Henry David Thoreau is the 19th century American t
Henry+David+Thoreau
Simple
living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, which was one of the key ideas of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home
Solitude
Thoreau rhapsodizes about the beneficial effects of living
solitary and close to nature. He loves to be alone, for "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude," and he is never lonely as long as he is close to nature. He believes there is no great value to be had by
“…I
went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life…I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life…” ___Walden
美国文学选读--作家作品
美国文学选读------作家作品Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s AlmanacThe AutobiographyEdgar Allan PoeTamerlane and Other PoemsPoemsThe Raven and Other PoemsTales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueTales“The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“Ligeia”, “The Black Cat”, “The Cask of Amontillado”“Murders in the Rue Morgue”, “The Purloined Letter”, “The Gold Bug”“The Philosophy of Composition”, “The Poetic Principle”Annabel LeeThe RavenRalph Waldo EmersonNatureThe American ScholarThe Divinity School AddressEssays: First SeriesEssays: Second SeriesRepresentative MenEnglish TraitsThe Conduct of LifePoems, 1846May-Day and Other PiecesNathaniel HawthorneFanshaweTwice-told TalesMosses from an Old ManseThe Scarlet LetterThe House of the Seven GablesThe Blithedale RomanceThe Marble FaunHerman MelvilleTypeeOmooMardiRedburnWhite JacketMoby DickThe Confidence ManBattle PiecesClarelJohn Marr and Other SailorsTimoleonBilly BuddHenry David ThoreauOn the Duty of Civil DisobedienceA Week on the Concord and Merrimack RiverWalden19th-Century American PoetsHenry Wadsworth LongfellowVoice of the NightBallads and Other PoemsEvangelineThe Song of HiawathaWalt WhitmanLeaves of Grass“One’s Self Sing”, “O Captain! My Captain!”Emily Dickinson“To Make a Prairie…”“Success Is Counted Sweetest”“I’m Nobody!”Mark TwainThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Innocents AbroadThe Gilded AgeThe Adventures of Tom SawyerLife on the MississippiThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s CourtThe Tragedy of Pudd’nhead WilsonThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgHenry JamesA Passionate PilgrimRoderick HudsonThe Novels and Tales of Henry JamesThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a LadyBostoniansThe Princess of CasamassimaThe Spoils of PoyntonThe Turn of the ScrewThe Awkward AgeThe Wings of the DoveThe AmbassadorsThe Golden BowlThe American SceneStephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the StreetsThe Red Badge of CourageThe Open BoatThe Bride Comes to Yellow SkyThe Blue HotelWilla CatherSherwood AndersonWindy McPherson’s SonWinesburg, OhioMarching MenPoor WhiteThe Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories Horses and MenMany MarriagesDark LaughterBeyond DesireDeath in the Woods and Other StoriesKatherine Anne PorterThe Flowering JudasPale Horse, Pale RiderThe Leaning TowerThe Old OrderOld MortalityA Ship of FoolsF. Scott FitzgeraldThis Side of ParadiseThe Beautiful and the DamnedFlappers and PhilosophersTales of the Jazz AgeThe Great GatsbyTender is the NightWilliam FaulknerThe Marble FaunSoldier’s PayMosquitoesThe Sound and the FuryAs I Lay DyingLight in AugustAbsalom, Absalom!SartorisThe Hamlet 《村子》The TownThe MansionErnest HemingwayIn Our TimeThe Sun Also RisesA Farewell to ArmsFor Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the Sea20th-Century American PoetsEzra PoundExultationsPersonaeCathayCantosDes ImagistesWallace StevensThe Necessary AngelWilliam Carlos WilliamsCollected Later PoemsCollected Early PoemsPatersonRobert FrostA Boy’s WillNorth of BostonNew HamphshireCollected PoemsA Further RangeA Witness TreeLangston HughesThe Weary BluesFine Clothes to the JewThe Dream Keeper and Other Poems Shakespeare in HarlemArchibald MacLeishThe Happy MarriageThe Poet of EarthConquistadorCollected Poems, 1952J.B.Eugene Glastone O’NeillBound East for CardiffIn the ZoneThe Long Voyage HomeThe Moon of the CaribeesEmperor JonesThe Hairy ApeThe Great God BrownStrange InterludeDesire Under the ElmsMourning Becomes ElectraThe Iceman ComethA Touch of the PoetLong Day’s Journey Into NightThe Moon for the MisbegottenHughieMore Stately MansionsElwyn Brooks WhiteTalk of the TownIs Sex Necessary?Elements of StyleStuart LittleCharlotte’s WebQuo Vadimus or The Case for the Bicycle One Man’s MeatThe Points of My CompassLetters of E. B. WhiteEssays of E. B. WhitePoems and Sketched of E. B. WhiteWritings from The New YorkerTennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named DesireCat on a Hot Tin RoofSummer and SmokeThe Rose TattooCamino RealOrpheus DescendingSuddenly Last SummerThe Sweet Bird of YouthThe Night of the LguanaRalph Waldo ElisonInvisible ManShadow and ActGoing to the Territory欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
