人大2009年考博英语真题整理(最全版)-育明考博
经济类专业考博-人大经济史考博资料考试分析学长经验报考难度辅导课程考博真题怎么准备-育明考博
88 人 87 人 89 人
1、普通招考（79 人） 2、硕博连读（9 人）
386 人
差额复
1、普通招考（75 人） 2、硕博连读（12 人）
430 人
试比例 在 150%
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约 440 人
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《2015 年人大考博英语复习资料》由育明考博的英语辅导专家组共同编写。该套资 料针对人民大学历年考博英语的真题、考察重点、出题形式、出题范围，并结合了人大考 博英语试题命题组老师的著作、上课课件以及人大外国语学院考试试题，从而可以在短期 内有效地提升广大考生的英语应试能力。（资料可以邮寄）
全套资料包括： （一）、人大考博英语历年真题及解析（共 12 套）
中国考博辅导第一品牌
二、人大经济学院经济史专业考博考试内容参考书（基本学习年限 3 年）
招生专业 招生人数
初试考试科目
复试考试科目
020103 经济史
考试说明
3-4 人
1、初试考试科目：①经济理论；②经济 一：外语听力水平和口
史；③外语
语水平测试
2、跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目： （满分 50 分，其中听力测
毕业生去向：国家机关政府部门、科研单位、高等院校、金融部门、新闻部门、出版 部门等。
一、人民大学经济学院博士招生人数及名额分布及报录比
年份
人大内地招生总数 经济学院博 经济学院博士招生方公开招考 报名人数
复试人数
2012 年 900 人/873 人 2013 年 850 人/891 人 2014 年 900 人/893 人
09年湖南中医药大学考博英语真题
Paper OnePart I Using of English (20 %)Section One Vocabulary and Structure (10 %)Directions：There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices four choices marked A, B, C, D .Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence .Then put the corresponding letter in the proper place of your ANSWER SHEET.1. He said that they had _____ been obliged to give up the scheme for lack of support.A gravelyB regrettablyC forciblyD which2. They left prior _______ our arrival.A atB byC toD of3. Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly ______ to hot, dry winds. They are what we call weather-sensitive people.A subjectiveB subordinateC liableD vulnerable4. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to _____ healthy.A preserveB maintainC stayD reserve5. _______ in the United States, St. Louis has mow become the 24th largest city.A Being the fourth biggest cityB It was once the fourth biggest cityC Once the fourth biggest cityD The fourth biggest city it was6. Agriculture was a step in human progress _______ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own machine age.A toB inC forD from7. I have no objection ______ your story again.A to hearB to hearingC to having heardD to have heard8. The story that follows ______ tow famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.A concernsB proclaimsC statesD relates9. I always _______ what I have said.A get toB see toC lead toD hold to10. The prisoner was _______ of his civil liberty for three years.A dischargedB derivedC deprivedD dispatched11. What ______ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?A will you supposeB you supposeC do you supposeD you would suppose12. In my opinion, he’s ______ the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.A in allB at bestC for allD by far13. At present there is a ________ of iron and steel and more must be produced.A limitB lossC povertyD scarcity14. There is no much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ______.A in detailB in shortC in briefD in all15. Although the colonists ________ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.A migratedB matchedC mingledD melted16. ________ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A It beingB It isC There isD There being17. What a lovely party! It’s worth ______ all my life.A rememberingB to rememberC to be rememberedD being remembered18. Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply _______.A slippedB descendedC lessenedD declined19. ________ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem do gloomy.A LookingB LookedC Having lookedD To look20. It was recommended that passengers _______ smoke during the flight.A notB need notC could notD would notSection Two Cloze Test(10 %)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then put the corresponding letter in the proper place of your ANSWER SHEET.Now we have to mention the difference 21 the social level. The market economy 22 a difference on social level. For the 23 persons market economy offers a good chance to 24 big money. But for the persons who are not so able, or 25 cannot engage in business like disabled people, it is a hard 26 which deprives them 27 the chance to live a decent life. It becomes often the cause of social troubles, and if the social difference or gap 28 the critical level, the existence of society itself would be in 29 . It is one of the biggest roles for every state to avoid this danger.On the social level difference, there is an 30 different from that in one company or organization. That is the matter of human rights. So it is not a matter of economy 31 a matter of politics. It must be 32 for all people. These kinds of rights not being assured, people feel that their right to live is 33 . The assurance of the right to live is the minimal condition of socialism. It is not allowed for the stateto neglect these kinds of human rights. 34 these socially fundamental rights, especially in developing countries, the right to receive an equal education for children is very important, 35 education makes society fluid and active. Education not only raises the quality of manpower, but also gives people 36 for the future. To assure people’s rights at the basic level is important not only in the political 37 but also in the economic sense. 38 everyone a chance to develop his 39 which is realized only by education, is effective to activate society. Therefore the establishment of a compulsory education institution is the first 40 task of every developing country.21. A. in B. on C. with D. of22. A. offers B. provide C. generates D. produce23. A. able B. lazy C. industrious D. noble24. A. acquire B. obtain C. make D. take25. A. whatever B. what C. whoever D. who26. A. real B. reality C. realization D. truth27. A. of B. off C. from D. to28. A. beyond B. extent C. extend D. exceeds29. A. risk B. stake C. danger D. harm30. A. question B. answer C. issue D. problem31. A. and B. but C. also D. yet32. A. guaranteed B. granted C. guided D. grunted33. A. relieved B. withdrawn C. stopped D. denied34. A. Due to B. With C. For D. Among35. A. so B. because C. therefore D. thus36. A. luck B. plan C. hope D. dream37. A. degree B. sense C. meaning D. extent38. A. To give B. To make C. Giving D. Making39. A. privacy B. publicity C. power D. personality40. A. emergent B. eminent C. urgent D. immigrantPart II Reading Comprehension(40 %)Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then put the corresponding letter in the proper place of your ANSWER SHEET.Question 41-44 are based on the following passage.With human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbiting telescopes’ data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and climate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe, With eclipses and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering, and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today’s astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts: they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to the rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today’s students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places-not abstract concepts. Today’s students are citizens of a more real, more vast cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I have tried to respond to these developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outward across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity’s discoveries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.41.This passage is most probably taken from ________.A an article of popular scienceB the introduction of a book of astronomyC a lecture given by the author to astronomy studentsD the preface of a piece of science fiction42. The author’s purpose in presenting the first paragraph is _______.A to explain the background and new features of today’s astronomyB to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space researchC to introduce some newly established space stationsD to introduce some adventurous space programs43. The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people on Earth will probably lead to ________.A all people having chances of traveling in spaceB the realization of permanent settlement on other planetsC more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer spaceD orders, harmony and peace on our planet Earth44. The author believes that today’s astronomy students _______.A are much brighter than students of a generation agoB no longer care about astronomical factsC are better-informed about the unseen worlds of spaceD may learn more about man and his research in various