2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题9(含答案)

2012年4月份学位英语考试模拟题-9Model Test 9(解析版)[1](20120410)

篇章解析
(干净，整洁) and personal cleanness have been around for ages and have become an important part Neatness Neatness( ( 日常工作 ). You might think that all modern societies would have the same neatness of everyone’s daily routine routine( ( 承认 ) the need and personal cleanness practices. After all, everybody will take baths. Most people do recognize recognize( for cleanness, which is the basis for health. Neatness practices include all the little things people do to make ( 例如 ) combing their hair and putting on make -up ( 化妆品 ). However, while themselves look their best, such as as( makeup( (照顾) most modern people agree that these things are important, people in different cultures take care of of( themselves in different Ways. ( 过去 ) an old joke in America that people should take a bath once a week, whether they There used to be be( ( 通常地 ), a shower every day. need or not. In fact, though, Americans generally take a bath or more commonly commonly( ( 与 … 形成对比 ) some cultures, most Americans get their shower in the morning so that they But in contrast to to( can start the day fresh, Americans are known for having very sensitive( 敏感的 ) noses. In America, body smell is (不能接受的 ). For that reason, Americans consider it a must( 必要) to use special lotion(护 socially unacceptable unacceptable( 肤液 ) to prevent( 防止 ) the smell. Ladies often add a touch of perfume( 香水 ). Men may spray on( 喷射 ) aftershave(须后水) cream or manly-smelling perfume . Some of the cultural varieties( 种类 ) in neatness practices result from( 源于 ) physical( 身体的 ) differences ( 面部的 ) hair, Westerners have a lot. As a between races. Whereas( 然而 ) many Asian men have little facial facial( ( 结果 ), most American men spend some time each day shaving (spend some time doing sth.) or tidying result result( shaving(spend (另一方面 ), generally prefer (偏爱) not to be their facial hair to keep it nice. American women, on the other hand hand( prefer( (长毛的) at all. hairy hairy( Americans put great value on both neatness and personal cleanness. For some people, taking care of ( 宗教 ). As the old saying goes( 俗话说 ), “Cleanness is next to themselves has become almost a religion religion( godliness.” Whether or not( 不论，是否 ) being clean and neat-looking brings one closer to God, it certainly at ( 至少 ) brings one closer to others. Americans look down on ( 看不起 ) people who don’t take care of least least( on( themselves, or who “let themselves go”.

雅思真题 2012年10月13日IELTS机经回忆(网友版)

雅思真题2012年10月13日IELTS机经回忆（网友版）雅思全真试题2012年10月13日IELTS口语阅读机经回忆2012年10月13日雅思口语阅读第一时间回忆回忆1阅读一篇农村地区旅游一篇语言发音的影响因素中间那篇忘了回忆2阅读第一篇美国的两个节日的. 第二篇是生物钟. 第三篇英语的发声变化. 小作文两个线图. 关于东京和悉尼的平均温度的.回忆3阅读matching多。

填空每篇一个。

判断题一个第三片。

求听力8阅读7.5好嘛!!回忆4阅读secrion 1两个美国的乡村节日picnic and cheese s2生物钟s3英语的发音变化回忆5阅读一，没过乡村节，阅读二生物钟，阅读三英语发音，回忆6阅读第三篇是讲语言发音的变化，好像在阅读真经4或是九分达人上做过的2012年10月13日雅思听力第一时间回忆回忆1听力是一个女的想参加drama club了解情况第二个是几个旅游景点有恐龙博物馆冰川好像有个山啥的可以骑马和坐船去第三个是两个学建筑的讨论recycled material的应用第四个是广告我印象中机经上貌似有回忆2section1:好像类似俱乐部还是什么的1.childen不能参加，因为for adults.2.october4-7.matching。

每个月份是什么活动。

选择8是什么剧:comedy9最开始为什么而创作:theater10什么样的人会喜欢，说背景是1960，音乐很好回忆3才考完. 听力S1是机经V100206. S2关于加拿大英属哥伦比亚省的恐龙博物馆的. S3是两个人讨论水泥的. S4是关于广告的.回忆4听力s1 children october college. theater trip(E) drama workshop, outdoor party planning meeting(原文是什么for next...)选择comedy, radio,60s. s2.bones footprint night tour ,这个空没听到。

