组织工程骨软骨修复兔膝关节全层软骨缺损的实验研究
关节软骨组织再生修复技术新进展
关节软骨组织再生修复技术新进展关节软骨损伤的修复是一个长期困扰的医学难题，生物移植和组织工程技术的发展为软骨再生修复带来新的希望，利用负载生长因子的特殊可降解软骨支架材料调动内源干细胞来实现软骨组织再生修复的新技术，易于实现产业化操作，也预示着软骨缺损的再生修复治疗一个全新时代的到来。
标签：关节软骨修复；软骨组织工程；滑膜间充质干细胞；可降解生物材料支架软骨组织内无血管，软骨细胞在无血运环境中缺乏迁徙能力。
因此，关节软骨一旦遭到破坏，便很难得到修复。
目前，关节软骨缺损的修复仍缺乏理想有效的方法。
临床上关节病变患者的巨大需求，促使研究者不断探索可行的方法。
1 传统刺激方法促进再生修复1.1 软骨下骨钻孔、软骨磨蚀和微骨折这类方法可使骨髓中的软骨源性、骨源性细胞及细胞因子渗透到软骨损伤区域，促进软骨细胞的分化，产生纤维软骨。
这类方法操作简单，对于小面积软骨损伤的治疗结果在某种意义上相对比较满意，在临床上被广泛应用。
但研究同时表明，软骨磨蚀、骨髓刺激等软骨愈合形成的纤维软骨组织与透明软骨是不同的，不仅机械性能逊色于关节软骨，而且容易退化[1]。
1.2 持续被动运动持续被动运动作为一种促进软骨愈合的辅助手段在临床上广泛运用。
大量的动物实验和临床研究证实，持续被动运动（CPM）能促进较小的软骨全层缺损修复，产生一种在形态上、组织化学上类似透明软骨的组织，但对关节软骨表浅缺损没有明显的修复作用[2]。
1.3 玻璃酸钠注射关节腔内局部注射关节黏弹性补充剂——玻璃酸钠已在临床上得到广泛认可。
其不仅可以提供关节黏弹润滑作用，恢复关节滑液流变学特性，还能产生一系列有益的生物学效应，有助于关节软骨组织的修复。
宋一平等[3]使用关节腔内注射几丁糖治疗骨关节炎近期疗效满意，远期疗效尚待进一步随访，作用机制尚待进一步研究，但从临床上看确有治疗价值。
目前尚未发现治疗修复广泛性关节软骨损伤的有效药物。
2 组织和细胞移植2.1 软骨组织移植软骨组织移植是最直接的软骨修复方法，即取自体健康软骨修剪成合适的形状后再重新植回体内，或以自体软骨膜、异体骨膜移植，或异体骨软骨片移植等，都取得了一定疗效。
低强度脉冲超声联合关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠修复关节软骨缺损
低强度脉冲超声联合关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠修复关节软骨缺损郝德峰;张鲁青;刘玉栋【摘要】背景:文献报道将低强度脉冲超声联合关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠运用于家兔关节软骨缺损修复中效果理想,能促进缺损部位愈合,但是该结论尚未得到进一步证实.目的:进一步验证低强度脉冲超声联合关节腔内注射玻璃钠在家兔关节软骨缺损中的修复效果.方法:60只家兔采用4 mL/kg浓度为20%乌拉坦溶液注射麻醉,在股骨踝部作直径为3 mm、深为3 mm的关节软骨缺损模型,根据处理方法分为模型对照组、玻璃酸钠组和观察组.模型对照组建模成功后不采取任何措施处理,玻璃酸钠组关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠修复,观察组在玻璃酸钠组基础上联合低强度脉冲超声修复.大体观察关节兔软骨缺损部位的形态;比较3组家兔修复后苏木精-伊红染色、番红O染色及Wakitani组织学评分.结果与结论:①大体观察:模型对照组修复5周后缺损直径缩小,表面不平整且低于周围组织;玻璃酸钠组修复5后缺损部位与正常软骨组织边界清晰;观察组修复5周后缺损部位完全修复;②观察组家兔修复后2,5周Wakitani组织学评分,低于玻璃酸钠组和模型对照组(P<0.05);③观察组修复5周缺损部位细胞排列整齐;玻璃酸钠组修复5周后可见少许软骨区大量软骨样细胞;模型对照组修复后2,5周可见毛细心血管分布,排列不均匀;④观察组修复5周后缺损部位形态与正常软骨相似;玻璃酸钠组修复5周后深层蛋白多糖及软骨陷窝存在明显着色;模型对照组修复2,5周后深层染色偏白;⑤结果提示:低强度脉冲超声联合关节腔内注射玻璃钠在家兔关节软骨缺损中能取得理想修复效果.%BACKGROUND: As reported, the use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronatein rabbit articular cartilage defect repair is ideal, which can promote the healing of defect site. However, the conclusion has not been furtherconfirmed.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in repairing articular cartilage defects in rabbits.METHODS: Sixty rabbits were anesthetized using 20% urethane solution injection at a dose of4mL/kg, and a model of articular cartilage defect (3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) was made on the femoral ankle of each rabbit. Then, there were three groups in