)Lycander'sFlank(CeremonialPik e)雷山得的側腹(祭奠之長矛)TheOculus(Swirlin g Crystal)简称:Orb眼球(渦流水晶)Titan'sReveng e(CeremonialJav elin)简称:Titan泰坦的復仇(祭奠之標槍)Rings戒指:Bul-Kathos'W edding Band(布爾凱索之戒)俗称：婚戒(结婚用的？@_@) ConstrictingRing(收縮之戒)——未开放物品DwarfStar(矮人之星)ManaldHeal(瑪那得的治療)Nagelring(拿各的戒指)RavenFrost(烏鴉之霜)StoneofJordan(喬丹之石)简称:soj(不会不知道吧@_@:mad:)Amulets项链：Atma'sScarab(亞特瑪的聖甲蟲)Crescen tMoon(新月)Highlord's Wrath(大君之怒)简称:HighlordMara'sKaleid oscope(馬拉的萬花筒)简称:MaraNokozan Relic(諾科蘭遺物)Saracen's Chance(薩拉森的機會)TheCat's Eye(貓眼)TheEyeo fEtlic h(艾利屈之眼)TheMahim-OakCurio(瑪哈姆橡木古董)TheRisingSun(昇陽)简称:Sun新人用或QR用物品(无交易价值，部分JP或eth的有交易价值) Weapon武器类:Baranar's Star(DevilStar)有时可简称为D S;巴拉那之星(惡魔流星錘)BladeOf AliBaba(Tulwar)简称:AliBaba阿里巴巴之刃(圓月彎刀)Gull(Dagger)海鷗(匕首)KelpieS nare(Fuscina)水魔陷阱(魔鬼之叉)Goldstr ikeArc h(GothicB ow)金色的曲线(歌德弓)SpireofHonor(Lance)榮耀的尖塔(長槍)Wizards pike(BoneKnife)巫師之刺(骸骨小刀)Armor防具:Blackhorn'sFace(DeathMa sk)黑角面具(死亡面具)BlackoakShield(Luna)简称:Luna黑橡樹盾(月精靈護盾)Cleglaw's Pincer s(ChainGlove)克勞得雷之鉗(鎖鏈手套)俗称：减速手套ChanceGuards(ChainGloves)運\氣守護(鎖鏈手套)Crownof Thieves(GrandCrown)盜賊\皇冠(巨皇冠)Duriel's Shell(Cuirass)都瑞爾的殼(護胸甲)Frostbu rn(Gauntle ts)霜燃(鉄手套)Goldwra p(HeavyBelt)金色包袱(重腰帶)GoreRid er(WarBoots)蝕肉騎士(巨戰之靴)Guardia nAngel(Templar Coat)简称:Angel守護天使(聖堂武士外袍)ImmortalKing's Detail(WarBelts)不朽之王的瑣事(巨戰腰帶) ImmortalKing's Forge(W arGaun tlets)不朽之王的熔爐(巨戰手套) ImmortalKing's Pillar(WarBoots)不朽之王之柱(巨戰之靴)LayingofHands(Bramble Mitts)手掌的安置(荊棘連指手套)LidlessW all(GrimShield)警戒之牆(冷酷之盾)Lionheart(Hel+Lum+Fal)狮子之心(符文之语盔甲)Moser'sBlesse dCircle(RoundShield) 摩西祝福之環(圓型盾)Magefis t(LightGauntlets)法師之拳(輕型鉄手套)Sigon'sGage(Gauntle ts)西剛的挑戰(鉄手套)Sigon'sWrap(PlatedBelt)西剛的披肩(金屬腰帶)Sigon'sSabot(Greaves)西剛的木鞋(護踁)Rocksto pper(Sallet)岩石制動器(輕便頭盔)Razorta il(Sharksk inBelt)剃刀之尾(鯊皮腰帶)SkinoftheV ipe rmagi(S erpentskinAr mor)蛇魔法師之皮(海蛇皮甲)Smoke(Nef+Lum)煙霧(符文之语盔甲)Stealskull(Casque)偷取骷髏(無頰頭盔)TalRasha's Fine-SpunClo th(MeshBel t)塔拉夏的織細衣服------塔拉夏的外袍(織網腰帶) TalRasha's HoradricCres t(DeathMa sk)塔拉夏的赫拉迪克紋章------塔拉夏的外袍(死亡面具) TheGlad iator's Bane(WireFle ece)鬥士的禍根(綿羊毛皮甲)V alkyrieWing(WingedHelm)女神之翼(翼盔)Waterwalk(SharkskinBoots)水上飄(鯊皮之靴)。
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InductionofInvasiveMouseSkinCarcinomasinTransgenicMicewithMutationsinBothH-rasandp53
ZhongqiuZhang,1RuishengYao,1JieLi,1YianWang,1CharlesW.Boone,2RonaldA.Lubet,2andMingYou1
1DepartmentofSurgeryandTheAlvinJ.SitemanCancerCenter,WashingtonUniversity
SchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,Missouriand2ChemopreventionBranch,NationalCancerInstitute,Bethesda,Maryland
AbstractSynergisticinteractionbetweenH-rasandp53weresystematicallyexaminedduringskintumorigenesis.ConcurrentexpressionofanactivatedH-rasgeneandamutantp53genewasaccomplishedbycrossingp53Val135/wtmicewithTGÁACmice.Topicalapplicationtowild-typemicewithbenzo(a)pyrene(BaP)aloneproducedf26%skintumorincidence,whereasBaPtreatmentofp53wt/wtHrasTGÁAC/wt,p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt,andp53Val135/wtHrasTGÁAC/wtmiceproduceda75%,77%,and100%incidenceofskintumors,respectively.Anaverageof0.33tumorpermousewasobservedinwild-type(p53wt/wtHraswt/wt)mice,whereasf1.54,1.96,and3.08tumorspermousewereseeninBaP-treatedp53wt/wtHrasTGÁAC/wt,p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt,andp53Val135/wtHrasTGÁAC/wtmice,respectively.Theeffectsontotaltumorvolumewereevenmorestrikingwith7-,48-,and588-foldincreasesintumorvolumecomparedwithwild-type(p53wt/wtHraswt/wt)inp53wt/wtHrasTGÁAC/wt,p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt,andp53Val135/wtHrasTGÁAC/wtmice,respectively.Histopathologically,alltumorsfromp53wt/wtHraswt/wt
