2018年北京市六区高三一模英语分类汇编--阅读理解D

2018北京六区高三一模英语分类汇编--阅读理解D

【海淀一模】

D

Eudaimonia is an Ancient Greek word, particularly stressed by the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which deserves far more attention than it has because it corrects the shortfalls (缺失）in one of the most central, but troubling words in our modem language: happiness.

When we nowadays try to clearly express the purpose of our lives，it is the word “happiness”that we commonly turn to. We tell ourselves and others that the most important principle for our jobs, our relationships and the conduct of our day-to-day lives is the pursuit of happiness. It sounds like an innocent enough idea, but too much reliance on the term means that we frequently unfairly tend to quit or, at least, heavily question a great many challenging but worthwhile situations. The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfilment”.

What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable (易怒的）mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture, for it’s tricky to speak of being happy yet unhappy, or happy yet suffering. However, such a combination is readily accommodated within the respected and noble-sounding idea of Eudaimonia.

The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment, and yet will be worth pursuing. Properly exploring our professional talents, managing a household, keeping a relationship going, creating a new business venture or engaging in politics... none of these goals are likely to leave us cheerful and grinning on a daily basis. They will, in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges that will deeply exhaust and weaken us, provoke (激怒）and wound us. And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our lives, still

feel that the tasks were worth undertaking. Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.

With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free

existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood. We’ll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we're striving to do justice to our full human potential.

47. What do we know about “Eudaimonia” from the passage?

A. It was first created by two Greek philosophers.

B . It has received a lot of attention from the public.

C. It still has some shortfalls that need to be corrected.

D. It was regarded as the purpose of life in ancient Greece.

48. According to Paragraph 3, happiness .

A. is the opposite of fulfillment

B. is free from physical or mental pain

C. stresses the psychological difference

D. serves as a respected and noble life goal

49. We can leam from the passage that .

A. aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-blaming

B. goals that wound and weaken us result in happiness

C. challenges leading to contentment are worth undertaking

D. feeling fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations

50. The passage encourages the readers to .

A. find fulfillment with all efforts

B. seek for a pain-free existence

C. keep optimistic whatever happens

D. balance happiness and suffering

47. D 48. B 49. A 50. A

【西城一模】

D

Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque. If you bought something, you owned it. If it broke, you fixed it. If you no longer wanted it, you sold it or threw it away. In the digital age, however, ownership has become more slippery. Since the coming of smartphones, consumers have been forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it. As a digital chain is wrapped ever more tightly around more devices, such as cars and thermostats, who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem. Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.

The trend is not always harmful. Manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright, ensure that their machines do not break down, support environmental standards and prevent hacking. Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit. When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month, Tesla remotely updated the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.

But the more digital strings are attached to goods, the more the balance of control leans towards producers and away from owners. That can be inconvenient. Picking a car is hard enough, but harder still if you have to dig up the instructions that tell you how use is limited and what data you must give. If the products are intentionally designed not to last long, it can also be expensive. Already, items from smartphones to washing machines have become extremely hard to fix, meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.

Privacy is also at risk. Users become terrified when iRobot, a robotic vacuum cleaner, not only cleans the floor but also creates a digital map of the inside of a home that can then be sold to advertisers (though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so). Cases like this should remind people how jealously they ought to protect their property rights and control who uses the data that is collected.

Ownership is not about to go away, but its meaning is changing. This requires careful inspection. Devices, by and large, are sold on the basis that they enable people to do what they want. To the extent they are controlled by somebody else, that freedom is compromised.

47. What benefit does it bring to customers if companies control the ownership of products?

A. It provides them with knowledge to prevent hacking.

B. It gives them the chance to be protected from danger.

C. It enables them to own the copyright of the products.

D. It helps them know more about complex technology.

48. The underlined words “that freedom” in the last paragraph refer to the freedom to _____.

A. control other people

B. share the ownership

C. inspect devices at any time

D. use devices as one wishes

49. The author may agree _____.

A. customers should buy fewer digital devices

B. producers should control property rights

C. property rights need to be protected

D. better after sales service is required

50. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion

47. B 48. D 49. C 50. A

【朝阳一模】第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

Is Positive Thinking Powerful?

The $11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like “I never do anything right” into positive ones like “I can succeed”. But was the positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?

Researchers in Canada just published a study in Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply stress how unhappy they are. The study’s authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and

Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by using older research showing that

when people get feedback (反馈) which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse,

not better. If you tell your friend who is not very clever that he has the potential of an Einstein, you’re just underlining his faults. In the 1990s, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton conducted an experiment. The participants were asked to write essays opposing financial support for the disabled, expressing little sympathy for them. When these participants were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.

