2015考研(英+政)答题秘诀与考点整合系列(转载)
2015年考研《英语二》答案及解析（海文版）
1、【答案】[C] signal 【解析】此题所在的上下⽂内容的意思是：陌⽣⼈之间没有交流，⼤家都只关注⾃⼰的⼿机，甚⾄不_______。
A项“票”，B项“允许”，C项“信号，打招呼”，D项“记录”;选项中，只有C项符合上下⽂语义，因此signal正确。
2、【答案】[D] much 【解析】第⼆个空格所在句⼦的语义内容是：我们避免和其他⼈交流是件很悲哀的是，原因在与和陌⽣⼈交流，我们会收获_______。
根据句⼦内容，显然是指和陌⽣⼈交流，我们会从中收获很多东西。
A.B.C.三个选项均不符合句意。
因此答案选much. 3、【答案】[C] plugged 【解析】该题所在语境的意思是：不知道和陌⽣⼈交流，我们会从中收获很多东西吗，原因在于____我们的⼿机。
A.打;B.引导;C.插⼊，投⼊;D.带来;四个选项分别带⼊句中，可以判断出plugged符合句意。
4、【答案】[A] message 【解析】该题所在句⼦的意思是：这种普遍存在的盔甲(不和陌⽣⼈交流)传递了“不要靠近我”这个________。
显然这⾥考察了动宾搭配的考点，⽽且空格处的内容是说“不要靠近我”。
所以，根据send这个动词和空格处后⾯的内容可以判断出，答案为message。
其他选项均不符合前后语义。
5、【答案】[C] behind 【解析】该所要表达的意思是：…藏在我们屏幕的_______位置。
A.下⾯;B.之外; C.后⾯;D. 来⾃;四个选项分别带⼊原句，只有behind符合句意。
6、【答案】[D] misinterpreted 【解析】空的语境为：我们害怕被拒绝，也害怕我们善意的社交之举被____成“怪异的”，只有答案D符合上下⽂语义。
7、【答案】[D] delayed 【解析】空格所在句与前后句同为we fear…的并列句，故句意应前后保持⼀致。
前⼀句说“我们害怕被拒绝，被误解”，后⼀句说“我们害怕被打扰”，A选项带⼊语义不通，B，C选项不符合该⽂语境，D选项带⼊⽂中“我们害怕被耽搁时间”，符合上下⽂语义，故答案为D。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析
2015研究生入学统一考试英语一试题答案+解析Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 。
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 。
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案(完整版)
2015年考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with - or even looking at - a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subway.It’s a sad reality - our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings- because there’s 2 to be gai ned from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 :“Please don’t approach me.”What is it that makes us feel we need to hid 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird.” We fear we’ll be 7 . We fear we’ll be disruptive.Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to turn our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn’t12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters todo the unthinkable:“Start a 13 . They had Chicago train c ommuters talk to their fellow 14 . When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how the would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on thier own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.”18 these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1.[A]ticket [B]permit [C]signal [D]record2.[A]nothing [B]little [C]another [D]much3.[A]beaten [B]guided [C]plugged [D]brought4.[A]message [B]code [C]notice [D]sign5.[A]under [B]beyond [C]behind [D]from6.[A]misinterpreted [B]misapplied [C]misadjusted [D]mismatched7.[A]fired [B]judged [C]replaced [D]delayed8.[A]unreasonable [B]ungrateful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar9.[A]comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D]angry10.[A]attend [B]point [C]take [D]turn11.[A]dangerous [B] mysterious [C]violent [D]boring12.[A]hurt [B] resist [C]bend [D]decay13.[A]lecture [B]conversation [C]debate [D]negotiation14.[A]trainees [B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers15.[A]reveal [B]choose [C]predict [D]design16.[A]voyage [B]flight [C]walk [D]ride17.[A]went through [B]did away [C]caught up [D]put up18.[A]In turn [B]In particular [C]In fact [D]In consequence19. [A]unless [B]since [C]if [D]whereas20. [A]funny [B]simple [C]logical [D]rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C,or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys，people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at were work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home.”Write one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske.In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes, “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who say home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch—up—with—household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace inmaking adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing：working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure; Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life—sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done,there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co—workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1，most previous surveys found that home .[A]was an unrealistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske，who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C]Childless wives[D]Working fathers23.The blurring of working women’s roles refers to the fact that .[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word “moola”(Tine 4，Para 4)most probably means .[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that .[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college student – those who do not have a parent with a college degree – lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower than and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruitingfirst-generation student, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close.” An achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having parent with four-year college degree. Most of thefirst-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant of undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with four-year degree.Their thesis – that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact – was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-generation students “struggled to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack of sight about why they are struggling and do not understand students ‘like them’ can improve.”26. Recruiting more first-generation students has .[A]. reduced their dropout rates[B]. narrowed the achievement gap[C]. missed its original purpose[D]. depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because .[A]. the problem is solvable[B]. their approach is costless[C]. the recruiting rate has increased[D]. their findings appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first-generation students .