fields through the study of astronomyQuestion 45-48are based on the following passage.A long painful struggle with cancer and chemotherapy had caused baldness for Barbara Bassett, of Moorstown, N.J. The day her blonde hair fell out in clumps was, for Barbara, the worst day of her ordeal. Determined to use some form of camouflage, she tried a wig but found it itchy and hot. Scarves slipped off or clung too tightly, accentuating the problem. Finally, a friend suggested Barbara call her neighbor, Marie Stevens, an accomplished seamstress who worked at home.Barbara explained to Marie that she needed something between a scarf and a hat, with a shape that suggested hair beneath. It had to fasten securely, and had no opening that would reveal baldness. Sensing a kindred spirit, Marie agreed to work something up. She was no stranger to medical tragedy herself, having lost two of her seven children to cystic fibrosis.The design itself was simple, a combination scarf/hat of light cotton and polyester that fit well, disguising the lack of hair. “Smart” was the description Barbara’s friends came up with. For Barbara, elegance was secondary to the scarf’s greatest asset. “That silly little hat saved me,” she told her friends.Shortly after, Marie and Barbara formed a partnership selling scarves, which they called Hide&Chic. They developed a line of colors, plus small elasticized versions for children. They had a brochure printed, and sent it to oncology units and social-service directors in hospitals.Soon after the company, Mare-bar, Inc. was on its feet, Barbara learned that her cancer had recurred. Despite more chemotherapy, she died, at age 40.“She made me promise that I’d keep things going,” Marie said. “When she died, I was pretty low. But I kept getting mail from cancer patients who described how our scarf/hat had made such a big difference. I got going again. It’s a nice legacy for Barbara, who was a very special lady.”45. This passage is mainly about ________.A how Barbara became a fashion designerB how Marie helped Barbara recover from her illnessC how Mar-bar Inc. came into beingD how Barbara helped Marie to design the scarf/hat46. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A The scarf/hat is also beneficial to some other people.B Barbara did not like the scarf/hat because they either felt slippery or were too tight.C Marie was one of Barbara’s kinswomen.D Barbara thought that the scarf/hat made her look stupid47. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A how Barbara and Marie advertised their products.B How Barbara and Marie raised the capital needed for manufacture of their products.C How customers responded to the products.D how Barbara and Marie felt about their business48. It can be inferred from the passage that Marie finally resolved to continue with her business because_________.A cancer patients kept writing to her, marking orders for the productsB the prospect of inheriting the legacy left to her by Barbara cheered her upC she knew she was doing something useful for othersD she was determined to make profits from the businessQuestion 49-52are based on the following passage.One of the most pressing challenges that the United States---and indeed, the world---will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing on the environment. The consequences are just too great to ignore. Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land. Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at a greater rate now than at any time in Earth’s history. As many as 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited. And the list goes on.Yet, there is reason to have hope for the future. Advances in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers gain a better understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the basis for some major and timely actions that would improve our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been estimated that the world’s water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water shortages have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only 2 percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good condition, and close to 40 percent of native fish species are rare to extinct. Using a variety of new remote sensing tools, scientists can learn more about how precipitation affects water levels, how surface water is generated and transported, and how changes in the landscape affect water supplies.To prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species---as well as humans and other species they infect---are affected by changes in the environment. The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has contributed to the growth of antibiotic-resistant micro organisms. Researchers can take advantage of new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and predict the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.Humans have made alterations to Earth’s surface---such as tropical deforestation, reduction of surface and ground water, and massive development---so dramatic that they approach the levels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods. Such alterations cause changes in local and regional climate, and will determine the future of agriculture. Recent advances in data collection and analysis should be used to document and better understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use.49. The expression “And the list goes on” in Para. 1 is used to suggest that ________.A there are many more ways in which humans are hurting the environmentB environmental degradation is continuing unabatedC the total of animal and plant species facing extinction are too numerous to listD in addition to fish, many other plant and animal species face over-exploitation by humans50. The poor condition of streams in the U.S can be attributed to ________.A overfishing of native fish speciesB lack of up-to-date monitoring equipmentC the demand for water in the U.S.D the global water shortage51. Which of the following does the author NOT suggest as an important area for research?A How precipitation affects water levels.B How to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases.C How urban development affects the environment.D How the industrial pollution impacts the environment.52. The last paragraph suggests that _________.A local and regional climates have not fluctuated so much since the glacial periodsB the future of agriculture depends on how land usages affect climateC until recently, very little information was documented about changes and consequences of land usageD current human transformations of the land surface is of almost unprecedented scaleQuestion 53-56 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequate awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both taxpayers and the litigants and, the litigants, pr parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating the situation but, as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to follow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents’ evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study had shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlement.Many have now established another method, small-claim courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of courts, the plaintiff waives any right to jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.In coming years, we can expect to see more and more innovations in the continuing effort to remedy a situation which must be remedied if the citizens who have valid claims are going to be able to have their day in court.53. The purpose of writing this article is ____________.A. to show the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United StatesB . to compare different suggestionsC. to find the advantages and disadvantages of the judicial system in the United StatesD. to discuss the methods of ameliorating the judicial system in the United States54. The suggestions or methods of improving the judicial system in the United States mentioned in the passage include all the following except_________.A. to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districtsB. to establish small-claims courtsC. to request plaintiffs to waive the right to jury trial and the right to appeal the decisionD. to use pretrial conferences55.The fourth paragraph suggests that most of the state attorneygenerals__________________.A. were under pressure from Microsoft’s competitors to