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IEEE 1243 --1997

IEEE Std 1243-1997 IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission LinesSponsorTransmission and Distribution Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved 26 June 1997IEEE Standards BoardAbstract: The effects of routing, structure type, insulation, shielding, and grounding on transmis-sion lines are discussed. The way these transmission-line choices will improve or degrade light-ning performance is also provided. An additional section discusses several special methods that may be used to improve lightning performance. Finally, a listing and description of the FLASH pro-gram is presented.Keywords: grounding, lightning protection, overhead electric power transmission, shieldingIEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinat-ing Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in the develop-ment of the standard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is sub-jected to review at least every Þve years for revision or reafÞrmation. When a document is more than Þve years old and has not been reafÞrmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reßect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership afÞliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments.Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to speciÞc applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards rep-resent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration.Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary, IEEE Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (508) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational class-room use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Introduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1243-1997, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Trans-mission Lines.)For most overhead power transmission lines, lightning is the primary cause of unscheduled interruptions.Several methods for estimating lightning-outage rates have been developed in the past, and many publica-tions have been written on how to design transmission lines that experience minimum interruptions.The methods for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines show several approaches to a real-life engineering problem that is ill-deÞned. Precise constants are rarely known and are often not really con-stant, input data is difÞcult to describe mathematically except in idealized ways, and outputs may be depictable only by probabilities or average values. By its nature, lightning is difÞcult to study and model. Lightning tran-sients are so fast that air ionization time constants lead to a time- and waveshape-dependent insulation strength. Lightning peak currents may be ten times higher or lower than the median 31 kA value. Typical ground-ßash densities are between 1 and 10 ßashes/km 2 , so a typical 100 km long strip of width 20 m should receive 2Ð20 ßashes per year. A transmission line of normal height will receive ten times more ßashes because it is tall. Structure footing impedances vary with soil characteristics, ßash current, and time. Nonlinear corona and surge response effects change the waveshape and magnitude of stresses. As a further complication, light-ning ßash density varies widely from year to year and changes with location and season.Any method of judging the lightning performance of transmission lines must cope with these uncertainties.It is pointless, and indeed misleading, to promote a method that is more precise than the accuracy of the input data. The uncertainties of the problem do permit some simpliÞcation of the method; rough estimates are likely to be as correct as a much more detailed solution. It is in this spirit that this guide and the FLASH program have been prepared. If the transmission-line designer keeps these limitations in mind, the factors that most inßuence the lightning performance of a given transmission line may be evaluated.Knowledge has improved in recent years in such areas as shielding design, stroke characteristics, impulse current behavior of grounds, and lightning ground-ßash density. Work is continuing in these areas, as well as others. However, a simple design guide is needed now. It is the purpose of this publication to provide a sim-pliÞed guide that includes new advances in this Þeld, for use by transmission-line designers.The IEEE Working Group on Estimating the Lightning Performance of Overhead Transmission Lines had the following membership during the preparation of this guide:James T. Whitehead, Chair, 1985-1989William A. Chisholm, Chair, 1989-1997The Working Group would like to thank the many individuals who reviewed the text and provided comments in the review and balloting process.John G. AndersonJohn W. AndersonPhilip BarkerRalph BernsteinJames E. ChapmanPritindra ChowdhuriErnico CinieriRoger ClaytonLuigi DelleraHamid ElahiAndrew J. ErikssonGeorge GelaStanislaw Grzybowski Christopher Hickman Andrew R. Hileman Atsuyuki Inoue Marasu Ishii Wasyl Janischewskyj John Kappenman Robert C. Latham Duilio M. Leite Vito J. Longo Harry G. Mathews James McBride Thomas McDermott Hideki Motoyama Charles H. Moser Abdul M. Mousa Richard E. Orville Dee E. Parrish Charles Pencinger John B. Posey Joseph D. Renowden Farouk A. M. Rizk Thomas Short Mohamed H. Shwehdi Martin A. Uman Edward R. WhiteheadThis document is dedicated to the work and memory of Ed Whitehead:ÒLightning is the enemy,Trees are your friends,TheyÕll shield your linesHoweÕer the leader bends.ÓThe following persons were on the balloting committee:Hanna E. Abdallah Edward J. Adolphson Glenn AndersenJ. G. AndersonJames E. Applequist Edwin AverillMichael P. Baldwin Phil P. BarkerRon L. BarkerE. BetancourtJohn BoyleH. Steve Brewer Joseph F. BuchJames J. Burke Vernon L. Chartier Nisar ChaurdhryPrit ChowdhuriDon ChuEnrico CinieriSam ClutsThomas M. Compton F. Leonard Consalvo William T. CrokerPaul L. Dandeno Glenn A. DavidsonR. DeckerTom. Diamantis William K. DickDale A. Douglass Robert Engelken William E. FeeroJon M. Ferguson Harald FienJames FunkeGeorge GelaDonald A. Gillies Edwin J. Tip Goodwin I. S. GrantStan GrzybowskiAdel E. Hammad Jerome G. Hanson Donald G. Heald Roland Heinrichs Richard W. Hensel Steven P. Hensley Christopher W. Hickman Andrew Robert Hileman John Hunt Atsuyuki InoueWasyl JanischewskyjJohn G. KappenmanRichard KennonJeff J. KesterRobert O. KlugeEd KnappNestor KolcioAlan E. KollarDonald E. KoonceDavid J. KourySamy G. KrishnasamyBarin KumarStephen R. LambertRobert C. LathamBenny H. LeeGerald E. LeeAntonio L. LimJoseph MaK. T. MassoudaMike. McCaffertyJohn McDanielNigel P. McQuinRoss McTaggartJohn E. Merando Jr.Sam MichaelJ. David MitchellDaleep MohlaRichard K. MooreJ. H. MoranHideki MotoyamaAbdul M. MousaJay L. NichollsD. L. NickelGeorge B. NilesStig L. NilssonRonald J. OedemannRobert G. OswaldGerald A. PaivaBert ParsonsMohammad A. PashaJesse M. PattonDavid F. PeeloCarlos PeixotoThomas J. PekarekRobert C. PetersTrevor PfaffR. Leon PlasterPercy E. PoolSteven C. PowellPatrick D. QuinnParvez RashidJerry L. RedingJoseph RenowdenFrank RichensStephen J. RodickJohn R. RossettiG. W. RoweTim E. RoysterThomas J. RozekJohn S. RumbleAnne-Marie SahazizianMahesh P. SampatDonald SandellNeil P. SchmidtJohn SchneiderMinesh ShahDevki N. SharmaJohn SheaTom ShortMohamed H. ShwehdiHyeong Jin SimPritpal SinghTarkeshwar SinghRobert A. SmithStephen F. SmithBrian T. SteinbrecherGary E. StemlerL .R. StenslandRobert P. StewartMike F. StringfellowAndy SweetanaEva J. TarasiewiczSubhash C. TuliJ. G. TzimorangasJoseph J. VaschakJohn VithayathilReigh WallingDaniel J. WardJames T. WhiteheadJeffrey S. WilliamsFrank S. YoungLuciano E. ZaffanellaPeter ZhaoRich ZinserWilliam B. ZollarsWhen the IEEE Standards Board approved this guide on 26 June 1997, it had the following membership:Donald C. Loughry, Chair Richard J. Holleman, Vice ChairAndrew G. Salem, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. AggarwalAlan H. CooksonErika H. MurphyIEEE Standards Project EditorNational Electrical Safety Code and NESC are registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.Clyde R. Camp Stephen L. Diamond Harold E. Epstein Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster*Thomas F. Garrity Donald N. Heirman Jim Isaak Ben C. JohnsonLowell JohnsonRobert KennellyE. G. ÒAlÓ KienerJoseph L. KoepÞnger*Stephen R. LambertLawrence V . McCallL. Bruce McClungMarco W. Migliaro Louis-Fran•ois Pau Gerald H. Peterson John W. Pope Jose R. Ramos Ronald H. Reimer Ingo RŸsch John S. Ryan Chee Kiow TanHoward L. WolfmanContents1.Overview (1)1.1Scope (1)1.2Purpose (1)1.3Disclaimer (2)2.References (2)3.Definitions and Acronyms (2)3.1Definitions (2)3.2Acronyms (4)4.Route selection (4)4.1Lightning frequency of incidence (4)4.2Route effects (5)4.3Structure height (5)4.4Soil resistivity (6)4.5Adjacent environment (6)5.Shielding (6)5.1Shielding angle (7)5.2The final leader step (7)5.3Flashover from shielding failure (9)5.4Shielding and engineering (10)5.5Shielding of the center phase (12)5.6Overhead ground wire size and operating losses (12)6.Insulation (13)6.1Effect of voltage waveshapes (13)6.2Effect of insulation levels and insulation type (16)6.3Wood or fiberglass in series with insulators (17)6.4Effect of power-line voltage (17)7.Tower footing impedance (18)7.1Composite line performance (18)7.2Supplemental grounding (19)7.3Counterpoise (20)7.4Resistance of complex footings (21)7.5Special grounding effects (21)8.Special methods of improving lightning performance (22)8.1Additional shield wires (22)8.2Guy wires on transmission towers (23)8.3Ground wire on separate structures (23)8.4Line surge arresters (23)8.5Unbalanced insulation on double-circuit lines (24)8.6Active air terminals (24)Annex A (informative) Isolated bonding of wooden structures (26)Annex B (normative) The FLASH program (27)Annex C (informative) Bibliography (34)IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines1. Overview1.1 ScopeFor this guide, a transmission line is any overhead line with a phase-to-phase voltage exceeding 69 kV and an average conductor height of more than 10 m. The transmission line is usually shielded by one or more overhead ground wires (OHGWs), at least for a short distance from a substation. While reference is prima-rily made to ac transmission characteristics, the guide is also relevant for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) overhead lines.The guide is written for the transmission-line designer. When given the problem of designing or redesigning a transmission line, the designer should consider certain limiting factors such as the voltage level, the begin-ning and ending points for the transmission line, and the desired ampacity of the line. Sometimes the exact route, and the type of conductor and structure have already been determined. Usually the designer may choose structural details, the geometry of the structure, the structure height, the exact placement of the OHGWs, the amount and type of insulation, the type of grounding, and other design features of a line. This guide is written to show the designer which choices will improve or degrade lightning performance. Sections of the guide discuss the effect of routing, structure type, insulation, shielding, and grounding. An additional section discusses several special methods, which may be used to improve lightning performance. Finally, in Annex B, a listing and description of the FLASH program is presented.The line designer should be aware that lightning performance is not of primary importance in the economics of line designing. Other factors, such as line length, right-of-way costs, construction costs, material costs, and losses affect the economics of a line design much more than lightning performance. The designer should always balance the costs of higher insulation levels, improved grounding, better shielding, or line relocation against the beneÞts of improved reliability.1.2 PurposeThis guide contains simple mathematical equations, tables, and graphs that provide the information needed to design an overhead power transmission line with minimum lightning interruptions. Versions 1.6 and 1.7 of the FLASH program are provided on the diskette included with this guide. Annex B includes a description of the program. The FLASH program uses the models in the design guide along with a description of transmission-line features to estimate the lightning outage rate that may be expected. These simpliÞed models may also be adapted to assess the beneÞts of novel methods for improving lightning performance.IEEEStd 1243-1997IEEE GUIDE FOR IMPROVING THE 1.3 DisclaimerThe FLASH program is included in this guide as a convenience to the user. Other numerical methods may be more appropriate in certain situations. The IEEE Working Group on Estimating the Lightning Performance of Overhead Transmission Lines of the Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee has made every effort to ensure that the program yields representative calculations under anticipated conditions. However, there may well be certain calculations for which the method is not appropriate. It is the responsibility of the user to check calculations against Þeld experience or other existing calculation methods.2. ReferencesThis guide shall be used in conjunction with the following standards. When the following standards are superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply.ANSI C2-1997, National Electrical Safety Code¨ (NESC¨).1ANSI C29.1-1988 (Reaff 1996), American National Standard for Electric Power InsulatorsÑTest Methods.2 ANSI C29.2-1992, American National Standard for InsulatorsÑWet Process Porcelain and Toughened GlassÑSuspension Type.ANSI C29.8-1985 (Reaff 1995), American National Standard for Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators (Appara-tus, Cap, and Pin Type).3. DeÞnitions and Acronyms3.1 DeÞnitions3.1.1 active air terminal: An air terminal which has been modiÞed to lower its corona inception gradient.3.1.2 air terminal (lightning protection): The combination of an elevation rod and brace, or footing placed on upper portions of structures, together with tip or point, if used.3.1.3 back ßashover (lightning): A ßashover of insulation resulting from a lightning stroke to part of a net-work or electric installation which is normally at ground potential. See also:direct-stroke protection.3.1.4 back-ßashover rate: The annual outage rate on a circuit or tower-line length basis caused by back ßashover on a transmission line.3.1.5 counterpoise: A conductor or system of conductors arranged beneath the line; located on, above, or most frequently below the surface of the earth; and connected to the grounding systems of the towers or poles supporting the transmission lines.3.1.6 critical current: The Þrst-stroke lightning current to a phase conductor which produces a critical impulse ßashover voltage wave.1The NESC is available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA. It is also available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA.2ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.IEEE LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES Std 1243-1997 3.1.7 critical impulse ßashover voltage (insulators) (CFO): The crest value of the impulse wave which, under speciÞed conditions, causes ßashover through the surrounding medium on 50% of the applications.3.1.8 direct stroke protection (lightning): Lightning protection designed to protect a network or electric installation against direct strokes.3.1.9 ßashover: A disruptive discharge through air around or over the surface of solid or liquid insulation, between parts of different potential or polarity, produced by the application of voltage wherein the break-down path becomes sufÞciently ionized to maintain an electric arc.3.1.10 ground electrode: A conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with the ground for the purpose of providing a connection with the ground.3.1.11 ground ßash density (GFD): The average number of lightning strokes to ground per unit area per unit time at a particular location.3.1.12 lightning Þrst stroke: A lightning discharge to ground initiated when the tip of a downward stepped leader meets an upward leader from the earth.3.1.13 lightning ßash: The complete lightning discharge, most often composed of leaders from a cloud fol-lowed by one or more return strokes.3.1.14 lightning subsequent stroke: A lightning discharge that may follow a path already established by a Þrst stroke.3.1.15 lightning outage: A power outage following a lightning ßashover that results in system fault current, thereby necessitating the operation of a switching device to clear the fault.3.1.16 line lightning performance: The performance of a line expressed as the annual number of lightning ßashovers on a circuit mile or tower-line mile basis. See also:direct-stroke protection.3.1.17 line surge arrester: A protective device for limiting surge voltages on transmission-line insulation by discharging or bypassing surge current; it prevents continued ßow of follow-current to ground and is capable of repeating these functions.3.1.18 overhead ground wire (OHGW): Grounded wire or wires placed above the phase conductors for the purpose of intercepting direct strokes in order to prevent the phase conductors from the direct strokes. They may be grounded directly or indirectly through short gaps. See also:direct-stroke protection.3.1.19 shielding failure ßash-over rate (SFFOR): The annual number of ßashovers on a circuit or tower-line length basis caused by shielding failures.3.1.20 shielding failure rate (SFR): The annual number of lightning events on a circuit or tower-line length basis, which bypass the overhead ground/shield wire and terminate directly on the phase conductor. This event may or may not cause ßashover.3.2 shield wire: Grounded wire(s) placed near the phase conductors for the purposes ofa)Protecting phase conductors from direct lightning strokes,b)Reducing induced voltages from external electromagnetic Þelds,c)Lowering the self-surge impedance of an OHGW system, ord)Raising the mutual surge impedance of an OHGW system to the protected phase conductors.3.2.1 standard lightning impulse: A unidirectional surge having a 30Ð90% equivalent rise time of 1.2 m s and a time to half value of 50 m s.IEEEStd 1243-1997IEEE GUIDE FOR IMPROVING THE 3.2.2 transmission line: Any overhead line used for electric power transmission with a phase-to-phase volt-age exceeding 69 kV and an average conductor height of more than 10 m.3.2.3 underbuilt shield wires: Shield wires arranged among or below the average height of the protected phase conductors for the purposes of lowering the OHGW system impedance and improving coupling. Underbuilt shield wires may be bonded to the structure directly or indirectly through short gaps. Insulated earth return conductors on HVDC transmission lines, and/or faulted phases, both function as underbuilt shield wires.3.2 AcronymsACSR aluminum conductor, steel reinforcedAWG American Wire GageCFO critical ßashoverEGM electro-geometricEHV extra-high voltageGFD ground ßash densityHV high voltageHVDC high-voltage direct currentOHGW overhead ground wireRTS rated tensile strengthSFR shielding failure rateSFFOR shielding failure ßashover rate4. Route selectionMany factors play an important role in route selection. Power system considerations dictate where the trans-mission line should begin and end. Economic considerations require the line to be as short as possible, because construction costs and electrical losses are high. Certain environmental constraints dictate where and how a transmission line may be built. Even with these restrictions, there are still ways for the transmis-sion-line designer to make decisions that will affect the lightning performance of the line. It is the purpose of this clause to illustrate the ways that a designer may improve the lightning performance of a transmission line by selecting the proper route.4.1 Lightning frequency of incidenceLightning location systems and ßash-counter networks have been deployed in North America [B11], [B34]3 and elsewhere. With enough experience, these networks may provide detailed ground ßash-density (GDF) maps. Orographic and geographic features, such as proximity to large bodies of water or elevation changes, will affect the ßash density. Flash-density maps will provide much greater detail and accuracy than what was previously available with thunder data. A typical GDF map is shown in [B35]. Lightning severity maps may also be available to show where more damaging lightning strokes occur. When two routes with similar soil characteristics are being compared, the route through a region with lower density of severe ßashes will have fewer outages.With more detailed maps averaged over enough time, the designer may select a route with a minimum expo-sure to lightning. By way of guidance about the averaging time required, MacGorman et al. [B29] found that 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex C.IEEE LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES Std 1243-1997 one-year average thunder data had roughly 35Ð40% standard deviations, Þve-year averages had 30% stan-dard deviations, and ten-year averages had 25% standard deviations. A similar variation would be expected for GFD. Thus, a minimum of 5Ð10 years of GFD observations are desirable. The natural scatter of lightning activity may make it impossible to estimate a mean value with more precision than the ten-year standard deviation.4.2 Route effectsThe transmission-line designer is often faced with the choice of routing a line through a valley, along the side of a mountain, or on the top of a mountain. This decision may affect the lightning performance of the line in two ways. First, the route may affect the exposure of the line to lightning. Second, soil resistivity may be different for alternate routes. The effects of soil resistivity are discussed in 4.4.Transmission line exposure is affected by both GFD and by the lineÕs physical relation to its environment. A structure that protrudes above the surrounding terrain is more likely to be struck by lightning than a structure shielded by natural features. Structures located along the top of mountains, ridges, or hills will be likely targets for lightning strikes. These locations should be avoided as much as possible. It is preferable to locate structures along mountain sides where the top of the structure does not appear higher than the top of the mountain or ridge. Locating lines in the ßoor of a narrow valley may provide the line with useful lightning protection.Detailed design of lines should consider the effects of different routes on structure height, soil, or overburden depth and the adjacent environment.4.3 Structure heightThe Þrst factor of a line route that affects lightning performance is structure height, especially if its towers are higher than the surrounding terrain. Increasing the tower height has two important effects: more ßashes are collected by the taller structure, and the shielding characteristics of overhead conductors change as height is increased, as explained in Clause 5.The ßash collection rate, N s , is given by the following equation [B18]:(1)wherehis the tower height (m); bis the OHGW separation distance (m); N gis the GFD (ßashes/km 2 /yr); N s is the ßashes/100 km/yr.From Equation (l), if the tower height is increased by 20%, the ßash rate to the line would increase by 12%.If a measured value of N g is not available, it may be estimated [B18], [B29] using(2)(3)whereT dis the number of thunderstorm days/yr (Keraunic Level);N S N g 28h 0.6b +10-----------------------èøæö=N g 0.04T d 1.25=N g 0.04T h1.1=IEEEStd 1243-1997IEEE GUIDE FOR IMPROVING THE T h is the number of thunderstorm hours/yr.Data for T d and T h may be obtained from several meteorological sources, (e.g., [B11], [B29]).4.4 Soil resistivityThe second factor of a line route that affects lightning performance is soil resistivity. Resistivity has a linear relationship to footing impedance, which is explained in Clause 7. Substantial voltages are generated on grounded members of the structure when either the OHGW or the structure are struck by lightning. High structure footing impedances cause increased voltages and more lightning outages for a given lightning exposure.A complete line design will specify the types and sizes of ground electrodes needed to achieve the required footing impedance. The electrode sizes and shapes will depend on the range of soil conductivities found on installation. In some geographic areas, surveys of apparent ground resistivity have been carried out for radio-frequency broadcast [B25] or geological purposes. In particular, airborne electromagnetic surveys [B36] at 10Ð50 kHz return a suitable conductivity-depth product which may be analyzed further or used directly for tower spotting.High footing impedances occur in rocky terrain, which should be avoided as much as possible. When rocky terrain may not be avoided, improved grounding methods should be used to lower footing impedances to acceptable values. These improved methods usually require large-ring or radial-crowfoot installation at con-siderable cost. Rocky terrain usually occurs on mountain tops and mountain sides, while river lowlands tend to have low soil resistivity. This is a second reason why transmission-line routes away from hill crests will tend to have better lightning performance.4.5 Adjacent environmentOne way to prevent structures from being a target for lightning is to take advantage of surrounding forestation. Tall trees located near the transmission line may intercept a lightning stroke which may have caused an outage if the tree had not been there. Most transmission lines have sufÞcient impulse strength to be immune to the resulting induced voltages. Reference [B31] provides additional information about the effects of forestation. When possible, lines may be routed through forestation and tall trees may be left in place near the line. Trees that may fall on the line or reduce operating clearances will require more frequent trimming, and forest Þres may degrade the line protection locally. However, the reduction in apparent line height and corresponding reduction in lightning outages may still be worthwhile.Tall structures located in ßat, open Þelds make excellent targets for lightning. In these conditions, the struc-ture height should be minimized, and the structure footing impedance should be reduced much as possible. Another way to use the surrounding environment to shield a transmission line from lightning is to route the line next to existing transmission line structures. Experience has shown that a line sharing right-of-way with another line having taller structures will have fewer lightning outages than if it were on a separate right-of-way. Two lines of identical design and on adjacent rights-of-way share lightning strikes resulting in lower than normal outage rates for both lines. This improvement should be balanced with the greater risk of multi-ple line outages.5. ShieldingWhen lightning strikes a phase conductor, no other object shares in carrying the lightning current. Most ßashes to an unprotected phase conductor are therefore capable of producing ßashovers. OHGWs may inter-cept the stroke and shunt the current to the ground through the tower impedance and footing resistance if they are properly located. The resultant voltages across the transmission-line insulation, and the likelihood。

