2012考研英语一真题解析
考研英语一完形2012真题解析
2012 年完形填空Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _____1_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _____2_____ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _____3_____ the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be _____4_____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____5_____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _____6_____ to the code of conduct that _____7_____ to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _____8_____ the question of whether there is still a _____9_____ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _____10_____ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _____11_____ they would be free to _____12_____ those in power and have no need to _____13_____ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _____14_____.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _____15_____ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _____16_____ is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____17_____ as unjust.The justices must _____18_____ doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves _____19_____ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____20_____, convincing as law.1.A.emphasize B.maintain C.modify D.recognize2.A.when B.lest C.before D.unless3.A.restored B.weakened C.established D.eliminated4.A.challenged promised C.suspected D.accepted5.A.advanced B.caught C.bound D.founded6.A.resistant B.subject C.immune D.prone7.A.resorts B.sticks C.loads D.applies8.A.evade B.raise C.deny D.settle9.A.line B.barrier C.similarity D.conflict10.A.by B.as C.though D.towards11.A.so B.since C.provided D.though12.A.serve B.satisfy C.upset D.replace13.A.confirm B.express C.cultivate D.offer14.A.guarded B.followed C.studied D.tied15.A.concepts B.theories C.divisions D.conventions16.A.excludes B.questions C.shapes D.controls17.A.dismissed B.released C.ranked D.distorted18.A.suppress B.exploit C.address D.ignore19.A.accessible B.amiable C.agreeable D.accountable20.A.by all means C.at all costs D.in a word D.as a result1.A.emphasize强调 B.maintain保持；维持C.modify修改；改变D.recognize承认；认可[试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析[难度等级]★[解题思路]本题空格位于首段句②的主句部分，而第2题的空格则位于其从句部分。
2012考研(英语一)真题及其答案
2012考研(英语一)真题及其答案2012考研(英语一)真题及其答案近年来，考研成为越来越多大学生选择的途径之一，而英语一则是众多考生当中选择最多的科目之一。
为了帮助考生更好地备战2012年考研英语一科目，本文将针对2012年考研英语一真题进行详细解析。
Part ASection I: Error Identification此部分共有10个句子，每个句子中均有一个错误。
考生需要在每个句子中将错误的部分找出并进行修改。
1. 错误部分：改为which将句子修正为：I’ll always remember the day on which I first came to the college.2. 错误部分：将arrive后的to删除修正为：It was the first time that I had arrived in a foreign country.3. 错误部分：将flying后的for改为with修正为：I am quite familiar with flying on business trips.4. 错误部分：将have后的escaped改为escape修正为：Nowhere else have I seen such natural wonders as I have in Yunnan.5. 错误部分：将deposit后的much改为many修正为：There are many new deposits of oil and natural gas being discovered every year.6. 错误部分：将the后的from删除修正为：The local government has taken actions to prevent the price of houses from soaring.7. 错误部分：将raising后的prices改为price修正为：The rising price of daily necessities has put a great burden on the local residents.8. 错误部分：将tried后的to删除修正为：Whispering is not allowed in the museum, as I have tried many times.9. 错误部分：将otherwise后的standing改为stand修正为：You need to take your seat, otherwise, the bus driver won't continue driving.10. 错误部分：将to后的made删除修正为：Having made the decision to start my own business, I worked hard day and night.Section II: Reading Comprehension此部分分为三篇阅读材料，每篇材料后有5个选择题。
2012 考研英语一 阅读
2012 考研英语一阅读2012年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析如下：Passage 1文章概述：本文讨论了美国大学中教授职位的终身制问题。
作者认为终身制对于学术自由和教授的工作保障是有益的，但也提出了一些问题，如教授职位的终身制可能导致教授们缺乏竞争压力，从而影响教学质量。
问题及答案解析：1. 根据第一段，教授职位的终身制是为了什么？答案：教授职位的终身制是为了保护教授们免受政治和商业力量的干扰，保证他们能够自由地研究、教学和创新。
2. 第二段指出，一些人批评教授职位的终身制是因为什么？答案：一些人批评教授职位的终身制是因为它可能导致教授们缺乏竞争压力，从而影响教学质量。
3. 根据第四段，教授职位的终身制有哪些优点和缺点？答案：优点是保护教授们免受政治和商业力量的干扰，保证他们能够自由地研究、教学和创新。
缺点是可能导致教授们缺乏竞争压力，从而影响教学质量。
Passage 2文章概述：本文讨论了社交媒体对于人们社交生活的影响。
作者认为社交媒体在方便人们交流的同时，也带来了很多负面影响，如人们过度依赖社交媒体、忽略现实中的人际关系等。
问题及答案解析：1. 根据第一段，社交媒体给人们带来了哪些便利？答案：社交媒体让人们能够方便地与朋友和家人保持联系，随时随地分享自己的想法和经历。
2. 第二段指出，社交媒体对人们的社交生活有哪些负面影响？答案：社交媒体让人们过度依赖虚拟社交，忽略现实中的人际关系；同时，社交媒体也容易引发人们的攀比心理和焦虑情绪。
3. 根据第三段，作者认为应该如何正确使用社交媒体？答案：作者认为应该适度使用社交媒体，不要过度依赖虚拟社交，同时也要注意现实中的人际关系。
2012年考研英语一真题附答案(权威)