demand changes in the settlementB. felt that the settlement was at least partially successfulC. felt that penalties against Microsoft were too harshD. believed that the settlement was a sign of progress for the computer industry56. Which of the following is true?A. Lawsuit costs are usually quite high both for the taxpayers and the litigants.B. To use pretrial conferences proves to be quite feasible in maximizing the efficiency of the judicial system in US.C. At present, most litigants prefer small-claims courts in US because cases can be settled with considerable dispatch.D It is possible to have one’s case heard in a jury if the litigant is not satisfied with the small-claims court’s decisions.Questions 57-60 are based on the following passage.Although it is mankind’s inevitable fate to continually progress on the path of technology, there will always be the obstacle of resistance to overcome. Be it in the form of a protester who deplores implementation of the latest gadget or a dissenting scientist who disagrees with his colleagues’ methods of research, it is an unavoidable fact that ever stepped toward the future must be a hard-fought one. The latest battleground is one that has to do with the essence of nature itself: the bioengineering of certain plant species for human consumption.By learning about, isolating and finally manipulating the individual genes and strings of DNA that compose a plant species, geneticists are able to create new breeds of plants in the laboratory. These plants are able to live longer in harsher environments, provide better nutrition, and sustain themselves with a minimum of human care. By changing the composition of the plants at a cellular level and chemically combining elements of different plants that don’t normallycross-pollinate in nature, science is ushering the best of both worlds, the bestthat each individual species has to offer, conveniently contained within one product. Some scientists even go so far as to argue that these foods are better for humans than anything nature itself has ever created.The opposition has its own theories, however, due to the relatively new nature of these experiments, it is questionable whether these items are truly safe for human consumption, despite government approval. Taking a broader view, they contend that by combining species that normally do not go together, we man be achieving the WORST of both worlds, meaning that diseases that are normally contained within one species will combine as well. Thus, they may be made stronger by mutation, possibly endangering earth’s agricultural food supply if unleashed upon helpless natural species that have never had to deal with such enemies before.The possibilities that come with such a warning are frightening. Abio-engineered disease could wreak havoc on the delicate balance created by nature, possibly decimating the plant population of earth and depriving mankind of its food source. Clearly, the words of those opposed to progress must be considered on this issue, for the stakes are simply too high to be taken without an extreme degree of caution.57. The word “cross-pollinate” (Line 6, Paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.A co-existB thrive in the same environmentC reproduce together C survive under the same conditions58. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _______.A be used in conjunction in order to clearly evaluate the current situationB lead the reader to agree with one side of the argumentC complement one another by countering each other’s pointsD present the respective arguments of each side on the issue59. Which of the following is definitely true according to the text?A Biologically engineered foods are safe for human consumption.B Genetically combining different plant species results in new developments, both good and bad.C Genetically engineering foods are capable of unleashing destructive diseases on the environment.D Science can execute the task of bio-engineering foods, but not fully evaluate its results at the present time.60. The author’s attitude toward the issue of genetically engineering foods is _______.A impartialB subjectiveC biasedD puzzlingPaper TwoPart III Translation(20%)Section One From English to Chinese (10 %)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space of your ANSWER SHEET.61. Global warming poses the biggest threat to mainstream construction practices. If current trends continue, by 2080 buildings created for the current, cool northern European climate will require constant air conditioning, increasing energy bills and generating greenhouse gases. So the London-based engineering and consulting firm Arup, working with Bill Dunster Architects, has devised a model that uses heavyweight construction, along the lines of Wigglesworth's office, to absorb excess heat. They intend to combine that with proven cooling strategies from Mediterranean climes: better use of natural ventilation, more shades, shutters and courtyards, smaller windows to keep out the sun.全球变暖带来的主流建设实践的最大威胁。
09考研英语真题
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an e xecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thi nker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” expl ains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a liethat we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subjectto peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal ed ucation. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan s’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of afew, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He arg ued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals tha t appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said thatthe measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
管理哲学考博-人大哲学院管理哲学专业考博真题资料申请方式复习备考指导经验分数要求-育明考博.doc
育明考博，中国考博辅导第一品牌。
由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学教授于2009年创办，并有诸多高校博士加盟。
专业致力于考博课程辅导，辅导学员人数及辅导成绩连续3年稳居第一。
针对人民大学开设的考博辅导课程包括：人大考博英语辅导课程、人大哲学院考博专业课辅导课程、人大考博申请保过课程。
人大哲学院管理哲学专业考博资料申请方式复习备考指导经验一、人大哲学院考博招生人数及名额分布及报考统计年份人大内地招生总数（计划数/实际数）哲学院博士招生人数哲学院博士招生方式及人数分布公开招考报名人数复试人数2012年900人/873人641、普通招考（53人）2、硕博连读（11人）约357人90人2013年850人/891人661、普通招考（54人）2、硕博连读（12人）343人91人2014年900人/893人681、硕博连读（10人）2、申请—审核-复试(综合考试)（57）3、骨干计划（1人）约389人117人（育明考博辅导课程咨询电话133.0111.9426(陈)或400-668-6978;扣扣:547063862;考博群105619820）二、人大哲学院管理哲学专业考博招生流程考试内容参考书招生专业招生人数综合复试人数考试环节（流程）综合考试科目0101Z1管理哲学8-9人13-15人1、申请制考试科目：①②③“申请-审核-复试（综合考试）”制；2、跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目：①②③;④哲学理论基础;⑤哲学专业基础；3、同等学力考生复试笔试加试科目:①②③;④哲学理论基础;⑤哲学专业基础;⑥政治理论。
1、笔试：①专业课笔试（100分）②外语笔试（阅读、翻译、写作）（50分）2、面试：①综合素质（100分）②听力水平和口语水平测试（50分）1、哲学院博士招生考试不指定参考书（可参照育明考博推荐参考书）2、专业课笔试考试范围：管理哲学原理及中西管理哲学史3、跨学科及同等学力加试范围哲学理论基础：马克思主义哲学、中国哲学史（不含近现代）、西方哲学史（不含现代）；哲学专业基础：为报考专业基础知识育明考博推荐人大哲学院考博专业课部分参考书（经验总结，非院校指定）《马克思主义哲学原理》霍福广中国人民大学出版社《中国哲学史新编》张立文中国人民大学出版社《西方哲学史》张志伟中国人民大学出版社《逻辑演算》刘壮虎中国社会科学出版社《伦理学》罗国杰人民出版社《美学原理》张法、王旭晓中国人民大学出版社《宗教学通论新编》吕大吉中国社会科学出版社《科学技术哲学导论》刘大椿中国人民大学出版社《管理哲学导论》彭新武中国人民大学出版社《政治哲学导论》托马斯著、顾肃译中国人民大学出版社三、人大哲学院考博报考程序及提交材料1、网上报名报考我哲学院的普通招考和硕博连读考生均须在人大博士生网上报名系统中提交报名信息、网上支付报名费、进行现场确认信息。
2009年英语真题+答案解析
2009年英语真题+答案解析河南省2019年普通⾼等学校选拔优秀专科毕业⽣进⼊本科阶段学习考试公共英语Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence, and then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. Julie spent one month________her term paper on Chinese poems.A. to writeB. and wroteC. writtenD. writing2. I was so________ the night before my examination that I could not sleep.A. WorryingB. tiredC. happyD. nervous3. Whether you learn or not is entirely________you.A. up toB. as toC. about toD. due to4. I finally________ to study much harder in the future.A. preparedB. made up my mindC. worked outD. made out5. The old couple decided to________ a boy though they had three of their own.A. adaptB. bringC. receiveD.adopt6. The teacher insisted that we ________our homework before 9 o’clock.A. FinishedD. was finishing7. The little girl showed the policeman the corner________ she was knocked off her bike.A. AndB. whichC. thatD. where8. The garden requires________.A. WateringB. being wateredC. to waterD. having watered9. Is this the house________ Shakespeare was born?A. whichB. in thatC. in whichD. at which10. ________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. AnyoneB. The personC. WhoeverD. Who11. The population of the world is growing at a dangerous________.A. PaceB. measureC. progressD. rate12. You________ not have seen her yesterday, for she was abroad.A. mustB. shouldC. couldD. would13. Alice