难句分析

难句分析一．分割结构1. We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.2. Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler's life.3. Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their streetwhen an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.4. Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as themachines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.5. But not as mixed up as another student in my economic class who came there directfrom a physics laboratory.6. Th e willingness to recognize the value of these newer “unscientific” ways o f doing science may be another instance of the human ability to adapt and survive, of which we spoke earlier.7. The tour races of France and Italy, held each year, cover more than 2,000 miles.8. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper ateaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.9. Practitioners explicitly interpret what they observe, and often categorize theirdata after the data collection process is complete and from the perspectives of the people they were observing.10.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from thegovernment official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.11.The process of careful observation, perception of a pattern in the phenomenaobserved, followed by exploitation of this knowledge, has largely inspired the area of human activity known as “science”12.I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years, about howexcessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate growth.13.I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 DowningStreet.14. Even his critics say the Ames test -- his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedurethat helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer — is a remarkableachievement.15.Recalls Donald Barr Chidsey in On and Off the Wagon: “Lawbreaking(违法)proved to be not painful, not even uncomfortable, but, in a mild(柔和的)and perfectly safe way, exhilarating.”16.The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the lifeof the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological deat h is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.二．并列平行结构1. There are races on foot, in vehicles of all kinds, and on horses.2. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and whereexits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thoughtEngland owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.4. Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, maymake the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.5. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to buildhomes or to design cities is culturally influenced.6. Then I recall wanting the book again and looking about for it, but not findingit and wondering where it was.7. And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animalsare harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.8. Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile,or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.9. Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there agrown-up person with fully developed mental powers.10.In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or lesspleasing. At whatever table, they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.11.I remember being vaguely annoyed when the gunman pulled me from the carby the hair. I remember the walk to the house... I remember the fear and anger in the gunman's voice.12.For those small groups, there are relay races in running and swimming insummer, and relay in skiing in winter.13. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living spacefor most of man's fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth.14.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beautywhen it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.15.We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in ourbackward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.16. The intentional termination of life of one human being by another-- mercykilling -- is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association.17.This is not an easy lesson to learn, es pecially when we are young and thinkthat the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay (不), will, be ours.18. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and indoing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or tocontrol and adapt it to their own needs.19. It is the leading language of medicine and space technology, ofinternational business and advertising, of radio, television and film.20.And the limited investments that are made in training workers are alsomuch more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.21.As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, thesurprising thing about computers is not that they are less well than a man, but that they think at all.22. A happy smile spread over his broad, priest-like face, and he assured methat they had some so large, so splendid, so tender, that it was a marvel.23.Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed, to bekept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.24.Second, we have tried to isolate some of the key factors that governservice quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.25.Though Jim Thorpe has brought great glory to his nation, though thousandsof people cheered him upon his return to the United States and attended banquets and a New York parade in his honor he was not a citizen.26.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill donot want to know that truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, ordeteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.27. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all thestructures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation.28. The great challenge in chemistry is the development of a coherentexplanation of the complex behaviour of materials, why they appear as they do, what gives them their enduring properties, and how interactions among different substances can bring about the formation of new substances and the destruction of old ones.29. First, by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation,scientists have to spell out clearly what the data are, what the explanation is, and what the reasons are for believing the explanation.rmation systems affect the scope and quality of health care, makesocial services more equitable, enhance personal comfort, provide a greater measure of safety and mobility, and extend the variety of leisure forms at one' s disposal.31.A book, for the purpose of tiffs discussion, is a written or printed messageof considerable length, meant for public circulation and recorded onmaterials that are light yet durable enough to afford comparatively easy portability.32. It was mostly he who talked and he seemed afraid to stop for fear she' dask him to leave her by herself.33.It is probably true, as many believe, that Holmes was modeled after Dr.Joseph Bell of Edinburgh, but there is also no doubt that in a very real sense Holmes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle himself.三．同位语结构1. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.2. The first great idea is electronics, the technology that enables acooperative global exchange of information, lectures and courses.3. Here then is the first pole (极点) of life's paradoxical(矛盾的) demands onus; never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life.4. To begin with a familiar type of situation, a patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pai n, which can no longer besatisfactorily alleviated (缓解).5. Pamela Doviak, an expert in the highly classified field of silencing nuclearsubmarines, has listed a series of discrimination complaints against the Navy because she is not permitted to go on sea trials to see her efforts at work.6. This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by thefact that Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the U. S with a solid grounding in mathematics but little or n o knowledge of English.7. Both explanations for academic success worry Asian-Americans because offears that they feed a typical racial image.8. President Coolidge's statement “the business of America is business”, stillpoints to an important truth today- that business institution have more prestige (声望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government.9. The fact that this idea leads to such results as deciding life or death onirrelevant ground is another good reason w hy the doctrine (学说)should be rejected(抵制)。

2023年大学_英语国家社会与文化入门试题及答案

2023年英语国家社会与文化入门试题及答案英语国家社会与文化入门试题一、Fill in the following information gaps(20%)(1 point each)1. 80%2. 16073. Nature4. the legislative5 .corporation 6. Wall Street7.the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant 8. Italy9 .Fennimore Cooper. 10. Leaves of Grass11. the front line 12. Master of Business Administration13 .Bachelor of Arts 14 .IBM15 .Microsoft 16 .Glasgow17. the King 18. the common laws19 .violin 20.Associate of Sciences二、Choose the correct answer for each of the following (35%)(1 point each) 1-5 BCADA 6-10 BDAAA 11-15 AABAD 16-20 DAAAA 21-25 BDDBA 26-30 ADADD31-35 ACACC三、Give brief explanations of the following ideas (Choose 5 from8 to present on the paper )(25%)(5 point each)1.a significant role of LondonLondon is the capital of the UK, the largest city located in the south of the country. Its dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. Its the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britains bigcompanies. Its not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the major international financial centers in the world. It is a huge weight in Britains economic and cultural life.2. the Anglo-SaxonsThe Anglo-Saxons were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.3. two immigration movements to the AmericasThe American continents were peopled as a result of twolong-continuingimmigration movements, the first from Asia and the second from Europe and Africa.4.American characteristics of religionThe Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution provides that there is no state religion and that church and state must be separated (Americans with different religions live together under the sane law). American religious beliefs continue to be strong with social progress. In the United States, every church is a completely independent organization and concerned with its own finance and its ownbuilding. There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history.5.Three Faiths in the U.S.By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant,Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6.the "Beat Generation"The "Beat Generation" was made up of a group of young writers in the 1950s based in San Francisco. The name referred simultaneously to the rhythm of Jazz music, to their sense that society was worn out, to the interest in new forms of experience, through drugs, alcohol or Eastern mysticism. Alan Ginsburg s poem Howl set for them a tone of social protest.7.Jazz musicEarly jazz music first appeared in the Southern city of New Orleans at the end of the 19th century .It was a blend of folk music, Work chants, spirituals, marches , and even European classical music. A defining mark of this early New Orleans jazz was that a group of musicians improvising their notes in changing chords around a specific melodic line. All jazz bands use such instruments as a trumpet, a clarinet, a trombone, and percussion instruments like the drum, banjo, andguitars. Jazz developed into the 1920s with two different styles, namely, the Chicago style jazz and the New York style8. PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believed that human beings werepredestined by God before they were born. Some were Gods chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people, The sign of being God s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.四、Analyze the causes that brought about the relative decline of the UK economy(20%)The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one .But Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth. There are four reasons for the relative economic decline since 1945:firstly ,Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada. These debts meant that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic problem; secondly, British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence. For example ,India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. And the rest of the empire quickly followed Indiato independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country ; thirdly Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during relatively rapid andtrouble-free the process of decolonization, which was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed ,mostly by the end of the 1960s . Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial militarycontributions both as one of NATOs major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors; and fourthly, Britain also lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products for during the war its industry survived comparatively unaffected. British industry however could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and given its otherlong-term .economic problems, This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy. relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money businesses put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies, this contrasted greatly with some of itscompetitors ,the two most successful post-war economies, Japan and Germany. So the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive.英语国家社会与文化入门试题答案一、Fill in the following information gaps(20%)(1 point each)1. In England more than ___1__ of its population living in cities ,and about 2% of the population working in agriculture, so England is a highly urbanized country .2. In the year of ____2_____,the first permanent settlement in North America was established, in todays Virginia .3.Ralph Waldo Emerson, a American transcendentalist, published a startling book called __3__,he claimed by studying and respecting to nature individual could reach a higher spiritual state without form religion .4.The U.S. federal government consist of the following three branches the executive , _____4_____and the judicial.5.One advantage of limited liability, so investors risked only the amount of their investment and not their entire assets6.The best -known stock exchange is New York Stock Exchange located in _____6_____area of New York City7.WASP stands for _______7______.8.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland,_______8_______and Poland.10.A collection of poems written by Walt Whitman , it is a ground-breaking book. That is 11.An jazz music ensemble of musicians consists of two sections:________11________ and the percussion.12. G.R.E and M.B.A. stand for Graduate Record Examination and__________12________ in U.S education.13.In the U.S., B.A. and B.S. stand for ________13_________and Bachelor of Science in higher education.14.The two most well known computer companies are ______14_______ and Apple in the United States.15.Now the largest software company is _____15___________whose director is Bill Gates in the United States.16.Two Scottish cities which have a ancient and internationally respected universities, they are Edinburgh and _______16____________.17.The Britain, the official head of state is now ________17_______ while the real center of political life is in the House of Commons .18.The British Constitution consists of statutelaw ,_____18___________ and convention.19.In jazz music major musical instrument include __19_____, clarinet, piano , trombone , cymbal ,bell, hollow wooden block, chimes ,drum, guitar etc.20.In the American education A.S. stands for ________.二、Choose the correct answer for each of the following (35%)(1 point each)1. The Supreme Court of in the U.S. today consist of a chief justice and ____ associate justices.A. 1B. 8C.11D.4352. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism exceptA. challenging the authority of the Pope.B. salvation through faith.C. salvation through the church.D. establishing a direct contact with God.3. Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism?A. separation of state and church.B. respect of education.C. intolerant moralism.D. a sense of mission.4. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly fromA. George Washington.B. Thomas Jefferson.C. John Adams.D. John Locke.5. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism?A. Catholics.B. Puritans.C. Quakers.D. Church of England.6. Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?A. The freedom of religion.B. The freedom of searching a persons home by police.C. The freedom of speech and of the press.D. The right to own weapons if one wishes7.Service industry does not include_______________.A. BankingB. management consultationB. AirlineC. steelmaking8. The United States produces as much as half of the worldsA. wheat and riceB. cottonC. tobacco and vegetable oilD. soybeans and com9. The latest technology that farmers have adopted isA. artificial fertilizersB. pesticideC. tractorsD. computers10. A ____ is a type pf play with comedy ,singing ,dancing, music and acrobatics performed for children at Christmas in western Europe.A. pantomimeB. King ArthurC. Robin HoodD. Gone with Wind11. In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons exceptA. for finding a job in society.B. for having a place in a community.C. for identifying themselves with dominant values.D. for getting together with friends.12. In Britain and American there are many _______ in every city, town and village ,where sell almost sell every thing.A. corner shopsB. book shopsC. food shopsD. grocers shops13.Which of the following was written by Thoreau?A. NatureB. WaldenC. The Scarlet LetterD. The Fall of the House of Usher14. ______________was mainly interested in writing about Americans living in Europe.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. William Dean HowellsD. Stephen Crane15. Three of the following authors are Nobel Prize winners. Which one is not.A. Ernest HemingwayB. Eugene ONeillC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald16.______________does NOT belong to the "Lost Generation".A. John Dos PassosB. Ernest HemingwayC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. John Steinbeck17. ______was NOT written by Hemingway.A. Light in AugustB. The Sun Also RisesC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls18. The following authors were women writers who wrote novels in the late 19th and early 20th century with exception ofA. Emily DickinsonB. Edith WhartonC. Willa CatherD. Kate Chopin19.Both public and private Universities depend on the following sources of income except,A. investmentB. student tuitionC. endowmentsD. government funding20. The legislative branch of the U.S. consists of congress that is divided into:A. the House of Representatives and the SenateB. the House of Representative and the SenatesC. the House of commons and the House of LordsD. the House of Common and the House of Lord21. The complex drumming in the rhythm section of early jazz music was brought over to America by________A. Spanish missionaries from Europe.B .Black slaves from West Africa.C. British colonists from Asia.D. the Creole from the West India.22.Which of the following is not a team game?A. volleyballB. bowlingC. soccerD. field hockey23 .If white –collar crimes were included in the Crime Index and if authorities were more vigorous in their enforcement of law ,the profile of a typical criminal in the United states would be_____A. olderB. wealthierC. whiteD. living near city centers24. Which of the following used human being as guinea pigs to test drugs including LDS?A. The FBIB. The CIAC. CongressD. Richard Nixon25. The one group within the counter culture best known for their pursuit of happiness as their only goal in life was called____________A. the HippiesB. the Beat GenerationC. the Me GenerationD. the Lost Generations26. Which of the following can NOT be found in London?A. Teahouses.B. Galleries.C. Museums.D. Theatres.27. The Tower Of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built byA. King HaroldB. Robin HoodC. Oliver CromwellD. William the Conqueror28. The ________provides a fair way for deciding whom to admit when then they have 10 or 12 applicants for every first year students seat in the U.S.A.SATSB.NBAC.NEED.CBA29. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world forA. its most famous landmark, the "Giants Causeway".B. its rich cultural lifeC. its low living standardsD. its endless political problems30. Which of the following about the Parliament is NOT true?A. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B. Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C. Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.D. Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.31. In modern political system in Britain MPs stands for_________.A. members of parliamentB. members of parliamentsC. member of parliamentD. member of parliaments32. ___________ made the first desktop PC.A. Thomas EdisonB. Apple computersC. Tow tong amateur inventorsD. Samuel F.B. More33. These ____ and _____ stand today as Wales great tourist attractions. Tourism is an important industryA. castles and estatesB. Hadrians WallC. Giants CausewayD. Royal Pavilion34. The British Queen decided to open__________ to summer tourists to raise money, which caused a lot criticism from the public.A. the Tower of London .B. British Museum.C. Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle.D. Westminster Abbey35.Dodds brothers, Johnny was on the ___________ ,Warren was on theA . drum.. B. guitar. C. clarinet D. banjo.A . drum.. B. guitar. C. clarinet D. banjo.三、Give brief explanations of the following ideas (Choose 5 from8 to present on the paper )(25%)(5 point each)1. a significant role of London2.the Anglo-Saxons3.two immigration movements to the Americas4. American characteristics of religion5.Three Faiths in the U.S.6. the "Beat Generation"7.Jazz music8. Puritanism四、Analyze the causes that brought about the relative decline of the UK economy(20%)。