2012考研英语真题—英语一真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, anHIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a stepfurther, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of whathappens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare ofthe Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war betweendownloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culturalbehavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52.Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)Section I Use of English1. B2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. D8. B9. A 10. B11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. A16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. D Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. D26. C 27. D 28. A 29. D 30. A31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. C36. C 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. A41. C 42. D 43. A 44. F 45. GPart C46. 在物理学领域，有一种研究方法将这种寻找普遍原则的冲动发挥到极致，它寻求一种万物理论，即用一个生成公式解释我们看到的一切事物。
2012年考研英语真题答案与解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishThe ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1(B.maintain)its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2(A.when) justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3(B.weakened)the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that t he court’s decisions will be 4(D.accepted)as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5(C.bound)by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6(B.subject)to the code of conduct that 7(D.applies)to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8(B.raise) the question of whether there is still a 9(A.line)between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10(B.as) having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11(A.so) they would be free to12(C.upset) those in power and have no need to 13(C.cultivate) political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14(D.tied).Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15(A.concepts) like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16(C.shapes)is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17(A.dismissed) as unjust.The justices must 18(C.address) doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19(D.accountable) to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20(D.as a result) convincing as law.最近，最高法院法官的道德判断成为了至关重要的事情。
2012考研英语一真题及答案
That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.
1. [A]emphasize
[B]maintain
[C]modify
[D] recognize
decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct.
court’ s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an
ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the
permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our
legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.
2012年考研英语一真题及答案
2012年考研英语一真题及答案2012年考研英语一真题及答案2012年的考研英语一真题是众多考生备考的重要参考资料之一。
通过分析这份真题及其答案，我们可以更好地了解考研英语的考点和出题思路，为备考提供有益的指导。
这份真题的阅读部分共有三篇文章，分别是《The Power of Positive Thinking》、《The Art of Listening》和《The Benefits of Laughter》。
这三篇文章分别涉及到积极思考、倾听和笑声对于人们的影响。
通过阅读这些文章，我们可以了解到积极思考对于个人成长的重要性，倾听对于有效沟通的必要性，以及笑声对于身心健康的积极作用。
在阅读这些文章时，我们需要注意文章的主旨和作者的观点。
通过仔细阅读，我们可以发现每篇文章都有一个明确的中心思想，并且作者通过举例和论证来支持自己的观点。
在考试中，我们需要将这些关键信息提炼出来，以便更好地回答问题。
接下来是这份真题的完形填空部分。
这部分的文章是一篇记叙文，讲述了一个人在海滩上发现了一只受伤的海鸥，并决定将其带回家照顾的故事。
通过填空，我们可以了解到这个人如何克服困难和挫折，最终实现了自己的目标。
这篇文章的主题是关于爱和责任的，通过这个故事，我们可以体会到爱的力量和责任的重要性。
在解答完形填空题时，我们需要注意上下文的逻辑关系和词语的搭配。
通过理解文章的整体意思，我们可以更好地选择正确的答案。
最后是阅读理解的翻译部分。
这部分的文章是一篇关于环境保护的报道，讲述了人类活动对于环境的破坏和对策。
通过翻译这篇文章，我们可以了解到环境问题的严重性以及应对环境问题的方法。
这篇文章的主题是关于环境保护的，通过这个报道，我们可以认识到环境保护对于人类的重要性。
在翻译这篇文章时，我们需要注意词汇的准确性和句子的结构。
通过理解原文的意思，我们可以更好地进行翻译，同时还需要注意语法和语言表达的准确性。
综上所述，2012年的考研英语一真题及答案是备考的重要参考资料。
2012考研英语(一)写作真题解析与参考范文
2012考研英语(一)写作真题解析与参考范文2012考研英语（一）写作真题解析与参考范文1、小作文：Directions: Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points).命题解析：在2011年所有的面授及讲座中，笔者均预测2012年英语（一）小作文70%的可能性是考察书信。
不出所料，今年再次考察了从2005年至2011年已经连续考察过六次的书信。
值得高度关注的是，今年再次考察了考研已经考察过四次的建议信：2007年给图书馆提建议、2008年给房东道歉加建议、2009年给编辑提建议、2011年英语（二）祝贺表弟入学并提建议。
尤其与2011年英语（二）的建议信颇为相似，均为关于大学生活提出建议。
再次提醒广大考生：反押题的逆向出题方式才是考研的命题方式！切勿以为考过的题型不会重考，真题才是最宝贵的复习资源！2011年笔者讲授的北京新东方学校各类考研写作课程均提供了小作文10大必背范文，其中均有1-3篇建议信，尤其是提供的招新启事前两段今年小作文均可使用。
拙著《2012考研英语高分写作》第63至64页详细讲解了建议信的注意事项、写作方法，并提供了经典范文与万能句型；第二章第五节详细解析了2007至2009年三年的建议信真题，各提供了两篇经典范文、参考译文与范文详解。
2012年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案
2012年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot1its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that3the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be4as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not5by an ethics code. At the very least,the court should make itself6to the code of conduct that7to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases8the question of whether there is still a9between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law10having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions11they would be free to12those in power and have no need to13political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social15like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it16is inescapably political–which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily17as