In this experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students’ self-respect. The

participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves,

“I am lovable.” Those with low self-respect didn’t feel better after the forced self-approval.

In fact, their feelings turned significantly worse than those of members of the control group, who weren’t urged to think positive thoughts.

The study provides support for newer forms for psychotherapy (心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation (静思) techniques, on the contrary, can teach people to realize their shortcomings from a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power

of negative thinking.

67. What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?

A. There can be no simple solutions to psychological problems.

B. Encouraging positive thinking may do harm to people.

C. The power of positive thinking is limited.

D. Unhappy people cannot think positively.

68. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 probably means ______.

A. you are pointing out the mistakes he has made

B. you are not taking his mistakes seriously enough

C. you are stressing the fact that he is not intelligent

D. you are not trying to make him feel better about his faults

69. What do we learn from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?

A. Self-approval can bring a positive change to one’s feelings.

B. People with low self-respect seldom write down their true feelings.

C. It is important for people to continually improve their self-respect.

D. Forcing people to think positive thoughts may lower their self-respect.

70. It can be learned from the last paragraph that ______.

A. people can avoid making mistakes through meditation

B. different people tend to have different ways of thinking

C. meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy

D. the effects of positive thinking differ from person to person

BCDC

【丰台一模】第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

The organic food has gained a lot of popularity as they are being considered as healthier and tastier. A fair number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture. But this might not seem well-founded.

Since the mid-19th century, conventional industrial agriculture has become incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis. Conventional farming gets more and more crop per square foot of land, which can mean less wilderness needs to be transformed to farmland.

To make farming more efficient, conventional agriculture uses a significant amount of synthetic fertilizer(合成肥料) each year, and all that nitrogen(氮) enables much faster plant growth. However, the cost is paid in vast polluted dead zones at the mouths of many of the world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends up running off the soil and into the oceans. This also makes conventional farming one of the major threats to the environment.

To weaken the environmental impact of agriculture, improve soil quality as well as produce healthier foods, some farmers have turned to organic farming. Environmentalists have also welcomed organic food as better for the planet than the food produced by agricultural corporations. Organic practices—refusing artificial fertilizers and chemical pesticides—are considered far more sustainable. Sales of organic food rose 7.7% in 2010, up to $26.7 billion—and people are making those purchases for their moral senses as much as their tongues.

Yet a new meta-analysi s in Nature does the math and comes to a hard conclusion: organic farming produces 25% fewer crops on average than conventional agriculture. This is definitely a downside of organic farming, especially when global population is still growing rapidly.

In the Nature analysis, scientists performed an analysis of 66 studies comparing conventional and organic methods across 34 different crop species, from fruits to grains. They found that organic farming delivered a lower output for every crop type, though the difference varied widely. For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables—all of which provide the world’s main calories—conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%.

What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are trade-offs(此消彼长) with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather than upholding merely organic or conventional practices.

47. The purpose of the passage is to .[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]

A. compare two types of farming

B. criticize conventional agriculture

C. discuss the development of farming

D. argue for a realistic agriculture system

48. According to the passage, conventional farming .

A. produces more crops with fewer fertilizers

B. achieves efficiency at a huge cost to the environment

C. offers a long-term solution to global demand for food

D. performs far better for each crop type than organic farming

49. The author may agree with .

A. employing organic farming to plant rice

B. adopting organic practices to grow potato

C. using conventional methods to plant cabbage

D. applying conventional farming to growing apple

50. Which of the following shows the development o f ideas in this passage?

A. B.

C. D.

CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C：Conclusion

答案：

47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A

【石景山一模】第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

Some of the best research on daily experience is rooted in rates of positive and negative interactions, which has proved that being blindly positive or negative can cause others to be frustrated or annoyed or to simply tune out.

Over the last two decades, scientists have made remarkable predictions simply by watching

people interact with one another and then scoring the conversations based on the rate of positive and negative interactions. Researchers have used the findings to predict everything from the likelihood that a couple will divorce to the chances of a work team with high customer satisfaction and productivity levels.

More recent research helps explain why these brief exchanges matter so much. When you

experience negative emotions as a result of criticism or rejection, for example, your body produces higher levels of the stress hormone, which shuts down much of your thinking and activates (激活) conflict and defense mechanisms (机制). You assume that situations are worse than they actually are.