[A]. study at private universities[B]. are from single-parent families[C]. are in need of financial support[D]. have failed their college29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students .[A]. are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]. can have a potential influence on other projects[C]. may lack opportunities to apply research projects[D]. are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that .[A]. universities often reject the culture of their middle-class[B]. students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]. social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences.[D].colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in t raditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachute d back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn poin ted out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used tobe associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be mor e likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn ,office languages become_____.[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32.”Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_____.[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to_____.[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] forster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_____.[A]voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is ture about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it.[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense.[C]Companies find it to be fundamental.[D] Regular people mock it but accept it.Text 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent) from is its year level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntarypart-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purpose was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36.Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37.Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38.Involuntary part-time employment in the US____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than befor the recession.39.It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-times to get insurance.[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance.[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members.[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance.40.The text mainly discusses_____.[A] employment in the US.[B] part-timer clssification.[C] insurance through Medicaid.[D] Obamacare’s trouble.PART BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]You are not alone[B]Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C]Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F]Experience helps you grow[G]There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won't last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I've learned along the way.41.__________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of ex aggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.”I do completely agree that fears are just the product of own luxuriant imagination.42.__________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset thancan be designed in to the present.43.__________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going to through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.__________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.__________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III Translation46. DirectionsTranslate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Think about driving a r oute that’s very familiar. It could be your comminutes to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist step turn like the back of your hand. On these steps of trips it’s easy to lose concentration is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect. People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down awell-know n route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterward, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart A47. DirectionsSuppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a note to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteersYou should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)--------------------【参考答案】--------------------Section I Use of English1. [C]signal2. [D]much3. [C]plugged4. [A]message5. [C]behind6. [A]misinterpreted7. [B]judged8. [D]unfamiliar9. [B] anxious10. [D]turn11. [A]dangerous12. [A]hurt13. [B]conversation14. [D]passengers15. [C]predict16. [D]ride17. [A]went through18. [C]In fact19. [B]since20. [B]simpleSection II Reading Comprehension Part A21. [D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22. [B]Childless husbands23. [A]they are both bread winners and housewives24. [C]earnings25. [B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut26. [C] missed its original purpose27. [A] the problem is solvable28. [C] are in need of financial support29. [D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. [D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question31. [A] more emotional32. [C] sports culture33. [D] strengthen employee loyalty34. [A]voices for working women35. [D] Regular people mock it but accept it.36. [B] The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.37. [C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.38. [B] shows a general tendency of decline.39. [B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance.40. [A] employment in the US.Part B41. [D] Most of your fears are unreal42. [E] Think about the present moment43. [G] There are many things to be grateful for44. [A] You are not alone45. [C] Pave your own unique pathSection III Translation46.设想一下，你正开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的路线上。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1.[A] when [B] why [C] how[D] what2.