全国2012年1月高等教育自学考试(模拟试题含答案)
自考房地产法试题和答案
2010年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试房地产法试题课程代码：00169一、单项选择题(本大题共33小题，每小题1分，共33分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.有权制定房地产行政法规的部门是( )A.全国人民代表大会B.国务院C.建设部D.某自治县人民代表大会2.国有土地使用权出让属房地产交易的( )A.一级市场B.二级市场C.三级市场D.四级市场3.下列关于土地承包经营权流转的说法中，正确的是( )A.土地承包经营权采取转包方式流转的，必须经发包方同意B.土地承包经营权采取互换方式流转的，必须登记，否则无效C.承包方将土地交由他人代耕不超过两年的，可以不签订书面合同D.土地承包经营权采取出租方式流转的，应当报发包方备案4.征收耕地的土地补偿费，为该耕地被征收前3年的平均年产值的( )A.4—8倍B.4—10倍C.6—8倍D.6—10倍5.《土地管理法》规定，省、自治区、直辖市划定基本农田保护区应当占本行政区域内耕地的( )A.80％以上B.50％以上C.30％以上D.20％以上6.在区分所有建筑物与基地利用权的一体性的问题上，存在的两种模式是( )A.德国模式、美国模式B.日本模式、美国模式C.日本模式、德国模式D.美国模式、法国模式7.土地使用权原始取得的方式主要有行政划拨和( )A.有偿出让B.无偿转让C.有偿转让D.无偿出让8.异产毗连房屋所有人以外的人，如需使用异产毗连房屋的共用部位时，应具备的条件是( ) A.房屋管理部门批准 B.物业管理公司批准C.各所有人一致同意，并签订书面协议D.支付相应费用9.《城市房地产管理法》第25条规定，必须按照土地使用权出让合同约定的土地用途、动工开发期限开发土地，超过出让合同约定的动工开发日期满1年未动工开发的，可以征收相当于土地使用权出让金一定比例的土地闲置费。
自学考试《犯罪学（二）》模拟试题【1-5】
【导语】⾼等教育⾃学考试，简称⾃学考试、⾃考，1981年经国务院批准创⽴，是对⾃学者进⾏的以学历考试为主的⾼等教育国家考试。
【第⼀篇】第⼀部分选择题 ⼀、单项选择题(本⼤题共30⼩题，每⼩题1分，共30分)在每⼩题列出的四个选项中只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.“犯罪饱和理论”的提出者是( ) A.龙勃罗梭 B.菲利 C.李斯特 D.加罗法洛 2.新中国成⽴五⼗多年来，我国先后经历的犯罪⾼峰有( ) A.3次 B.4次 C.5次 D.6次 3.研究者有⽬的地严格控制或创造⼀定的条件以引导某种现象，从⽽进⾏研究的⽅法是( ) A.观察法 B.实验法 C.调查法 D.⽐较法 4.我国未成年⼈犯罪的年龄范围是( ) A.14周岁⾄16周岁 B.14周岁⾄18周岁 C.12周岁⾄18周岁 D.16周岁⾄18周岁 5.在美国犯罪学理论中，贡献、影响最深的当属埃德温·萨瑟兰的( ) A.不适应理论 B.智⼒低下理论 C.差别交往论 D.挫折攻击理论 6.龙勃罗梭的代表作是1876年出版的( ) C.《犯罪学》 D.《犯罪社会学》 7.把犯罪看成是法律所禁⽌的⾏为，没有刑法就没有犯罪的犯罪定义是( ) A.犯罪的功能定义 B.犯罪的法律定义 C.犯罪的社会学定义 D. 犯罪的实质定义 8.⼈种论在犯罪学流派中属于( ) A.犯罪⽣物学理论 B.犯罪社会学理论 C.犯罪⼼理学理论 D.犯罪精神病学理论 9.计算机犯罪的特点有隐蔽性、⾼智能性、巨⼤的危害性和( ) A.⼀定的连续性 B.⼀定的组织性 C.⾮组织性 D.⼀次性 10.犯罪⾏为最根本的特征是( ) A.社会性 B.违法性 C.过程性 D.社会危害性 11.犯罪学上的犯罪概念与犯罪的社会学定义间的关系是( ) A.完全不同 B.完全相反 C.没有联系 D.有⼀致也有区别 12.犯罪的性别特征⽅⾯，与⼥性相⽐，男性占整个犯罪的( ) A.相对多数 B.绝对少数 C.绝对多数 D.相对少数 13.加罗法洛⾸倡使⽤犯罪⼈分类的社会标准，他以犯罪⼈的⾏为有⽆道德感⽽将犯罪⼈分为⾃然犯和( ) A.社会犯 C.政治犯 D.风俗犯 14.认为⼈的⼀切能⼒的差异都是环境造成的，是由环境和教育机构决定的，这⼀理论叫做( ) A.社会决定论 B.后天环境论 C.差别交往论 D.多因论 15.推动犯罪⼈实施犯罪⾏为的内部动⼒，在犯罪学上称之为( ) A.犯罪决意 B.犯罪诱因 C.犯罪动机 D.犯罪⽬的 16.从犯罪动机产⽣于犯罪⾏为实施前或实施后来划分，可分为( ) A.已久动机和突发动机 B.原发动机和继发动机 C.简单动机和复杂动机 D.直接动机和间接动机 17.因杀⼈、伤害、抢劫等暴⼒犯罪⽽造成死亡的被害⼈，是( ) A.性被害⼈ B.贪财型被害⼈ C.被剥夺⽣命的被害⼈ D.轻信型被害⼈ 18.对暴⼒犯罪和智能型犯罪进⾏分类的标准是( ) A.犯罪经历 B.犯罪性质 C.组织形式 D.⾏为特点和主客体特征 19.“多愁善感，微弱的刺激往往就能引起强烈的内⼼体验，常表现为⾏动迟缓、腼腆、有些孤僻”所描述的⽓质类型是( ) A.多⾎质 B.抑郁质 C.粘液质 D.胆汁质 20.固执⼰见，不计后果，狂妄⾃⼤，敏感多疑，⼼胸狭窄，好嫉妒的*⼈格属于( ) A.偏执型*⼈格 D.冲动型*⼈格 21.犯罪治安预防的特点是针对性、有效性和( ) A.专门性 B.单⼀性 C.群众性 D.普遍性 22.通过施加刑罚，使罪犯在道德上产⽣震动和觉醒，改恶从善的功能是指刑罚预防的( ) A.威慑功能 B.剥夺功能 C.惩罚功能 D.改造功能 23.在容易发⽣犯罪的各个局部范围内采取的专门性预防措施是( ) A.技术控制 B.社会控制 C.微观控制 D.宏观控制 24.被害⼈因实施了某种或某些⾏为⽽促进、诱引罪犯实施了针对⾃⼰的犯罪⾏为，在此情况下被害⼈与加害⼈之间的互动模式为( ) A.可利⽤的被害⼈模式 B.冲突模式 C.被害⼈推动模式 D.斯德哥尔摩模式 25.“的社会政策就是的刑事政策”这⼀思想的提出者是( ) A.贝卡利亚 B.萨瑟兰 C.菲利 D.李斯特 26.对社会各部门、各阶层之间的关系加以协调和处理的过程是指( ) A.结构整合 B.关系整合 C.规范整合 D.机构整合 27.使社会成为⼀个具有共同准则和凝聚⼒的团结的整体，增强公众对社会共同价值的遵从和适应的功能是指社会预防的( ) A.社会建设功能 C.社会控制功能 D.社会化功能 28.⼼理预防的对象主要是( ) A.未犯罪的正常⼈ B.罪犯 C.*⼈格者 D.精神病患者 29.为了保护某些器械的功能⽽增设的⾮正常操作的装置是( ) A.监测装置 B.报警装置 C.抗阻装置 D.⾃救装置 30.把犯罪视为是个体、社会以及个体与各种社会化机构在社会化过程中发⽣的相互社会⼼理作⽤的结果的犯罪学派是( ) A.社会异常论 B.⽂化冲突论 C.亚⽂化群论 D.社会控制论 ⼆、多项选择题(本⼤题共5⼩题，每⼩题2分，共10分)在每⼩题列出的五个选项中有⼆⾄五个选项是符合题⽬要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
全国高联一试模拟题题集
全国高联一试模拟题题集全国高联一试，全称为全国高等教育自学考试模拟试题一试，是对自考生进行全面测试的重要环节。
为了帮助广大自考生更好地备战高联一试，我们特推出全国高联一试模拟题题集，旨在让大家在实际练习中掌握考试要点，提高应试能力。
全国高联一试模拟题题集具有以下特点：1.题型丰富：本题集涵盖了高联一试的全部题型，包括选择题、填空题、简答题、论述题等，使考生在练习过程中能够全面了解考试内容，提高应对各类题型的能力。
2.难度适中：题目难度严格按照考试大纲制定，既不会过于简单，让考生失去锻炼意义；也不会过于复杂，让考生望而生畏。
适用于各个层次的考生进行练习。
3.贴近考试大纲：全国高联一试模拟题题集严格依据考试大纲编写，紧密围绕考试要点，让考生在练习过程中能够更加明确考试要求，提高复习效果。
如何高效使用全国高联一试模拟题题集，以下几点建议供大家参考：1.制定学习计划：在使用题集前，考生可根据自己的实际情况，制定合理的学习计划，确保在规定时间内完成题集的练习。
2.按章节逐步突破：题集按照教材章节进行划分，考生可针对自己的薄弱环节进行有针对性的练习，逐步突破。
3.注重解题思路与方法：在做题过程中，不仅要关注答案的正确性，更要关注解题思路与方法，提高解题效率。
4.定期总结与反思：考生应在完成一定量的练习后，定期进行总结与反思，查找自身不足，调整学习方法，提高学习效果。
实战演练与策略：1.熟悉考试流程与时间安排：通过模拟题练习，考生可熟悉考试流程，掌握答题技巧，合理安排时间，提高答题效率。
2.培养答题速度与准确性：在做题过程中，要注意培养自己的答题速度和准确性，确保在考试中能够顺利完成试卷。
3.调整心态，增强信心：考试心态对考试成绩具有重要影响，考生可通过模拟题练习，调整心态，增强信心，迎接考试的挑战。
全国高联一试模拟题题集是广大自考生备考的重要工具，希望大家能够充分利用这本题集，提高自己的考试成绩。
2025年高等教育自学考试自考《马克思主义基本原理概论》试题与参考答案
2025年高等教育自学考试自考《马克思主义基本原理概论》模拟试题(答案在后面)一、单项选择题（本大题有25小题，每小题2分，共50分）1、马克思主义哲学的创立是哲学发展史上的重大革命，其根本标志是：A、第一次实现了唯物主义与辩证法的有机统一B、第一次把唯物主义和辩证法应用于社会历史领域C、第一次提出了历史唯物主义D、第一次实现了哲学与科学的统一2、在马克思主义哲学中，“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”这一观点的主要依据是：A、实践是人类社会发展的基础B、实践是认识发展的动力C、实践是主观世界和客观世界联系的中介D、实践是哲学的基本范畴3、马克思主义哲学的核心观点是（）A. 辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义B. 唯物辩证法C. 历史唯物主义D. 辩证法4、下列哪项不是马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象（）A. 生产关系B. 生产资料所有制C. 社会主义经济体制D. 生产力5、马克思主义哲学与旧哲学的根本区别在于：A. 哲学研究对象的改变B. 研究方法的改变C. 唯物主义和辩证法的统一D. 哲学体系的改变6、在马克思主义哲学中，认识论的基本问题是：A. 认识与存在的关系问题B. 实践与认识的关系问题C. 认识的来源与认识的发展问题D. 认识的真理性与错误性问题7、《马克思主义基本原理概论》中，马克思和恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中首次系统阐述了唯物史观的基本原理，这一原理的核心是：A. 生产力与生产关系B. 经济基础与上层建筑C. 阶级斗争与社会革命D. 哲学与自然科学8、在马克思主义哲学中，辩证唯物主义的认识论认为，实践是检验真理的唯一标准，这是因为：A. 实践具有客观性B. 实践具有普遍性C. 实践具有直接性D. 以上都是9、马克思主义哲学的创立标志着哲学发展进入了一个新的阶段，这一阶段的主要特征是：A. 重视自然科学的研究成果B. 实践成为检验真理的唯一标准C. 哲学从理论走向实践D. 重视历史唯物主义的研究 10、在马克思主义哲学中，物质和意识的辩证关系原理表明：A. 物质决定意识，意识对物质具有反作用B. 意识决定物质，物质对意识具有反作用C. 物质和意识没有关系D. 物质和意识相互独立11、马克思主义哲学与旧哲学的根本区别在于：A. 研究对象的不同B. 研究方法的差异C. 面临的历史任务的转变D. 坚持实践基础上的科学性和革命性的统一12、在马克思主义哲学中，“实践”是指：A. 人类的生产活动B. 人类的一切社会活动C. 人类的认识活动D. 人类的精神活动13、马克思主义哲学认为，实践是检验真理的唯一标准。