瓦尔登湖(Walden)简介
瓦尔登湖(Walden)简介：Walden (first published as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) by Henry David Thoreau is an American classic. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, and manual for self reliance.Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's sojourn in a cabin near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts. However, Emerson's lack of enthusiasm for the project can be seen in this thought delivered during Thoreau's funeral:I so much regret the loss of his rare powers of action, that I cannot help counting it a fault in him that he had no ambition. Wanting this [that is, lacking ambition] instead of engineering for all America, he was the captain of a huckleberry party. Pounding beans is good to the end of pounding empires one of these days; but if, at the end of years, it is still only beans!"Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors and returned their visits. Rather, he hoped to isolate himself from society to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home.瓦尔登湖（Walden; or, Life in the Woods），中国大陆译“瓦尔登湖”，台湾译“湖滨散记”，是美国作家亨利·戴维·梭罗所著的一本著名散文集。
Unit+5+Developing+ideas+课件-外研版(2019)选择性必修第三册
Have a try? What’s the type of this text?
A comparative essay
1 Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets, but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America. Superficially, these two men, whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1,500 years, were polar opposites. And yet they shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an influential figure of their time.
Take notes quickly！
3 While Tao’s return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to, Thoreau’s was a personal decision to transform the way he lived.He had a decent quality of life, but he wanted to live in a simpler way. For two years, two months and two days, he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond, focusing on himself and his writing. He explained his reason for doing so in Walden: “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life.” Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life, seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives.
Great Expectation
Great ExpectationGreat expectation is one of the most famous educational novels. It was written by english novelist Charles Dickens in his later years.He was born in a navy family .Dickens lined in the transition period of the United Kingdom from the semi-feudal society to the industrial capitalist society. His works describe the wide aspects of social life and depict vividly the representation figures from all levels of society. He showed sympathy for the suffering of working people and gave support to their resisting struggle.The novel narrates the experience of protagonist called Pip who is an orphan and raised by his ill-temper sister. Luckily, his brother-in-law is a kind black smith and treats him as his own sibling. When he was a little child, he helped an escaped prisoner who offers lots of money for him stealthily in the future. Soon he was selected to accompany a wealthy girl called Estella. From then on, Pip did not want to live a simple life any longer. He was eager to become a gentleman in order to maintain his self-esteem and get married with Estella. But later Pip got a chance to London with a sudden fortune. In London, Pip squandered wantonly and lived as a nobleman. He even felt shameful for the coming of Joe and desperately wanted to get rid of his former status. However, the prisoner was arrested and all of his possession were confiscated. So Pip become a poor man again and had to come back to his hometown. He come to realize that what is a true life. In real life, some people wholeheartedly want to pursue the vigorous and wealthy life; some prefer to enjoy the smooth and steady life. However, no matter what kind of life we choose, we all need to take if one step at a time and do our best, not expecting to get to ultimate with one leap. The key is making a good plan and heading in this direction. That way we won’t care whether we become the so-called ‘ Gentleman’. Instead, we receive the meaning of life and the joy of life.Actually, each of us just like Pip will set future goals for ourself and want to realize self-social values. At first Pip was a kind-hearted and simple boy. Although he was poor and tortured by his ill-temper sister, he still felt happy and content with the life he owned. However, when he began to get the touch of those who are from upper class, a lot of change existed