[A] defended[B] concluded[C] withdrawn [D] advised3.[A] for [B] with [C] on[D] by4.[A] compared[B] sought [C] separated[D] connected5.[A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible7.[A] visit [B] miss [C] seek[D] know8.[A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9.[A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise[D] Perhaps11.[A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12.[A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit13.[A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14.[A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits15.[A] later [B] slower [C] faster[D] earlier16.[A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express17.[A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18.[A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement[D] tendency19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20.[A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history — and sometimes the way they behave today — embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchieshave largely survived because they provide a service — as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain ________.[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D] ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly ________.[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles ________.[A] takes a tough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined.[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne.[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs.[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats.Text 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone —a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they gothrough the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to ________.[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of________.[A] disapproval[B] indifference[C] tolerance[D] cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to________.[A] getting into one’s residence[B] handling one’s historical records[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] going through one’s wallet29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ________.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that________.[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D] principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Boar d of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role. He agreed to join because he “found the foresight be hind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he s ays, but he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and e ditors who can verify the proc ess”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the fi rst place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ________.[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to ________.[A] found[B] marked[C] revised[D] stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may ________.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science’s circulation[D] set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now ________.[A] adds to researchers’ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect.[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks.[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science.Text 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes —finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge — the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For ageneration, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions —nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by ________.[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues[D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence________.[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows________.[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral code40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central in news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) _____________________ Y ou begin to infer acontext for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; (42) _____________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _____________________Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page — including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns — debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45) _____________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest — as others introduced later in the book will also do — that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a givencourse? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? W ays of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age andsocial class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presentedin the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, imageor reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, orabout its validity — inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, notnecessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might calltextual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration — one of the great folk wanderings of history — swept from Europe to America.(46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces — the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance sm elt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2015年真题答案速查Section ⅠUse of English (10 points)1-5 DBCAC6-10 ADABD11-15 BABDC 16-20 CBDCASection ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21-25 DABDC 26-30 CAACB31-35 BBDCA36-40 ABCACPart B (10 points)41-45 CEGBAPart C (10 points)46. 在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次(移民)运动在一片荒野上建立了一个国家，并且就本质而言，塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2015考研英语真题：英语一真题完整版 答案
