gmat曼哈顿语法笔记

曼哈顿语法笔记

第三章Subject and Verb Agreement

一、Subject and verb must both exist

1、如果一个句子没有主语或动词，就不是完整的句子，是一个fragment。

两种错误方法：

（1）One way the GMAT disguises the error is by dropping the verb

Wrong: The electron named in 1894.

Right: The electron W AS NAMED in 1894.

（2）it could start with a Connecting Word and contain no Main Clause

Wrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.

二、Subject and Verb Must Make Sense Together

Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

能够行驶数百公里的肯定不可能是development而是a car

三、Subject and Verb Must Agree in Number-主谓单复数一致

（1）eliminate these Middlemen words to reveal the subject.

common types of middlemen and warmups.

A、prepositional phrase

of mice for milk by 1800

in Zambia with her at that level

to the store on their orders from the office

B、S ubordinate Clauses

C、其他:有的时候comma也是一个信号

（2）Use Structure to Decide

（3）And vs. Additive Phrases

A、and可以通过将两个或更多单数形式的主语连起来成为一个复数形式的主语

B、additive phrases改变不了主语的单复数形式，作用类似于modifier

along with Polly in addition to surgery as well as the mayor

accompanied by me together with a tie including salt and pepper

（4）Or, Either... Or, & Neither... Nor

A、这种情况下找离动词最近的那个名词，由这个名词决定谓语单复数

B、如果仅仅出现了either或者neither，就使用单数形式谓语动词

（5）collective nouns永远被看作单数

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team

Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

（6）Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular

但有五个例外一点，可以是单数也可以是复数THE SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/Most

Anyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothing

Each, every (aspronouns) Someone, somebody, something

Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever

Either, neither (may require a plural verb i f paired with or/nor)

（7）each和every永远单数

（8）Subject Phrases and Clauses: Always Singular

（9）Flip it

Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

Flip it! A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.

Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

第四章Parallelism

一、Parallel element

1、两个句子平行的时候两边都要有主从连词，否则可能有歧义。两边的主从连词不需要identical。Two parallel clauses often both start with subordinators in order to remove ambiguity. The subordinators do not have to be identical.

Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.

Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.

Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

二、Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism

1、根据意思判定是否需要平行

Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving late every night.

三、linking verbs

Appear、seem、become、smell、feel、sound、grow、stay、look、taste、remain、turn、represent、resemble

1、将linking verb作为parallel marker对待，使得主语和宾语平行。Treat any linking verb as a parallel marker. Make the subject and the object parallel.

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

2、保证linking verb两端意思平行。You must also ensure that the two sides of the linking verb are parallel in meaning.

Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.

Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.

练习：

1、The museum displays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those who are world renowned to those who are virtually unknown.

2、The blizzard deposited more than a foot of snow on the train tracks, prompted the transit authority to shut down service temporarily, and causing discontent among commuters who were left stranded for hours.