自学考试英语词汇学模拟试题
自学考试英语词汇学模拟试题课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ____ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. （）A. smallB. meaningfulC. vocalD. large2. ____ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. （）A. TerminologyB. JargonC. SlangD. Argot3. “I'm sure that they will come today.”There are____content words in the above sentence. （）A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary develops? （）A. Acronym.B. Blending.C. Elevation.D. Borrowing.5. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT____. ( )A. kungfu dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate6. In modern times, ____is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. （）A. semantic changeB. borrowingC, expansion D. creation1 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题7. The plural morphme “-s” is realizd by/I z/after the following sounds EXCEPT____.( )A. /s/B. /g/c. /z/ D. /ろ/8. The word “idealistic” comprises ____morphemes. （）A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 49. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____.( )A. happierB. workerC. harderD. taller10. “Washing machine” is a word formed by____.（）A. prefixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending11. “TV” is a(n) ____.（）A. initialismB. acronymC. derivativeD. compound12. The prefix “mis-” in the word “mistrust” is a ____prefix. （）A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative13. Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings of “word meaning”? （）A. Reference.B. Concept.C. Sense.D. Pronunciation.14. Such synonymous pair as “die-pass away” has the same ____but different stylistic values. （）A. referenceB. conceptC. motivationD. style15. The word “airmail” is ____motivated. （）A. onomatopoeicallyB. etymologicallyC. semanticallyD. morphologically2 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题16. Words are arbitrary symbols with independent identities so far as their spelling and pronunciation is concerned. But ____, all words are related in one way or another.( )A. linguisticallyB. semanticallyC. grammaticallyD. pragmatically17, ____, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. （）A. OnomatopoeicallyB. DiachronicallyC. SynchronicallyD. Etymologically18. One important criterion to tell the fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is to see their____. （）A. ideologyB. etymologyC. mythologyD. methodology19. V ocabulary is the most ____element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. （）A. unbalancedB. unstableC. unhingedD. undoubted20. In Shakespeare's well-known Hamlet, rival means “____”and jump means “just”. （）A. janitorB. partnerC. collectorD. observer21. In the sentence “Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now.” The word grown can be classified into ____sense of transfer. （）A. physicalB. objectiveC. sensationalD. subjective22. In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is called ____context. （）A. non-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. cultural23. The sentence “He is a hard businessman.” i s ambiguous due to____. （）A. grammatical structureB. lexical context3 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题C. homonymyD. polysemy24. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire____. （）A. physical situationB. grammatical structureC. mental activityD. cultural background25. Which of the following is NOT one respect of the rhetorical features of idioms? （）A. Phonetic manipulation.B. Lexical manipulation.C. Syntactical manipulation.D. Figures of speech.26. In nothing flat as an idiom is ____in nature. （）A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The idiom “failure is the mother of success” is a____ as far as figures of speech are concerned. （）A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification28. Which of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionaries mentioned in the textbook? ( )A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.B. Webster's Third New International Dictionary.C. A Chinese-English Dictionary.D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary.29. Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______dictionary. ( )A. unabridgedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. British dictionaries generally use____to mark the pronunciation.A. British Phonetic AlphabetB. American Phonetic AlphabetC. International Phonetic AlphabetD. Webster's Phonetic AlphabetII. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of prefixes; 2) the functions of affixes; 3) types of antonyms; and 4) types of meanings.