When you experience a positive interaction, it activates a very different response. Positive exchanges increase your body’s production of oxytocin, a feel-good that increases your ability to communicate with, cooperate with and trust others. But the effects of a positive occurrence are

less dramatic and lasting than they are for a negative one.

We need at least three to five positive interactions to outweigh every one negative exchange. Bad moments simply outweigh good ones. Whether you’re having a conversation, kee p this simple

short cut in mind: At least 80 percent of your conversations should be focused on what’s going

right.

Workplaces, for example, often see this. During performance reviews, managers routinely spend

80 percent of their time on weaknesses and “areas for improvement”. They spend roughly 20 percent

of the time on strengths and positive aspects. Any time you have discussions with a person or group, spend the vast majority of the time talking about what is working, and use the remaining time to address weaknesses.

47. The underlined phrase “tune out” in Paragraph 1 probably means .

A. stop listening

B. change one’s mind

C. sing aloud

D. be crazy

48. What will happen if you experience negative emotions?

A. The situations are sure to become worse.

B. Much of your thinking will be prevented.

C. You will feel an urge to improve and become better.

D. You’ll be motivated to resolve conflicts with people.

49. From Paragraph 4, we can learn that .

A. we need a positive feeling to beat one negative feeling

B. positive interactions have greater effects than negative ones

C. our conversation should center on what needs improvement

D. the effect of negative feelings lasts longer than that of positive ones

50. What is the best title for the passage?

A. Harmful Negatives

B. More Positive Interactions

C. How to Be a Productive Manager

D. Less Time on Strengths and Positive Aspects

答案： 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. B

【东城一模】第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

The cruise（邮轮） tourism is the fastest growing industry in the travel industry. With rapid growth in the number of passengers, the number of cruise ships at sea, and the increased variety of destinations, the fast growth in the industry follows with increasing influences on the environment.

Like many travel industries, the negative influences on the environment seem to outweigh the positive ones. Even though the cruise industry is relatively small compared to the airline industry, cruise ships and their passengers generate more waste and pollutant emissions（排放物） while travelling and docked in port. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, a

one-week voyage generates more than 50 tons of garbage, and during that same week 3.78 million

litres of waste water is produced. That is water which is harmful to the ocean life and cannot be poured back into the ocean without being treated. These numbers are multiplied by more than 200 cruise ships sailing the world 365 days a year.

Due to pollution, coral reefs（珊瑚礁） are taking a significant damage. There are 109 countries with coral reefs. In 90 of them, reefs are being damaged by cruise ships. It is said 70% of cruise destinations are in the spots with the existence of a wide variety of sea plants and animal species.

However, it is not the amount of pollution generated by cruise ships that is most concerned, but rather, the way cruise ships deal with their waste. The way cruise ships get rid of waste is highly unregulated. Waste can be poured a few short miles off shore, which is later brought back to shore due to ocean currents. In most cases, there was no monitoring or administration from local authorities if cruise ships violated the pollution standards. The cruise industry continues to promote itself as environmentally friendly; the truth is, there are many examples of cruise ships breaking the law.

Processing waste onboard is not impossible for cruise industries. Since the increased harmful effects on the environment have come to light, some cruise industries have done their part and as technology increases, their ability to become more eco-friendly has become the most important.

Holland American Line has invested $1.5 million into a program called Seawater Scrubber Pilot. This program looks for opportunities to reduce engine emission on its ships. The Sea Water Scrubber system uses the natural chemistry of seawater to remove all harmful materials in the seawater before it is poured overboard. Even though it is only a small step, it makes a big difference.

The environmental impact of the cruise industry on the destination has negative effects. However, with effort made, there is still hope that these effects can be limited, or as we wish, reduced.

47. What adds to cruis e ships’ pollution?

A. Lack of proper regulations.

B. Growing size of cruise ships.

C. Service system on cruise ships.

D. Useless water-treating program.

48. Why did the author mention Holland American Line?

A. To stress environmental protection matters.

B. To evaluate the effects of natural chemistry.

C. To introduce the Sea Water Scrubber system.

D. To prove some anti-pollution measure works.

49. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Influences of cruise tourism.

B. Problems in tourist industry.

C. Consequence of ocean pollution.

D. Administration of cruise emissions.

50. How is the passage developed?

A. By analyzing cause and effect.

B. By discussing problems and solutions.

C. By comparing benefits and disadvantages.

D. By presenting similarities and differences.

答案： 47．A 48．D 49．A 50．B