雅思2012年最新官方学术类阅读模拟试题

CandidateNumber Candidate Name______________________________________________ INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTINGSYSTEMAcademic ReadingPRACTICE TEST 1hour Time 1 hourINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESDo not open this question paper until you are told to do so.Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.Answer all the questions.Write your answers on the answer sheet. Use a pencil.You must complete the answer sheet within the time limit.At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer sheet. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESThere are 40 questions on this question paper.Each question carries one mark.READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.MAKING TIME FOR SCIENCEChronobiology might sound a little futuristic – like something from a science fiction novel, perhaps – but it’s actually a field of study that concerns one of the oldest processes life on this planet has ever known: short-term rhythms of time and their effect on flora and fauna.This can take many forms. Marine life, for example, is influenced by tidal patterns. Animals tend to be active or inactive depending on the position of the sun or moon. Numerous creatures, humans included, are largely diurnal – that is, they like to come out during the hours of sunlight. Nocturnal animals, such as bats and possums, prefer to forage by night. A third group are known as crepuscular: they thrive in the low-light of dawn and dusk and remain inactive at other hours.When it comes to humans, chronobiologists are interested in what is known as the circadian rhythm. This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally geared to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four hour day. Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many other factors such as changes in blood pressure and body temperature. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm. ‘Night people’, for example, often describe how they find it very hard to operate during the morning, but become alert and focused by evening. This is a benign variation within circadian rhythms known as a chronotype.Scientists have limited abilities to create durable modifications of chronobiological demands. Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we breach these natural rhythms for extended periods of time. Plants appear no more malleable in thisrespect; studies demonstrate that vegetables grown in season and ripened on the tree are far higher in essential nutrients than those grown in greenhouses and ripened by laser.Knowledge of chronobiological patterns can have many pragmatic implications for our day-to-day lives. While contemporary living can sometimes appear to subjugate biology – after all, who needs circadian rhythms when we have caffeine pills, energy drinks, shift work and cities that never sleep? – keeping in synch with our body clock is important.The average urban resident, for example, rouses at the eye-blearing time of 6.04a.m., which researchers believe to be far too early. One study found that even rising at7.00 a.m. has deleterious effects on health unless exercise is performed for 30 minutes afterward. The optimum moment has been whittled down to 7.22 a.m.; muscle aches, headaches and moodiness were reported to be lowest by participants in the study who awoke then.Once you’re up and ready to go, what then? If you’re trying to shed some extra pounds, dieticians are adamant: never skip breakfast. This disorients your circadian rhythm and puts your body in starvation mode. The recommended course of action is to follow an intense workout with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast; the other way round and weight loss results are not as pronounced.Morning is also great for breaking out the vitamins. Supplement absorption by the body is not temporal-dependent, but naturopath Pam Stone notes that the extra boost at breakfast helps us get energised for the day ahead. For improved absorption, Stone suggests pairing supplements with a food in which they are soluble and steering clear of caffeinated beverages. Finally, Stone warns to take care with storage; high potency is best for absorption, and warmth and humidity are known to deplete the potency of a supplement.After-dinner espressos are becoming more of a tradition – we have the Italians to thank for that – but to prepare for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m. With a seven hour half-life, a cup of coffee containing 90 mg of caffeine taken at this hour could still leave 45 mg of caffeine in your nervous system at ten o’clock that evening. It is essential that, by the time you are ready to sleep, your body is rid of all traces.Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietician Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five carbohydrate-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand. This will deprive your body of vital energy needs. Overloading your gut could lead to indigestion, though. Our digestive tracts do not shut down for the night entirely, but their work slows to a crawl as our bodies prepare for sleep. Consuming a modest snack should be entirely sufficient.Questions 1–7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Chronobiology is the study of how living things have evolved over time.2 The rise and fall of sea levels affects how sea creatures behave.3 Most animals are active during the daytime.4 Circadian rhythms identify how we do different things on different days.5 A ‘night person’ can still have a healthy circadian rhythm.6 New therapies can permanently change circadian rhythms without causing harm.7 Naturally-produced vegetables have more nutritional value.Questions 8–13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet.8 What did researchers identify as the ideal time to wake up in the morning?A 6.04B 7.00C 7.22D 7.309 In order to lose weight, we shouldA avoid eating breakfastB eat a low carbohydrate breakfastC exercise before breakfastD exercise after breakfast10 Which is NOT mentioned as a way to improve supplement absorption?A avoiding drinks containing caffeine while taking supplementsB taking supplements at breakfastC taking supplements with foods that can dissolve themD storing supplements in a cool, dry environment11 The best time to stop drinking coffee isA mid-afternoonB 10 p.m.C only when feeling anxiousD after dinner12 In the evening, we shouldA stay away from carbohydratesB stop exercisingC eat as much as possibleD eat a light meal13 Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage1?A to suggest healthier ways of eating, sleeping and exercisingB to describe how modern life has made chronobiology largely irrelevantC to introduce chronobiology and describe some practical applicationsD to plan a daily schedule that can alter our natural chronobiological rhythmsREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Triune1 BrainThe first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex – 1 Triune = three-in-onewhich engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime, it can mean ground-breaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy2, “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathise with or express concern for others.One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.2 Lobotomy = surgical cutting of brain nervesQuestions 14–22Classify the following as typical ofA the reptilian cortexB the limbic cortexC the neocortexWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life16 experiencing the pain of losing another17 forming communities and social groups18 making a decision and carrying it out19 guarding areas of land20 developing explanations for things21 looking after one’s young22 responding quickly to sudden movement and noiseQuestions 23–26Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet.23 A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as …………………. 24………………… in humans is associated with limbic disruption.25An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his …………………. 26After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage’s ………………… and higher-order thinking.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.HELIUM’S FUTURE UP IN THE AIRA In recent years we have all been exposed to dire media reports concerning the impending demise of global coal and oil reserves, but the depletion of another key non-renewable resource continues without receiving much press at all. Helium – an inert, odourless, monatomic element known to lay people as the substance that makes balloons float and voices squeak when inhaled – could be gone from this planet within a generation.B Helium itself is not rare; there is actually a plentiful supply of it in the cosmos. In fact, 24 per cent of our galaxy’s elemental mass consists of helium, which makes it the second most abundant element in our universe. Because of its lightness, however, most helium vanished from our own planet many years ago. Consequently, only a miniscule proportion – 0.00052%, to be exact – remains in earth’s atmosphere. Helium is the by-product of millennia of radioactive decay from the elements thorium and uranium. The helium is mostly trapped in subterranean natural gas bunkers and commercially extracted through a method known as fractional distillation.C The loss of helium on Earth would affect society greatly. Defying the perception of it as a novelty substance for parties and gimmicks, the element actually has many vital applications in society. Probably the most well known commercial usage is in airships and blimps (non-flammable helium replaced hydrogen as the lifting gas du jour after the Hindenburg catastrophe in 1932, during which an airship burst into flames and crashed to the ground killing some passengers and crew). But helium is also instrumental in deep-sea diving, where it is blended with nitrogen to mitigate the dangers of inhaling ordinary air under high pressure; as a cleaning agent for rocket engines; and, in its most prevalent use, as a coolant for superconducting magnets in hospital MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners.D The possibility of losing helium forever poses the threat of a real crisis because its unique qualities are extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible to duplicate (certainly, no biosynthetic ersatz product is close to approaching the point of feasibility for helium, even as similar developments continue apace for oil and coal). Helium is even cheerfully derided as a “loner” element since it does not adhere to other molecules like its cousin, hydrogen. According to Dr. Lee Sobotka, helium is the “most noble of gases, meaning it’s very stable and non-reactive for the most part … it has a closed electronicconfiguration, a very tightly bound atom. It is this coveting of its own electrons that prevents combination with other elements’. Another important attribute is helium’s unique boiling point, which is lower than that for any other element. The worsening global shortage could render millions of dollars of high-value, life-saving equipment totally useless. The dwindling supplies have already resulted in the postponement of research and development projects in physics laboratories and manufacturing plants around the world. There is an enormous supply and demand imbalance partly brought about by the expansion of high-tech manufacturing in Asia.E The source of the problem is the Helium Privatisation Act (HPA), an American law passed in 1996 that requires the U.S. National Helium Reserve to liquidate its helium assets by 2015 regardless of the market price. Although intended to settle the original cost of the reserve by a U.S. Congress ignorant of its ramifications, the result of this fire sale is that global helium prices are so artificially deflated that few can be bothered recycling the substance or using it judiciously. Deflated values also mean that natural gas extractors see no reason to capture helium. Much is lost in the process of extraction. As Sobotka notes: "[t]he government had the good vision to store helium, and the question now is: Will the corporations have the vision to capture it when extracting natural gas, and consumers the wisdom to recycle? This takes long-term vision because present market forces are not sufficient to compel prudent practice”. For Nobel-prize laureate Robert Richardson, the U.S. government must be prevailed upon to repeal its privatisation policy as the country supplies over 80 per cent of global helium, mostly from the National Helium Reserve. For Richardson, a twenty- to fifty-fold increase in prices would provide incentives to recycle.F A number of steps need to be taken in order to avert a costly predicament in the coming decades. Firstly, all existing supplies of helium ought to be conserved and released only by permit, with medical uses receiving precedence over other commercial or recreational demands. Secondly, conservation should be obligatory and enforced by a regulatory agency. At the moment some users, such as hospitals, tend to recycle diligently while others, such as NASA, squander massive amounts of helium. Lastly, research into alternatives to helium must begin in earnest.Questions 27–31Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A–F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 27–31 on your answer sheet.27 a use for helium which makes an activity safer28 the possibility of creating an alternative to helium29 a term which describes the process of how helium is taken out of the ground30 a reason why users of helium do not make efforts to conserve it31 a contrast between helium’s chemical properties and how non-scientists thinkabout itQuestions 32–35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32–35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 Helium chooses to be on its own.33 Helium is a very cold substance.34 High-tech industries in Asia use more helium than laboratories and manufacturersin other parts of the world.35 The US Congress understood the possible consequences of the HPA.Questions 36–40Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet.Sobotka argues that big business and users of helium need to help look after helium stocks because 36 ……………….. will not be encouraged through buying and selling alone. Richardson believes that the 37 ……………….. needs to be withdrawn, as the U.S. provides most of the world’s helium. He argues that higher costs would mean people have38 ……………….. to use the resource many times over.People should need a 39 ……………….. to access helium that we still have. Furthermore, a 40 ……………….. should ensure that helium is used carefully.。