unjust.The justices must18doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves19to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,20,convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]leads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]through[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]by all means[B]at all costs[C]in a word[D]as a resultSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Come on–Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good–drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“Dare to be different,please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers–teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits–as well as negative ones–spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as[A]a supplement to the social cure.[B]a stimulus to group dynamics.[C]an obstacle to social progress.[D]a cause of undesirable behaviors.22.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should[A]recruit professional advertisers.[B]learn from advertisers’experience.[C]stay away from commercial advertisers.[D]recognize the limitations of advertisements.23.In the author’s view,Rosenberg’s book fails to[A]adequately probe social and biological factors.[B]effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.[C]illustrate the functions of state funding.[D]produce a long-lasting social effect.24.Paragraph5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A]is harmful to our networks of friends.[B]will mislead behavioral studies.[C]occurs without our realizing it.[D]can produce negative health habits.25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A]harmful.[B]desirable.[C]profound.[D]questionable.Text2A deal is a deal–except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state’s strict nuclear regulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since2002,when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past2012.In2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to the Vermont legislature’s approval.Then,too,the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted26to4last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the2002agreement is invalid because of the2006legislation,and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.Entergy runs11other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another20years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company’s application,it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase“reneging on”(Line3,Para.1)is closest in meaning to[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.27.By entering into the2002agreement,Entergy intended to[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B]seek favor from the federal legislature.[C]acquire an extension of its business license.[D]get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragraph4,Entergy seems to have problems with its[A]managerial practices.[B]technical innovativeness.[C]financial goals.[D]business vision.29.In the author’s view,the Vermont case will test[A]Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B]the nature of states’patchwork regulations.[C]the federal authority over nuclear issues.[D]the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B]the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C]Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D]Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher’s me,here,now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a discovery claim–a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its[A]uncertainty and complexity.[B]misconception and deceptiveness.[C]logicality and objectivity.[D]systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that credibility process requires[A]strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C]individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph3shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A]has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C]has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A]scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C]efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C]Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servants.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now36%do.In2009the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving.First,they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed,perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above$250,000a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A]Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B]Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C]unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37.Which of the following is true of Paragraph2?