(10%)4 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题A B（）31. appreciative meanings A. maltreat（）32. parent/child B. Jap/nigger（）33. pejorative prefixes C. tremble (not quiver) with fear（）34. man/woman D. famous/determined（）35. hyperactive/superfreeze E. extraordinary/telecommunication（）36. collocative meaning E prefixes of degree（）37. decompose/unwrap G. inflectional affixes（）38. pejorative meaning H. reversative prefixes（）39. radios/desks I. contradictory terms（）40. locative prefixes J. relative termsllI. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. Grammarians insist that a word be a ____form that can function in a sentence.42. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present ____language.43. The morphemes can be grouped into free morphemes and ____morphemes.44. New words which are created by adding affixes to stems are called____.45. Though having little lexical meaning, ____words have strong grammatical meaning.46. The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal ____of the whole set alter.47. The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or____.48. The sentence “I like Mary better than Jean.” will lead to____.49. The fixity of idioms depends on the____.50. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ____and encyclopedic dictionaries. IV. Define the following terms. (10%)51. borrowed words52. conversion5 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题53. motivation54. narrowing55. replacement of idiomsV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)56. What are derivational affixes?57. What is grammatical meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.58. What type of transfer is experienced for the word in bold type?The fairy tale “The Sleeping Beauty” is very interesting.59. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the stylistic features of idioms.Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)60. Analyze and comment, with a diagram, on the italicized words increase, extend and expand in the following three sentences based on the concept of discrimination of synonyms.[a] The company has decided to increase its sales by ten per cent next year.[b] The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year.[c] The metal will expand if heated.61.State the roles of context in determination of word meaning. Illustrate your points with examples.6 全国2010年4月自学考试英语词汇学试题。
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》试题与参考答案
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试题与参考答案一、阅读判断（共10分）First Question: Reading Comprehension and JudgmentPassage:In the heart of the city, there is a small but vibrant community garden that has become a model for urban sustainability. Founded in 1985 by a group of local residents who were passionate about environmental conservation, the garden has grown from a single plot to an expansive green space covering over two acres. It is home to a variety of plants, including medicinal herbs, edible vegetables, and flowering shrubs that attract bees and butterflies. The garden not only provides fresh produce for its members but also serves as an educational hub where school children can learn about the importance of biodiversity and sustainable living practices. In addition, the community garden hosts regular workshops on composting, organic gardening techniques, and water conservation methods. Despite facing challenges such as urban development pressures and funding shortages, the community has rallied together to ensure the garden’s continued success.Questions:1、The community garden was established by a group of passionate environmentalists.2、The garden covers more than two acres.3、School children use the garden as an outdoor classroom.4、The garden exclusively grows medicinal herbs.5、Urban development has never threatened the garden’s existence.Answers:1、True2、True3、True4、False5、False 第一题: 阅读判断短文:在城市中心，有一个虽小却充满活力的社区花园，它已经成为城市可持续性的典范。
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》试题与参考答案
2024年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试题与参考答案一、阅读判断（共10分）第一题Read the following passage and decide if each statement is true (T), false (F), or not given (NG).Passage:The University of Global Excellence has announced a new initiative aimed at enhancing the English language proficiency of its students. The program, called “Global English,” will be implemented across all undergraduate courses and will include weekly language workshops, a dedicated language lab, and a series of online resources. The university believes that this initiative will not only improve the students’ language skills but also prepare them for international communication and employment opportunities.1、The “Global English” program is only available to postgraduate students.2、The program includes a language lab and online resources for language learning.3、The university expects the program to negatively impact the students’employment prospects.4、The workshops are held twice a week to ensure maximum participation.5、The main purpose of the “Global English” program is to prepare students for international travel.Answers:1、F2、T3、F4、NG5、T第二题Passage:Alice