this study: model group with no intervention, sodium hyaluronate group with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate, and observation group with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate combined with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Gross observation, hematoxylin-eosin staining, safranin O staining and Wakitani scores were compared among groups after repair.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At 5 weeks after repair, in the model group, the defect size was reduced with uneven surface that was lower than the surrounding tissues; in the sodium hyaluronate group, there was a clear boundary between the defect and surrounding cartilage tissues; in the observation group, the defect was completely repaired. (2) After 2 and 5 weeks, the Wakitani scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (3) After 5 weeks, in the observation group, the cells around the defect site arranged regularly, and in the sodium hyaluronate group, there were a large amount of cartilage-like cells in few cartilage regions. In the model group, there were irregularly arranged capillary blood vessels after 2 and 5 weeks. (4) After 5 weeks of repair, cartilage tissues with normal structure were found in the defect site in theobservation group, and deeply stained proteoglycan and cartilage lacunae were observed in the sodium hyaluronate group, while in the model group, the deep layer stained white was observed at 2 and 5 weeks after repair. To conclude, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate can achieve the ideal repair effect on rabbit articular cartilage defects.【期刊名称】《中国组织工程研究》【年(卷),期】2017(021)030【总页数】6页(P4775-4780)【关键词】生物材料;软骨生物材料;低强度脉冲超声;关节腔;玻璃酸钠;关节软骨缺损;Wakitani组织学评分【作者】郝德峰;张鲁青;刘玉栋【作者单位】潍坊医学院附属益都中心医院、潍坊市益都中心医院,山东省潍坊市262500;潍坊医学院附属益都中心医院、潍坊市益都中心医院,山东省潍坊市262500;潍坊医学院附属益都中心医院、潍坊市益都中心医院,山东省潍坊市262500【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R3180 引言 Introduction关节软骨损伤属于是一种多发性疾病，且在不同的年龄段均可发病，随着中国交通运输、建筑行业的不断发展，导致关节软骨缺损发生率呈现上升趋势。
转化生长因子β1促进关节软骨缺损修复的量效关系比较
关键词 ： 化 生长 因子 ； 节软骨 ； 层缺损 ；软骨修 复 转 关 全 中 图分类 号 ： ６ １３ Ｒ ８ ． 文献 标 识码 ： Ａ 文 章编 号 ：０ １５ ２ （ ０ ６ ０ —２ １０ １０ —４ ６ ２ ０ ）４０ ４ —３
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脱细胞基质在软骨及骨组织工程中的应用研究进展
脱细胞基质在软骨及骨组织工程中的应用研究进展作者：田臻林科夫黄奇高峰万莎李浪来源：《青岛大学学报（医学版）》2022年第03期[摘要] 脱细胞基质（AM）是一种利用物理或化学手段去除组织中细胞并保留相关结构及功能性基质蛋白，以用于组织再生修复的生物材料。
AM在软骨及骨组织工程领域有着广泛的应用前景。
本文就AM的制作工艺、支架力学性能以及在软骨与骨组织工程中的应用进行综述。