新标准大学英语_综合教程3_课后答案unit 4

Unit 4Reading 1Language points1 Work in corporate America (Title)Corporate America is a general term given to a large non-government-owned organization or companyin the United States, eg a bank, a marketing research company etc. It has both positive and negativeconnotations. Positively, it means that a company or an organization produces wealth and improvespeople’s living standards in a free market and competitive society by p eople working together to achievethe goals. This mainly refers to financial gains and success. Negatively, it seems to indicate the promotionof self-interest, financial gains, greed and irresponsibility in the workplace.2 It is not surprising that modern children tend to look blank and dispirited when ... (Para 1)To look blank means that modern children show no sign of understanding or emotion about the corporateworkplace, they seem unresponsive and have blank looks.Someone who is dispirited does not have the hope, enthusiasm or interest that they had earlier; they are inlow spirits or downhearted.3 The parent could take his offspring to his place of business and let him watch while he repaired abuggy or built a table. (Para 2)A buggy is a vehicle used for babies and toddlers by carers (parents, grandparents and adults in caringprofessions), to push them around. It is also called a pushchair. In the US, it is called a stroller.4 When a child asked … his father could answer in terms that a child could come to grips with, suchas “I fix steam engines” or “I make horse collars”. (Para 3)The expression come to grips with normally means to face up to a problem, situation or difficult job anddeal with it. Here, it means that someone gets to understand something that is difficult or unpleasant. It hasthe similar meaning as to come to terms with, tackle, handle, manage etc. Horse collars are made of leather and fit around animals’ necks to allow themto pull heavy things. Whenhorses are used to pull carts or carriages they wear horse collars. Here, in corporate America, this is adeliberate image of something very old-fashioned, just like steam engines.5 How can he possibly envision anyone analyzing a system or researching a market? (Para 5)The word envision is a verb which means to show a visual scene in your mind, to imagine something thatis outside your experience, which has not happened or does not exist.6 Even grown men … and it is a safe bet that the average systems analyst is as baffled about what aspace salesman does at the shop as the average space salesman is about the tools needed to analyze asystem. (Para 6)The expression it is a safe bet means that the speaker or writer is sure about something (they would bewilling to risk money to confirm it).Changing times Unit 4117A space salesman deals with the arrangements for the use of space in offices and other places: How manyrooms might be needed for what purposes, what sorts of work people do in particular offices and how theoffice furniture and equipment can best be arranged for the maximum effectiveness, how much it coststo rent or use office accommodation in different parts of a city ... But probably, a space salesman mainlydeals with people who want to rent office space.In this sentence the writer is saying he is quite sure that neither the systems analyst nor the spacesalesman knows about each other’s work and what they actually do.7 The machines that make things make them in such a fashion that they will quickly fall apart insuch a way that repairs will be prohibitively expensive. (Para 7)The expression in such a fashion means in a particular way or manner.The cost is prohibitively expensive when it prevents you from buying something, as it is beyond the limitsof what you can afford. Or, we may say the cost is prohibitive.The sentence means that the machines make things in such a way that they will break or fall into piecesso that they can’t be cheaply repaired. It is implied that the things are made to be short-lasting so that themanufacturers can sell more later.8 The handful of people remotely associated with these machines can, of course,tell their inquisitivechildren “Daddy makes junk”. (Para 8)Inquisitive children are those who like to ask lots of questions, especially things that adults do not wantto talk about.9 Most of the workforce, however, is too remote from junk production to sense any contribution tothe industry. (Para8)The sentence means most workers are distant from the process of junk production so they do not feel thattheir work has any part in it.10 Others telephone to ascertain the whereabouts of paper. (Para 12)The expression ascertain the whereabouts of something means to find out where something is.11 Back at the office, the father orders the paper retyped and reproduced in quintuplicate, and thensent to another man for comparison with paper that was reproduced in triplicate last year. (Para 16)The word quintuplicate means that something is made into five copies. To quadruplicate means to makeinto four copies; triplicate three copies; and duplicate two copies. Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 old, broken or useless things (junk)2 relating to large companies, or a particular large company (corporate)3 to not approve of someone or something (disapprove)4 to form a picture of someone or something in your mind (visualize)5 an agreement in which you risk an amount of money by saying what you think will happen (bet)6 to find out something (ascertain)7 the space at the left or right side of a page where words are not usually printed or written (margin)8 to discuss something with other people in order to reach a decision (confer)9 important, respected, and admired (eminent)10 to twist your face into an expression that shows you are angry (scowl)5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.1 It’s not easy to visualize what life was like in the age of the steam engine.2 If you disapprove of these plans, you should let me know exactly what you find wrong with them.3 Thomas’ room is full of junk like broken electrical equipment and old computer parts he doesn’t need.4 My bet is that this type of job w on’t give you much satisfaction.5 We’re going to need some time to confer with our lawyers before we make a decision.6 The margins of the pages in this document have all been written on.7 We can’t accept your application, without ascertaining the authenticity of your qualifications.8 It was a corporate decision to close the bank, not the choice of any individual.9 She’s a very nice person, and a very eminent professor.10 Why is he scowling at me? What have I done?6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. You may need to makeother changes.1 A curious child is often eager to inquire about the jobs their parents do. (inquisitive)An inquisitive child is often eager to inquire about the jobs their parents do.2 Most people think the decision they took is impossible to understand. (incomprehensible)3 Could you write down any ideas you have during the meeting on this piece of paper? (jot)4 You are very careful about noticing details if you can remember exactly what the manager was wearing.(observant)5 I’m afraid we don’t know the place where Helen is right now. (whereabouts) I’m afraid we don’t know the whereabouts of Helen.Changing times Unit 41196 Don’t be unhappy and lacking in enthusiasm. I’m sure one of the app lications will be successful.(dispirited)7 I’d like to buy an open top car, but they’re all so terribly expensive. (prohibitively)7 Answer the questions about the expressions.1 If you look blank about something, do you (a) understand, or (b) not understand it?2 If you come to grips with a problem, do you (a) start to deal with it, or (b) stop thinking about it?3 When something falls apart, is it (a) in the wrong place, or (b) broken?4 When something wears out, does it (a) not look very nice, or (b) become old and unusable?5 If you mull over a problem, do you (a) think carefully about it for a longtime, or (b) quickly solve it?6 Do people sometimes say “It beats me” because they (a) understand, or (b) don’t understand something?Active reading (2)Language points1 There’s nothing new about our obsession with the new, says Dominic Sandbrook. (Introduction)Obsession is an emotional state in which someone or something is so important that you are alwaysthinking about them, in a way that seems extreme to other people.2 We live in a world of unprecedented, dazzling change. (Para 1)The word unprecedented means never having happened or existed before, eg an unprecedented situation,an unprecedented change.3 Thanks to globalization, national frontiers are collapsing around us, while technological innovationsare fundamentally reshaping our lives in ways we can barely comprehend. (Para 1)Because of the situation of globalization –that the whole world is developing a single complex economy,communication system and culture –it seems that there are no national borders and new technologies areinfluencing our lives in basic ways which we cannot really understand.4 So run the clichés, anyway. (Para 2)A cliché refers to a phrase or idea that is boring because people use it a lot, and it is no longer original andsounds empty. The expression so run the clichés means these are the clichés you often hear.5 But it is only our obsession with novelty, ignorance of deeper historical patterns and arrogantinsistence on our own importance that leads us into this kind of talk. (Para 2)Historical patterns refer to major events in history which make patterns because they are related to eachother or similar.Changing times Unit 41256 Yet there is a good case that we do not, in fact, live in very interesting times at all. (Para 2)A case here is a set of facts or arguments that you can state for or againstsomething. A case forsomething is positive support or a good case; a case against something is a counter-argument or reasonswhy the case is not valid; a poor case is weak and does not have solid facts or reasons behind it. You canstate, make or argue a case.7 Take the example of globalization, which, according to its American champion, Thomas Friedman ...influencing “the politics, environment, geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in theworld”. (Para 3)The word champion here refers to someone who publicly supports or defends a set of beliefs or politicalaims, ie a strong supporter.Geopolitics means the study of how a country’s position, economy or population can influence itspolitics, especially in relation to other countries.8 The Roman Empire, for example, is nothing if not a multi-ethnic, multicultural, transnationalentity … (Para 4)The word transnational means affecting or involving several countries. The prefix trans- means across.9 And for all the hype about the Internet, the brutal truth is that most of us use it to do remarkablyold-fashioned things ... (Para 6)Hype refers to the use of a lot of advertisements or other publicity to influence or interest people. To hypeup means to make something sound more interesting or impressive than it is. The brutal truth refers to the truth that is extremely honest, given in a way that seems unkind.10 We are always being told that the Internet has “opened up” the world, yeta staggering 90 per centof all web traffic is local. (Para 6)The word staggering means extremely surprising. Many people would think that much or most use, ortraffic, of the World Wide Web would be global or international, but the writer says that, surprisingly, 90 percent is local.11 When Stanley Kubrick’s film 2001: A Space Odyssey … talking to sentient computers and living onthe Moon. (Para 7)Sentient computers are computers which are capable of feeling things through the physical senses.12 But the cinema-goers of 1968 would have been deeply disappointed to realizethat in fact theywould be living in Milton Keynes and watching Midsomer Murders. (Para 7) This sentence presents a contrast with the previous sentence which gave a picture that people had in 1968of possibly going into space. Instead, their future turned out to be living in a very ordinary town of manynew streets which all seem identical (like Milton Keynes) and watching detective stories about ruralvillages on TV (like Midsomer Murders, a TV series based in rural southern England).13 Even our neophilia is nothing new. (Para 8)The prefix neo- means modern or new. The suffix -phile describes someone who loves or likes something;thus an anglophile likes English things, a francophile likes French things, a sinophile likes Chinesethings. The word neophilia means the love of new things or novelties.14 If so, then we are lucky, because we don’t. (Para 10)We are lucky because we don’t live in interesting times, which means we should avoid the chaos andanxiety of interesting times.Dealing with unfamiliar words5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 an emotional state in which someone or something is so important to you that you are always thinkingabout them (obsession)2 the study of the way that goods and services are produced and sold and the way money is managed(economics)3 to proudly tell other people about what you have done or can do, or about something you own (boast)4 a car (automobile)5 an area or town near a large city but away from its centre, where there are many houses, especially formiddle-class people (suburb)6 a new idea, method, piece of equipment etc (innovation)7 something that you suggest is true, although you do not say it directly (implication)8 the limits of your experience (horizons)6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.1 The middle-class dream used to be to live in a peaceful suburb and own a new automobile.2 Today we have an obsession with healthy lifestyles and the latest technological innovations.3 He has good reason to boast about the progress he has made in his career.4 The implication is obvious: We are beginning to understand the impact of globalization.5 Most of us need a professor of economics to explain how our horizons have been pushed back by theopening up of new world markets.7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to makeother changes.Teaching tipsSs need to realize that some adjectives, eg unprecedented and plausible, that you are going to insertshould go before the nouns.1 The water has risen to levels which we have never seen before. (unprecedented) The water has risen to unprecedented levels.2 Can you give me any reason which I can believe to explain what has happened? (plausible)Can you give me any plausible reason to explain what has happened?3 I think that the decision was based on the fact that he doesn’t know anything. (ignorance)I think that the decision was based on his ignorance.4 The news you’ve just given me is absolutely incredible. (staggering)5 I hope this crisis will be followed by a period in which there is no change. (stability)6 Are computers the best thing that ever happened to us, or a piece of bad luck caused by someone whowants to hurt us? (curse)8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.Teaching tipsTo go over the answers, T gives ten Ss a number, each between one and ten. T calls “One”, then S1 readsQuestion 1 to the class. He / She should choose the correct answer and make it a complete sentence. Tcalls “Two” and S2 reads Question 2 etc. T doesn’t need to say anything unless a student gives a wronganswer. In that case, T should ask other Ss to help them.Changing times Unit 41291 If a change is dazzling, is it (a) very impressive, or (b) not impressive at all?2 If you use clichés in your writing, does your writing (a) contain some boring words or ideas thatpeople have used a lot, or (b) contain lots of fresh thoughts?3 If someone is arrogant, do they think that they (a) never, or (b) always know better than everyone else?4 Is an entity something that (a) has, or (b) doesn’t have internal unity?5 If you behave in a brutal way, are you (a) very gentle, or (b) very violent?6 Do people who always grumble never seem (a) happy, or (b) unhappy about anything?7 If you brag about something, do you talk (a) in a proud way that annoys people, or (b) patientlybecause it is hard to understand?8 Is the advent of something another way of talking about (a) the appearance, or (b) the disappearanceof something?9 If you refer to the magnitude of a problem, do you think that it might be (a) big, or (b) small?10 If something happens in the wake of something else, does it (a) come before it, or (b) follow it?Language in usein such a way / fashion that …1 Rewrite the sentences using in such a way / fashion that …1 Because of the way this office is built, it is difficult to avoid wasting energy on heating.This office is built in such a way that it is difficult to avoid wasting energy on heating.2 Due to the way in which the instructions were written, I couldn’t understand how to assemble theproduct.The instructions were written in such a fashion that I couldn’t understand how to assemble the product.3 Because of the way in which they welcomed me, I immediately felt at home in the new office.They welcomed me in such a way that I immediately felt at home in the new office.4 Due to the way in which problems are dealt with, it is unlikely that the top managers ever get to knowabout them.The problems are dealt with in such a fashion that it is unlikely that the top managers ever get to knowabout them.5 Because of the way in which I was taught English, I will probably never forget it.I was taught English in such a way that I will probably never forget it.word formation: in-, un-, dis-2 Look at the sentences from the passage Work in corporate America and answer the question.What do the prefixes in-, un- and dis- have in common?They are all negative prefixes meaning not.3 Replace the underlined words with the word in brackets and the appropriate prefix. You may need tomake other changes.1 I’m afraid Matthew has turned out to be no good at his job. (competent) I’m afraid Matthew has turned out to be incompetent at his job.2 I don’t have the same opinion as you. I think he’s doing fine. (agree)I disagree with you. I think he’s doing fine.3 If you click here, you can cancel the last change you made to the document. (do)If you click here, you can undo the last change you made to the document.4 How many people are without a job in this town? (employed)How many people are unemployed in this town?5 I didn’t know that you had introduced all these new rules. (aware)I was unaware that you had introduced all these new rules.6 Obviously, it wasn’t o ur intention not to obey the orders. (obey) Obviously, it wasn’t our intention to disobey the orders.Unit 4 Changing times1347 I’ve had a look at the report and I think it is not complete. (complete) I’ve had a look at the report and I think it is incomplete.8 I don’t know my colleagues very well, but I don’t have any bad feelings towards them. (like)I don’t know my colleagues very well, but I don’t dislike them.9 I’m afraid that software is not compatible with our system. (compatible) I’m afraid that software is incompatible with our system.for all + noun phrase4 Rewrite the sentences using for all + noun phrase.1 Although we are concerned about the environment, there is little that we can do to protect it.For all our concern about the environment, there is little that we can do to protect it.2 He has a lot of knowledge about the world of finance, but he doesn’t seem to know how to invest moneywisely.For all his knowledge about the world of finance, he doesn’t seem to know how to invest money wisely.3 Although she said a lot of kind words, I don’t think she really appreciated just how much time we hadspent on this project.For all her kind words, I don’t think she really appreciated just how much time we had spent on this project.4 He has hundreds of bright ideas about developing new products, but he never seems able to put themdown on paper.For all his bright ideas about developing new products, he never seems able to put them down on paper.5 I do have a lot of doubts about this new software, but I recognize that it is quite innovative.For all my doubts about this new software, I recognize that it is quite innovative.as + adj. …as5 Rewrite the sentences using as + adj. …as.1 I am confused about how to apply for the job. Similarly, they are confused about who can apply.I am as confused about how to apply for the job as they are about who can apply.2 My wife and I were worried about staying longer than we were supposed to. Similarly, our hosts wereworried that we might not have enjoyed the meal.My wife and I were as worried about staying longer as our hosts were that we might not have enjoyedthe meal.3 Our generation knows little about cassette recorders and record players. Similarly our parents knowlittle about iPods and MP3 players.Our generation knows as little about cassette recorders and record players as our parents know aboutiPods and MP3 players.4 We are curious about what he does for a living. Similarly, he is curious about what our company does.We are as curious about what he does for a living as he is about what our company does.Changing times Unit 41355 I have very little idea about how to shoe a horse. Similarly, he doesn’t have much idea about how torepair a motorbike.I have as little idea about how to shoe a horse as he has about how to repaira motorbike.collocations6 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.1 margin This word usually means the space at the side of a page where you don’t write anything.(a) Do you have a habit of jotting notes in the margin when reading books? Yes, I do. But other people just take notes on a separate piece of paper because they don’t want tospoil the book.(b) If you win an election by a narrow margin, how big is the victory?The victory is not big; it is just a narrow or close victory.(c) What sort of problems are faced by people who live on the margins of society? They may face social and economic problems because they have fewer opportunities and may findit difficult to join the mainstream society.(d) If the margin of error in a calculation is very small, what are the chances that the calculation iswrong?The chances are small and any errors are likely to be very small.2 ignorance This word usually means lack of knowledge or facts about something.(a) If an answer that you give betrays your ignorance, how do you feel?You feel embarrassed because your answer has shown people your ignorance and most people donot like to show this in public.(b) Do you think that ignorance of the law can ever be an excuse for breaking it?It’s a human excuse because it means that you didn’t know the law on that point, but it is not a legalexcuse.(c) Do you know of any decisions that have been taken but which were based on ignorance?Yes. In the early days of the stock market in China, some people bought sharesin the belief that allshares would make money quickly, but later they lost money when the shares lost value. They boughtthe shares in ignorance about how the market works and they had little idea of the risks.3 sheer This word is usually used for emphasizing the amount or degree of something.(a) If somebody tells you that your company is sheer delight, how would you feel?I would feel complimented because that’s a nice thing to say to anyone. (b) If you were overcome by sheer weight of numbers, was it the quality or quantity of the oppositionthat defeated you?It would have been the quantity of the opposition, eg the large number of opponents.(c) Do you think it is easy to climb a sheer cliff face?Not at all, because that kind of cliff is nearly vertical and it is very difficult to climb without training.Unit 4 Changing times1367 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.1 Even grown men who do market research have trouble visualizing what a public relations man doeswith his day, and it is a safe bet that the average systems analyst is as baffled about what a spacesalesman does at the shop as the average space salesman is about the tools needed to analyze a system.即使是那些从事市场研究工作的成年人也难很想象公关部的人每天都在做些什么。