trusts you; only you can ________her to give up the foolish idea.A. SuggestD. persuade14. When Mary paid the bill she was given a ______ for her money.A. chequeB. receiptC. ticketD. label15. It was at the music hall ________we met each other for the first time.A. WhenB. whereC. whichD. that16. They found the lecture hard________.A. to understandB. to be understandC. being understoodD. understood17. It is no use ________me not to worry about his injury.A. for you to tellB. your tellingC. you tellD. having told18. You must walk slowly if you want the children to________ you.A. put up withB. come up withC. keep up withD. go on with19. Little John caught a(n)fish________ this morning.A. aliveB. aloneC. lonelyD. living20. ________finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend.A. Having not beenC. Not havingD. Having not21. I took the medicine, but it didn’t have any ________on me.A. effectB. relationC. touchD. affect22. The age of the students in this class ________from eighteen to twenty.A. ChangesB. rangesC. altersD. limits23. It would be________a risk to let the child go to school by himself.A. followingB. passingC. runningD. carrying24. He________a knowledge of this language by careful study.A. acquiredB. requiredC. inquiredD. requested25. We develop trade with that company for our shared________.A. honourB. rewardC. benefitD. prize26. If you take this medicine twice a day, it should ______ your cold.A. HealB. cureC. treatD. recover27. We object______ punishing a whole group for one person’s fault.A. againstC. toD. for28. She has fallen in love with Jack,______I find hard to imagine.A. whoB. thatC. whomD. which29. —Are you going downtown this afternoon?—I am going to have these letters______ .A. mailedB. mailC. to mailD. mailing30. ______, everything would have been all right.A. He had been hereB. Been here he hadC. Here he had beenD. Had he been here31.______ , water resources have been severely wasted or polluted.A. They are scarceB. Scarce they areC. Scarce as they areD. As scarce they are32. ______from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”.A. SeenB. SeeingC. To be seenD. Having seen33. He’ll never succeed in passing the CET6,______hard he tries.A. HoweverB. whateverC. despiteD. though34. Her face is ______to me, but I can’t remember where I saw her.B. friendlyC. alikeD. familiar35. You’ll have to book the tickets for the holiday in______.A. frontB. advanceC. aheadD. forward36. Children who are overprotected by their parents may become.______A. hurtB. spoiledC. damagedD. harmed37. Kids are very curious______.A. at heartB. in personC. by natureD. on purpose38. He has made another wonderful discovery, ______of great importance to science and man.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. of which I think it isD. I think which is39. My daughter and I took a______tour around New York City.A. two dayB. two day’sC. two daysD. two-day40. Your brother is very tall. What is his ______ exact?A. sizeB. lengthC. heightD. breadthPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1A wealthy Persian Prince loved good stories. The older he grew，the fonder he became of them. But he always regretted they had to have an end. So he decided to give half his wealth and his beautiful daughter to the man who could tell him a story without an end. Anybody who failed would be sent to prison for life. The risk was so great that nobody came to the palace to tell the Prince a story for a whole year. Then one day, a tall, handsome young man came and said he wanted to tell a story that would go on forever. The Prince agreed but warned him what would happen if he failed. “The risk is worth your fair daughter,” the young man replied poetically (得体地). He then began this well known story:“Once upon a time there was a certain King who feared famine. So he ordered his men to build an enormous storehouse, which he filled with corn. Then, when it was up, made water proof and fire proof, the King felt happy. But one day he noticed a small hole in the roof and as he looked at it, a locust came out with a grain of corn. A minute later, another locust came out with another grain of corn. Then a third locust with another grain of corn. Then a fourth locust, flying at great speed, pushed through the hole and came out with two grains of corn. Then a fifth locustcame and...”“Stop,” shouted the Prince. “I can’t,” answered the young man. “I must go on unti l I tell you what happened to each grain of the corn.” “But that will go on forever.” The Prince protested. “Exactly,” the young man replied, and he smiled as he turned towards the Prince’s beautiful young daughter.41. The Prince always felt regretted about story because______ .A. he had too much wealthB. there was a terrible famineC. all stories have endsD. there was no story teller42. The young man risked to tell an endless story to the Prince for______ .A. a great sum of moneyB. the Prince’s beautiful daughterC. showing his braveryD. Both A and C43. The young man would be sent to prison ______ if he failed to tell a story without an end.A. foreverB. for some timeC. for a whileD. for a year44. In order to prevent famine, the King asked to build______ .A. a huge storehouseB. a large farmC. a beautiful palaceD. a waterproof kitchen45. The thing the king noticed first in the roof was______ .A. a loafC. a grain of cornD. a locustPassage 2Packaging is an important form of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate someone to buy a product. For example, a small child might ask for a breakfast food that comes in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in the breakfast food. Pictures for children to color or cut out, games printed on a package, or small gifts inside a box also motivate many children to buy products or to ask their parents for them.Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing. Food products sold in reusable containers are examples of this. Although a similar product in a plain container might cost less, people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish, because they believe thecontainer is free. However, the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product.The size of a package also motivates a buyer. Maybe the package has “Economy Size” printed on it. This suggests that the large size has the most product for the least money. But that is not always true. To find out, a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit.The information on the package should provide some answers. But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement. The words and pictures do not tell the whole story. Only the product inside can do that.46. Which of the following statements could best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Children are interested in some packages of products.B. Package is one of the important ways of advertising.C. People prefer to buy the products in plain containers.D. The size of a package usually motivates a buyer.47. The phrase “a buyer will get something for nothing” ( Line 1, Para. 2 ) probably means ______.A. a buyer will get something free of chargeB. a buyer will get something uselessC. a buyer will get something usefulD. nothing is worth buying48. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Sometimes people are easily motivated by packages.B. Small children sometimes are more interested in games printed on a package than theproduct itself.C. A product in a reusable container must be cheaper than a similar product in a plain container.D. “Economy Size” doesn’t always suggest that people can buy the most product for the leastmoney.49. What does the word “ them ” ( Line 5, Para. 1 ) refer to?A. Small gifts.B. Pictures.C. Games.A. Package is just an advertisement.B. Buyers shouldn’t believe the information on the package too much.C. The package has nothing to do at all with the product.D. Buyers can always find answers in the information on the package.Passage 3For any Englishman, th ere can never be any discussion as to who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatist. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the works of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings that have become part of the common property of English speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we use, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of HAMLET and complained that “it was full of well known proverbs and quotations.”Shakespeare, more perhaps than any other writer, made full use of the great resources of the English language. Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English; Shakespeare in his works used about twenty five thousand. There is probably no better way for a foreigner to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it. Such a study is well worth the effort (it is not, of course, recommended to beginners) even though some aspects of English usage, and the meaning of many words, have changed since Shakespeare’s day.51. English people______.A. h ave never discussed who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatistB. never discuss about the world’s greatest poets or dramatistsC. are sure who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatistD. do not care who is the world’s greatest poet and greatest dramatist52. Every Englishman knows______.A. more or less about ShakespeareB. Shakespeare, but only slightlyC. all the Shakespeare’s writingsD. only the name of the greatest English writer53. Which of the following is TRUE?A. We use all the words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings.B. Shakespeare’s writings have become the property of those who are learning to speak English.C. It is likely to be true that people often do not know the origin of the words they use.D. All the words people use are taken from Shakespeare’s writings.54. “HAMLET” is______ .A. a play written by ShakespeareB. a play recommended by ShakespeareC. a play appreciated by ShakespeareD. a play people have been complaining about55. It is worthwhile to study the various ways in which Shakespeare used English because______ .C. English words are now being used in the same way as in Shakespeare’s daysD. English words are now the same in various ways as in Shakespeare’s daysPassage 4Most cities and/or states in the U.S. collect a sales tax on almost everything you buy. You must ask when you move into a new community how much the local sales tax is, and what items are and are not taxable. Both taxable items and the amount of tax vary considerably from place to place, from one or two percent in some places up to eight or ten in others. The New York City sales tax, for example, is currently 8%, so if you buy a pair of ＄40 shoes you will actually have to pay ＄43.20. This makes paying and getting correct change much more difficult (not to mention making everything more expensive).Another thing that makes money changes more complicated is tipping. The Chinese people have happily put an end to tipping, but Westerners are still plagued(遭受折磨) with this indignity. Waiters and waitresses, cab drivers, hotel bellboys, barbers and hairdressers and all sorts of otherpeople must be tipped. Their employers give them low wages because it is expected that you, the customer, will make up the difference. If you don’t, the service person can’t earn a living. Tipping also varies from place to place, generally in the area of 15% of your bill (before taxes), but again you should ask local residents whom to tip and how much.There is another kind of tipping as well. You are generally expected to give something (either cash or a bottle of whisky) to the mailman at Christmas time. You should discuss this also with neighbors and friends.56. The main idea of this passage is______ .A. shopping and tippingB. sales and shoppingC. sales taxes and tippingD. sales taxes and people57. According to the passage, if you buy a pair of ＄50 shoes in the New York City, you pay extra ______as sales tax.A. ＄4.5B. ＄4C. ＄5D. ＄5.558. Usually, cab drivers______ .A. get high wages from the employerB. get great benefits from the employerC. get low wages from the employerD. get prize from the employer59. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. The Chinese people have to pay tips in western countries.B. The Westerners don’t have to pay high tips in their own country.C. Barbers, hotel bellboys and all sorts of other people can earn a living if they are not tipped.D. Tipping varies from place to place, generally in the area of 20% of your bill.60. Usually, taxable items and the amount of tax______.A. have no difference from place to place in the U.S.C. have been put an end in the U.S.D. vary from place to place in the U.S.Part Ⅲ Cloze (1×20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Most Americans don’t like to get advice from members of their family. When they need advice, they don’t usually61 people they know. 62 , many Americans write letters to newspapers and magazines which give advice 63 many different subjects, including family problem, sex, the use 64 the language, health, cooking, childcare, clothes, and how to buy a house or a car.65 newspapers regularly print letters 66 readers with problems. Along 67 the letters there are answers written 68 people who are supposed to know how to 69 such problems. Some of these writers are doctors; 70 are lawyers or educators. But two of the most famous writers of advice 71 women without special training 72 this kind of work. One of them answers letters 73 to “Dear Abby”. The other is addressed74 “Dear Ann Landers”. Experience is their preparation for 75 advice.There is one writer who has not lived long 76 to have much experience. She is a girl named Angel Cavaliere, who started writing 77 for newspaper readers 78 the age of ten. Her advice to young readers now 79 regularly in the Philadelphia Bulletin in a column 80 DEAR ANGEL.61. A. talk B. ask C. tell D. speak62. A. Because B. Instead C. When D. As63. A. for B. in C. on D. with64. A. with B. on C. to D. of65. A. Most B. These C. Those D. The66. A. from B. for C. to D. about67. A. in B. with C. on D. for68. A. to B. for C. about D. by69. A. make B. overcome C. beat D. solve70. A. some B. many C. others D. those71. A. is B. are C. were D. was72. A. for B. on C. at D. by73. A. made B. addressed C. written D. sent74. A. with B. for C. to D. by75. A. producing B. giving C. making D. sending76. A. time B. yet C. way D. enough77. A. advise B. answers C. advice D. problems78. A. at B. on C. in D. about79. A. gives B. sends C. appears D. writes80. A. called B. arranged C. reached D. claimedPart Ⅳ Word Formation (1×10 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete statements in this part. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.81.They are not________with the performance of the students. (satisfy)82.There is________of religion in our country. (free)83.The police were delayed by the________of information about the crime. (absent)84.It is________that the company will make a big profit in the export trade. (like)85.Reading English novels can ________your vocabulary. (large)86.When college students are caught________in exam, they can be kicked out of school. (cheat)87.Following the________settlement of the strike, the train service is now back to normal. (success)88.________more time, the experts will be able to find out the cause of this disease finally. (give)89.It is essential that we________informed of your plans in advance. (be)90.The news that her son failed to pass the exam was so________that she hardly believe it. (disappoint)Part Ⅴ Translation (2×10 points)Section ADirections：There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from Chinese into English, and write the answer on the Answer Sheet.91.他们已经⼗年没见⾯了。
2009年度江苏南京大学考博英语试卷及解答
2009年江苏南京大学考博英语试卷及解答题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and Vocabulary1． The government has to decide whether cost or concern for the environment should take______ when choosing the route for the new road crossing the well-known scenic spot.A．solutionB．sightC．intellectD．precedence正确解答：D解析：句子大意为：当准备穿过这个著名的风景区修建一条道路的时候，是成本第一还是环境第一，政府必须做个决定。
在给出的选项中：solution“解决方案”；sight“视力、景象”；intellect“智力”：precedence“优先”。
所以，正确解答是D。
2． Trimmer is known as a tough manager who demands ______results.A．credibleB．undeniableC．dynamicD．tangible正确解答：B解析：句子大意为：特里默是一位严厉的经理，他只要无可争辩的好结果。
在给出的选项中：credible“可信的”；undeniable“大家公认的、无可争辩的”；dynamic“动态的”；tangible“有形的、可感的”。
所以，正确解答是B。
3． He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a ______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualtyB．criteriaC．dissectionD．necessity正确解答：C解析：句子大意为：他正在阅读林登·约翰逊的传记和亨利·基辛格的解析。
人大考博英语(2010-2017)