in him. He was anxious to achieve quick success and get instant benefits. In the book, i more like Pip’s brother-in-law Jow who is a real gentleman all the time despite his low social status. It tells us that if our life was controlled by others, everything we own is just like bubble that could’t last long.Now, we survive in the world based on knowledge and diligence. The more knowledge we learn and the more diligence we pay, the more excellent future we can make. As a student, what i have in material life is most dependent on my parents. I have no right to complain about ordinary family if i want to have a ‘great expectation’, i am supposed to take control of my own life, and spare no pains to work hard because my future is uncertain and it depends on me.WaldenHenry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau is one of the most accomplished American writers in the 19th century. As a person, he has only one goal------to live as honestly and wisely as he could. In 1845, he built a small house on the shoreside of Walden Pond to live in alone. He wrote the book Walden about the experience. Walden has been published for hundreds of editions so far. It is still read by people from every corner of the word. Thoreau once said ‘The more wealth, the less virtue. Putting your heart in nature can truly produce imagination and wisdom’.Walden is a wonderful book which is full of peace, equality and wit. The book keeps a record of Thoreau’s life in Walden for two years. He lives very simply and he has no wife, no friend and no servants. He builds a wood house to live in. He grows vegetable for food to eat. He makes simple clothes to wear. He uses his hand made boat to trip. All in all, he tries his best to make the most use of nature and own ability. Thoreau devotes most of his time to observing nature, reading and writing. He enjoys the simply life in close contact with nature.After reading the book, i am wondering why dose Thoreau want to live on the in the Industrialized Age. He was worried about the fact that the industrial civilization and noisy society will squeeze and destroy humanity. He was tried of the mechanized life so that he wanted to stay in a peaceful place far away from modern society. The ideal that when human live simply and plainly, can they enjoy the ease and joy of deep heart buries in Thoreau’s mind. He considers the experience in Walden as a try to live in seclusion. Perhaps many people think he has a strong passive feeling and likes to alone. It absolutely misinterprets his intentions. His behavior of living in forest nearby Walden is not the retirement from the world and live a sequestered life. He is just eager to live simply and freely. Thoreau is against the slavery, invasion and industrialization.Thoreau tells people not to be confused by the complex world, not to keep constantly on the run for material enjoyment, and thus lose the direction and meaning of life. He thinks if people can live a peace of mind. The book stars in spring then in summer, autumn and winter. It ends with the spring too. This is a life cycle. The ending is also a starting point and life begins to recover.‘The ancient philosophers, Chinese, Hindoo, Persian and Greek, were a class than which none has been poorer in outward riches, none so rich in inward’. This is one of my favourite sentences in the book. It emphasizes the important of inner richness instead of the external wealth. Maybe you are a poor man but you can still become a nobleman in mentality. Our life will become more meaningful, more objective, more substantial as long as we have a ‘ Walden’ in heart. This is the true meaning of Walden that the author really wants to tell us. I believe people who appreciate Thoreau and Walden are not only like the genius of sentences in his writing, but also falling in love with the beauty of nature and the quiet of soul.。
Henry David Thoreau
I love to be alone. I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude.
我爱孤独。我没有碰到比寂寞更好的同伴了
The value of a man is not in his skin, that we should touch him.
Henry David Thoreau （1817—1862）
Henry David Thoreau
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Life Style Work Contribution
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Life
An American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. Born in Concord, Massachusetts, into the "modest New England family" of John Thoreau (a pencil maker) and Cynthia Dunbar. Studied at Harvard University between 1833 and 1837. On graduation he stayed with his family, first helping his father to make pencils and then, for a time, running a private school.
梭罗
指划破，病毒迅速蔓延，发展成了牙关紧闭症(败血症的一 种)。十天之后，约翰溘然长逝。梭罗伤心欲绝，三个月闭 门不出。
哥哥的逝世和艾伦的拒绝成为梭罗一生的痛。从此梭罗再
也没有爱上过任何人。
梭罗的生活 理念
Simplify , simplify, simplify.