has been looking for a job for the past three months. She recently graduated from college and was hopeful that her degree in Business Administration would land her a good position at a reputable company. After numerous interviews and rejections, Alice decided to take the plunge and start her own business. She found a suitable location, bought the necessary equipment, and started selling homemade candles online and in local markets. Within a month, her business is gaining popularity, and she has received orders from all over the city.1、Alice wanted to start her own business before she graduated from college. Answer: 22、Alice was rejected from all of the job interviews she applied for. Answer: 03、Alice uses the internet to sell her homemade candles.Answer: 14、Alice’s business has only been opera ting for less than a month. Answer: 15、Alice’s products are popular and have attracted orders from many places. Answer: 1二、阅读理解（共10分）Passage:Hospital length of stay (LOS) has been a significant indicator in assessing the quality of healthcare. It is defined as the time a patient spends in a hospital from admission to discharge. The impact of LOS on both patients’ recovery and healthcare systems is multifaceted. Most societies aim to minimize LOS to ensure cost-effectiveness and improve overall patient experience.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), optimizing hospital LOS is crucial to balancing patient care with resource allocation. A decrease in LOS is particularly important for chronic patients who often have longer stays due to the complexity of their conditions. As such, reducing LOS for these patients can lead to better health outcomes and reduced financial burden on the healthcare system.Modern healthcare technologies have played a pivotal role in reducing hospital LOS. Advanced diagnostic tools allow for faster and more accurate identification of patients’ conditions, leading to timely interventions. Similarly, innovations in medication administration and patient monitoring devices have enabled healthcare professionals to closely monitor patients’ recovery processes and discontinue treatments when necessary.However, hospital LOS remains a complex issue due to various factors, such as hospital resources, staff availability, and patient-specific conditions. Navigating these factors requires a holistic approach that encompasses continuous improvement, evidence-based practice, and the adoption of new technologies.Questions:1.What is the primary purpose of optimizing hospital length of stay (LOS)?A. To minimize the financial burden on patientsB. To improve the quality of healthcare systemsC. To enhance the overall patient experienceD. To allow for more efficient resource allocation2.Which of the following is a significant factor in determining hospital LOS?A. The availability of advanced diagnostic toolsB. The complexity of patients’ conditionsC. The efficiency of medication administrationD. The number of staff available at the hospital3.According to the passage, reducing LOS for chronic patients can lead to:A. Increased costs for the healthcare systemB. Longer stays in the hospitalC. Better health outcomes and reduced healthcare costsD. Reduced availability of specialized treatments4.What role does evidence-based practice play in optimizing hospital LOS?A. It ensures the adoption of new technologiesB. It helps to identify potential barriers in healthcare deliveryC. It allows for personalized care plans for each patientD. It increases the number of patients requiring hospitalization5.Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the complexity of hospital LOS?A. Hospital resourcesB. Staff availabilityC. Patient-specific conditionsD. The number of patients needing treatmentAnswer Key:1.B2.B3.C4.B5.D三、概况段落大意和补全句子（共10分）第一题Reading Material:The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in the field of education. One of the most notable advancements is the introduction of online learning platforms. These platforms have revolutionized the way students acquire knowledge and skills, making education more accessible and flexible. However, with the increasing number of online resources, students may face difficulties in selecting the right materials for their studies. In this essay, we will discuss the advantages and challenges of online learning platforms and provide some tips for students to make the most of these resources.