大学英语视听说听力原文第三版第二册

大学英语视听说听力原文第三版第二册大学英语视听说教材听力原文第三版（第二册）大学英语视听说教材听力原文第三版（第二册）Book 2 Unit 1 All about MeLesson A Listening and Speaking The People in My Life 2. Listening Activity 1 Nosy Nora Audio Track 2-1-1Nora (N): Is that your van?Katherine (K): Yes, it is. We’re moving in. N: Oh, I see…We? Who is “we”?K: My husband, Myles, and I. Oh, I’m sorry. Let me introduce myself. I’m Katherine---Katherine Jones. N: I’m Nora Nelson. K: It’s nice to meet you, Nora.N: Welcome to Parkside Apartments. I live in 2A. By myself. K: Oh, then we’re neighbors! We’re moving into Apartment 2B. N: It’s a quiet building. Very nice. Except for… Wes and Lydia in 3B. K: Oh?N: Yes, they play loud music sometimes. K: Oh…I see…N: Then there are the two students in 3A. They are classmates at the university. K: Um… I think I need to …N: They’re good boys, but they have too many parties? K: I …N: It is a quiet building, though …Let’s see, there’s also Mrs. Hansonin 3C. We’re related.She’s my aunt. She talks all the time and…K: Nora, I’m sorry. I’m very busy right now. It was nice meeting you. Really… Um, goodbye. N: What a strange woman!Activity 2 Just a few old keepsakes Audio Track 2- 1-3 Boy (B): Hey, Grandma, wha t’s in this box?Grandma (G): Oh, nothing really… Just a few old keepsakes. B: Keepsakes?G: Young man, you know what a keepsake is! B: No, I don’t. I reallydon’t.G: Well, it’s something you keep. It’s something that gives you a lot of memori es. B: Oh. What’s this?G: Now don’t go just digging around in there!... Hmmm, let’s see…that’s my first diary. B: Can I …?G: No, you can’t read it! It’s just personal! I wrote about my first boyfriend in there. He became your grandfather!B: Oh, OK…. Well then, what’s that? It has your picture in it. G:That’s my passport. You can see, I traveled to Europe by ship.1大学英语视听说教材听力原文第三版（第二册）B: What’s that big book?G: My yearbook. It’s my high school book of memories. B: Cl ass of 1961! Boy, that’s old!G: That’s about enough out of you, young man. I think it’s time we put this box way and…Activity 3: My first trip alone Audio Track 2- 1-5 At the age of thirteenAt the age of thirteen, I took my first trip alone. I went to visit my grandparents in Los Angeles. I felt very nervous about traveling so far, but my mother said, “Don’t worry. You’ll be fine.” I got on the airplane and talked for a long time to a very nice woman who sat next to me. Ma grandparents met me at the airport and took me to their home. I stayed there for two weeks, and I had so much fun with them! It was my first time in Los Angeles, and I saw lots of really interesting places. I the end, I didn’t want to go home!Activity 4: Making memories Audio Track 2- 1-7A popular new hobby is scrapbooking---making beautiful books to hold special memories. Scrapbook pages can include photos, drawings, journalentries. It’s not hard to make a scrapbook that you will enjoy for many years. Here are the steps.1. Choose a theme for your scrapbook pages. Some examples: “School days, “Family travel,” “Memories of my grandparents,” “Baby’s first year.”2. Select photos for each page. Two or three really good photos are better than ten so-so photos.3. Find other paper keepsakes to use with your photos. Look for old newspaper clippings, postcards, tickets, report cards, letters---anything made of paper. Use your imagination!4. Design the pages. Put photos and keepsakes together on each page and move them around until you find a layout that you like.5. Glue your photos and keepsakes into place. Then decorate your pageswith felt pens, paint, and stickers. Use your imagination!6. Label your pages. This is the most important step! Remember to write down the “5 Ws” of your photos: Who, What, Where, When, and Why. This will make your scrapbook much more interesting and valuable in the future.Activity 5: A book of memories Audio Track 2- 1-9 Yearbook in the United StatesMost high schools in the United States publish a yearbook. The yearbook comes out once a year, usually in the spring. It is a record of the schoolyear---a “book of memories” for the stud ents.Inside a yearbook is each student’s photo. The seniors are graduating soon, and their photos appear first. Next are the juniors. They are one year behind the seniors. Next come the sophomores, or second-year students. Thelast photos are the first year students, the freshmen. The yearbook is notonly about students.The teachers have photos, too. The yearbook also has photos anddescriptions of sports teams, academic subjects, and extracurricularactivities. These are activities students do after school, such as the chess club and Spanish club. There is even a yearbook club. Students in this club write, design, and take photos all year for the2大学英语视听说教材听力原文第三版（第二册）yearbook. At the end of the year, the book is printed.In the yearbook, some students receive special titles. The seniors voteand choose the “class clown” (a funny student), the “most likely to succeed”(a student everyone thinks will be successful), and the “best dressed” (a student with a good fashion sense). There are also other awards and categories.Students typically sign each other’s yearbooks. This is especiallyimportant for the seniors, because they are graduating. Students write notesto each other, such as, “We had a lot of fun,” or “I’ll never forget you.” They also write about all the fun and funny experiences they shared in school together.Keys:OL1: A. 2-passport; 1-diary; 3-yearbook B. 1. boyfriend 2. Europe, ship3. sixtiesOL2: B. 1.13;2. To visit his grandparents;3. Yes. He talked for a long time to a nice woman;4. He had lots of fun with his grandparents and he saw lots of interesting places. In the end, he even didn’t want to go home.OL3:B. 1. Scrapbooking is making beautiful books to hold special memories. Photos, pictures, etc. can be included in scrapbooks.2. Old newspaper clippings, postcards, tickets, report cards, letters.3. The “5 Ws” of the photos: who, what, where, when and why.4. “School days”, “Family travel”, “Memories of my grandparents”，“Baby’s first year”.5. Use imagination to design the pages, and then decorate them with felt pens, paint and stickers.OL4: A1. Most high school in the US;2. Because they are graduating soon.3.Yes;4. At the end of the year.5.It means a student with a good fashion sense.B. 2. photo; 3. seniors; 4. sports; 5. yearbook; 6. titles; 7. sign;8. memories OL51. choose;2. wear;3. bracelet;4. ring;5. favorite keepsake;6. pendant;7. she was in college;8. had no friends;9. remind her to be strong;10. perfect jewelry.Audio Track 2- 1-131. He’s dating a really nice girl.2. I’m fixing my car.3. She’s working in her garden.4. We’re gong to the movies.Speaking and CommunicationActivity 1 I’d like you to meet… Audio Track 2- 1-14 Conversation 13大学英语视听说教材听力原文第三版（第二册）Maria: Hi, Junko.Junko: Hi, Maria. It’s good to see you again! How are you? Maria: I’m fine, thanks. How about you? Junko: I’m fine.Maria: Junko, this is Ricardo. We’re classmates. We’re both taking accounting this semester. Junko: Hi, Ricardo. Maria: Hi, Junko. Conversation 2Yong Il: Hi, let me introdu ce myself. I’m Yong Il. Ileana: Nice to meet you. My name is Ileana.Yong Il: It’s nice to meet you, too, Ileana. I’d like you to meet Tammy. Ileana: Nice to meet you, Tammy. Yong Il: Nice to meet you, too, Ileana.Ileana: We’re colleagues. We work in the same department.Audio Track 2- 1-16Liu Xiang: David, let me introduce you to Shakira, one of the greatest singers and songwriters of our time. She is from Colombia in Latin America.David: It’s very nice to meet you, Shakira.Shakira: Very nice to meet you too, David. What do you do? David: I’m an international footballer and a model. Shakira: Oh! In which country do you play football?David: I’ve won football championships for teams in England, Spain and America. Shaki ra: That’s wonderful. Did you know Liu Xiang is an extremely talented athlete too? David: Oh Shakira, you are too kind.Lesson B Special people and memories Video Track 2- 1-1Alex: The most important people in my life are my mother, my father, my two sisters, and my brother. Alejandra: My grandmother is a very important person to me. Her name is Ester and she is 80 years old. Kumiko: The special person in my family is my grandfather, because he’s always kind to me and supportive. Calum: My friends are important to me because I like to go out with them and I can talk to them about most things. I think the three most important people in my life are my friends Tony, Dan, and David.Video Track 2- 1-2Kumiko: The special person in my f amily is my grandfather, because he’s always kind to me and supportive. Calum: My friends are important to me because I like to go out with them and I can talk to them about most things. I think the three most important people in my life are my friends Tony, Dan, and David.Video Track 2- 1-34大学英语视听说教材听力原文第三版（第二册）Catherine: Memories are very important to me. I have a shoe box where I put all the letters and pictures and all the little things that I’vecollected for the past years and …um… have it in the shoe box.Agnes: My favorite memory is my visit to my grandfather. He was a very old and wise man and he told me a lot of interesting stories.Calum: One of my happiest memories is when I was a child and I went outside Scotland for the first time. I went to an amusement park in France and I had a very good time there with my family.Julianna: One of the happiest memories from my childhood was my first day of school. I was really excited and the thing I wanted the most was to learn how to read.City Living A favorite keepsake Video Track 2- 1-4 Sun-hee: Hey, what are you doing? Tara: I’m getting ready for my blind date. Sun-hee: A blind date? You don’t know this man?Tara: No, but he’s a friend of Claudia’s, so it should be OK. Sun-hee: Oh. So where did she meet him?Tara: They met at work. He’s a colleague of hers. He’s from Brazil, too, but he’s working in the U.S. office right now.Sun-hee: Are you excited?Tara: Excited… and a little nervous! What jewelry should I wear? Sun-hee: I don’t know. Hey, what’s that? That’s nice.Tara: This? Oh, this is a bracelet my first boyfriend, Joe, gave me.Isn’t it beautiful? Sun-hee: Yeah.Tara: We were so “in love.” Too bad we were only 17---too young. Sun-hee: What’s this?Tara: That? Oh, that’s a souvenir from my f irst trip to the U.S. I was five years old. Sun-hee: Why are you still hanging on to it? Tara: Oh, I’m keeping it for the memories. Sun-hee: How about this?Tara: Now, that is my favorite keepsake. It’s a pendant from my grandmother. She gave it to me when I was 18 years old.Sun-hee: For your birthday?Tara: No. I was in my first year of college and things were rough. I had no friends. I hated my classes. I didn’t think I could make it. And one day my grandmother told me a story.Sun-hee: Yeah?Tara: My grandmother’s father died when she was only eight years old. Things were hard for her family after that. She went to school. She helped out at home and she had a job.Sun-hee: She was just a little girl!Tara: I know. She worked really hard throughout her whole childhood. So, when my grandmother turned 18, her mother gave her this pendant to say “thank you”.Sun-hee: That was nice.5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