2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题8(含答案)

2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题(含答案)1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years—exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant bythe opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gáborágoston,calculated that magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and becomelong-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequencies allow thesun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However,a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythe frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor isthe transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly whenwe observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that causethe temperature fluctuations.(716 words)Questions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila GrandpierreB. Gábor ágostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. ...claims there抯 a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fieldscould produce instabilities in the solar plasma.3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea iceto eliminate the greenhouse effect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.Questions 10-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, butthe slight changes in the earth's ...11...alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12...can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun’s interior. Thesun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperaturein ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the sentences in paragraph 1(There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years—exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2 (Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)2. A BSee para.3: ?i style=’normal’>Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gáborágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich’s claims as "utterly implausible".5. FalseSee para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythe frequency should change from one to another," ... Nor isthe transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect. (The passage doesn抰mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"?"The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards, 卙e says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are inthe temperature oscillation.") and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this. "If there isa way to test this theory on the sun, I can’t think of one that is practical).10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, the temperature of thesun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.11. orbitSee para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the resultof subtle changes in Earth’s orbit, 匛arth's orbit gradually changes shape froma circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: ?i style=’magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.13. cyclesSee para.4: ...allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.14. randomSee para.4: Ehrlich says that random interactions within thesun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.。

2012 雅思真题

2012.1.7 A 全球化Some people think developing countries should invite large foreign companies to open offices and factories to grow their economies. Others think the developing countries should keep large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2012.1.7 G 社会类Some people think that seeing live events is better than watching them on television. Others think that it is better to watch the same events on television at home. Discuss both sides and give your opinion2012.1.12 A 政府类Some people think that government should establish free libraries in each town. While others believe that it is a waste of money since people can obtain information from the internet at home. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.2012.1.14 A 社会类Nowadays it is widely accepted that social skills are as important as good qualifications for success in a job. Do you agree or disagree?2012.2.4 A 社会类Some people think that young people should follow traditions of their society, while others think that young people should be free to behave as individuals. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.2012.2.9 A 全球化The spread of multinational companies and the resulting increase of globalization produce positive effects to everyone. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?2012.2.9 G 科技类Nowadays more and more people have consumer goods, such as refrigerator or washing machines. Do you think this development has more advantages than its disadvantages?2012.2.18 A 科技类Technology makes life complex, and to make it simple is to stop using technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012. 2.18G 社会类Some people children should be raised up in urban area, while others hold that they are better off in rural area. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.2012.2.25 A 教育类Full-time university students need to spend a lot of time on study, but it is essential to get involved in other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012.3.8 社会类Many people fail to achieve a balance between work and the other parts of life. What causes the situation？How to overcome this problem？2012年3月10日社会类In the future，there will be a higher proportion of older people than younger people. Is it a positive or negative development?2012年3月17日媒体类News media are important in modern society. Why are they so important? Are their influences generally positive or negative?2012年3月31媒体类In some cultures the old age is highly valued, while in some cultures youth is highly valued. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012.4.28 A 环境类In modern life, it is no longer necessary to use animals as food and in other products like clothing and medicines. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2012.4.21 G 教育类Some people believe that children will have a promising future if they are always rewarded by their parents or teachers when they well-behave. However, other people argue that if the children misbehave, they should be punished so that they could be qualified citizens. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. 2012.4.21 A 社会类Some people prefer planning for the future while others argue that we should focus on the present. What is your opinion?2012.4.14 A 社会媒体类A tendency that the news reported in the media focuses on problems and emergencies rather than the positive developments is harmful to both the individual and the society. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? 2012.05.10 A 媒体类Nowadays consumers are faced with the advertisements from competitive companies. To what extent do you agree that consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures should be taken to protect them?2012.05.12 A 社会类Some people think sending criminals to prison is an effective way to deal with them, others think education and training are better. What extent do you agree or disagree.2012.05.19 A 环境类Food has become cheaper and food production has increased thanks to enlarged manufacturing capacity, the use of fertilizer and better machinery. However,some believe this will do harm to the health of humans and local community as a whole.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012.05.26 A 社会类Some people argue that the government should support the funds for the arts, while some other people suggest that the money should be used for public health and education. discuss both views and give your opinion.2012.06.09 A 媒体类Some people think news have no connection to people's lives, so then it is a waste of time to read the news in the newspaper and watch television news programmmes. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012.06.14 A 社会类Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the government rather than by private companies。