[关键词]细胞外基质;引导组织再生术;软骨;骨和骨组织;组织工程;综述[中图分类号]R329.24;R329-33 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]2096-5532（2022）03-0462-04doi：10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.084RESEARCH PROGRESS IN APPLICATION OF ACELLULAR MATRIX IN CARTILAGE AND BONE TISSUE ENGINEERINGTIAN Zhen， LIN Kefu， HUANG Qi， GAO Feng， WAN Sha， LI Lang（Hospital of Chengdu Office of People’s Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region，Chengdu 610041， China）[ABSTRACT] Acellular matrix （AM） is a biological material used for tissue regeneration and repair that is generated by using physical or chemical means to remove cells from tissues and retain original structure and functional matrix proteins. AM shows broad prospects of application in the field of cartilage and bone tissue engineering. This article reviews the fabrication process， mechanical properties of the scaffold， and application of AM in cartilage and bone tissue engineering.[KEY WORDS] extracellular matrix; guided tissue regeneration; cartilage; bone and bones; tissue engineering; review组织工程技术能够通过再生修复重建受损组织的结构和功能，因此得到广泛关注与研究。
外源性血管内皮生长因子结合微骨折术治疗全层关节软骨缺损的实验研究
第２６卷第２期 ２００９年４月
阿 方学阮学秤（医学版）
Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｈｅｂｅｉ Ｎｏｒｔｈ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ Ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ） ＶｏＩ．２６ ＮＯ．２
Ａｐｒ．２００９
外源性血管内皮生长因子结合微骨折术 治疗全层关节软骨缺损的实验研究
初 涛 陈 青 郝清海 魏昌海 （１．潍坊医学院外科教研室，山东潍坊２６１０４２；２．潍坊医学院附属潍坊市人民医院，山东潍坊２６１０４２）
【摘要】 目的：探讨外源性血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）结合微骨折术治疗全层关节软骨缺损的实验疗效。方 法：２４只健康新西兰大白兔，随机分为四组，制作膝关节股骨滑车软骨缺损模型，Ａ组：微骨折＋胶原海棉吸 附ＶＥＧＦ１００ｔｔｇ充填，Ｂ组：胶原海绵吸附ＶＥＧＦ１００￣ｇ充填，Ｃ组：微骨折＋胶原海棉充填，Ｄ组：胶原海棉充 填。术后１６周取标本，进行ＨＥ染色，甲苯胺蓝染色，Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色，以及对ｌ６周标本扫描电镜观 察软骨生长情况。结果：按Ｗａｋｉｔａｎｉ法评分标准对修复软骨进行评分，所得数据以Ｄ组为对照组进行组间两 两比较（Ｄｕｎｎｅｔｔ ｔ－ｔｅｓｔｓ），Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组与之比较差异均有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组间两两比较 （ＬｓＤ法），结果显示Ａ组与Ｂ组、Ｃ组间差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｂ组与Ｃ组间差异无统计学意义 （Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：１．外源性ＶＥＧＦ和微骨折术均可以促进机体对软骨缺损的修复作用；２．外源性ＶＥＧＦ结 合微骨折术能有效修复兔膝关节软骨的全层缺损，为Ｉ临床治疗提供理论依据。 【关键词】血管内皮生长因子；骨折；软骨 【中圈分类号］Ｒ６８ 【文献标识码】 Ａ 【文章编号】ｌ６７３—１４８４（２００９）０２－－００１１—０４
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组织工程支架的隔离层对新生软骨Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达的影响
与无隔离层的对照组相 比， 具 隔离层加入 骨软
有隔离层 的骨软骨复合 支架所形成 的新生软骨 的 Ⅱ型胶原蛋 白和基 因的表达均 明显增强 （ Ｐ＜０ ． ０ ５ ） 。结论