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of online learning platformsB. The challenges of online learning platformsC. The evolution of educational technologyD. The importance of selecting the right learning materials2、According to the passage, what has been the most significant change in the field of education?A. The introduction of online learning platformsB. The increase in the number of educational institutionsC. The development of new teaching methodsD. The expansion of educational resources3、What is the main purpose of the essay?A. To encourage students to use online learning platformsB. To provide a comprehensive comparison of online and traditional learningC. To offer tips for students to effectively utilize online learning resourcesD. To analyze the future of online education4、What challenges do students face when using online learning platforms?A. Difficulty in finding reliable resourcesB. Lack of motivation and disciplineC. The need for a strong internet connectionD. All of the above5、The author suggests what tips for students to make the most of online learning resources?A. Set a specific study scheduleB. Engage in discussions with peersC. Take regular breaks to avoid burnoutD. All of the aboveAnswers:1、A2、A3、C4、D5、D第二题阅读内容：The self-study examination on English for Specific Purpose 2 (ESP2) is a vital part of higher education assessment systems in China. It reflects the students’ ability to apply English to specialized fields such as business, technology, and law. This examin ation tests students’ comprehension of academic texts, their ability to write coherent essays, and their proficiency in using language accurately and effectively in specialized contexts. The examination consists of three parts: Listening, Reading, and Writing. Each section aims to evaluate different aspects of students’ English skills that are essential for their future professional development.1、The self-study examination on English for Specific Purpose 2 tests ________.a、only listening skillsb、comprehension of academic textsc、only writing skillsd、all of the aboveAnswer: d、all of the above2、The examination consists of________parts.a、twob、threec、fourd、fiveAnswer: b、three3、Which field does the examination NOT test students’ English proficiency in?a、Businessb、Technologyc、Lawd、MarketingAnswer: d、Marketing4、What aspect of students’ English skills is NOT evaluated in the Writing section?a、coherenceb、accuracyc、vocabularyd、comprehensionAnswer: d、comprehension5、The main purpose of this examination is to assess students’ ability to apply English in ________.a、daily lifeb、business and technologyc、primary educationd、general conversationAnswer: b、business and technology四、填空补文（共10分）Four. Fill in the BlanksRead the following passage and choose the best word or phrase to fill in each blank. Each word or phrase is given in a list of choices following the passage. Write the letter of the correct choice in each blank.Passage:In the modern digital age, [1] is increasingly important for individuals to stay [2]. The ability to communicate effectively in [3] is not only crucial for personal growth and professional success but also plays a significant role in cultural understanding and global interaction.With the advent of online learning platforms, [4] has become more accessible than ever before. Companies and educational institutions are also recognizing the [5] of proficiency in English, which opens up opportunities for career advancement and international networking.Choices:A. connectionB. literacyC. repressionD. technologyE. advancementF.achievement G. prevention H. innovationBlanks:[1]___________ [2]___________ [3]___________ [4]___________ [5]___________Answer Keys:[1] D[2] B[3] A[4] D[5] E五、填词补文（共15分）第一题Please complete the following passage by choosing the most appropriate word from the options given below each blank. Each blank will have only one correct answer.Reading Material:In the digital age, the importance of learning a new language cannot be overstated. Language proficiency opens up numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. The following passage discusses the benefits of learning a new language.Passage:The benefits of learning a new language are vast. Firstly, it enhances cognitiveabilities, such as problem-solving and critical thinking. Secondly, it allows for better communication with people from diverse backgrounds. Thirdly, it can improve career prospects by making one more adaptable and versatile. Lastly, learning a new language can be a source of immense personal satisfaction and cultural understanding.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:1.The process of learning a new language can be quite challenging, but the rewards are(a) _______.a) numerousb) limitedc) insignificantd) negligible2.Bilingual individuals often demonstrate higher levels of (a) _______.a) intelligenceb) creativityc) aggressiond) laziness3.One of the main advantages of learning a new language is the ability to(a) _______.a) travelb) workc) communicated) study4.A new language can (a)_______one’s career prospects.a) enhanceb) deterioratec) ignored) stagnate5.Learning a new language can also provide a deeper understanding of (a) _______.a) historyb) sciencec) cultured) mathematicsAnswers:1.a) numerous2.a) intelligence3.c) communicate4.a) enhance5.c) culture第二题Part 5: Fill in the BlanksRead the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the options provided.In the 21st century, the English language has become a global 1 that notonly bridges cultural 2 but also