雅思2012年最新官方学术类阅读模拟试题

CandidateNumber Candidate Name______________________________________________ INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTINGSYSTEMAcademic ReadingPRACTICE TEST 1hour Time 1 hourINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESDo not open this question paper until you are told to do so.Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Read the instructions for each part of the paper carefully.Answer all the questions.Write your answers on the answer sheet. Use a pencil.You must complete the answer sheet within the time limit.At the end of the test, hand in both this question paper and your answer sheet. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESThere are 40 questions on this question paper.Each question carries one mark.READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.MAKING TIME FOR SCIENCEChronobiology might sound a little futuristic – like something from a science fiction novel, perhaps – but it’s actually a field of study that concerns one of the oldest processes life on this planet has ever known: short-term rhythms of time and their effect on flora and fauna.This can take many forms. Marine life, for example, is influenced by tidal patterns. Animals tend to be active or inactive depending on the position of the sun or moon. Numerous creatures, humans included, are largely diurnal – that is, they like to come out during the hours of sunlight. Nocturnal animals, such as bats and possums, prefer to forage by night. A third group are known as crepuscular: they thrive in the low-light of dawn and dusk and remain inactive at other hours.When it comes to humans, chronobiologists are interested in what is known as the circadian rhythm. This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally geared to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four hour day. Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many other factors such as changes in blood pressure and body temperature. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm. ‘Night people’, for example, often describe how they find it very hard to operate during the morning, but become alert and focused by evening. This is a benign variation within circadian rhythms known as a chronotype.Scientists have limited abilities to create durable modifications of chronobiological demands. Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we breach these natural rhythms for extended periods of time. Plants appear no more malleable in thisrespect; studies demonstrate that vegetables grown in season and ripened on the tree are far higher in essential nutrients than those grown in greenhouses and ripened by laser.Knowledge of chronobiological patterns can have many pragmatic implications for our day-to-day lives. While contemporary living can sometimes appear to subjugate biology – after all, who needs circadian rhythms when we have caffeine pills, energy drinks, shift work and cities that never sleep? – keeping in synch with our body clock is important.The average urban resident, for example, rouses at the eye-blearing time of 6.04a.m., which researchers believe to be far too early. One study found that even rising at7.00 a.m. has deleterious effects on health unless exercise is performed for 30 minutes afterward. The optimum moment has been whittled down to 7.22 a.m.; muscle aches, headaches and moodiness were reported to be lowest by participants in the study who awoke then.Once you’re up and ready to go, what then? If you’re trying to shed some extra pounds, dieticians are adamant: never skip breakfast. This disorients your circadian rhythm and puts your body in starvation mode. The recommended course of action is to follow an intense workout with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast; the other way round and weight loss results are not as pronounced.Morning is also great for breaking out the vitamins. Supplement absorption by the body is not temporal-dependent, but naturopath Pam Stone notes that the extra boost at breakfast helps us get energised for the day ahead. For improved absorption, Stone suggests pairing supplements with a food in which they are soluble and steering clear of caffeinated beverages. Finally, Stone warns to take care with storage; high potency is best for absorption, and warmth and humidity are known to deplete the potency of a supplement.After-dinner espressos are becoming more of a tradition – we have the Italians to thank for that – but to prepare for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m. With a seven hour half-life, a cup of coffee containing 90 mg of caffeine taken at this hour could still leave 45 mg of caffeine in your nervous system at ten o’clock that evening. It is essential that, by the time you are ready to sleep, your body is rid of all traces.Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietician Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five carbohydrate-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand. This will deprive your body of vital energy needs. Overloading your gut could lead to indigestion, though. Our digestive tracts do not shut down for the night entirely, but their work slows to a crawl as our bodies prepare for sleep. Consuming a modest snack should be entirely sufficient.Questions 1–7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Chronobiology is the study of how living things have evolved over time.2 The rise and fall of sea levels affects how sea creatures behave.3 Most animals are active during the daytime.4 Circadian rhythms identify how we do different things on different days.5 A ‘night person’ can still have a healthy circadian rhythm.6 New therapies can permanently change circadian rhythms without causing harm.7 Naturally-produced vegetables have more nutritional value.Questions 8–13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet.8 What did researchers identify as the ideal time to wake up in the morning?A 6.04B 7.00C 7.22D 7.309 In order to lose weight, we shouldA avoid eating breakfastB eat a low carbohydrate breakfastC exercise before breakfastD exercise after breakfast10 Which is NOT mentioned as a way to improve supplement absorption?A avoiding drinks containing caffeine while taking supplementsB taking supplements at breakfastC taking supplements with foods that can dissolve themD storing supplements in a cool, dry environment11 The best time to stop drinking coffee isA mid-afternoonB 10 p.m.C only when feeling anxiousD after dinner12 In the evening, we shouldA stay away from carbohydratesB stop exercisingC eat as much as possibleD eat a light meal13 Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage1?A to suggest healthier ways of eating, sleeping and exercisingB to describe how modern life has made chronobiology largely irrelevantC to introduce chronobiology and describe some practical applicationsD to plan a daily schedule that can alter our natural chronobiological rhythmsREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Triune1 BrainThe first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex – 1 Triune = three-in-onewhich engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime, it can mean ground-breaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy2, “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathise with or express concern for others.One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.2 Lobotomy = surgical cutting of brain nervesQuestions 14–22Classify the following as typical ofA the reptilian cortexB the limbic cortexC the neocortexWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life16 experiencing the pain of losing another17 forming communities and social groups18 making a decision and carrying it out19 guarding areas of land20 developing explanations for things21 looking after one’s young22 responding quickly to sudden movement and noiseQuestions 23–26Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet.23 A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as …………………. 