2015考研英语真题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as“related”as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_. While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.” The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was thesimilar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genesStudying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor. The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what 2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised 3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by 4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected 5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples 6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible 7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know 8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass 9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus 10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps 11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like 12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit 13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with 14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits 15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier 16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express 17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D]disruptive 18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency 19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic 20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting VaticanCity and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies. 21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain [A] used turn enjoy high public support [B] was unpopular among European royals [C] cased his relationship with his rivals [D]ended his reign in embarrassment 22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly [A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality [C] to give voter more public figures to look up to [D]due to their everlasting political embodiment 23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? [A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth [B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies [C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families [D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges 24. The British royals “have most to fear”because Charles [A] takes a rough line on political issues [B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised [C] takes republicans as his potential allies [D] fails to adapt himself to his future role 25. Which of the following is the best title of the text? [A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined [B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne [C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs [D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats TEXT 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloudcomputing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to [A] search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant. [B] check suspects’phone contents without being authorized. [C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents. [D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones. 27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of [A] tolerance. [B] indifference. [C] disapproval. [D] cautiousness. 28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to [A] getting into one’s residence. [B] handing one’s historical records. [C] scanning one’s correspondences. [D] going through one’s wallet. 29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concernthat [A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed. [B] the court is giving police less room for action. [C] phones are used to store sensitive information. [D] citizens’privacy is not effective protected. 30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that (A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly. (B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution. (C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution. (D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered. Text 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round ofstatistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by itsexisting Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find externalstatisticians to review these manus. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.” 31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that [A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process. [B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks. [C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis. [D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects. 32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to [A]found. [B]revised. [C]marked [D]stored 33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may [A]pose a threat to all its peers [B]meet with strong opposition [C]increase Science’s circulation. [D]set an example for other journals 34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A. adds to researchers’worklosd. B. diminishes the role of reviewers. C. has room for further improvement. D. is to fail in the foreseeable future. 35. Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 4 Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”. Driving her point home, she continued: “It’sincreasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become oneof the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking . As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds. In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing. In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability. The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers. 36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by [A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism [B] companies’financial loss due to immoral practices. [C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues. [D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions. 37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that [A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime [B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking. [C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge. [D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions. 38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference [A] revealed a cunning personality [B] centered on trivial issues [C] was hardly convincing [D] was part of a conspiracy 39. The author holds that the current collective doctrineshows [A] generally distorted values [B] unfair wealth distribution [C] a marginalized lifestyle [D] a rigid moral cote 40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph? [A] The quality of writing is of primary importance. [B] Common humanity is central news reporting. [C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper. [D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations. Part B Directions In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from thelist A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings forindividual words and working out relationships between them drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where. The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist notjust of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of text to the world.(43)_________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)_______ This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values. How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it,(45)________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overallliteracy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment. [A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room. [B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading ,our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others. [C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them. [D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended. [E] You make further inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible. Section III Translation Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth andearly eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American. 49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the WestIndies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During theirsix- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay. “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores. Section IV Writing Part A 51. Directions: You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members. You should state reasons for your recommendation. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)一.Close test 1、What 2、Concluded 3、On 4、Compared 5、Samples 6、Insignificant 7、Know 8、Resemble 9、Also 10、Perhaps 11、To 12、Drive 13、Ratherthan 14、Benefits 15、Faster 16、understand 17、Contributory 18、Tendency 19、Ethnic 20、see II Reading comprehension Part A Text 1 21. C ended his regin in embarrassment 22. A owing to their undoubted and respectable status 23. C the role of the nobility in modern democracy 24. D fails to adapt himsself to his future role 25. B Carlos, a lesson for all European Monarchies Text 2 26. B check suspect's phone contents without being authorized. 27.C disapproval 28.A getting into one's residence 29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected 30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution Text 3 31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks 32.C marked 33. D set an example for other journals 34. C has room for further improvement 35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers Text 4 36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism 37. B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking 38. C was hardly convincing 39. A generally distorted values 40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper Part B 41.C if you are unfamiliar... 42.E you make further inferences... 43.D Rather ,we ascribe meanings to... 44.B factors such as... 45.A are we studying that ... Part C 46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2015年中国政法大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,考研经验,复试真题
中国政法大学翻译硕士考研真题--百科知识解析1.3法律1.3.1考研真题及详解1.3.2典型题及详解1.根据宪法和组织法的规定，下列有权制定地方性法规的机关是（）。
A.北京市海淀区人民代表大会B.天津市人民政府C.中共重庆市委D.石家庄市人民代表大会【解析】根据《屮华人民共知国立法法》第六十三条的规定，省、自治区、直辖市的人民代表大会及其常务委员会，省、自治区人民政府所在地的市，经济特区所在地的市和经国务院批准的较大的市的人民代表大会及其常务委员会可以制定地方性法规。
A项，北京市海淀区人民代表大会不是北京市人大，不属于有权制定地方性法规的范围；BC两项，有权制定地方性法规的必须是人民代表大会及其常务委员会，天津市人民政府和中共重庆市委无权制定地方性法规；D 项，石家庄市人民代表大会属于省人民政府所在地的市人大，有权制定地方性法规。
2.下列由全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使职权的是（）。
A.修改宪法B.选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席C.制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律D.解释宪法和监督宪法实施【解析】根据《宪法》第六十二条规定，全国人民代表大会有权修改宪法；制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律；选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席。
根据《宪法》第六十七条规定，全国人民代表大会常务委员会有权解释宪法，监督宪法的实施。
3.我国国务院各部、委的设立、撤销或合并，其决定权在于（）。
A.全国人民代表大会B•国务院总理C.国家主席D.国务院全体会议【解析】《国务院组织法》第八条规定，国务院各部、各委员会的设立、.撤销或者合并.，经总理提出，由全国人民代表大会决定；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会决定。
4.根据宪法和组织法规定，有权向全国人大提出宪法修正案的主体有（）。
A.中国共产党B.&以上的全国人大代表联名C.全国人大常委会D.3个以上的代表团联名【解析】《宪法》第六十四条规定，宪法的修改，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。
2015年考研英语(一)深度解析——新题型
2015年考研英语（一）深度解析——新题型毫无意外，2015年考研英语(一)新题型继续考查了“七选五”这种经典题型。
今年的这篇文章是关于“阅读速度”的话题，相比以往比较容易理解。