[A]Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B]Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C]Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph4that the income in the state sector is[A]illegally secured.[B]indirectly augmented.[C]excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41–45, choose the most suitable one from the list A–G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying,higher than a bird.Now think of your laptop,thinner than a brown-paper envelope,or your cellphone in the palm of your hand.Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the20th century saw a collection of geniuses,warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press,studio and theatre,paintbrush and gallery,piano and radio,the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)_______________________________ The networked computer is an amazing device,the first media machine that serves as the mode of production,means of distribution,site of reception,and place of praise and critique.The computer is the21st century’s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer,we must also act with caution.(42)_______________________________I call it a secret war for two reasons.First,most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.Second,the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download,but only a few upload.Beavers build dams and birds make nests.Yet for the most part,the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods–paintings,sculpture and architecture–and superfluous experiences–music,literature,religion and philosopy.(43)_______________________________For all the possibilities of our new culture machines,most people are still stuck in download mode.Even after the advent of widespread social media,a pyramid of production remains,with a small number of people uploading material,a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content,and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.(44)_______________________________ Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes.The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)_______________________________What counts as meaningful uploading?My definition revolves around the concept of“stickiness”–creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A]Of course,it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture andultimately what it is to be human.Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills,but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B]Applications like ,which allow users to combine pictures,words andother media in creative ways and then share them,have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.[C]Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millenniumthey had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D]This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war betweendownloading and uploading–between passive consumption and active creation–whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E]The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity toone format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F]One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century,much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium–television–and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in50years to reverse theflow,to encourage thoughtful downloading and,even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10 points)Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways,this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46)In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything–a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear,however,that such a theory would be a simplification,given the dimensions and universes that it might entail.Nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification,for if all humans share common origins,it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the world’s languages,music,social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That,at least,is the hope.But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check.Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second,by Joshua Greenberg,takes a more empirical approach to universality,identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it,whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Some international students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2012年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.DText 2 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.AText 3 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.CText 4 36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.GPart C46.在物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找包含一切的理论——一个涵括我们所看到的一切的生成性公式。