24………………… in humans is associated with limbic disruption.25An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his …………………. 26After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage’s ………………… and higher-order thinking.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.HELIUM’S FUTURE UP IN THE AIRA In recent years we have all been exposed to dire media reports concerning the impending demise of global coal and oil reserves, but the depletion of another key non-renewable resource continues without receiving much press at all. Helium – an inert, odourless, monatomic element known to lay people as the substance that makes balloons float and voices squeak when inhaled – could be gone from this planet within a generation.B Helium itself is not rare; there is actually a plentiful supply of it in the cosmos. In fact, 24 per cent of our galaxy’s elemental mass consists of helium, which makes it the second most abundant element in our universe. Because of its lightness, however, most helium vanished from our own planet many years ago. Consequently, only a miniscule proportion – 0.00052%, to be exact – remains in earth’s atmosphere. Helium is the by-product of millennia of radioactive decay from the elements thorium and uranium. The helium is mostly trapped in subterranean natural gas bunkers and commercially extracted through a method known as fractional distillation.C The loss of helium on Earth would affect society greatly. Defying the perception of it as a novelty substance for parties and gimmicks, the element actually has many vital applications in society. Probably the most well known commercial usage is in airships and blimps (non-flammable helium replaced hydrogen as the lifting gas du jour after the Hindenburg catastrophe in 1932, during which an airship burst into flames and crashed to the ground killing some passengers and crew). But helium is also instrumental in deep-sea diving, where it is blended with nitrogen to mitigate the dangers of inhaling ordinary air under high pressure; as a cleaning agent for rocket engines; and, in its most prevalent use, as a coolant for superconducting magnets in hospital MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners.D The possibility of losing helium forever poses the threat of a real crisis because its unique qualities are extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible to duplicate (certainly, no biosynthetic ersatz product is close to approaching the point of feasibility for helium, even as similar developments continue apace for oil and coal). Helium is even cheerfully derided as a “loner” element since it does not adhere to other molecules like its cousin, hydrogen. According to Dr. Lee Sobotka, helium is the “most noble of gases, meaning it’s very stable and non-reactive for the most part … it has a closed electronicconfiguration, a very tightly bound atom. It is this coveting of its own electrons that prevents combination with other elements’. Another important attribute is helium’s unique boiling point, which is lower than that for any other element. The worsening global shortage could render millions of dollars of high-value, life-saving equipment totally useless. The dwindling supplies have already resulted in the postponement of research and development projects in physics laboratories and manufacturing plants around the world. There is an enormous supply and demand imbalance partly brought about by the expansion of high-tech manufacturing in Asia.E The source of the problem is the Helium Privatisation Act (HPA), an American law passed in 1996 that requires the U.S. National Helium Reserve to liquidate its helium assets by 2015 regardless of the market price. Although intended to settle the original cost of the reserve by a U.S. Congress ignorant of its ramifications, the result of this fire sale is that global helium prices are so artificially deflated that few can be bothered recycling the substance or using it judiciously. Deflated values also mean that natural gas extractors see no reason to capture helium. Much is lost in the process of extraction. As Sobotka notes: "[t]he government had the good vision to store helium, and the question now is: Will the corporations have the vision to capture it when extracting natural gas, and consumers the wisdom to recycle? This takes long-term vision because present market forces are not sufficient to compel prudent practice”. For Nobel-prize laureate Robert Richardson, the U.S. government must be prevailed upon to repeal its privatisation policy as the country supplies over 80 per cent of global helium, mostly from the National Helium Reserve. For Richardson, a twenty- to fifty-fold increase in prices would provide incentives to recycle.F A number of steps need to be taken in order to avert a costly predicament in the coming decades. Firstly, all existing supplies of helium ought to be conserved and released only by permit, with medical uses receiving precedence over other commercial or recreational demands. Secondly, conservation should be obligatory and enforced by a regulatory agency. At the moment some users, such as hospitals, tend to recycle diligently while others, such as NASA, squander massive amounts of helium. Lastly, research into alternatives to helium must begin in earnest.Questions 27–31Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A–F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 27–31 on your answer sheet.27 a use for helium which makes an activity safer28 the possibility of creating an alternative to helium29 a term which describes the process of how helium is taken out of the ground30 a reason why users of helium do not make efforts to conserve it31 a contrast between helium’s chemical properties and how non-scientists thinkabout itQuestions 32–35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32–35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 Helium chooses to be on its own.33 Helium is a very cold substance.34 High-tech industries in Asia use more helium than laboratories and manufacturersin other parts of the world.35 The US Congress understood the possible consequences of the HPA.Questions 36–40Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet.Sobotka argues that big business and users of helium need to help look after helium stocks because 36 ……………….. will not be encouraged through buying and selling alone. Richardson believes that the 37 ……………….. needs to be withdrawn, as the U.S. provides most of the world’s helium. He argues that higher costs would mean people have38 ……………….. to use the resource many times over.People should need a 39 ……………….. to access helium that we still have. Furthermore, a 40 ……………….. should ensure that helium is used carefully.。