micewereeitherpapillomasorwell-differentiatedsquamouscellcarcinomas,whereasthetumorsinp53wt/wtHrasTGÁAC/wt,p53Val135/wtHraswt/wt,and
p53Val135/wtHrasTGÁAC/wtmicewereprincipallysquamouscellcarcinomaswithvaryingdegreeofinvasiveness.Particularly,tumorsinp53Val135/wtHrasTGÁAC/wtmiceexhibitedthemostrapidgrowthandtheextremeformoftumorinvasion.Microarrayanalysisrevealedthatdominant-negativep53(Val135)andactivatedH-rasaffectedseveralcellularprocessesinvolvedintumorigenesispossiblythroughitseffectsonapoptosis,cellcyclearrest,andRas-mitogen-activatedprotein
kinasepathways.Thepresentstudyprovidesthefirstinvivoevidencethatagermlinep53mutationandactivatedH-rasactsynergisticallytoprofoundlyenhancetumorprogression.(MolCancerRes2005;3(10):563–74)
IntroductionNonmelanomaskincanceristhemostcommoncancerintheUnitedStates.Eightypercentoftheseskincancersarebasalcellcarcinomasand20%aresquamouscellcarcinomas(SCC;ref.1).SCCsoftheskindevelopthroughamultistepprocessthatinvolvesactivationofproto-oncogenesand/orinactivationoftumorsuppressorgenesinkeratinocytes.Thep53tumorsuppressorgeneismutatedinnumeroushumancancers,includingf50%ofhumanskincancers(2).Forty-sixpercentand31%ofhumanprimarySCCsandbasalcellcarcinomas,respectively,containH-rasmutations(3).Similartohumanskincancer,chemicallyinducedmouseskincancersarecausedbythepresenceofmultiplegeneticalterations,includingactivationofproto-oncogenesandlossoftumorsuppressorgenes(4).ActivatedH-rasproto-oncogenehasbeenfoundin>50%ofchemicallyinducedmouseskinpapillomasandSCCs(5).Inactivationofseveraltumorsuppressorgenes,includingp53,p15,andp16,occursprincipallyinlate-stagetumors,suchasSCCs(p53)orspindlecarcinomas(p15andp16).p53mutationshavebeendetectedinbothchemicallyinducedandUV-inducedmouseskintumors(6,7).LossofheterozygositystudieshavebeenconductedtoidentifytheregionsoffrequentallelelossinskintumorsofvariousF1hybridmousestrainsto
localizeimportanttumorsuppressorgenes(8).Lociweremostcommonlydetectedonchromosomes4,6,7,and11(8).Chromosome4wasshowntoharborp15andp16genes,whereaschromosome11containsthep53gene.TheselossesofheterozygositywereonlydetectedinSCCs(chromosome11)andspindlecellcarcinomas(chromosomes4,6,and7),suggestingaroleforresidenttumorsuppressorlociinthemalignantconversionofmouseskintumors.Alterationsintheexpressionofseveralgeneshavebeenreportedinmouseskincarcinogenesis(9-12).Forexample,overexpressionofcyclinD1wasobservedinchemicallyinducedpapillomasandSCCs(11,12).InUV-treatedmice,c-fos,c-myc,andH-rasgeneswereoverexpressedinbothexposedskinandskintumors(9).Severaltransgenicmousemodelsforskincarcinogenesishavebeendeveloped(4).Oneofthesemodelsisthev-H-rastransgenicTGÁACmouseline.TGÁACmicewerecreatedbythe
Received8/19/05;revised9/15/05;accepted9/16/05.Grantsupport:NIHgrantsR01CA58554andR01CA78797.Thecostsofpublicationofthisarticleweredefrayedinpartbythepaymentofpagecharges.Thisarticlemustthereforebeherebymarkedadvertisementinaccordancewith18U.S.C.Section1734solelytoindicatethisfact.Note:Z.ZhangandR.Yaocontributedequallytothiswork.Requestsforreprints:MingYou,DepartmentofSurgeryandTheAlvinJ.SitemanCancerCenter,WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine,660EuclidAvenue,Box8109,St.Louis,MO63110.Phone:314-362-9294;Fax:314-362-9366.E-mail:youm@msnotes.wustl.eduCopyrightD2005AmericanAssociationforCancerResearch.doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-05-0144