facilitates business and academic 3. As a language 4, English holds a significant position in higher education systems worldwide. The 5 of English, revered as the lingua franca, highlights its importance in the contemporary world.1、A. medium B. linguist C._ENDPOINT D. barrier E. proficiency2、A. barrier B._medium C._ENDPOINT D. keyword E. proficiency3、A._barrier B. medium C._endpoint D. keyword E. proficiency4、A. barrier B. medium C. endpoint D. keyword E. _linguist5、A. _linguist B. proficiency C. barrier D. medium E. endpointAnswers1、A. medium2、B. _barrier3、E. proficiency4、E. _linguist5、B. proficiency六、完型补文（共15分）第一题Please read the following passage and then complete the passage with the most appropriate word or words from the list provided after each gap.In the past decade, the digital revolution has swept across the globe, transforming every aspect of our lives. From the way we communicate to the waywe work, the impact of computers and the internet has been enormous. One area that has seen significant changes is the field of 1, which has become more accessible and flexible than ever before. Here are some key developments in higher education:1.e-Learning PlatformsOnline learning platforms have become increasingly popular. They provide a wide range of courses that students can access from anywhere in the world. These platforms offer 2 learning experiences, allowing students to learn at their own pace and in their own style.2.Blended LearningBlended learning combines traditional classroom teaching with online resources. This approach offers the best of both worlds, ensuring that students get the personal interaction they need while also having the flexibility to study when and where it suits them best.3.Mobile LearningWith the increase in the use of smartphones and tablets, mobile learning has become a significant trend. Students can access course materials and resources on the go, making learning more convenient and efficient.4.Personalized LearningEducational institutions now offer 3 learning experiences tailored to the individual needs and abilities of each student. This personalized approach helps students to learn more effectively and to achieve their academic goals.5.Greater FlexibilityStudents now have more flexibility in terms of when and where they can study.They can fit their studies around their other commitments, such as work or family, giving them the opportunity to gain a qualification without disrupting their lives.However, despite these advancements, some challenges remain. For example, 4 can be a barrier for students who do not have access to reliable internet connections or computer equipment.6.Quality AssuranceMaintaining the quality of education remains a crucial issue. Educational institutions need to ensure that the online courses and programs they offer meet high standards and are recognized by employers and educational bodies.Choose the correct word or words to complete each gap:1.a) accessibility b) interaction c) technology d) architecture2.a) diverse b) rigid c) monotonous d) linear3.a) generic b) personalized c) mass-produced d) uniform4.a) feedback b) technology c) communication d) funding5.a) potential b) passion c) participation d) progressAnswers:1.c) technology2.a) diverse3.b) personalized4.a) feedback5.d) progress第二题Read the following passage and choose the best word for each blank from the options given below the passage. There is an extra word which does not fit into the passage.The rise of the internet has had a profound impact on 1 of our lives. From 2 communication to 3 information, it has changed the way we interact with the world. However, this technological revolution has also brought about 4 challenges that we need to address.In the 5 of education, the internet has provided students with 6 to a vast amount of resources and knowledge. Online courses, forums, and virtual classrooms have become increasingly popular, offering 7 learning opportunities. Despite these advancements, some educators argue that the 8 of face-to-face interaction cannot be fully replaced by technology.1.a) aspectsb) fieldsc) elementsd) dimensions2.a) personalb) directc) instantd) distant3.a) acquiringb) accessingc) gatheringd) obtaining4.a) newb) emergingc) increasingd) decreasing5.a) sectorb) areac) fieldd) department6.a) accessb) opportunityc) insightd) exposure7.a) uniqueb) diversec) limitedd) restricted8.a) importanceb) valuec) essenced) significanceAnswers:1.b) fields2.c) instant3.b) accessing4.b) emerging5.a) sector6.a) access7.b) diverse8.b) value七、写作（30分）Writing QuestionPrompt:Imagine you are writing a letter of recommendation for a friend who is applying for a scholarship. Write a letter that includes the following points:1.Introduce yourself and your relationship to the friend.2.Discuss your friend’s personality traits, academic achievements, and any special skills they possess.3.Provide an example of how your friend has demonstrated these qualities in your shared experiences.4.Conclude