雅思考试模拟试题及答案解析(9)

雅思考试模拟试题及答案解析（9）(1~10/共10题)SECTION 1Play00:00…Volume第1题Answer the questions below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Example AnswerWhere is Mrs Grey going? SingaporeHow long does it take to fly from Singapore to Hong Kong SAR?第2题What time should the Greys check in?第3题What is the reason they cannot change their flight dates?第4题What date will the Greys fly back to Hong Kong SAR?第5题What does Mrs Grey want to do as soon as she gets back?第6题Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Bert will ______ the confirmation details to Mrs Grey.第7题The maximum weight for ______ luggage is 10 kilograms.第8题Mr and Mrs Grey will check in one ______ at extra cost.第9题The reservation number is ______.第10题Mrs Grey's preference is for a seat next to the ______.下一题(11~20/共10题)SECTION 2Play00:00…Volume第11题What does the speaker say about the following events?Write the correct letter, A, B, or C, next to questions 11-16.A. They are arts-focused.B. They are land-based.C. They are water-based.The National Selections Competition第12题The National Championships第13题The Seriously Social Competition第14题The Women's Only Event第15题The Autumn Festival第16题The Kingstown Youth Tournament第17题Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.School Holiday Programmes# Place Type A ctivitiesOne Prince Park sporting athletics, football, swimming,7Two Lord Hall creative cooking, 8 , craft,hair stylingThree Duke Recreational Area 9 skate boarding, rafting, orienteering, 10 , trekking第18题第19题第20题上一题下一题(21~30/共10题)SECTION 3Play00:00…Volume第21题Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.Julia and Bob's science project is dueA.next week.B.next month.C.next year.第22题All the materials they use must beA.recycled.B.inexpensive.C.available in the lab.第23题A Cartesian diver was called a 'devil' by some people becauseA.they saw it was black.B.they believed in the supernatural.C.they wanted the inventor to be famous.第24题Choose TWO letters, A-E.Julia and Bob find some of the items they needA. in Bob's pencil case and the recycling bin.B. in the cafeteria and the Resource Centre.C. in the shop and Julia's locker.D. in Bob's bag and his pocket.E. in Tara's packet and on the floor.第25题第26题Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.AssemblyStep 1Fold 6 in half.Step 2Use 7 to secure the ends.Step 3Attach 8 to diver.Step 4Fill bottle with water and replace 9 .Step 5Demonstrate by squeezing and releasing bottle. Compression causes diver to sink because diver becomes 10 .第27题第28题第29题第30题上一题下一题(31~40/共10题)SECTION 4Play00:00…Volume第31题Complete the summary below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.Every day the human body is fighting off 1 by destructive pathogens. A person in good health has natural protection in the form of an immune system which works best against familiar microorganisms which may have been encountered during a previous 2 or passed on by the mother before or after birth.Vaccination is a way to cause 3 immunisation by introducing a small amount of pathogen into the body—just enough for the body's 4 to react by making antibodies. Passive immnnisation can be used as a way of treating someone who is already sick. Proteins from animal 5 are introduced into the patient to give him the necessary antibodies to fight the disease. Dr. Edward Jenner observed that people who had suffered and recovered from a serious disease called smallpox did not get it again. He also noted that victims of a milder disease, cowpox, which they caught from 6 , were immune to smallpox. He carried out a successful 7 by deliberately giving a child cowpox in order to make him immune to smallpox.第32题第33题第34题第35题第36题第37题第38题Complete the diagram below.Choose your answers from the box below and write the letters A-F next to questions 38-40.图片A. antibodyB. agglutinationC. antigenD. germsE. plasmaF. B-lymphocyte第39题第40题上一题下一题(41~54/共14题)PASSAGE 1图片第41题Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?In boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on thisCalls you make to Citywide Customer Service are not billed to you by the phone company.第42题Every Citywide customer receives a 15% discount.第43题If you do not have enough money in your bank account when the direct debit is due, a penalty of 2% is added to your bill.第44题With Internet banking, the bank does not automatically transfer the funds.第45题Automatic payment suits people on low incomes.第46题You should pay your bill straight away if you are using telephone transfer.第47题Citywide does not accept all credit cards.第48题There are no postage costs associated with sending a cheque to Citywide in the mail.第49题You should use cash to pay in person.第50题The following text has five sections, A-E.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, ⅰ-ⅷ, in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.图片List of HeadingsⅰAdd shineⅱReturn to original conditionⅲAvoid excessive wetnessⅳPrevent damageⅴHeat the straightening ironsⅵMove the irons through the hairⅶTake only a secondⅷRemove moistureSection A第51题Section B第52题Section C第53题Section D第54题Section E上一题下一题(55~67/共13题)PASSAGE 2Setting up pay structures in your workplace:When it comes to setting up a pay structure for your new business, there are two broad options to choose from: the internal equity method, or the market pricing method.The internal equity methodThe internal equity method of pay structuring involves creating a series of grades with each grade representing a different level of pay within the company. Employment positions are set within these grades depending on the rank of internal advancement the job represents.A company determines how many grades it needs based on the number of employees and the variety of jobs in the organisation. The number of grades can be expanded at any point. As a result of their frequent use of hybrid positions, small businesses do not always benefit from pay grades.Each grade should also be given a spread, so that employees can move within their grade as they progress within their current position. Creating a minimum and a maximum spread for the company is also recommended. There should be a 15 percent progression between grades. This is vital for ensuring that promotions incur meaningful pay increases and maintain incentives for the employee to rise within the company.Market pricing methodAn alternative to this more traditional, grid-based method of remuneration is what is called the market pricing approach. This is quickly becoming the dominant method of pricing jobs. This approach involves an employee's position being compensated in relation to the market value ofthat job, not the level that specific position holds within the organisation.Using the internal equity method, for example, the chief financial officer (CFO) will probably be in the top grade and remunerated higher than an information technology worker in that organisation. Under the market pricing method there is no guarantee of this. An information technology worker with a highly demanded skill-set may be paid much more than what the OFO earns.Which is right for your business?Only you can decide which pay method is right for your business. As a general rule you may find that small, dynamic, high-turnover and high-speed growth-orientated businesses respond well to the market pricing method. This way you can individually select the most qualified and skilled candidates for each position by remunerating them at or just above the market rate so that your precious capital is not wasted on simply rewarding status.For those companies that seek to expand in a firm, controlled and more cautious manner while maintaining robust internal cohesion and high levels of staff loyalty and discipline, the internal equity method may be more suited.第55题Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 15-23 on your answer sheet.Internal equity methodPay organised according to a range of 1 —each one denotes different level of pay based on employee's position within the company.The company decides on the number of grades according to how many workers and how many different2Not suitable for 3 which often have 4 .Gaps between pay grades are important to 5 for promotion.Market pricing methodPay is based on the job's 6 .A worker with sought-after 7 may earn more than a CFO.How to decide?Internal equity good for maintaining steady growth and keeping constant, reliable 8 .Market pricing—Money does not go on paying for 9 alone, but acquiring the best performers.