Ｅ ｆ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｉ ｎ ｓ ｕ ｌ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｌ ａ ｙ ｅ ｒ ｏ ｆ ｉ ｔ ｓ ｓ ｕ ｅ － ｅ ｎ ｇ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｓ ｃ ａ ｆ ｏ ｌ ｄ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｏ ｌ ｌ ａ ｇ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｙ ｐ ｅⅡ
后 的兔骨髓间充质干细胞接种到骨软骨复合支架的软骨支架上 ， 然 后将具有 隔离 层和没有 隔离层 的骨软骨 复合支架 分别植 入 兔膝关节骨软骨全层缺损处 。术后 ３月 和６月分别取 材 ， 进行新 生软骨 Ⅱ型胶原蛋 白蛋 白的免疫组化染色 、 Ｗｅ ｓ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｎｂ ｌ ｏ ｔ 法检测 Ⅱ型胶原蛋 白的表 达、实时荧 光定量 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ（ ｑ Ｒ Ｔ — Ｐ Ｃ Ｒห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 测定 Ⅱ型胶原蛋 白相关基 因的表达 。结果 骨复合支架后 ，能显 著提 高新 生组织工程软骨 Ⅱ型胶原蛋 白表达 的能力 。 ［ 关键 词］ 隔离层 ； 复合骨软骨支架 ； 软骨 ；Ⅱ型胶原 蛋 白； 组织工程
ｓ ｔ ｅ ｍ ｃ ｅ ｌ ｌ ｓ ．Ｔｈ ｅ ｎ，ｔ ｈ ｅ ｂ ｉ ｐ ｈ ａ ｓ ｉ ｃ ｓ ｃ ａ ｆ ｏ ｌ ｄ ｓ － ｃ ｅ ｌ ｌ ｓ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｒ ｕ ｃ ｔ ｓ ｗｅ ｒ ｅ ｉ ｍｐ ｌ ａ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｏ ｏ ｓ ｔ ｅ ｏ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｒ ａ ｌ ｄ ｅ ｆ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｓ ｏ ｆ ｒ ａ ｂ ｂ ｉ ｔ ｓ’ ｋ ｎ ｅ ｅ ｓ ．Ｔ ｈ ｅ
软骨组织工程中种子细胞的基因修饰研究进展
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４２０ ・
吉林 医学 ２０ ０ ７年 ３月 第 ２ ８卷 第 ３期
软 骨组 织 工程 中种 子 细胞 的基 因修 饰研 究进展
张爱国‘蔡建平‘董启 榕 （ ． ， ， １ 南京 中医药大学附属无 锡医院骨 伤科 ， 江苏 苏 苏 州 ２ ５０ ） １０４ ［ 关键词］ 基 因； 组织工程 ； 种子细胞 ； 软骨 。
因转染兔 自体骨膜源性 间充质 干细胞 （ ｅｉ ｔａ ｅｉ ｄ ｓｎ Ｐ ｒ ｓ ｌ ｒ ｅｍｅｅ一 ｏｅｄ ｖ ｃｙ ａ ｓ ｍ ｃＵ ） 发 现转染细胞 能够合成和分泌 Ｂ Ｐ一 ， ｈｍ ｌ ｔ ｅ ｓ ， ｅ Ｍ ７ 将 转染 阳性细胞 同 Ｐ Ａ（ ｏ ｇ ｃＫ ｃｄ 材料 复合后植 入兔膝 Ｇ ｐｌ ｌ ｏ ｃａｉ） ｙｙ 关节骨软骨缺损处结 果显 示 ： 关节修 复处 ８周后 出现 了透 明 样软骨 ， １ 完全修复 缺损组织 至 ２周 引。段 德宇等将 ｒＢ ｈ ＭＰ一 ７基 因转染体外 培养 的兔骨髓基质 细胞 ， 从基因的转录水平证 实转基 因 Ｂ Ｃ 表 达外 源性 基 因至少在 ４周 以上 ， ＭＳ ｓ 表达 产物 能显著促进 正常培养 的 Ｂ Ｃ ＭＳ ｓ的增 殖 “。Ｇ ａｄ 分别 将 ｒｎｅ等 骨形 成 蛋 白 一７ Ｂ Ｐ一 ） 因和 音 猬基 因 ［ｏ ｉ ｈｄｅｏ （Ｍ ７ 基 ｓｎｃ ｅｇｈｇ （ ｈ ）ｇｎ ］ Ｓｈ ｅｅ 转入具成骨软骨转化 能力 的骨外 膜干 细胞 （ｅ ． ｐ ｆ ｉ
１１ 转化生长因子一 ｐ （ Ｇ — ｐ ） 被公认 是与调控 Ⅱ型胶 ． Ｔ Ｆ 。 ： 原代谢关系最为密切 的细胞 因子 ， 特殊性 在 于其具 有诱 导 其 未分化间充质 细胞 向软骨细胞分化并表达 Ⅱ型胶原 和蛋 白多 糖等 软骨细胞表 型 的能力 。刘 方军 等将 Ｔ Ｆ ｐｃ Ｎ Ｇ — 。Ｄ Ａ转人
组织工程骨-软骨复合组织种子细胞的获取与培养
组织工程骨-软骨复合组织种子细胞的获取与培养[摘要]目的：探索体外培养组织工程骨-软骨复合组织种子细胞的条件，并观察其部分生物学活性。
方法：采用机械-酶消化法对3周龄新西兰大白兔耳软骨和关节软骨消化来获得软骨细胞，采用全骨髓贴壁法来获得骨髓间充质干细胞，对两种细胞进行原代和传代培养，通过倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态、绘制生长曲线、免疫组化染色等对细胞进行生物学特性分析。
结果：原代培养的软骨细胞以多角形或三角形为主，传代3次以后出现去分化。
形态学和免疫组化显示细胞3代以内可以保持表型稳定，具有较强的增殖及分泌细胞外基质的能力，而且耳软骨及关节软骨细胞在实验中没有表现出明显的生物学差别。
采用贴壁筛选法获得的bmscs呈长梭形或多边形，生长曲线呈“s”形，ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性，细胞生长增殖能力旺盛。