2012年考研英语试题及答案
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make ruling more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] loads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] though [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] conceptions16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points)Text 1Come on—Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as.[A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to social progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should.[A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’ s view, Rosenberg’ s book fails to.[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D] produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors.[A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is.[A] harmful [B] desirable[C] profound [D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state’s strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the NuclearRegulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to.[A] condemning [B] reaffirming [C] dishonoring [D] securing27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to.[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license.[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its.[A] managerial practices [B] technical innovativeness[C] financial goals [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test.[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises[B] the nature of states’ patchwork regulations[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] V ermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3ln the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the newfinding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focuson some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.ln the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its.[A] uncertainty and complexity [B] misconception and deceptiveness[C] logicality and objectivity [D] systematicness and regularity32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that the credibility process requires.[A] strict inspection [B] shared efforts[C] individual wisdom [D] persistent innovation33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.[A] has attracted the attention of the general public[B] has been examined by the scientific community[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists34. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that.[A] scientific claims will survive challenges [B] discoveries today inspire future research[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified [D] scientific work calls for a critical mind35.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36％do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.ln many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $ 250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that.[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists37.Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is.[A] illegally secured [B] indirectly augmented[C] excessively increased [D] fairly adjusted39.The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions.[A] often run against the current political system[B] can change people’s political attitudes[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms[D] are dominant in the government40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of.[A] disapproval [B] appreciation [C] tolerance [D] indifferencePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the mostsuitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)__________________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21 st century’s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution.(42)__________________. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams , birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)__________________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)__________________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)__________________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like tumblr, com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others—and engendering more of the same.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, toencourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however,that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail.Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection,perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word-order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenber-gian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2012年全真试题答案Section I Use of English1. B2. A3. B4. D5. C6. B7. D8. B9. A 10. B11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. DText 2 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. D 30. AText 3 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. CText 4 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.GPart C46．物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找包含一切的理论——一个涵括我们所看到的一切的成性公式。