第56题第57题第58题第59题第60题第61题第62题第63题第64题If you want to find a job that motivates you, maybe change your career or start out on your ownin a small business or as a freelancer, or even make a fresh start after redundancy, think about making a quick planner to help you identify your interests and motivating factors.To be successful and happy at work, you have to figure out what it is you really love—you need to recognise your passion. To do well at self-employment or freelance work too, you need to know what your own personal strengths are. More than that, you should be aware of your working styles—things like whether you are good around people or not; whether you are better at working with figures, design or text. Perhaps you like working with machinery or certain materials. The next step is very important: investigate the potential for your ideas, in other words, carry out some research and educate yourself about all the possibilities. Don't rush it. Let your ideas take shape slowly and work out your plans for the future. Time is crucial for refining and developing what you have to offer. At the end of it all, you'll be in the most appropriate and fulfilling job for you whether it's running your own business or enjoying being in a new occupation.Complete the flow chart below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.identify 10↓identify 11↓identify preferred working style↓do 12↓allow ideas to form↓take time to develop↓new 13 or career第65题第66题第67题上一题下一题(68~81/共14题)PASSAGE 3Does water have memory?The practice of homeopathy was first developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann. During research in the 1790s, Hahnemann began experimenting with quinine, an alkaloid derived from cinchona bark that was well known at the time to have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing himself with quinine while in a state of good health, and reported in his journals that his extremities went cold, he experienced palpitations, an "infinite anxiety", a trembling and weakening of the limbs, reddening cheeks and thirst—"in short", he concluded, "all the symptoms of relapsing fever presented themselves successively..." Hahnemann's main observation was that things which create problems for healthy people cure those problems in sick people, and this became his first principle of homeopathy: simila similibus (with help from the same). While diverging from the principle of apothecary practice at the time—which wascontraria contrariis (with help from the opposite)—the efficacy of simila similibus was reaffirmed by subsequent developments in the field of vaccinations.Hahnemann's second principle was minimal dosing—treatments should be taken in the most diluted form at which they remain effective. This negated any possible toxic effects of simila similibus. In 1988 the French immunologist Jacques Benveniste took minimal dosing to new extremes when he published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature in which he suggested that very high dilutions of the anti-lgE antibody could affect human basophil granulocytes, the least common of the granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white blood cells. The point of controversy, however, was that the water in Benveniste's test had been so diluted that any molecular evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water molecules, the researcher concluded, had a biologically active component that a journalist later termed "water memory". A number of efforts from scientists in Britain, France and the Netherlands to duplicate Benveniste's research were unsuccessful, however, and to this day no peer-reviewed study under broadly accepted conditions has been able to confirm the validity of "water memory".The third principle of homeopathy is "the single remedy". Exponents of this principle believe that it would be too difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the potential effects of multiple homeopathic remedies delivered simultaneously. If it did work, they suggest, one could not know quite why it worked, turning homeopathy into an ambiguous guessing game. If it did not work, neither patient nor practitioner would know whether the ingredients were all ineffective, or whether they were only ineffective in combination with one another. Combination remedies are gaining in popularity, but classical homeopaths who rely on the single remedy approach warn these are not more potent, nor do they provide more treatment options. The availability of combination remedies, these homeopaths suggest, has been led by consumers wanting more options, not from homeopathic research indicating their efficacy.Homeopathy is an extremely contentious form of medicine, with strong assertions coming from both critics and supporters of the practice. "Homeopathy: There's nothing in it" announces the tagline to 10:23, a major British anti-homeopathy campaign. At 10.23 a.m. on 30 January 2010, over 400 supporters of the 10:23 stood outside Boots pharmacies and swallowed an entire bottle each of homeopathic pills in an attempt to raise awareness about the fact that these remedies are made of sugar and water, with no active components. This, defenders of homeopathy say, is entirely the point. Homeopathic products do not rely on ingredients that become toxic at high doses, because the water retains the "memory" that allows the original treatment to function.Critics also point out the fact that homeopathic preparations have no systematic design to them, making it hard to monitor whether or not a particular treatment has been efficacious. Homeopaths embrace this uncertainty. While results may be less certain, they argue, the non-toxic nature of homeopathy means that practitioner and patient can experiment until they find something that works without concern for side effects. Traditional medicine, they argue, assaults the body with a cocktail of drugs that only tackles the symptoms of disease, while homeopathy has its sights aimed on the causes.Homeopaths suggest this approach leads to kinder, gentler, more effective treatment. Finally, critics allege that when homeopathy has produced good results, these are exceedingly dependent on the placebo effect, and cannot justify the resources, time and expense that the homeopathic tradition absorbs. The placebo effect is a term that describes beneficial outcomesfrom a treatment than can be attributed to the patient's expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the treatment itself. Basically, the patient "thinks" himself into feeling better. Defenders suggest that homeopathy can go beyond this psychological level. They point to the successful results of homeopathy on patients who are unconscious at the time of treatment, as well as on animals.第68题Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K, below.Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.A. avoid the unpredictable outcomes of combining many remedies at once.B. explain the success of 18th century apothecary medicine.C. produce fever-like symptoms in a healthy person.D. keep antibody molecules active in parts as low as 0.01%.E. support the notion of simila similibus.F. offer more remedial choice.G. produce a less effective dose.H. recreate the original results.I. retain qualities of an antibody to which they were previously exposed.J. satisfy the demand of buyers.K. treat effectively someone with a fever.In the late 18th century, Hahnemann discovered that quinine was able to第69题The effectiveness of vaccinations also helps to第70题Benveniste argued in the journal Nature that water molecules possess the ability to第71题Attempts to verify Benveniste's findings were unable to第72题The purpose of the single remedy is to第73题Classical homeopaths suggest combination remedies have been created to第74题Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.Arguments against homeopathy Arguments for homeopathyHas no 7 ingredients. Does not become 8 whentaken in large quantities.Lack of a 9 makes success orfailure of treatments difficult to10 Remedies can be trialed with no risk of11 ; treatments tackle causesand not just 12 .Too much reliance on the 13 .Works psychologically but not physically. Proven to work on people who are14 .第75题第76题第77题第78题第79题第80题第81题上一题下一题(1/2)Writing第82题You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.You and your family are on holiday abroad. You are staying in a hotel, but you are not satisfied with some aspects of the accommodation. Write a letter to the hotel manager. In your letter, you should●introduce yourself●explain what is wrong with the hotel room, and●say what action you would like the hotel manager to take.Write at least 150 words.You do NOT need to write any addresses.Begin your letter as follows:Dear Sir or Madam,...上一题下一题(2/2)Writing第83题You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Nowadays, people are generally not as fit as they have been in previous generations.What are some of the reasons for this trend? What can be done about it?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words.上一题下一题(1/3)Speaking Module第84题Introduction (compulsory)●Good morning/afternoon. My name is ______. Can you tell me your full name, please?