曲面曲线 curves and surfaces for CAGD

Curves and Surfaces for Computer GraphicsTo the memory of Pierre Etienne B´e zier(1910–1999).Only for you,children of doctrine and learning,have wewritten this work.Examine this book,ponder the meaningwe have dispersed in various places and gathered again;what we have concealed in one place we have disclosedin another,that it may be understood by your wisdom.–Heinrich Agrippa von Nettesheim,De Occulta Philosophia,(1531)David SalomonCurves and Surfaces for Computer Graphics With207Figures,12in Full ColorDavid Salomon(Emeritus)Department of Computer ScienceCalifornia State University,NorthridgeNorthridge,CA91330-8281U.S.A.dsalomon@ISBN-10:0-387-24196-5e-ISBN:0-387-28452-4Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN-13:978-0-387-24196-8©2006Springer Science+Business Media,Inc.All rights reserved.This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher(Springer Science+Business Media,Inc.,233Spring St.,New York,NY10013,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly e in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names,trademarks,service marks,and similar terms,even if they are not identified as such,is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America.(HAM)987654321SPIN11360285PrefaceImages are all around us.We see them in color and in high resolution.In fact,the natural images we see with our eyes seem perfectly smooth,with no jagged edges and no puter graphics,on the other hand,deals with images that consist of small dots,pixels.When weﬁrst hear of this feature of computer graphics,we tend to dismiss the entireﬁeld as trivial.It seems intuitively obvious that an image that consists of dots would always look artiﬁcial,rough,and inferior to what we see with our eyes.Yet state-of-the-art computer-generated images are often diﬃcult or impossible to distinguish from their real counterparts,even though they are discrete,made of pixels, and not continuous.A similar dichotomy exists in painting.Many painters try to mimic nature and paint smooth and continuous pictures.Others choose to be pointillists.They paint by placing many small dots on their canvas.The most important pointillist was the19th century French impressionist Georges Seurat.Georges Seurat(1859–1891)was a leader in the late19th century neo-impressionism movement,a school of painting that uses tiny brushstrokes of contrasting colors to achieve a delicate play of light and create subtle changes in form(Figure C.1).Seurat used this technique,which became known as pointillism or divisionism,to create huge paintings that are made entirely of small dots of pure color.The dots are too small to be distinguished when looking at the work in its entirety,but they make his paintings shimmer with brilliance.His most well-known works are Une Baignade(1883–84)and Un dimanche apr`e s-midi`a l’Ile de la Grande Jatte(1884–86).The art critic Ars`e ne Alexandre had this to say about the latter painting:“Everything was so new in this immense painting—the conception was bold and the technique one that nobody had ever seen or heard before.This was the famous pointillism.”Even though it generates discrete images made of dots,theﬁeld of computer graph-ics has been extremely successful.It has started from nothing in the1960s and has since attracted many workers and researchers.They developed general techniques and specialized algorithms to generate and manipulate images and thereby turned computer graphics into the useful,practical discipline it is today.vi PrefaceThe chief aim of computer graphics is to display and print realistic-looking images. This task is achieved by computing the outer surface of the object or objects to be displayed,and rendering it by simulating the way it is seen in real life.Most real objects are visible because they reﬂect light,so the main task of rendering is to simulate light reﬂection.(Relatively few objects are visible because of light that they generate.A completely transparent object is visible by the light it refracts.Most objects,however, do not generate light and are not transparent.They are seen because they reﬂect some of the light that falls on them.)Rendering is therefore an important part of computer graphics,but this book is concerned with the computations of surfaces.In order to render a real object,such as a teapot or a car,its surface hasﬁrst to be calculated and stored in the computer as a mathematical expression.This expression is a model of the real object,which is why the process of generating the model is known as geometric modeling.The rendering algorithm then scans the surface point by point,computes the normal vector to the surface at every point,and uses the normal to compute the amount and color of light reﬂected from the point.The book also deals with curves,because an understanding of curves is a key to understanding surfaces.Most mathematical methods for curves can be extended to surfaces,which is why this book covers various approaches to curve design and shows that many curve methods can be generalized to surfaces.The most important term in theﬁeld of curve and surface design is interpolation. It comes from the Latin inter(between)and polare(to polish)and it means to compute new values that lie between(or that are an average of)certain given values.A typical algorithm for curves starts with a set of points and employs interpolation to compute a smooth curve that passes through the points.Such points are termed data points and they deﬁne an interpolating curve.Some methods start with both points and vectors and compute a curve that passes through the points and at certain points also moves in the directions of the given vectors.Another important term in thisﬁeld is approximation.Certain curve and surface methods start with points and perhaps also vectors and compute a curve or a surface that passes close to the points but not necessarily through them.Such points are known as control points and the curve or the surface deﬁned by them is referred to as an approximating curve or surface.Most chapters of this book describe interpolation or approximation methods.Chapter1presents the basic theory of curves and surfaces.It discusses the all-important parametric representation and covers basic concepts such as curvature,tan-gent vectors,normal vectors,curve and surface continuity,and Cartesian products.Chapter2introduces the simplest curves and surfaces.Straight lines,ﬂat planes, triangles,and bilinear and lofted surfaces are presented and illustrated with examples.Chapter3discusses polynomial interpolation.Given a set of points,the problem is to compute a polynomial that passes through them.This problem is then extended to a surface patch that passes through a given two-dimensional set of points.The chapter starts with the important parametric cubic(PC)curves.It continues with the general method of Lagrange interpolation and its relative,the Newton interpolation method. Simple polynomial surfaces are presented,followed by Coons surfaces,a family of simple surface patches based on polynomials.Preface vii The mathematically-elegant Hermite interpolation technique is the topic of Chap-ter4.The chapter discusses cubic and higher-order Hermite curve segments,special and degenerate hermite segments,Hermite interpolation curves,the Ferguson surface patch,the Coons surface patch,the bicubic surface patch,and Gordon surfaces.A few less-important topics are also touched upon.The important concept of splines is covered in Chapter5.Spline methods for curves and surfaces are more practical than polynomial methods and several spline methods are based on Hermite interpolation.The main topics in this chapter are cubic splines(sev-eral varieties are discussed),cardinal splines,Kochanek–Bartels splines,spline surface patches,and cardinal spline patches.Chapter6is devoted to B´e zier methods for curves and surfaces.The Bernstein form of the B´e zier curve is introduced,followed by techniques for fast computation of the curve and by a list of the properties of the curve.This leads to a discussion of how to smoothly connect Bezier segments.The de Casteljau construction of the B´e zier curve is described next.It is followed by the technique of blossoming and by methods for subdividing the curve,for degree elevation and for controlling its tension.Sometimes one wants to interpolate a set of points by a B´e zier curve and this problem is also discussed. Rational B´e zier curves have important advantages and are assigned a separate section.The chapter continues with material on B´e zier surfaces.The topics discussed are rectangular B´e zier surfaces and their smooth joining,triangular B´e zier surfaces and their smooth joining,and the Gregory surface patch and its tangent vectors.The last of the“interpolation/approximation”chapters is Chapter7,on the all-important B-spline technique.B-spline curve topics are the quadratic uniform B-spline curve,the cubic uniform B-spline curve,multiple control points,cubic B-splines with tension,higher-degree uniform B-splines,interpolating B-splines,open uniform B-spline, nonuniform B-splines,matrix form of the nonuniform B-spline curve,subdividing the B-spline curve,and NURBS.The B-spline surface topics are uniform B-spline surfaces, an interpolating bicubic patch,and a quadratic-cubic B-spline patch.Subdivision methods for curves and surfaces are discussed in Chapter8.These methods are also based on interpolation,but are diﬀerent from the traditional interpo-lation methods discussed in the preceding chapters.The following important techniques are described in this chapter:The de Casteljau reﬁnement process,Chaikin’s algorithm, the quadratic uniform B-spline curve,the cubic uniform B-spline curve,bi-quadratic B-spline patches,bicubic B-spline patches,Doo–Sabin subdivision methods,Catmull–Clark surfaces,and Loop subdivision surfaces.Chapter9presents the various types of sweep surfaces.This is a completely dif-ferent approach to surface design and representation.A sweep surface is generated by constructing a curve and moving it along another curve,while optionally also rotating and scaling it,to create a surface patch.A special case of sweep surfaces is surfaces of revolution.They are created when a curve is rotated about an axis.Appendix A is a short discussion of conic sections,a family of simple curves that have special applications.Appendix B discusses simple methods for the approximate representation of circles by polynomials.Appendix C is a small collection of color images,most of which appear elsewhere in the book in grayscale.viii PrefaceFinally,Appendix D discusses several useful and interesting commands and tech-niques employed in the various Mathematica code listings sprinkled throughout the book.History of Curves and SurfacesSection2.4discusses lofted surfaces but does not explain the reason for this unusual name.Historically,shipbuilders were among theﬁrst to mechanize their operation by developing mathematical models of surfaces.Ships tend to be big and the only dry place in a shipyard large enough to store full-size drawings of ship parts was in the sail lofts above the shipyard’s dry dock.Certain parts of a ship’s surface areﬂat in one direction and curved in the other direction,so such surfaces became known as lofted.In the1960s,both car and aircraft manufacturers became interested in applying computers to automate the design of their vehicles.Traditionally,artists and designers had to make clay models of each part of the surface of a car or airplane and these models were later used by the production people to produce stamp molds.With the help of the computer it became possible to design a section of surface on the computer in an interactive process,then have the computer drive a milling machine to actually make the part.The box on page175mentions the work of Pierre B´e zier at Renault and Paul de Casteljau at Citro¨e n,the contributions of Steven Coons to Ford Motors and William Gordon and Richard F.Riesenfeld to General Motors,and the eﬀorts of James Ferguson in constructing airplane surfaces.As a result of