2.作品
《康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一个星期 》（A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers ，1849年） 《论公民的不服从权利》，又译作《消极反抗 》 （Civil Disobedience ，1849年） 《马萨诸赛州的奴隶制度》 （Slavery in Massachusetts ，1854 年） 《为约翰· 布朗上校请愿 》（A Plea for Captain John Brown ，1860年） 《远足 》（Excursions ，1863年） 《缅因森林》 （The Maine Woods ，1864年） 《科德角》（Cape Cod ，1865年） 《马萨诸赛州的早春》 （Early Spring in Massachusetts) 杂录 （Miscellanies ，1894年） 《梭罗最初与最后的旅行》，最近发现于梭罗未发 表的日记和手稿中（The First and Last Journeys of Thoreau ，1905年）
Where I Lived
What I Lived For
路漫漫其修 远兮 吾将上下而 求索
3.Masterpiece -Walden
《瓦尔登湖》内容简介
梭罗远离尘嚣，他想在自然的安谧中寻找一种本真的生存状态，寻求一种 更诗意的生活。《瓦尔登湖》一书，详细地记录了作家在长达两年的时间里的 日常生活状态以及所思所想，他在小木屋旁开荒种地，春种秋收，自给自足。 他是一个自然之子，他崇尚自然，与自然交朋友，与湖水、森林和飞鸟对话， 在林中观察动物和植物，在船上吹笛，在湖边钓鱼，晚上，在小木屋中记下自 己的观察和思考。他追求精神生活，关注灵魂的成长，他骄傲地宣称：“每个 人都是自己王国的国王，与这个王国相比，沙皇帝国也不过是一个卑微小国， 犹如冰天雪地中的小雪团。”梭罗以他的实际行动告诉我们：人们所追求的大 部分奢侈品，大部分的所谓生活的舒适，非但没有必要，而且对人类进步大有 妨碍。 《瓦尔登湖》记述了作者在简单生活中深入思考与重塑自我的心路历程， 文笔宁静恬淡，引人深思，具有一种使人沉静的力量。
陶洁版-美国文学选读-第三版-课后习题答案
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案陶洁(部分)Unit 1 Benjamin FranklinQuestions1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Streetwharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).Unit 2 Edgar Allen Poe1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress? Montresor.Fortunato, one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine.Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end?He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He lost himself on hearing the wine.At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others werestronger than him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏）in wine.Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montreso r’s terrible trap.In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him.He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming. Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character.We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.unit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their “Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized lifeWhat is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities.The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval.Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges.One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl.The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate? It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and its symbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child.And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying toatone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.Unit5 Herman Melville1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick? Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale.He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin.In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth. Whales, for instance, have been known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it.Moby Dick, who has defied capture numerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒）in his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale? First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale. Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil.Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not?Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.3. What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter? In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and ata spiritual level?He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?No, he hadn’t.He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life.Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us.He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why? Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginningof regeneration at Walden.It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?Unit 7 19th Century American Poets1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1) I Shot an Arrow…1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song? The arrow flies too swiftly and too far away to be seen by the speaker; whereas the song is naturally invisible.2. In what circumstances did he find them again?He finds them unexpectedly years later from the trunk of a tree and the heart of a friend.3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem?The images of arrow and song here may stand for friendship.(2) A Psalm of Life1. What kind of person is the speaker of this poem?The speaker is a man of action, always optimistic and cheerful, trying to achieve as much as possible in the short span of life.2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death? We should work harder and live happier.3. Interpret the metaphor of "Footprints on the sand of time" (line 28).The metaphor refers to human deeds in real life.2. Walt Whitman(1)One's Self I Sing1. What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"? He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem? Life is a journey.