by encouraging the reader to consider your friend’s application favorably.Required Length: At least 100 words.Sample Response[Sample Response]Dear [Scholarship Committee],I am writing to wholeheartedly recommend my dear friend, Lily, for the [Name of Scholarship]. For the past three years, I have had the distinct pleasure of being Lily’s closest friend and mentor at our university. Lily is an outstanding individual both academically and personally.Academically, Lily excels in all her courses, consistently achieving top grades. She has a profound understanding of complex concepts and demonstrates excellent critical thinking skills. Furthermore, Lily holds a unique ability to navigate challenging projects with creativity and perseverance. For instance, during our senior project, she conceived an innovative marketing strategy that not only enhanced our group’s understanding of business principles but also secured us the top honors in our class.Moreover, Lily embodies the qualities of kindness, leadership, and empathy. She often volunteers at community service events and is responsible for organizing several successful charity fundraisers. Her ability to lead a team and her genuine interest in her fellow students have made her a beloved figure among her peers.In summary, I strongl y encourage you to consider Lily’s application favorably, as she possesses the intellectual aptitude, social skills, and community engagement that are central to your scholarship’s goals.Yours sincerely, [Your Name]ExplanationStructure:•The letter follows a clear structure: introduction, discussion of qualities, a specific example, and a conclusion.•It includes transition words and phrases to maintain coherence and flow.•The response is detailed and provides concrete examples to support the claims made about the friend.•It concludes with a strong recommendation, which is essential for the purpose of the letter.。
成人自考试题及答案
成人自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 成人自考的全称是（）。
A. 成人高等教育自学考试B. 成人高等教育入学考试C. 成人高等教育毕业考试D. 成人高等教育水平考试答案：A2. 成人自考的特点之一是（）。
A. 必须全日制学习B. 必须在指定学校学习C. 学习时间、地点灵活D. 只能选择指定专业答案：C3. 下列哪项不是成人自考的优势？（）A. 节省时间B. 节省费用C. 灵活性高D. 必须在校学习答案：D4. 成人自考的学历层次包括（）。
A. 专科B. 本科C. 硕士D. 所有以上选项答案：D5. 成人自考的考试形式通常包括（）。
A. 笔试B. 口试C. 实践操作D. 所有以上选项答案：D6. 成人自考的报名条件通常要求（）。
A. 必须具有高中学历B. 必须具有大学本科学历C. 年满18周岁D. 必须是在职人员答案：C7. 成人自考的考试科目一般由（）确定。
A. 教育部门B. 考生自己C. 报考学校D. 社会培训机构答案：A8. 成人自考的考试成绩有效期通常为（）。
A. 1年B. 2年C. 长期有效D. 5年答案：C9. 成人自考毕业后获得的学历证书在（）上具有同等效力。
A. 国家B. 社会C. 法律D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 成人自考的考试时间通常安排在（）。
A. 工作日B. 周末C. 节假日D. 随机安排答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 成人自考的学历证书由_________颁发。
答案：国家教育部门12. 成人自考的考试内容通常包括_________和_________两部分。
答案：理论知识、实践技能13. 成人自考的报名通常需要提供的材料包括身份证、_________和_________。
答案：学历证明、近期照片14. 成人自考的学习方式主要有_________和_________。
答案：自学、辅导15. 成人自考的考试合格标准是_________分及以上。
高等教育自学冲刺模拟考试中国古代文学史(一)(00538)试题及答案03
绝密★考试结束前高等教育自考冲刺模拟考试中国古代文学史（一）试题课程代码：00538请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项:1．答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共50分。
在每小题列出的四个备选中只有一个是符合题目要求的。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
）1.相传为伊耆氏的《蜡辞》的内容是()A.“土反其宅，水归其壑，昆虫毋作，草木归其泽”B.“鹤鸣在阴，其子和之。
我有好爵，吾与尔靡之”C.“昔葛天氏之乐，三人操牛尾，投足以歌八阙”D.“古越俗祭防风神，奏防风古乐，截竹长三尺，吹之如嗥，三人被发而舞”2.首发“孔子删诗”说法的是()A.班固B.司马迁C王充D郑樵3.以下说法中正确的是()A.《论语》由孔子编成B.《庄子》通行的最早注本为郭象注本C.《墨子》行文注重辞藻的华丽与铺陈D.“朝三暮四”的故事出自《韩非子》4.《春秋》一书经过了孔子的修订，它是()A.晋国的编年史B.齐国的编年史C.鲁国的编年史D.郑国的编年史5.刘向为一些典籍写了叙录，其中最著名的是()A.《战国策叙录》B.《说苑叙录》C.《新序》D.《汉书叙录》6.祢衡表现世人困厄无奈主题的赋作是()A.《鹦鹉赋》B.《遂初赋》C.《显志赋》D.《刺世疾邪赋》7.正始诗歌的代表作家是()A.曹植与阮籍B.嵇康与阮籍C.陆机与潘岳D.左思与嵇康8.东晋诗坛占据主流地位的是()A.玄言诗B.山水诗C.边塞诗D.乐府诗9.陆机诗歌语言最明显的是()A.逻辑严密B.质朴畅达C.估曲聱牙D.华丽排偶10.陶渊明“金刚怒目”式的诗歌是()A.《咏荆轲》B.《饮酒》C.《归园田居》D.《读山海经》11.被誉为“开千古平淡之宗”的是()A.陶渊明B.谢朓C.李白D.孟浩然12.第一首比较完整的山水诗是()A.谢灵运《登池上楼》B.曹操《观沧海》C.陶渊明《归园田居》D.谢胱《晚登三山还望京邑》13.今存较为完整的志怪小说是干宝所作()A.《博物志》B.《列异传》C.《搜神记》D.《幽明录》14.“山光悦鸟性，潭影空人心”出自()A.常建《题破山寺后禅院》B.张子容《泛水嘉江日暮回舟》C.裴迪《华子冈》D.储光羲《田家即事》15.孟浩然《宿建德江》的艺术特色是()A.情真意切B.苍凉萧瑟C.冲淡闲远D.热烈明快16.体现杜甫在夔州时的心境的组诗是()A.《斗鸡》B.《洛阳》C.《秦州杂诗二十首》D《秋兴八首》17.杜诗七律中最有名的是()A.《登高》B.《闻官军收河南河北》C.《月夜》D.《骊山》18.韦应物后期诗歌的特点是()A.境界阔大B.清新流丽C.闲淡简远D.气势壮伟19.词产生于()A.秦代B.汉代C.魏晋D.唐朝20.俗讲保存最为完好的是()A.《金刚般若波罗蜜经讲经文》B.《长兴四年中兴殿应圣节讲经文》C.《佛说阿弥陀讲经文》D.《妙法莲华经讲经文》21.唐诗发展到晚唐最有成就的诗人是()A.李商隐B.杜牧C.许浑D.贾岛22.白居易最看重自己的哪类诗歌?()A.杂律诗B.闲适诗C.感伤诗D.讽喻诗23.下面不属于大历“十才子”的一组诗人是()A.李益、贾岛B.吉中孚、韩翊C.李端、苗发D.钱起、耿湋24.李益诗各体皆工，其中最著名的诗体是()A.五律B.七律C.五绝D.七绝25.我国文学史上第一首纯然描写自然景物的山水诗是()A.《短歌行》B.《步出夏门行》C.《野田黄雀行》D.《燕歌行》二、多项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的五个选项中有2～5个选项是符合题目要求的，将正确的选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
汉语言文学专《古代汉语》模拟试题五
高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试（模拟五）古代汉语（课程代码00536）一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1.下列句中，加着重号的词意义解释正确的一句是（）A.小人懷璧，不可以越．鄉。
（越：超越）B.大道之行也，天下為公，選賢與．能，講信修睦。
（與：推举）C.舉儉力孝弟，罰偷窺，而惰民惡之；決獄．不避，貴強惡之。
（獄：监狱）D.好仁者，無以尚．之。
（尚：时尚）2.下列句中，画线部分省略主语的一句是（）A.初，鄭武公娶於申，曰武姜。
生莊公及共叔段。
B.人皆有兄弟，我獨無。
C.豎子不足與謀！D.子常奔鄭，昭王奔隨。
3.下列各组字，属于变换构字成分而形成异体字的一组是（）A.碾——服B.雕——彤C.猿——猥D.雅——裸4.下列各组字，全部是象形字的一组是（）A.亦血高B.朱刃息C.果弓又D.上月矢5.下列句中，加着重号的词语意义解释正确的一句是（）A.河内凶．，則移其民於河東。