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2012年考研考试英语一试题解析 Section Ⅰ Use of English 2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times， June， 30th ， 2011的“Ethics， Politics and the Law”一文。选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现（19题）。下面就真题作一个详细解析。 和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题： 美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。 题1选B。maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。同时，题2答案（when）也顺势而出：如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。 题2选A。这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。” 题3选择 weakened。上下文语义题+词义辨析。选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。 题4 选D. accepted。 上下文语义。依然是通过上下文逻辑关系，按段精度解题。这段用两个法官参与政治事件的例子说明他们的行为使得法院的裁决不偏不倚而被认可变得不太可能。A 选项challenged 和C项suspected意义相反，和主旨矛盾，即肯定了法官参与政治行为。B项compromised “调停” 和主题无关。 题5 选C。上下文语义题。本段属于总分形式。首先提出法官参与政治导致的问题，然后分析问题的原因：“这种情况有一部分是由于法官们不受伦理道德准则的约束。” 其他三项不合逻辑，均不具干扰性。 题 6 选B。完型填空在历史上对于subject这个词一向情有独钟。04年，05年，08年以及10年选项中都出现，只有05年落选。而且这3年考查的意思都一致，即“易遭受……”，考查形式有“is subjected to”， “is subject to” 以及 “subject sb. to sth。（使得某人容易遭受）”。今年依然是“subject”入选，但是这次取了大家最熟悉的意思，即“使服从，受…管制”，“法院应该依行为准则办事”。至于选项A resistant 和 C immune两个选项和subject 这三个词在04年的第8道题也同时出现。“Be immune to”指“对…免疫，不起作用”。可见很多时候命题人不总以内容为基础来设置干扰选项，也提醒大家要重视对于历年真题的复习。 题7 选 D. applied。上下文语义题。选项所在的句子是定语从句，修饰前面的“code of conduct”， 即“法院应该让自己服从于那些也同样应用于其他联邦法院的行为准则”。A项resort to：诉诸于，求助于； B项sticks to： 坚持；这两项的主语都不能是“code”，属搭配不当。C项lead to，导致。意义不符，直接排除。 题8 选B. raise。上下文语义+固定搭配。“raise the question of” 提出了……的问题。这一句是承上启下段。全文的导向是“法官法庭应该和政治分离开来”，然后引出负面例子，紧接着就引出了这句话：“这些案件提出了问题：究竟法庭和政治之间是否还存在界限。” 言下之意，法官和法庭和政治总是撇不清关系，符合全文导向。A. evade “规避，逃避” 和D项“处理，解决”，不符合上下文逻辑。 C项“否决”和后面的 “question whether…” 构不成搭配。 题 9 选 A. line。上下文语义+固定搭配。“a line between…”：“在…存在或划清界限”。 题10选B. as。介词用法。envision…as… 把……预想成为… 题11选 A. so。逻辑关系词。前后句明显是因果关系，so 引导一个结果状语从句。 题12选 C. upset. 上下文语义题。“法官被赋予永恒地位，因而可以不用顾忌惩戒那些有权力的人。”其他三个选项均不符合上下文逻辑。 题13 选 C. cultivate. 上下文语义题。“有了这种地位做保障，也就不需要再去花心思培养发展政治支持。” 题14 选 D. tied。上下文语义题。“法制系统旨在将政治与法律相分隔，因为它们彼此联系太紧。”其他三项完全构不成干扰。 题15 选 A. concepts。词义辨析题。“liberty”和“property”同属社会基本理念，而不是 theories （理论） 或divisions （分支）。D项conception 常指具体的或个人的理念而非笼统意义的理念。 题16 选 C. shapes。考查熟词僻义。“Shape a plan”， 作出计划。本词所在的句子为省略了that 的定语从句。“当法院处理社会政策决议的问题时，它们制定出来的法律将不可避免的政治化。” 题17 选 A. dismissed。 考查熟词僻义。Dismiss 在这里意为“拒绝考虑，遭拒”。“这就解释了为什么不同意识形态导致的决议分歧总是被认为不公正因而不予考虑。 题18 选 C. address。 依然考查熟词僻义。最后一段提出建议。希望法官们必须处理人们对于法庭合法性的质疑。“address” 一词作为“处理，解决”的意思在完型中不是第一次出现。06年的完型中最后一段“address the needs of the homeless”， 解决无家可归者的需求。只不过当年这里并没有设空。其他三项均不符合逻辑。 题19. 选D. accountable. 考查点：同义复现+熟词僻义。此题和第二段的题6构成同义复现。“be accountable to…”不是“可解释的”，而是指“有义务，对…负责”。“be agreeable to” 是“愉快的；同意的”；虽然也有“适合的，符合品位的”的意思，但题中to后面接的是code，不合逻辑。 “agreeable to everybody： 适合于所有人”。A项 “be accessible to…，可接近…，能得到的” 和B项“amiable” 和蔼可亲的，与主题无关。 题20. 选D. as a result。考查逻辑关系词。A项 by all means 和B 项at all costs 用法一致，切含义相近，首先排除。C项in a word 是“总之”，总结全文下结论时用，而且多用在句首。这里and连接词前面的内容是“让法律法规和政治分离开来”，后面的内容是“更能服人”，显然两者是因果关系。 Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 21. According to the first paragraph， peer pressure often emerges as 根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现： ［A］ a supplement to the social cure对于社会治疗的补充 ［B］ a stimulus to group dynamics对团队活力的刺激 ［C］ an obstacle to school progress学校进步的阻碍 ［D］ a cause of undesirable behaviors一些不良行为的原因 解析：答案为D。细节题：选项：a cause of undesirable behaviors对应文中It usually leads to no good-drinking， drugs and casual sex。题干中的often对应原文中的usually;选项中undesirable behaviors对应no good-drinking， drugs and casual sex. lead与cause。同义替换，难度不大。 22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should 罗森博格认为公共支持者应该： ［A］ recruit professional advertisers 招募职业的广告人 ［B］ learn from advertisers‟ experience从广告人那里学习经验 ［C］ stay away from commercial advertisers 远离商业广告人 ［D］ recognize the limitations of advertisements认识到广告的局限性 解析：答案为B。细节题，首先根据题干中的关键词public advocates 和should 定位到：三段最后一句：Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure。分别对应句中的public-health advocates和ought to， 从四个选项中课看出来正确选项可能和advertiser或者advertisement有关，从而把目光锁定在take a page from advertisers，但是很多同学都不知道它是什么意思，但是这可从后文的，so skilled at applying，（也能熟练的运用），再对照四个选项不难选出正确答案B，学习才能运用啊。 23. In the author‟s view， Rosenberg‟s book fails to 作者认为Rosenberg的书未能： ［A］ adequately probe social and biological factors 足够的探究社会和生物因素 ［B］ effectively evade the flaws of the social cure有效地逃避社会治疗的缺 ［C］ illustrate the functions of state funding 例证出国家基金的功能 ［D］produce a long-lasting social effect产生长期的社会影响 解析：答案为A。考查作者的观点；从题干中可看出，题目问的是Rosenberg‟s book