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.3.Emily Dickinson(1) To Make a Prairie …1. What things are needed to "make" a prairie? In what sense can one really do it?Some grass and insects and small animals. People can make a prairie with their imagination.2. How can "revery alone" create a prairie?The prairie stays in one's mind.(2) Success Is Counted Sweetest1. Why is success "counted sweetest by those who ne'er succeed"?Those who have tasted the bitterness of failure would have a keener desire for success.2. Who are "the purple host"?The so-called successful people in the world.3. Who is "he" in the last stanza?Anyone who is pursuing his success.(3) I'm Nobody!1. Who are the "pair of us" and "they" in this poem? The "pair of us" refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader, and "they" refers to the public, especially those in power.2. What does "an admiring bog" really mean?" (line 28).It Implies the vain and empty common people, who are always admiring and pursuing the celebrities.3. What is the theme of this poem?The real admirable life is a secluded and common one.4. Do you want to be "nobody" or "somebody"? Explain your reasons.Different persons would have different answers to this question. Personally, I prefer to be nobody.Unit 8 Mark Twain1: Why do you think Mr.Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?From Mr.Wheeler’s behaviors and contents of his narration we can know he is so eager to tell these stories.First, when "I" asked him to tell "me" something about W.Smiley, he “ backed me into a corner and blockaded me with his chair, and then sat down a nd reeled off the narrative”. And during the process of telling his stories, he never paid any attention to others'response to his story and just went on telling what amused him. At last when the listener felt boring and wanted toleave, Mr.Wheeler even didn't notice it and still asked him to sit there listening to him.2: Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories? No. the audience does not show any interest in Mr.Wheeler’ stories. In fact, the narrator was very feverish about his stories, but ,in the eyes of the listener,the stories were very boring and had nothing to do with his preoccupation. As an educated man, the listener couldn't understand the way of laborers for joy, and he would never bother himself to understand it. So after the long time of Mr.Wheeler’ solo narration and when the audience got a chance, he fled away.3: Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why? How do you interpret their interactions?The narrator and his listener never noticed or suspected the presence of humor.During the intercourse,the narrator went vigorously on his monotonous narrative "wihout a little smiling" talking about the animals and the things like ,while the listener felt rather puzzled or bothered by his stories.It seemed to bekind of coarse things. So the two different scenes go on separately without a intersection.And their interaction was a complete failure according toour common sense about communication.But it in this sense produced the effect of humor which can be tasted by our readers due to the skills adopted by Mark Twain .Unit 14 F·Scott Fitzgerald1.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why?（1）I think it is too complicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be ―great‖or not.For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause.（2）In this respect, he is much ―greater‖than his contemporaries. For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizingthat his dreams are unworthy of him. He wasn’t sober enough to be great.2.Does “the green light”Gatsby believed in exist in reality? Why or why not ?（1）I think ―the green light‖does not exist in reality. Because the green light which situated at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely visible from West Egg lawn represents Gatsby’s unattainable dream. Although the color itself can be seen as hope a nd bright future, Gatsby’s quest for Daisy back is doomed to be impossible. Daisy lived in ―a material world without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dream like air‖.（2）After five years when Gatsby met Daisy again, the miracle Daisy had lost her original glory. Therefore, there is no delaying that Gatsby’s dream would not come true. In the novel, the green light not only represents that innocent Gatsby looked forward to the future, but also means his longing for the history –his happy past with Daisy. The distinction between ideal and reality was huge. As if American dream between golden past and golden future always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush.3.What does Gatsby’s Schedule reveal about him and how does it relate to the American Dream?