these developments in the1960s and1970s,the area of computer graphics that deals with curves and surfaces has become known,in1974,as computer assisted geometric design(CAGD).Several sophisticated CAGD software systems have been developed in the1980s for general use in manufacturing and in otherﬁelds such as chemistry(to model molecules),geoscience(for specialized maps),and architecture(for three-dimensional models of buildings).Hardware developments in the1980s made it possible to use CAGD techniques in the1990s to produce computer-generated special eﬀects for movies(an example is Jurassic Park),followed by full-length movies,such as Toy story,Finding Nemo,and Shrek,that were entirely generated by computer.A detailed survey of the history of thisﬁeld can be found in[Farin04].Several ﬁrst-person historical accounts by pioneers in thisﬁeld are collected in[Rogers01].Resources for Curves and SurfacesAs is natural to expect,the World Wide Web has many resources for CAGD.In addition to the many texts available in thisﬁeld,the journals CAD and CAGD carry state-of-the-art papers and articles.See[CAD04]and[CAGD04].Following is a list of some of the most important resources for computer graphics,not just CAGD,current as of mid-2005./is the oﬃcial home page of SIGGRAPH,the special interest group for graphics,one of many SIGs that are part of the ACM.The Web page /conferences/fundamentals has useful course notes from SIGGRAPH conferences.Preface ix The Web page /faqs/graphics/faq/by John Grieggs has answers to frequently-asked questions on graphics,as well as pointers to other resources. It hasn’t been updated since1995.See /~parent/book/outline.html for the lat-est version of Richard Parent’s book on computer animation./psl/cg.html is a jumping point to many sites that deal with computer graphics.A similar site is /~ncs/graphics.html that also has many links to CG sites.http://ls7-www.cs.uni-dortmund.de/cgotn/is a very extensive site of computer-graphics-related pointers.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications is a technical journal carrying research papers and news.See /cga.Animation Magazine is a monthly publication covering the entire animationﬁeld, computer and otherwise.Located at /animag/.Computer Graphics World is a monthly publication concentrating on news,see /home.cfm.An Internet search for CAD or CAGD returns many sites.Software ResourcesThose who want to experiment with curves and surfaces can either write their own soft-ware(most likely in OpenGL)or learn to use one of several powerful software packages available either commercially or as freeware.Here are the ones found by the author in mid2005.Mathematica,from[Wolfram Research05],is the granddaddy of all mathematical software.It has facilities for numerical computations,symbolic manipulations,and graphics.It also has all the features of a very high-level programming language.Matlab(matrix lab),from[Mathworks05]is a similar powerful package that many ﬁnd easier to use.Blender is powerful software that computes and displays many types of curves and surfaces.It has powerful tools for animation and game design and is available for several platforms from[Blender05].DesignMentor is a free software package that computes and displays curves,surfaces, and Voronoi regions and triangulations.It is available from[DesignMentor05].Wings3D,from[Wings3D05],is free software that constructs subdivision surfaces.GIMP is a free image manipulation program for tasks such as photo retouching, image composition,and image authoring.It is available from[GIMP05]for many operating systems,in many languages,but it does not compute curves and surfaces.x PrefaceA Word on NotationIt is common practice to represent nonscalar quantities such as points,vectors,and matrices with boldface.Below are examples of the notation used here:x,y,z,t,u,v Italics are used for scalar quantities such as coordinatesand parameters.P,Q i,v,M Boldface is used for points,vectors,and matrices.CP An alternative notation for vectors,used when the twoendpoints of the vector are known.P(t),P(u,v)Boldface with arguments is used for nonscalar functionssuch as curves and surfaces.a11a12 a21a22Parentheses(sometimes square brackets)are used for ma-trices.a11a12a21a22Vertical bars are used for determinants.|v|The absolute value(length)of vector v.A T The transpose of matrix A.x∗,P∗The transformed values of scalars and points.f u(u),P t(t),P tt(t)The(ﬁrst or second)derivatives of scalar and vector func-tions.For third and higher derivatives,a prime is usuallyused.d f(u) du ,d P(t)dtAlternative notation for derivatives.d f2(u) du2,d P2(t)dt2Alternative notation for higher-order derivatives.∂f(u,v),∂P(u,v)Partial derivatives.f(x)|xor f(x0)Value of function f(x)at point x0. ni=1x i The sum x1+x2+···+x n.ni=1x i The product x1x2...x n.Preface xi Exercise1:What is the meaning of(P1,P2,P3,P4)?Readership of the BookThe book aims at mathematically mature readers(i.e.,those who can deal comfortably with mathematical abstractions),who are familiar with computers and computer graph-ics,and are looking for a mathematically-easy presentation of geometric modeling.The material presented here requires no previous knowledge of curves,splines,or surfaces. The key ideas are introduced slowly,are examined,when possible,from several points of view,and are illustrated byﬁgures,examples,and(solved)exercises.The discussion must involve some mathematics,but it is nonrigorous and therefore easy to grasp.The mathematical background required includes polynomials,matrices,vector operations, and elementary calculus.The following features enhance the usefulness of the book: The powerful Mathematica software system is used throughout the book to imple-ment the various concepts discussed.When aﬁgure is computed in Mathematica,the code is listed with theﬁgure.These codes are meant to be readable rather than ef-ﬁcient and fast,and are therefore easy to read and to modify even by inexperienced Mathematica users.The book has many examples.Experience shows that examples are important for a thorough understanding of the kind of material discussed in this book.The conscien-tious reader should follow each example carefully and try to work out variations of the examples.Many examples also include Mathematica code.Many exercises are sprinkled throughout the text.These are also important and should be worked out.The answers are also provided,but should be consulted only to verify the reader’s own answer,or as a last resort.The book aims to be practical,not theoretical.After reading and understanding a topic,the reader should be able to design and implement the concepts discussed there. The few mathematical proofs found in the book are simple,and there is no attempt to present an overall theory encompassing all curves and surfaces.The following advice by Proust is adhered to:A book in which there are theories is like an article from which the price mark hasnot been removed.—Marcel Proust,Time Regained(1921).Currently,the book’s Web site is part of the author’s Web site,which is located at /~dsalomon/.Domain name has been reserved and will always point to any future location of the Web site.The author’s email address is dsalomon@,but any email sent to email address anyname @ will reach the author.I would like to thank Garry Helzer for his Mathematica implementation of the triangular B´e zier surfaces.Figures6.31and C.2were computed with this code.The Mathematica notebook for this code is available in the book’s Web site.xii PrefaceThis book is dedicated to the memory of Pierre B´e zier,but theﬁeld of computer aided geometric design(CAGD)is the creation of many dedicated researchers,program-mers,users,and authors.Let us remember their contributions.Over the projected image he worked with a pointillist technique,usinginﬁnitesimal gradations of color,covering the whole spectrumdot by dot,so that he always began from a blindingly brightnucleus and ended at absolute black,or vice versa,depending onthe mystical or cosmological concept he wanted to express.—Umberto Eco,Foucault’s Pendulum(1988) Lakeside,California David SalomonContentsPreface v 1Basic Theory11.1Points and Vectors11.2Parametric Blending101.3Parametric Curves111.4Properties of Parametric Curves131.5PC Curves181.6Curvature and Torsion261.7Special and Degenerate Curves351.8Basic Concepts of Surfaces351.9The Cartesian Product381.10Connecting Surface Patches401.11Fast Computation of a Bicubic Patch411.12Subdividing a Surface Patch431.13Surface Normals462Linear Interpolation492.1Straight Segments492.2Polygonal Surfaces532.3Bilinear Surfaces592.4Lofted Surfaces643Polynomial Interpolation713.1Four Points723.2The Lagrange Polynomial763.3The Newton Polynomial853.4Polynomial Surfaces873.5The Biquadratic Surface Patch873.6The Bicubic Surface Patch893.7Coons Surfaces933.8Gordon Surfaces108xiv Contents4Hermite Interpolation1114.1Interactive Control1124.2The Hermite Curve Segment1134.3Degree-5Hermite Interpolation1224.4Controlling the Hermite Segment1234.5Truncating and Segmenting1274.6Hermite Straight Segments1294.7A Variant Hermite Segment1314.8Ferguson Surfaces1324.9Bicubic Hermite Patch1344.10Biquadratic Hermite Patch1375Spline Interpolation1415.1The Cubic Spline Curve1415.2The Quadratic Spline1565.3The Quintic Spline1585.4Cardinal Splines1615.5Catmull–Rom Surfaces1655.6Kochanek–Bartels Splines1676B´e zier Approximation1756.1The B´e zier Curve1766.2The Bernstein Form of the B´e zier Curve1786.3Fast Calculation of the Curve1856.4Properties of the Curve1906.5Connecting B´e zier Curves1926.6The B´e zier Curve as a Linear Interpolation1946.7Blossoming1986.8Subdividing the B´e zier Curve2026.9Degree Elevation2056.10Reparametrizing the Curve2076.11Cubic B´e zier Segments with Tension2106.12An Interpolating B´e zier Curve:I2126.13An Interpolating B´e zier Curve:II2146.14Nonparametric B´e zier Curves2176.15Rational B´e zier Curves2176.16Rectangular B´e zier Surfaces2196.17Subdividing Rectangular Patches2246.18Degree Elevation2256.19Nonparametric Rectangular Patches2276.20Joining Rectangular B´e zier Patches2286.21An Interpolating B´e zier Surface Patch2306.22Rational B´e zier Surfaces2326.23Triangular B´e zier Surfaces2346.24Joining Triangular B´e zier Patches2426.25Reparametrizing the B´e zier Surface2466.26The Gregory Patch248Contents xv7B-Spline Approximation2517.1The Quadratic Uniform B-Spline2527.2The Cubic Uniform B-Spline2567.3Multiple Control Points2637.4Cubic B-Splines with Tension2657.5Cubic B-Spline and B´e zier Curves2687.6Higher-Degree Uniform B-Splines2687.7Interpolating B-Splines2707.8A Knot Vector-Based Approach2717.9Recursive Deﬁnitions of the B-Spline2807.10Open Uniform B-Splines2817.11Nonuniform B-Splines2867.12Matrix Form of the Nonuniform B-Spline2957.13Subdividing the B-spline Curve2997.14Nonuniform Rational B-Splines(NURBS)3027.15Uniform B-Spline Surfaces3087.16Relation to Other Surfaces3127.17An Interpolating Bicubic Patch3157.18The Quadratic-Cubic B-Spline Surface3178Subdivision Methods3198.1Introduction3198.2Chaikin’s Reﬁnement Method3198.3Quadratic Uniform B-Spline by Subdivision3258.4Cubic Uniform B-Spline by Subdivision3278.5Biquadratic B-Spline Surface by Subdivision3318.6Bicubic B-Spline Surface by Subdivision3368.7Polygonal Surfaces by Subdivision3418.8Doo Sabin Surfaces3418.9Catmull–Clark Surfaces3438.10Loop Surfaces3449Sweep Surfaces3479.1Sweep Surfaces3489.2Surfaces of Revolution3539.3An Alternative Approach3559.4Skinned Surfaces360A Conic Sections363B Approximate Circles369B.1Circles and B´e zier Curves369B.2The Cubic B-Spline as a Circle373C Graphics Gallery377D Mathematica Notes381Answers to Exercises387xvi ContentsBibliography447 Index451My kind publishers announced,some time ago,a table of contents,which included chapters on jay andﬁsh-hawk,panther,andmusquash,and a certain savage old bull moose that once took up hisabode too near my camp for comfort.My only excuse for their non-appearance is that my little book was full before their turn came.They willﬁnd their place,I trust,in another volume presently.—William J.Long,Secret of the Woods(1901)。