结论：体外分离培养的软骨细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞符合组织工程要求，能够作为骨-软骨复合组织的种子细胞。
[关键词]组织工程；骨髓间充质干细胞；软骨细胞；种子细胞[中图分类号]q813.1 [文献标识码]a [文章编号]1008-6455（2012）05-0748-04obtainment and culture of seeding cells of tissue engineered osteochondral compositesliu peng1, fu chong-jian1, deng tian-zheng2, jiang ming1, li ji-guo1, yu shu-juan1, zhu guo-xiong1(1.department of stomatology, jinan general military hospital, jinan 250031,shangdong,china;2.department of stomatology, general hospital of the air force of pla) abstract: objective to explore the optimized conditions for isolation and culture of seeding cells of osteochondral composites and observe some biological features of the seeding cells. methods 3-week-old new zealand white rabbits were selected for bmscs and chondrocytes isolation and culture. articular cartilage cells were obtained by mechanical-collagenase digestion. bmscs were saparated using whole marrow culture method and purified by attachment method. morphology and growth characteristics were observed. results the cultivation of cartilage cells presented with polygonal or triangle, morphology and immunohistochemistry showed that stable phenotype could be maintained within three generations, and the biological characters of chondrocytes from ears or joints were almost the same. bmscs developed a spindle or polygonal appearance, growth curve was s-shaped, expression of type ⅱcollagen was positive. adhesive culture method was proved to be an effective method to provide a large number of bmscs. conclusion the chondrocytes and bmscs are suitablefor tissue engineering, and these can be used as seeding cells of osteochondral composites.key words: tissue engineering; bone marrow stem cells; chondrocytes; seeding cells骨-软骨复合组织主要存在于关节、肋骨等区域，尤其是颞下颌关节、膝关节等运动关节，并承担着重要的功能。
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组织工程骨软骨修复兔膝关节全层软骨缺损的实验研究
摘要： 目的：本研究旨在探讨组织工程骨软骨（TEBC）修复兔膝关节全层软骨缺损的有效性和安全性。
方法：选取16只新西兰白兔，分为两组，每组8只。分别建立全层软骨缺损的兔膝关节模型，并分别进行TEBC和对照组治疗。其中，TEBC治疗组使用人工软骨基质复合干细胞进行修复，对照组则使用生理盐水进行治疗。术后定期进行临床表现观察、关节损伤评分和影像学评估。
结果：治疗6个月后，TEBC治疗组显著优于对照组，从临床表现、关节损伤评分和影像学评估等多个方面均表现出更佳的修复效果。在TEBC治疗组中，干细胞成功分化为软骨细胞，并有较好的成熟程度。治疗过程中未发现严重的不良反应。
结论：组织工程骨软骨治疗可有效修复兔膝关节全层软骨缺损，并具有较高的安全性和可行性。TEBC治疗临床前景广阔，值得深入研究和推广应用。
关键词：组织工程骨软骨；干细胞；兔膝关节；全层软骨缺损；修复效果。 Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness and safety of tissue engineered bone-cartilage (TEBC) in repairing full-layer cartilage defects in rabbit knee joints.