（1）The schedule is a reflection of Gatsby’s determination and ambition. It reveals that he is hard on himself in pursuit of his goal—to be an upper-class man.（2）On one hand, we can know that he is persistent in pursuing his American Dream-- to attain wealth and happiness through his struggle. On the other hand, he is too idealistic and naive.（3）He tries his best to make money and learns everything required to be an upper-class man so that he can get access to his beloved girl.Money is important，but there are other barriers difficult to penetrate. The girl he loves is as vulgar and superficial as others in her circle, she is unable to meets Gatsby’s romantic fantasy. So his dream is destined to shatter, which indicates the disillusion of American Dream.4.When you read the line “He (the man with owl-eyed glasses) took off his glasses and wiped them again, outside and in ,” what images does it create in your mind, given the novel’snumerous references to the strikingly strange scene of the spectacled eyes?（1）From this line , superficially, owl-eyes is a person with thick and blurry glasses who can not see clearly all the things in the world. However, we know he is actually an owl-wise observer and sees more clearly than anyone else in the novel. Owl-Eyes, except Nick, is the only friend to appear at the rain-soaked burial of Gatsby, when others are unwilling to come. He feels sympathy for Gatsby’s tragedy.（2）After reading this line, I cannot help thinking of the Dr.Eckleburg billboard with its huge yellow spectacles in this novel. In many rainy days, Dr. Eckleburg’s eyes are also dimmed and seem blind. But in fact this is a pair of "all-seeing" eyes. The Owl-Eyed Man is similar to Dr. Eckleburg, sadly looking at the people’s life and idealism of this time. B oth of them symbolize an uninvolved spectator god. They watch all the activities of the humans. Owl-eyes is the avatar of the sightless Dr. Eckleburg.Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway1. How do you interpret the irony of the title after reading the story?（1）The title ―A Clean Well-Lighted Place‖refers to the caf éin the text. The caféwas very clean and well- lighted. From the literary meaning, we may feel this place was very warm and comfortable, was a place where people need warmth wanted to go. So the old man, who was rich but deaf and lonely came here to find warmth and avoided nada. It was the only place he could go and could find some comfort.（2）However, the younger waiter was very selfish. As his wife was waiting him on the bed, he wanted to go home early. Therefore, he refused to offer the old man another cup of wine by the excuse that the business was finished. In fact, there was still an hour from closing time. The younger thought an hour was more important to him than to the old man. The old man needed to leave the only place where he could get far away from nada/ nothing. This café should be warm but the younger waiter forced the lonely and deaf to leave without any sympathy. This is the irony of the title.2. Do you think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark？Why or why not? （1）I don’t thinkso.In our opinion, the metaphorical dark means nada，nothing in one’s inner heart. In the article, the younger waiter had both youth and confidence; however, he never made full use of them. As we can see, he didn’t understand the old man’s suicide and excessive drinking, and failed to see his tomorrow through the old man’s present situation.（2）What’s more, he had no idea that youth is not permanent, which cannot guarantee love and work. From above, there is no denying that he didn’t realize his nada. Therefore, his youth and confidence never contributed to withstanding his metaphorical dark.（3）I think that, nowadays, youth and confidence do can help to withstand the metaphorical dark, for one can bravely face the reality and overcome the nada with youth and confidence. But they only serve as two main factors. In fact, we need some other factors such as courage, dignity and so on if we want to withstand the metaphorical dark successfully.3.The older waiter said to the younger waiter:“We are of two different kinds.”In what way do you think they are different?（1）I think they are different from each other in the following four aspects：In the beginning, they are in different ages.The older waiter was in his middle age; while the other was much younger.（2）Then, they have different attitudes towards the old man. From the article, we know the older waiter had suffered a lot. He had maintained a clean and well-lighted place in his heart, and he could understand the old man and show sympathy to him. However, the young man was very selfish. He wanted to go home early so that he finished the business one hour earlier and forced the old man to leave. He showed hatred rather than sympathy to the old man.