（凶恶）B.慎思之，明辨之，篤．行之。
（专一）C.男有分，女有歸．。
（返回）D.稱．解狐，其雠也。
（赞扬）6.以下对汉字结构的分析完全正确的一项是（）A.捨，从手而舍，会意B.餓，从我从食，会意。
C.產，从生，产声，形声。
D.吹，从口从欠，会意。
7.下列句中，加着重号的词古今词义不同的一句是（）A.丈夫亦憐．愛其少子乎?B.文起八代之衰，而道濟．天下之溺。
C.察．鄰國之政，無如寡人之用心者。
D.尤而效．之，罪又甚焉。
8.下列句中，括号中的词古今意义变化属于广度宽窄差异的一句是（）A.舉世而譽之而不加（勸）。
B.以爾車來，以我（賄）遷。
C.子爲父死亡所（恨）。
D.同心之言，其（臭）如蘭。
9.在“先生之風，山高水長”句中，“山”、“水”充当的语法成分是（）A.作主语B.在主谓谓语中作小主语C.作状语D.作定语10.下列句子含有数词作谓语的是（）A.范增數目項王，舉所佩玉玦以示之者三。
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全国2012年1月高等教育自学考试电子商务概论试题（模拟）课程代码：00896一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．EDI商务是按照电子商务的分类的。
【】A．交易主体B．交易对象C．使用网络类型D．网络接入方式2．目前中国银行的网上银行中的支付方式是基于【】A．SSL B．SETC．CA D．HTTP3．网上交易的安全性是由谁来保证的? 【】A．厂家B．认证中心CAC．银行D．信用卡中心4．下列哪个不属于EDI信息编码原则? 【】A．唯一性B．简明性C．模糊性D．可扩充性5．下列哪项是由工作流程形成的EDI 作方式? 【】A．EDI文件的接收和处理B．点对点方式C．MHS方式D．增值网方式6．应用服务系统提供商的英文缩写是【】A．ISP B．ICPC．ASP D．IAP7．下列哪项不属于电子商务系统中介要素? 【】A．交流中心B．认证中心C．支付中心D．物流中心8．电子商务标准规定的电子商务交易应遵循的基本程序中，——是说明初步确定购买的商品信息。
【】A．客户方向供货方提出商品订购单B．供货方向客户方回答该商品的报价C．客户方向供货方提出商品报价请求D．客户方向供货方发回收货通知9．下列哪个是电子商务交易基本流程的最后流程? 【】A．交易前准备B．签订合同和办理手续C．交易磋商D．履行合同和索赔10．出价从低价开始，一直到剩下一个出价最高者，得标价格为其最后出价。
这种拍卖形式是【】A．英式拍卖B．荷兰式拍卖C．密封递价拍卖D．双重拍卖11．下列关于长尾理论的说法，不正确的是【】A．强调的是大众文化与小众文化的区别B．被看作是对传统的二八定律的颠覆C．认为众多小市场汇聚成可与主流大市场相匹敌的市场能量D．更多注重大众消费12．网站向会员推荐业务，收取推荐费，属于——电子商务赢利模式。
【】A．广告赢利B．销售赢利C．订阅赢利D．会员制赢利13．电子商务战略的组成，下列哪些不属于空间上的要素? 【】A．战略目的B．战略措施C．战略力量D．战略提出14．分析企业是否能够适应外部环境变化、哪些方面需要调整，指的是企业制定电子商务战略的哪一步? 【】A．外部环境分析B．内部环境分析C．识别差距D．战略的提出15．数字产品很容易被修改，这属于数字产品的——特点。
【】A．可复制性B．可比性C．具有公共物品性质D．具有“经验产品”的性质16．下列哪项不属于大规模定制模式的特征? 【】A．细分的市场B．分化的需求C．产品开发周期长D．标准化的模块17．企业资源计划的英文缩写是【】A．ERP B．MRPC．CRM D．HTFP18．企业电子商务采购模式，按实施主体划分，不包括【】A．卖方模式B．进货型采购模式C．买方模式D．第三方模式19．下列哪项不属于电子商务的采购优势? 【】A．实现本地化采购B．使企业提高效率C．降低采购成本D．扩大交易范围20．电子商务物流的模式不包括【】A．企业自营物流B．企业物流联盟C．第三方物流和第四方物流D．中介物流二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。
21．由电子商务市场主体决定的电子商务的特点有【】A．协调性B．集成性C．公平竞争D．低成本E．消费者的顾客价值高22．电子商务系统的主体要素包括【】A．服务商B．消费者C．企业D．政府E．生产者23．设计电子商务的赢利模式要考虑的因素有【】A．利润点B．利润对象C．利润源D．利润屏障E．利润杠杆24．电子商务产品的发展趋势有【】A．越来越快捷B．越来越耐用C．越来越多的产品信息化D．越来越多的产品数字化E．越来越注重产品的内容25．营销理论“4Ps”中，四个变数指的是【】A．进货方式B．价格C．产品D．销售地点E．促销方法三、简答题（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分）26．简述网络品牌营销的方法有哪些？27．简述电子商务战略分析工具PEST分析法所涉及的要素。
28．电子商务生产方式对企业的影响是什么？29．简述电子商务定价的特点。
30．如何设定电子商务物流系统的目标？四、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题12分，共24分)31．Espn网站提供各种体育新闻。
Espn充分利用它在有线电视业的品牌名气创建了www 上的一个访问量最大的网站。
他销售广告并提供大量免费信息，而忠诚的体育迷也可选择其订阅服务访问更多的体育新闻。
《华尔街日报》站允许访问者查看分类广告和某些特定报道，但大部分内容只有订阅者才能看到；订阅印刷版的访问者可以折扣价订阅在线版。
问题：(1)上述网站主要用到的赢利模式有哪些?(2)为什么要以客户为中心设计电子商务赢利模式?32．支付宝(中国)网络技术有限公司是国内领先的独立第三方支付平台，由阿里巴巴集团创办。
为中国电子商务的在线支付解决方案=支付宝公司从2004年建立开始，吸引了庞大的用户群，短短几年时间，用户覆盖了整个C2C、B2C以及B2B领域：截至2008年11月，支付宝注册用户数达到1．1亿，日交易额突破5．5亿．日交易笔数250万笔。
目前除淘宝和阿里巴巴外，支持使用支付宝交易事务的商家已经超过46万家；涵盖了虚拟游戏、数码通讯、商业服务、机票等行业。
这些商家在享受支付宝服务的同时，更是拥有了一个极具潜力的消费市场。
试用电子结算的知识分析该支付方式的支付过程和优点。
五、材料题(本题16分)33．2010年10月份，团购网——伊玲团（ ）正式上线，该团购网主要团购女性用品，如护肤品、化妆品、鞋等，目前已经注册用户有15370，其中企业用户5600个，个人用户10000多个。
该团购网通过网络平台将商家和客户直接对接，这样就越过了多级分销环节，节省了不少渠道损耗费用，让消费者享受到性价比较高的产品，的确是一个不错的商业模式。
商业模式的卓越固然是优势，但如果没有按正常的商业法则去运作，一味地无序开采必将导致整个领域受损。
如果这个平台失去消费者的信任，离穷途末路也就不远了，所以，他们以最大的热诚，向客户推荐可以让其放心的商品，并且帮助以最优惠的团购价格买到正品，保证七天内无条件退货。
同时他们坚持只从品牌厂家，代理商，国内外专柜等可信的渠道采购商品。
伊玲团目前正在思考怎样发展问题。
针对目前我国网络团购行业，请回答下列问题：（1）怎样建立以客户为中心的赢利模式？（2）这样的模式细分是怎样的？（3）说说有形产品的生产定制化？参考答案一、单选题：1．C2．B3．B4．C5．A6，C7．A8．A9．D10．A11．D【分析】长尾理论认为，人们的消费理念从原来的大众消费逐步转向小众消费。
12．D13．D 【分析】战略的提出是属于时间上的要素。
14．C15．B16．C17．A18．B【分析】企业电子商务采购模式，按实施主体划分为：卖方模式、买方模式、第三方模式。
19．A【分析】电子商务的采购优势包括：(1)从根本上改变企业的传统采购模式，使企业提高效率；(2)降低采购成本；(3)扩大交易范围；(4)提高整体供应链的获利能力；(5)实现本地化采购向全球化采购的转变。
20．D二、多项选择题21．CDE【分析】由Internet及相关技术决定的电子商务的主要特点有：数字化和网络外部性；由电子商务系统结构决定的电子商务的特点有：集成性、协调性和可拓展性；由交易过程决定的电子商务的特点有：普遍性、虚拟性和交互性；由电子商务市场主体决定的电子商务的特点有：公平竞争、低成本和消费者的顾客价值高。
22．BCD23．ABCDE24．CDE25．BCDE三、简答题26．答：(1)网站建设是网络营销的基础，也是网络品牌建设和推广的基础；(2)通过搜索引擎来提升网络品牌；(3)利用网络广告进行品牌营销；(4)渗透性营销对于网络品牌推广同样有效；(5)建立网络营销导向的网络社区。
27．答：PEST分析涉及以下要素：(1)政治与法律环境，P即政治要素；(2)经济环境，E即经济要素；(3)社会和物质环境，S即社会要素；(4)技术环境变化，T即技术要素。
28．答：（1）企业成为“学习型组织”；（2）企业注重知识网络建设；（3）企业功能社会化；（4）企业管理信息化。
29．答：(1)打破了产品价格信息的不对称性；(2)降低了交易价格；(3)全球性影响定价；(4)有利于个性化定价；(5)有利于消费者间的信息沟通和联合购买。
30．答：依据电子商务物流技术把配送活动各要素联系在一起，为实现配送目的、功能和作用形成的一个有机统一体。
包括（1）服务性目标；（2）快捷性目标；（3）低成本目标；（4）安全性目标。
四、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题12分，共24分)31．答：(1)主要用到的赢利模式有两种：广告赢利模式，网站向用户提供信息、服务或产品，以及刊登广告的场所，并向广告客户收取费用。
订阅赢利模式，网站向用户提供信息和服务，并且向用户收取访问其所提供内容的费用。
(2)网络时代是客户的时代，在以客户为中心的企业商务模式设计中，要在一种真正以客户为中心的观念支配下，来设计企业的产品、市场等一系列模式要素，才能在满足客户不断变化的偏好中求得赢利。
32．答：过程：支付宝作为第三方的角色出现，收款人(供货方)要求付款人将款项由银行卡或信用卡中转入支付宝(暂存)，等到确认收货后通知支付宝，支付宝再将款项转入收款人的账户，交易才算完成：这是所谓的第三方支付，是指为了保障电子商务的支付安全，支付过程通过买卖双方之间完全中立的一家企业来完成。
优点：(1)提高资金结算的安全性与准确性。
(2)给客户带来方便和实惠。
(3)时问上更快捷。
(4)由计算机操作，减少了人为计算的差错。
五、材料题(本题16分)33．答：（1）广告赢利模式，网站向其用户提供信息、服务或产品，以及刊登广告的场所，并向广告客户收取费用。
订阅赢利模式，网站向用户提供信息和服务，并且向用户收取访问其所提供内容的费用。
销售盈利模式，企业通过向消费者销售产品、信息或服务来得到收入。
会员制赢利模式，网站向会员推荐业务，收取推荐费，或者通过会员达成交易，从交易额中提取一定比例的收入。
（2）这个是一个C2B中的团购模式，其核心是通过聚合为数庞大的用户形成一个强大的采购集团，使之享受到以大批发商的价格买单件商品的利益。
（3）第一，产品功能更有针对性。
第二，生产的预测更准确。
第三，定制生产是保持和消费者联系的最好途径。
第四，动态贸易的出现。
动态贸易是让技术来满足当前拥有定制用户的需求。