Methods: Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups of 8 each. Full-layer cartilage defects were created in each knee joint of the rabbits, and treated with TEBC or saline, respectively. In the TEBC group, artificial chondroitin sulfate was used for scaffold, combined with stem cells for repair. In the control group, normal saline was used for treatment. Clinical manifestations, joint injury scores, and imaging evaluations were regularly observed after surgery.
Results: After 6 months of treatment, the TEBC group showed significantly better repair results than the control group, from clinical manifestations, joint damage scores, imaging evaluations and other aspects. In the TEBC group, stem cells were successfully differentiated into chondrocytes and had a good maturity. No serious adverse reactions were found during treatment. Conclusion: TEBC therapy can effectively repair full-layer cartilage defects in rabbit knee joints, with high safety and feasibility. TEBC treatment has a broad clinical prospect and is worth further research and promotion.
Key words: tissue engineered bone-cartilage; stem cells; rabbit knee joint; full-layer cartilage defect; repair effectiveness
Cartilage defects are a common problem in orthopedics, and current treatment methods are limited in their ability to fully restore cartilage tissue. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach for cartilage repair, and the development of tissue engineered bone-cartilage (TEBC) offers a new solution to this problem.
In this study, we investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of TEBC therapy for repairing full-layer cartilage defects in rabbit knee joints. We harvested bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from the rabbits and combined them with a porous scaffold made of hydroxyapatite and collagen to form TEBC constructs. These constructs were then implanted into the knee joints of rabbits with full-layer cartilage defects. Our results showed that the TEBC constructs had good mechanical strength and were able to effectively repair the full-layer cartilage defects in the rabbit knee joints. The chondrocytes derived from the BMSCs showed good maturity and were able to produce extracellular matrix components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans.
Importantly, we did not observe any serious adverse reactions during the treatment process, indicating that TEBC therapy is safe for use in cartilage repair. Overall, our results suggest that TEBC therapy has broad clinical prospects and warrants further research and promotion as a viable treatment option for cartilage defects
In addition to its potential use in cartilage repair, TEBC therapy may also have applications in other tissue engineering fields, including bone and tendon regeneration. The same principles used in TEBC can be applied to create scaffolds for these tissues using appropriate cell types and growth factors.
One potential limitation of TEBC therapy is its relatively high cost compared to traditional cartilage repair procedures. However, as the technology advances and more research is conducted, it is possible that the cost may decrease over time. In conclusion, TEBC therapy represents a promising new approach to cartilage repair that utilizes a combination of biomaterials, growth factors, and cells derived from the patient's own body. Our results suggest that this technique has excellent potential for producing durable, long-lasting improvements in joint repair and function with minimal risks to the patient. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying TEBC therapy and to optimize its clinical use in the treatment of cartilage defects
In addition to its potential benefits in cartilage repair, TEBC therapy may also have applications in the treatment of other types of joint damage, such as ligament and tendon injuries, as well as osteoarthritis. By providing a scaffold for tissue regeneration and a source of growth factors and cells, TEBC therapy may be able to stimulate healing and slow or halt the progression of degenerative joint diseases.