历年真题2017年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡReading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are4reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Questions16to20are based on the following passage．Sometimes,over a span of many Years,a business will continue to grow,generating ever-increasing amounts of cash,repurchasing stock,paying increased dividends,reducing debt, opening new stores,expanding production facilities,moving into new markets,etc.,while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant(or even falls)．When this happens,the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range．Take,for example,Wal-Mart.Over the past five years,the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over80％,profits by over100％,and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30％during that timeframe.Clearly,the valuation picture has changed.An investor that read the annual report back in2000or2001might have passed on the security,deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio.Today,however,the equation is completely different--despite the stock price,WalMart is,in essence,trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend,twice the earnings power, more stores,and a bigger infrastructure.Home Depot is in much the same boat,largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy．Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon.Ten years ago,in1996, the stock traded between a range of$36．10and$54．30per share.At the time,it had reported earnings per share of$1．40and paid a cash dividend of$0．50per share.Corporate per share book value was$2．48．Last year,the stock traded within a range of$40．30 and$45．30per share;squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior!Yet,despite the stagnant stock price,the2006estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share standaround$2．16(a rise of54％),the cash dividend has more than doubled to$1．20, book value is expected to have grown to$7．40per share(a gain of nearly300％),and the total number of shares outstanding(未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from2．481 billion to an estimated2．355billion due to the company's share repurchase program．16．This passage is probably a part of______．A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word“stagnant”(line4,Para.1)can be best paraphrased as______．A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price becauseA．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT______．A．the cash dividend has increasedB．the earning power has become strongerC．both businesses have continued to growD．the stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author,one had better______．A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value.of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price fails downQuestions21to25are based on the following passage．Today's college students are more narcissistic(自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors,according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society．“We need to stop endlessly repeating'You're special'and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author,Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.”“Unfortunately,narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society,including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said.The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived,at risk for infidelity,lack emotional warmth,and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty,and over-controlling and violent behaviors”.Twenge,the author of“Generation Me：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive,Entitled--and More Miserable Than Ever Before”,said narcissists tend to lack empathy,react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others．Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work.But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically,noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications．Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting.Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students,while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings,don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation．Hanady Kader,a University of Washington senior,said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded.But she is dismayed(气馁；心,)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status.“We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want,and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane,a University of Vermont sophomore,says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best,have a good time,but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides,some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome,Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,'No,I'm not special.'”21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may______．A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．All the above．22．The italicized word“commended”(line1,Para.3)means______．A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences．B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work．C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge．D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion．24．It is implied that______．A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism B．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study D．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be when you hear someone say“I'm special”．A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedQuestions26to30are based on the following passage．The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries．The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards,instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election,which can occur more than50days after the card vote is completed．Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill.The National Association of Manufacturers,The National Federation of Independent Business,the U.S.Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights”,said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill.Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion(旨迫,胁迫)from unions．Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said.He cites the31,358cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby,the secret ballot would not be eliminated.The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers.“On the ground,the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council,who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level．The bill has other provisions(规定，条款)as well.The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(促裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a con-tract after3months.An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for2years,a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional”.“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski．The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers.The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,the organization that oversees arbitration,reported that in2004,45percent of newly formed unions were deniedfirst contracts by employers.The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees.As it stands,the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages．26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth．B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth．C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment．D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees'income．27．According to its opponents,the bill______．A．will protect employees'rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．The word“it”(line5,Para.5)refers to______．A．the change B．the legislationC．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPTA．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries B．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employ ees30．It is implied that______．A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers'coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions31to35are based on the following passage．Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society,changing many people's views on race,history and politics.The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals．Muhammad AllCassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville,Kentucky,learning to fight at age12after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself.Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion,going on to win three world heavyweight titles.He became known as much for his swagger(趾高气扬)outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in1965,changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S.Army on religious grounds.Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease,even lighting the Olympic torch at the1996Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September11terrorist attacks．W.E．B．Du Bois(William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)Born in1868,this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent,prolific intellectuals of his time.An academic,activist and historian,Du Bois co-founded the National Associationfor the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),edited“The Crisis”magazine and wrote 17books,four journals and many other scholarly articles.In perhaps his most famous work,“The Souls of Black Folk”,published in1903,he predicted“the problem of20th century [would be］the problem of the colorline”．Martin Luther King Jr．The Rev.Martin Luther King Jr.is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement.He spearheaded(带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches,sit-ins,boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affect-ed Americans'attitudes toward race relations.He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in1964．Malcolm XBlack leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early1960s.He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following,which continued even after his death in1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's1992movie“Malcolm X”was released．Jackie RobinsonIn1947,Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S.major leagues.After retirement from baseball in1957,he remained active in civil rights and youth activities.In1962,he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame．31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army．B．He learned to fight at an early age．C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing．D．He loves peace．32．The italicized word“prolific”(line2,Para.3)is synonymous to______．A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W.E．B．Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people．B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S.major baseball leagues throughout his life．C．Martin Luther King Jr.was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements．D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death．34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized．B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death．C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime．D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities．35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of Famous African AmericansB．Influence of Famous African AmericansC．Political Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsPartⅢVocabulary(10％)Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word.And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to______the weightof the building．A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very______at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference．A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong______to swimming in summer because of the hot weather．A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was______by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting．A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be______in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them．A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology．A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years______before he returned home from the United States．A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities．A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing,the sign X______the unknown number．A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much______by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall．A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a______relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade．A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's______was that she should go and see the specialist in this field．A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its______declaration in1970that oceans were the heritage of mankind．A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments.Do you know of any______ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get______quickly．A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a(n)______action to strengthen the market management．A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to______it．A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same______on the matter．A．potentiality B．sentiment C．Postscript D．subscription54．We cannot be______with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday．A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region．A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPartⅣCloze(10%)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level.Nearly one-third of all human beings live within36miles of a coastline.Most of the world's great seaport cities would be56:New Orleans, Amsterdam,Shanghai,and Cairo.Some countries--Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific--would be inundated.Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,57large populations occupy lowlying areas,would suffer extreme 58．Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,59in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.60water quality may result as61flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable,natural62could be flooded with ocean water,destroying forever many of the63plant and animal species living there．Food supplies and forests would be64affected.Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture.Warmer temperatures would65grain-growing regions pole-wards.The warming would also increase and change the pest plants,such as weeds and the insects66 the crops．Human health would also be affected.Warming could67tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever,malaria,and other diseases.Heat stress and heat mortality could rise.The harmful68of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69There will be some70from warming.New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic,longer growing seasons further north will71new agricultural lands,and warmer temperature will make some of today'scolder regions more72But these benefits will be in individual areas.The natural systems --both plant and animal--will be less able than man to cope and73Any change of temperature,rainfall,and sea level of the magnitude now74will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well．The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions75by global warming．56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered 57．A．which B．where C．when D．what' 58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying 60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban 62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest 63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting 64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating 67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests 69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution 70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits 71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflected PartⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10%) Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese,and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET．Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it,but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being．For most of human history,the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefitside of the energy-well-being equation.Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting,converting,and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience,deprivation and constraints on growth.The1970's,then,represented a turning point.After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects.It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply.It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits．PartⅥWritingDirections:You are asked to write in no less than200words about the title of“Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China”.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
中国人大2001-2004历年考博英语真题(1)