●What should I call you?●Could you tell me where you're from?●Can I see your identification, please?Thank you. Now in this first part I'd like to ask you some questions about yourself.Interview (choose 1)Let's talk about where you live.●Can you tell me something about the town or city you grew up in?●Do you still live in the same town or city?●Which tourist attractions would you recommend in the town or city you grew up in?Let's talk about your studies.●Where are you studying at the moment?●How do you hope to use your studies in the future?●What do you like most about your studies?Interview (choose 2)Now, let's talk about morning routines.●What time do you usually get up in the mornings? Why?●What sort of things does your morning routine include?●Have you always had a similar morning routine?●Would you say you are a person who prefers mornings or nights? Why?Let's talk about reading.●What types of reading material do you prefer to read? Why?●Do you read as much now as you did when you were younger? Why/Why not?●Where do you usually read? Why?●What do you like most about reading? Why?Now let's talk about relaxing.●How do you normally relax? Why?●Have you always relaxed in the same way?●Do you prefer to relax by yourself or with other people? Why?●Do you think men and women relax in different ways? Why?上一题下一题(2/3)Speaking Module第85题Now, I'm going to give you a topic and I'd like you to talk about it for one to two minutes. Before you talk, you'll have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes if you wish. Do you understand?Here's some paper and a pencil for making notes and here's your topic:I'd like you to describe an item that you bought, but don't really use.Describe something you bought but don't really use.You should saywhat it waswhere and when you bought itwhy you don't use itand say what you finally did with the item.Rounding off questions:●Did it cost a lot of money?●Do you often buy things that aren't useful?上一题下一题(3/3)Speaking Module第86题We've been talking about something you bought but did not use and now I'd like to discuss with you oneor two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first the topic of recycling.●There is a growing trend towards introducing public recycling schemes in many countries. Whatare the reasons for and the results of this?●Do you believe individuals or governments should be responsible for recycling? Why?●What can be done to encourage people to recycle more?Now let's talk about consumerism.●Some people think that owning the latest products and goods is extremely important. What's youropinion?●Are there any disadvantages to having a wide array of choice of similar items?●Do you think people will buy more, or less in the future?上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1~10/共10题)SECTION 1Play00:00…Volume第1题Answer the questions below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Example AnswerWhere is Mrs Grey going? SingaporeHow long does it take to fly from Singapore to Hong Kong SAR?参考答案：3/three hours/hrs 40/forty minutes/mins详细解答：[听力原文]BERT: Good morning, Mrs Grey, this is Bert Stock speaking from Finnegan's Flight Centre. I can now confirm your flight to Singapore.MRS GREY: Oh good. No problems, I hope?BERT: No, everything is in order.MRS GREY: So we got the dates we wanted?BERT: Yes, leaving from Hong Kong on the 25th of July and arriving in Singapore later the same day.MRS GREY: How long does the flight last?BERT: Oh, about three hours forty minutes.MRS GREY: So, we'd get there at...BERT: 9:45.MRS GREY: In the evening?BERT: No, 9:45 am.MRS GREY: But that means we'd be leaving at...?BERT: Your flight leaves Hong Kong at 6:05 am.MRS GREY: So, we'd have to check in an hour before that...?BERT: Mrs Grey, check-in closes 60 minutes before your scheduled departure. If you arrive after check-in has closed, you will not be able to board the flight and you may forfeit your entire fare. I would strongly recommend that you arrive at the check-in counter at least 120 minutes before your departure time.MRS GREY: So you're saying we should be at the airport no later than 4:05 am?BERT: That's correct.MRS GREY: But we'd have to get up in the middle of the night to arrive by that time! Can't we get a later flight?BERT: Not on July 25th. Now there is a later flight on certain weekdays but not at the weekend. MRS GREY: Well, we must go with what we've got then because we're not at all flexible on the dates because of work commitments.BERT: Can I confirm that you want to return on August 7th?MRS GREY: Yes, that's the idea.BERT: Flight VQ 239 will depart from Singapore at 9:20 am on August seventh.MRS GREY: Oh, that's a much more civilized time. Tell me, the time zone is the same, isn't it? We don't gain or lose an hour along the way?BERT: There's no change in the time zone so you can expect to be back at around I pm Does that suit you?MRS GREY: Oh, absolutely. I'll have time to unpack before dinner—we're expecting to meet friends at the new seafood restaurant at 8 o'clock. ...............................................................................BERT: Mrs Grey, I'll send you all these details by an email or letter of confirmation. Which do you prefer?MRS GREY: Well, email is faster but we've been having difficulties with our Internet connection so if you could post it out, I'd appreciate that.BERT: Now, just one or two other things to check before final confirmation...You're booked on a Liteflite ticket.MRS GREY: What does that mean exactly?BERT: Well, you'll only have carry-on baggage, is that right?MRS GREY: Oh yes, that was the original idea. It's so much quicker not having to wait around at the luggage carousel, but...BERT: Yes?MRS GREY: Can you remind me of the allowance again?BERT: With a Liteflite ticket you're allowed ten kilos of hand baggage.MRS GREY: I'm not sure that's such a good idea now.BERT: Oh?MRS GREY: Well, apparently we're going to have to attend quite a few formal functions while we're away so I think I'm going to need a real suitcase to fit the extra clothes and shoes in. BERT: Well, that's not a problem—I can upgrade you to the next level and change your ticket to 'Easyflite'. There will be an extra charge of course.MRS GREY: How much?BERT: $30 per checked-in item of luggage weighing no more than 22 kilos per item.MRS GREY: Well, we'll probably manage with just a single suitcase between the two of us. Is itpossible to do it like that?BERT: Yes, of course. You can take the 'Easyflite' option and your husband can stay with the 'Liteflite' ticket.MRS GREY: Great.BERT: I'll give you your reservation number now so if you need to make any further changes or enquiries you can just quote this reference, okay?MRS GREY: Yes, I have a pen and paper—what is it?BERT: L4GBWF.MRS GREY: L4GBUF?BERT: WF.MRS GREY: Thanks, I've got it now.BERT: At this point I can actually book your seat numbers. Do you have any preference—window or aisle?MRS GREY: Oh, not by the window, Bert. You see, I'm quite a nervous flier and I don't like looking out. What's more, my husband likes a bit of room to stretch his legs. Aisle would be good. BERT: Great. That's sorted then. As I said, I'll send you the details and if you need to talk to the agency again just quote that reference number I gave you.MRS GREY: Thanks so much. Bye.第2题What time should the Greys check in?参考答案：4:05am详细解答：第3题What is the reason they cannot change their flight dates?参考答案：work (commitments)详细解答：第4题What date will the Greys fly back to Hong Kong SAR?参考答案：7(th) Aug(ust)/Aug(ust) 7(th)详细解答：第5题What does Mrs Grey want to do as soon as she gets back?参考答案：unpack详细解答：第6题Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Bert will ______ the confirmation details to Mrs Grey.参考答案：post详细解答：第7题The maximum weight for ______ luggage is 10 kilograms.参考答案：hand/carry-on详细解答：。

2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案

2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案(一)Published online：Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology，set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that，if a certain product is seen to be popular，shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag，a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work，and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank，but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed，the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts，also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home，you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon，a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high，othercustomers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model，shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd，and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。