下面，凯程考研英语研究院为广大考生进行详解：How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. 41. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where?The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; and 42. .Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ‘true’meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. 43.Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. 44. This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns –debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.45. . Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure oreven close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: these might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance about how the text may be significant to you, or about its plausibility –inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.答案解析：41. C，If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms……。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather。
2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题答案及复习攻略
we read ours. 句义：阅读为我们提供了各种知识，思考让我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。 答案：D 考点：词义辨析 分析：
A. rectifies B. prolongs C. minimizes D. furnishes
矫正 延长 最小化 提供，供给
22. If the fire alarm is counted, all residents are requested to assemble in the courtyard. 句义：火警警报响起时，所有市民都要在院子里集合。 答案：A 考点：词义辨析 分析：
答案：D 考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. commend
表扬，称赞
B. memorize
记住，熟记
C. propagate
传播，宣传
D. commemorate
纪念，庆祝
07. Please do not be irritated by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract
才思教育考研考博全心全意
对外经济贸易大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试
基础英语·答案详解
Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary.
01. The lady in this strange tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness. Her plot
14. The members of Parliament were indignant that the government had not consulted them. 句义：议员对政府没有和他们协商感到很愤怒。 答案：D 考点：词义辨析 分析：
2015考研英语语法讲义
考研语法讲义——长难句分析策略2 / 38总论：一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。
2.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。
3.翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。
二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。
㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。
㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。
三、长难句分析六步走1. (2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).2. （2001完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. （2005Text1）Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分：主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例：When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。
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2015考研（英+政）答题秘诀与考点整合系列 (注：以下数据是基于英语一的统计，考英语二者可参考。) 阅读词汇(1)：create（很重要） ①2002至2014年，create在阅读文章及选项中出现11次，其中有7次其所在句子是答案出处（其中选项中出现1次，且当选为答案），分别是2006年Text4、2008年Text4（有2处）、2009年Text1（有2处）和Text4、2011年Text3。
②create在阅读中主要考查的词义是“创造，创作”和“建立，创建”，其次是“产生”。前两个意思重点掌握。
③2014年未考该词。
阅读词汇(2)：consider家族，包括consider/considerable/consideration（很重要） ①凡出现在文章中，其所在句子通常是某道题的答案出处。所以，在通读文章时，若遇到consider家族中的单词，务必先标记下来。
②但是，若出现在选项中，该选项是答案的可能性较小。 ③2014年未考该词。
阅读词汇(3)：change（很重要） ①2002至2014年，change在阅读中出现了50多次，几乎年年出现，而且很容易成为命题人的出题点。所以，在通读文章时，若遇到change，先标记下来，其所在句子很可能就是某道题的答案出处，或者提供了答案线索。kaoyanx>
②2014年出现5次，其中4次出现在文章中，从其所在句子能推断出3道题的答案。
阅读词汇(4)：real（很重要） real在阅读中几乎年年考。 ①real若出现在文章中，其所在句子大多数时候是某道题的答案出处，或者提供了答案线索，所以通读文章时应标记下来。
②real若出现在选项中，通常是答案。 ③2014年出现一次，是以really的形式出现，是态度词，对找答案提供了直接的线索。
阅读词汇(5)：conscious(ly)/unconscious 2002至2014年，在阅读（包括选项）中出现15次，大多数情况下，其所在句子是某道题的答案出处，或者提供了答案线索，甚至其本身就是某道题答案的同义替换。例如，2009年Text1第2段中的consciously是第22题选项D（guided）的同义替换，而D就是第22题的答案。 阅读词汇(6)：account 是阅读高频词，2002至2014年在阅读中出现了16次之多（2014年出现一次）。而且，它也是一个多义词，其词义重点度标注如下：
[词义#1]：n.账户(是用来记载账目的)(2014年考查该词义，其所在句子不是答案出处)
[词义#2][重要，其所在句子通常是答案出处]：n.账目(是关于财物项目和数额的记载)
[词义#3]：n.会计 [词义#4]：n.报告，陈述，叙述，记录，说明，理由 [词义#5]：n.(take into)考虑，重视 [词义#6][重要，其所在句子通常是答案出处]：v.(for)说明，解释，是…的原因 [词义#7][重要，其所在句子通常是答案出处]：v.(for)(在数量、比例方面)占 [词义#8]：v.(for)导致，引起
[2] 2015版“完形超级秘诀”整合版
秘诀#1：转折/对立选择法则 根据句式结构，前面肯定后面否定，或者前面否定后面肯定，应选表述转折/对立的选项。
实战案例(1) All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
第40题： [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing [解析]：空格前面肯定后面否定（含否定词not），答案选择表述转折/对立的选项C。
实战案例(2) This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (38) they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (39) for roles that are within their (40) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
第38题： [A] on the contrary [B] on the average [C] on the whole [D] on the other hand [解析]：空格38前面否定（含否定词not）后面肯定，答案选择表述转折/对立的选项A。
实战案例(3)(2011英语一) But (1) some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
第1题： [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like [解析]：句子前面肯定后面否定（含否定词little），答案选择表述转折/对立的选项C。
实战案例(4)(2011英语一) (6) instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the (7).
第7题： [A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected [解析]：句子前面否定（instead of表述否定）后面肯定，答案选择表述转折/对立的选项A。
转折/对立是完形的极重要考点，应特别掌握此技巧。表述转折/对立的关键词总结如下：
①转折： however but yet nevertheless ②让步： although though even though(虽然，即使) even if much as(虽然、尽管) as(事实上，实际上；尽管) while whereas(然而，虽然) ③其他： against instead of rather than admit(承认) ignoring(忽略，忽视) on the contrary by contrast(相比之下) 注意：转折(后句对前句的完全否定)和让步(后句对前句的部分否定)的区别。
秘诀#2：完形分数最大化策略 做完形时，如果时间紧，哇魔力建议这么操作，可使分数最大化： ①先在20个题目中抽2个最简单的做（任何参加考研的人做对2个题目不难吧），剩下的全部选没出现在那2个题目的选项。通常，这样可以最少拿4分。力>
②特别注意，应在非实词题中找2个你会做的题（因为非实词题简单些，而且往往根据空格前后文即可找出答案），不要在实词题中找。
[3] 2015版阅读ABCD选项当选模式分析
注：以下技巧适用于任何“花卷”。尽可放心使用。 每篇阅读有五道题，A、B、C、D是如何分配的呢（即，五道题中有几道题选A？几道题选B？...）？对于任意一篇文章，A、B、C、D的当选次数有三种分配模式：
①1112模式：指ABCD中有三个当选次数是1，一个当选次数是2。例如，在2012年的Text1中，第21、22、23、24、25题的答案分别是DBACD，其中ABC的当选次数都是1，D当选次数是2。在这种模式中，ABCD都有当选。这种模式是最主要的模式，每年至少有两篇文章是1112当选模式。
②0122模式：指ABCD中有一个当选次数是1，两个当选次数是2，一个当选次数是0。例如，在2013年的Text4中，第36、37、38、39、40题的答案分别是CCDAD，其中B当选次数是0。
③0113模式：指ABCD中有两个当选次数是1，一个当选次数是3，一个当选次数是0。这种模式很少见。 以下是2002至2013年考研英语真题阅读理解各篇文章标准答案选项当选次数统计表：
说明：蓝色背景是1112模式，绿色背景是0122模式，红色背景是0113模式。
注：你可以把2014年数据套进去，看看是不是也符合以上秘诀说明。 在做阅读题时，经常是只能排除2个选项，还剩2个选项不知选哪一个，例如，Text1的第21、22、23、24、25题的备选答案分别是AC、AB、BC、BD、AB。如果当选模式是1112模式，则第24题答案必然是D，因为D在五道题的答案中至少出现一次。
[4] 含rim结构的考研英语核心词汇汇总