中国人民大学2001Ⅱ V ocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.1.And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and of youth.A. vagueB. vigorC. vogueD. vulgar2.All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is——carefully the risks and benefits.A. valuingB. evaluatingC. estimatingD. weighing3.Chinese often shake my hand and don’t let go. They talk away contentedly,of my discomfort and struggle to disengage my hand.A. obliviousB. patentC. obviousD. pernicious4.The word “foolish” is too mild to describe your behavior, I would prefer the word .A. ideologicalB. idyllicC. idioticD. idiomatic5.Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car has Germany’s TouringCar Championship.A. conqueredB. contestedC. dominatedD. determined6.What we consider a luxury at one time frequently becomes a , many families find that ownership of two cars is indispensable.A. fashionB. necessityC. proclivityD. nuisance7.The chief editor thought he took some liberties with the original in translation. So it was necessary that he make the suggested.A. alterationsB. alternativesC. alternationsD. altercations8.Many well-educated people don’t believe that will endanger freedom of speech.A. censershipB. censureshipC. sensorshipD. censorship9.The of “snake” is simply this: a legless reptile with a long, thin body.A. connotationB. denominationC. donationD. denotation10.When the opposing player fouled John, John let his anger his good sense and hit the boy back.A. got the feel ofB. got the hang ofC. got the better ofD. got the worst ofPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.11.Although this book claims to be a biography of George Washington, many of the incidents are imaginary.A. fascinatingB. factitiousC. fastidiousD. fictitious12.The trade fair is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese auto industriesand overseas auto industries.A. promoteB. protectC. preserveD. prolong13.He was concerned only with mundane matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.A. rationalB. obscureC. worldlyD. eminent14.The earthquake that occurred in India this year was a major calamity in which a great many lives were lost.A. casualtyB. catastropheC. catalogueD. crusade15.The doctors were worried because the patient did not recuperate as rapidly as they had expected.A. withdrawB. emergeC. recoverD. uncover16.The purchaser of this lorry is protected by the manufacturer’s warranty that he will re place any defective part for five years or 50,000 miles.A. prohibitionB. insuranceC. prophecyD. guarantee17.The boy could not reconcile himself to the failure, he did not believe that was his lot.A. submitB. commitC. transmitD. permit18.In some cities of North China, the noise pollution is as pronounced as that in Tokyo.A. contemptuousB. contagiousC. conspicuousD. contemplated19.Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A. exceedB. witherC. overpassD. neglect20.We were discussing the housing problem when a middle-aged man cut in and said,“There’s no point in talking about impossibilities.”A. intersectB. interjectC. penetrateD. adulterateⅢ Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile for mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much more likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On 23 the other hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to happen24 than in a comparable accident 25 on the roads.Motorways have no 26 bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and 27 speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is 28 in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mpb limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps 29 ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups 30 vehicle stops for some reason, such as mechanical failure, driver error and so on, have become all 31 familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How 32 of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop 33 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. 34 wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they 35 at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions 36 their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy。
2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. Smith is supposed______for Italy last week.A．to have leftB．having leftC．to leaveD．to be leaving正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：史密斯先生上周就——动身去意大利了。
本题考查常用动词suppose的用法。
sb．be supposed to do sth．相当于sb．should do sth．，意为“某人应该做某事”；sb．be supposed to have done sth．相当于sb．should have done sth．，意为“某人本应该做某事”。
由于本题涉及过去的时间，故须使用完成时态，表示虚拟语气。
所以，正确答案是A。
2．With an initial investment of only ten thousand dollars, both partners have increased their money______.A．by two thousand moreB．by two thousandC．for two thousand moreD．for two thousand正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：由于初始投资只有一万美元，双方各自又——了两千美元。
本题考查常用动词的搭配用法。
动词increase常和介词by搭配，表示具体增加的量。
副词more在本题中属于累赘。
所以，正确答案是B。
3．A______from every person, no matter how small, will help the Red Cross reach its goal of $100,000.A．contractB．concentrationC．contributionD．construction正确答案：C解析：句子大意为：不论多么微小的个人——都有助于红十字会实现其十万美元的募捐目标。
【考研】2009年考研英语真题及答案
【考研】2009年考研英语真题及答案考研对于众多学子来说，是一场充满挑战和机遇的征程。
而考研英语作为其中的重要科目，其真题的研究对于备考具有至关重要的意义。
2009 年的考研英语真题，犹如一本承载着知识与智慧的厚重书籍，等待着我们去翻阅和解读。
在 2009 年考研英语的真题中，我们首先看到的是英语知识运用部分。
这一部分主要考查考生对词汇、语法等基础知识的掌握和运用能力。
题目涵盖了词汇的辨析、固定搭配、语法结构等多个方面。
比如，有关于近义词的区分，要求考生在细微的语义差别中做出准确的选择；还有对复杂句子结构的理解，需要考生清晰地把握句子的逻辑关系，从而找到正确的答案。
阅读理解部分一直是考研英语的重点和难点。
2009 年的阅读理解文章题材广泛，涉及社会科学、自然科学、人文艺术等多个领域。
这些文章不仅在语言上具有一定的难度，更在思想深度和逻辑推理方面对考生提出了较高的要求。
考生需要在有限的时间内，快速阅读并理解文章的主旨大意，捕捉关键信息，同时还要能够对文中的观点进行分析和判断。
新题型部分也是颇具特色。
无论是排序题、小标题匹配题还是段落填空，都考验着考生对文章整体结构和逻辑关系的把握。
这要求考生具备较强的综合分析能力和对语言的敏感度，能够在不同的题型中灵活运用解题技巧。
翻译部分则对考生的语言转换能力进行了考查。
考生需要将给定的英语句子准确、通顺地翻译成汉语，这不仅需要扎实的词汇和语法基础，还需要对中英两种语言的表达方式和文化背景有一定的了解。
写作部分包括小作文和大作文。
小作文通常是应用性的文体，如书信、通知等，考查考生在实际情境中的语言运用能力。
大作文则更注重考生的观点表达、论证能力和语言组织能力，要求考生能够用清晰、连贯的语言阐述自己的观点，并进行充分的论证。
接下来，我们来看一下 2009 年考研英语真题的答案。
对于每一道题目的答案，都有其背后的解题思路和依据。
在英语知识运用部分，答案的得出往往基于对词汇和语法的准确理解。
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www.kaobo100.com 中国考博辅导首选学校
人大2009年考博英语真题整理（最全版）
II. Vocabulary (10 points) 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable 2、 One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve （PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 有售各院校真题） 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15
points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria 7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools. A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived. www.kaobo100.com 中国考博辅导首选学校 A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated
D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese. A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out 10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be distributed. A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogin Part B (5 points) 11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby. A. depict B. advocate D; criticize D. analyze 12,. They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival. A.confirm B. achieve C.match D exaggerate 13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes. A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous i4. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction. A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries 15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling. A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing 16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown. A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort 17. Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions. www.kaobo100.com 中国考博辅导首选学校 A. trustworthy B. intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region. A. intriguing B. exasperating: C. demonstrative D. unprovoked 19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for .nocturnal raids in the forest. A. illegal B. night-time C, brutal D. abusive 20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugal III. Cloze (10 points) Directions : Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I. Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has 22 ____ into a full- time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguidein April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet. Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on Yahoo. During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community. They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material 32___ on the Intemet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they selected