（3）Next, they have different attitudes towards life. The older waiter had a deep sense of life. He was brave and wanted to fight again nada. Besides, he cared about others. The younger one was totally different; he has a shadow understanding of life. He satisfied with his present love and work, he only care about himself and was reluctant to take others into consideration. He even never thought of his future.（4）Finally, they have different attitudes towards nada. The older waiter had realized that it is imp ossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life. The only thing hecan do is to keep a kind of clearness in his own mind. So he was willing to work late for the lonely old man and was pleased to help those who are suffering nada. But out of youth and confidence, he failed to overcome nada. On the contrary, the younger waiter had the two most important factors for withstanding nada; however, he didn’t realize the nada in his heart at all. Then his youth and confidence became useless.Unit 17 20th -Century American Poets1. Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.2. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.2. Wallace Stevens Anecdote of the Jar1. What does the jar in poem symbolize? Why does the speaker place it on top of a hill? The jar here symbolizes a certainperspective on looking at this world. If the perspective of the viewing is creative and unique, it will change the conventional order of the old world. When a new perspective comes out, it will certainly hold attention from the rest.2. The jar is "round" and "of a port in air," meaning that it has a stately importance. What effect does it have on surroundings when placed on the ground? Maybe the round jar assumes the air of a domineering figure, which helps to form a certain order out of the disordered surrounding.3. How did the wilderness of Tennessee characterized? What words or phrases does the poet use to describe it? Tennessee seems to a place full of life and energy. “Slovenly,” “sprawl” and “wild” are some of the words used to describe the place. (See Anecdote of the Jar )4.Robert Frost(1)Fire and Ice1. What are the symbolic meanings of fire in this poem? Fire symbolizes natural disaster, human passion, as well as war.2. Why does the speaker say that ice is also great for destruction? Explain what ice stands for here. Ice, oppose to fire, is also a dreadful natural disaster in this world, and ice is always related to indifference, coldness, hatred, and the other negative sentiments of human beings.3. What is your opinion about fire and ice? Which one is more destructive? Both fire and ice can destroy this beautiful world if they are beyond control of human beings. Therefore we should be open-minded and reduce our prejudice and pride so as to keep this world in peace.(2)Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening1. In your opinion, what was the reason that made the speaker stop by the woods on a snowy evening? The poet was deeply attracted by the natural beauty of the scene at that very moment.2. Why did the horse give the harness bell a shake? The horse grew impatient by stopping in the middle of the dark, cold woods at midnight. It was eager to go home.3. Why couldn't the speaker stay longer by the woods to appreciate its mysterious beauty? He realized that it was lateat night and he would have to hurry home to get some food and sleep, because the next morning he would have a lot of work to do.4. What is the effect of repetition in the last two lines? The refrain-like repetition in the last two lines reminds the reader a simple fact of life: whatever happens, one must go forward in the journey of his or her life.(3) The Road Not Taken1. What is the speaker's initial response to the divergence of the two roads? The speaker is at a loss which road he should choose, and he feels sorry that he cannot explore both roads at the same time.2. Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take? Two roads are similar except one of them is more “grassy,” which implies that it is less traveled by people. The speaker prefers the less traveled one, because he likes adventure.3. What might the two roads stand for in the speaker's mind? One road stands for the traditional one and the other is unconventional one and full of challenges and difficulties. Tofollow other people's footsteps or to open a new road for himself is really not an easy decision for us to make in our lives.Unit22 Allen GinsbergAll through the poem, the speaker is addressing to Walt Whitman. Is this poem about Walt Whitman or about modern America?-----from Allen Ginsberg A Supermarket in CaliforniaThe author in this poem wanted to emphasis his theme about showing his respect to the passed age and showing his worry about the corrupt in the part of spirit and society. As we all know, Walt Whitman’s poetry was a revolution in American literature can be seen in the first publication of Leaves of Grass in 1855. His poetry is “free verse” in that the lack of meter and rhyme is known as his major technical innovation. Allen Ginsberg had a highly praise on him. As the movement of Beat Generation, Allen Ginsberg used poetry as weapon to express his own understanding of Beat---beatific and beat down.In this poem, the author wrote the sentence “shopping for images”. What he wanted t o buy is the things which were listed by Walt Whitman many years ago. What is in the supermarket? The fresh fruits on the shelf fit the needs of customers and the families. We across a strange statement: shopping for images. How can we shop for images? What he refers to us is still the pure image---“dreaming of your enumerations”. The things on the shelf are the images of languages in Walt Whitman’s poetry. The language in Walt Whitman’s poetry and the spirit in his poetry are the things which Allen Ginsberg dreamed of. A young America which is full of energy is worth being praised. Allen Ginsberg found the song of himself, the song full of courage and the echo of the real world among Walt Whitman’s work. The meaning of age in this poem is that the nation or the race opens the age which belongs to them and creates the history of them own. To a certain extend, the age singer equals the national singer. The world is the world which has its features of timing and events. This means that the link of combining the world is not the same as the goods on the shelf but the things which contain the world and individual spirits.。
美国文学选读复习资料
1、Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）本杰明·富兰克林He is the representative of the Enlightenment in America in 18th century. Humanist, statesman, writer, scientist, inventor.The Autobiography《自传》♂简析：The book is about the course of Franklin's struggle for success. It tells us the importance of being diligent. The book had a great influence on American people,and changed the destinies of many youth.It is the first America successful biographical work（传记文学）, has an important position in the history of American Literaturel.Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》♂简析：A collection of maxims （格言），or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) 埃德加·爱伦·坡 Novelist,poet,critic.Good at writing Gothic（哥特式）and detective fiction.Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism.（扩展：文学理论建树不容忽视，影响深远。
Thoreau 简介
He earned his living by doing all kinds of odd jobs — painting houses, putting up wallpapers, building, repairing things and gardening. • 三十岁的梭罗在接受他的哈佛班级十周年纪念 问卷调查时写道：“我是个校长、家庭教师、 测绘员、园丁、农夫、漆工、木匠、苦力、铅 笔制造商(在铅笔制造上梭罗是可以申请专利的， 是他从苏格兰百科全书中得到启发，用巴伐利 亚黏土混合石墨，生产出更精细的石墨粉，改 进了铅笔铅芯的质量，并设计出钻机，使铅芯 可以直接插入铅笔，而无需切开木条，还制定 了铅硬度的等级划分)、玻璃纸制造商、作家， 有时还是个劣等诗人。梭罗具备极强的这种智 识与体能尚未分离的本领
Walden Cabin
• 在瓦尔登湖，他用那把斧子砍下树做了 在瓦尔登湖， 一个简易屋子，十英尺宽，十五英尺长， 一个简易屋子，十英尺宽，十五英尺长， 有个小储物间，上方有个小阁， 有个小储物间，上方有个小阁，用砖做 了壁炉，四边开窗， 了壁炉，四边开窗，门正对着瓦尔登湖 整个造屋的花费是8美元 美分。 美元12美分 水。整个造屋的花费是 美元 美分。在 屋里，索罗有张写字桌，一张餐桌， 屋里，索罗有张写字桌，一张餐桌，三 把椅子和一面镜子
10. He died in Concord on May 6, 1862
• After he died, Emerson said of him that he was “the only free man in his town and his independence made all others look like slaves.” • 他死后爱默生说他是“这镇子上唯一活 他死后爱默生说他是“ 得自由的人， 得自由的人，他的独立使得其他人看上 去都成了奴隶。” 去都成了奴隶。
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Henry David Thoreau is the 19th century American transcendentalist
writer and preservation thinker.His understanding of nature is
unprecedented in American literature.With the coming of the global
environmental crisis and the rising of the environmental movement,
Thoreau is rediscovered.More and more people find a spiritual home for
the harmonious relation between man and nature in his
writings.Therefore,it is necessary for us to analyze his ideas on nature in
his works.Walden is one of the most famous works of Thoreau and is a
distinctive book which is one of the earliest model proses in American
literature.Digging deeper into his work, we can further think about the
relation between human’s fast-paced life and nature,which has some
significant value of instruction and edification to the social life.
My graduate thesis is Pratical Significance of Naturalism in
Walden.Firstly,it gives brief introduction to the background and purpose
of the study on Walden.Then it enumerates the reflection of naturalism in
the book which combines withe the definition and features of
naturalism.The feasibility of naturalism is proved by the influence of
Walden in history.The following part focuses on the necessity and
significance of naturalism by means of stating the deteriorated condition
of today’s world.It finally elaborates the theme of essay.
Contents
1.Introduction
2.Definition and features of naturalsim
3.On Walden
3.1Backgound of the writing
3.1.1Politics
3.1.2Economy
3.1.3Culture
3.2Naturalism in Walden
3.2.1Simple life
3.2.2Guileless records
3.2.3Society in nature
3.3Influence of Walden in the history
4Practical significance of naturalism in Walden
4.1Situation nowadays
4.1.1Natural situation
4.1.2Social situation
4.2Necessity and feasibility of naturalism
5Conclusion