法律英语翻译-何家弘

法律英语翻译-何家弘Lesson One：Legal System 法律制度英属殖民地时期（the Period of the English Colonies)和美利坚合众国时期(the Period of the United States)。

公诉制度(public prosecution)美国属于普通法系（Common Law Legal System)分散制(decentralization)为原则；以判例法（case law)为主体."零散的无系统"(fragmental no system）。

成文法(written law）或制定法(statutory law），遵从前例”(stare decisisPart OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new，too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States。

But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new” nations-—the first one to be made out of an Old World colony。

It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self government of any nation.美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。

Gulf Professional Publishing的Gas-Liquid和Liquid-Liq

Gas-Liquid andLiquid-Liquid SeparatorsGas-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Separators Maurice StewartKen ArnoldAMSTERDAM .BOSTON .HEIDELBERG .LONDON .NEW YORK .OXFORD PARIS .SAN DIEGO .SAN FRANCISCO .SINGAPORE .SYDNEY .TOKYO Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of ElsevierGulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier30Corporate Drive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USALinacre House,Jordan Hill,Oxford OX28DP,UKCopyright©2009,Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science&Technology Rights Department in Oxford,UK:phone:(þ44)1865843830,fax:(þ44)1865853333,E-mail:************************.You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage(),by selecting“Support&Contact”then “Copyright and Permission”and then“Obtaining Permissions.”Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataApplication submittedBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.ISBN:978-0-7506-8979-3For information on all Gulf Professional Publishingpublications visit our Web site at Printed in the United States of America08091010987654321ContentsA Note from the Authors vii About the Book ix1.Basic Principles11.1Introduction11.2Fluid Analysis11.3Physical Properties11.4Flash Calculations191.5Use of Computer Programs for Flash Calculations231.6Approximate Flash Calculations241.7Other Properties251.8Phase Equilibrium262.Process Selection312.1Introduction to Field Facilities312.2Controlling the Process332.3Reservoir Fluid Characteristics372.4Basic System Configuration372.5Well Testing582.6Gas Lift592.7Offshore Platform Considerations623.Two-Phase Gas–Liquid Separators653.1Introduction653.2Functional Sections of a Gas–Liquid Separator703.3Equipment Description723.4Selection Considerations823.5Vessel Internals843.6Potential Operating Problems1043.7Design Theory1093.8Separator Design114Nomenclature129 4.Three-Phase Oil and Water Separators1314.1Introduction1314.2Equipment Description133vi Contents4.3Vertical Separators1414.4Selection Considerations1444.5Vessel Internals1464.6Potential Operating Problems1474.7Design Theory1474.8Separator Design1514.9Separating Oil Droplets from Water Phase1544.10Vertical Separators’Sizing160Nomenclature172 5.Mechanical Design of Pressure Vessels1755.1Introduction1755.2Design Considerations1765.3Inspection Procedures1855.4Estimating Vessel Weights1865.5Specification and Design of Pressure Vessels1895.6Pressure Relief Devices2005.7Corrosion Protection200 Glossary of Terms205 Index219A Note from the AuthorsGulf Equipment Guides series serves as a quick reference for the design,selection,specification,installation,operation,testing,and trouble-shooting of surface production equipment.The Gulf Equip-ment Guides series consists of multiple volumes,each of which cov-ers a specific area in surface production equipment.These guides cover essentially the same topics included in the“Surface Production Operations”series but omit the proofs of equations,example pro-blems and solutions which belong more properly in a handbook.This book contains fewer pages and is therefore more focused.The reader is referred to the corresponding volume of the“Surface Production Operations”series for further details and additional information such as derivations of some of the equations,example problems and solutions and suggested test questions.About the BookGas–Liquid and Liquid–Liquid Separators is the first volume in the Gulf Equipment Guides series.Each guide serves as a quick reference resource.The series is intended to provide the most comprehensive coverage you’ll find today dealing with surface production operation in its various stages,from initial entry into the flowline through gas–liquid and liquid–liquid separation;emulsions,oil and water treating;water injection;hydrate prediction and prevention;gas dehy-dration;and gas conditioning and processing equipment to the exiting pipeline.Featured in this volume are such important topics as basic princi-ples,process selection,gas–liquid separators,liquid–liquid separators, and mechanical design of pressure vessels.This volume as well as all volumes in the Gulf Equipment Guides series,serve the practicing engineer and senior field personnel by providing organized design pro-cedures;details on suitable equipment for application selection; and charts,tables,and nomographs in readily useable form.Facility engineers,process engineers,designers,operations engineers,and senior production operators will develop a“feel”for the important parameters in designing,selecting,specifying,and trouble-shooting surface production facilities.Readers will understand the uncertain-ties and assumptions inherent in designing and operating the equip-ment in these systems and the limitations,advantages,and disadvantages associated with their use.。

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionII ClozeTestDirections: Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebesto neandmarkyouransweron ANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentca sesthetrialofRosemaryWest.“31.32.33.34.35. [A]publicity [B]penalty [C]popularity [D]peculiarity36. [A]since [B]if [C]before [D]as37. [A]sided [B]shared [C]complied [D]agreed38. [A]present [B]offer [C]manifest [D]indicate39. [A]Release [B]Publication [C]Printing [D]Exposure40. [A]storm [B]rage [C]flare [D]flash41. [A]translation [B]interpretation [C]exhibition [D]demonstration42. [A]betterthan [B]otherthan [C]ratherthan [D]soonerthan43. [A]changes [B]make [C]sets [D]turns44. [A]binding [B]convincing [C]restraining [D]sustaining45. [A]authorized [B]credited [C]entitled [D]qualified46.47.48.49.50.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasinge mphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Th us,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwe ntiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflect on,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.The overallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenre inforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyse verallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournal shavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdiffer entiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologydur ingthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,ho wever,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.51. Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas________.[A]sociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistryormation)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwen tyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmoreco mmercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotential customersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetacce ss.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievet hedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmayw ellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprej udiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereignt ymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.Whent heUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondW aveinfrastructure--includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEngl ish,theGermans,theDutchand theFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.Immigrant Americansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.Ibelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslike Braziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastruc ture,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownandbec omingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanb[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsText3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEd itorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgramma rmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates (patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomcultu rethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.Thereexis tsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“s tandardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreporter sinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,h avemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovoluntee rwork,orputdownroot[D]rathersuperficial61. Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir________.[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground62. Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits________.[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderText4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.Theprocesssweepsfro mhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountrie sarelookingatthisprocessand worrying:“Won’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?”[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds[B]toinvestmoreabroad[C]tocombineandbecomebigger[D]totradewithmorecountries64. Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis________.[A]thegreatercustomerdemands[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket[C]agrowingproductivity[D]theincreaseoftheworld’swealth65. FromParagraph4wecaninferthat________.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous[D]theStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition66. Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe________.[A]optimisticShe afterab uild-ipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydo wnsizinginthelate’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshifte rsofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshiftinginthemid-’90si snotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.67. WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.68. Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting________.[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineof She magazineTotalR71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemw hentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonaliti eswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecade softhenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenn iumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriest otakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,comp uterscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironm ents,ratherliketheholidaysin TotalRecall orthe StarTrek holodeck,”hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlyth estartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyel ectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,ther earestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwh entimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneigh borhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotsw illmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75)AndhomeapplianceswillSectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71. 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。

ANSYS DesignSpace Errata 2004

ANSYS DesignSpace ErrataANSYS DesignSpace 9.0KS292-ENovember 2004ANSYS, Inc. is aUL registeredISO 9001: 2000Company.ANSYS DesignSpace Errata ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0Copyright and Trademark InformationCopyright © 2004 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.ANSYS, DesignSpace, CFX, DesignModeler, DesignXplorer, ANSYS Workbench environment, AI*Environment, CADOE and any and all ANSYS, Inc. product names referenced on any media, manual or the like, are registered trademarks or trademarks of subsidiaries of ANSYS, Inc. located in the United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark licensed by ANSYS, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are property of their respective owners.ANSYS, Inc. is a UL registered ISO 9001: 2000 Company.ANSYS Inc. products may contain U.S. Patent No. 6,055,541.Microsoft, Windows, Windows 2000 and Windows XP are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.Inventor and Mechanical Desktop are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc.SolidWorks is a registered trademark of SolidWorks Corporation.Pro/ENGINEER is a registered trademark of Parametric Technology Corporation.Unigraphics, Solid Edge and Parasolid are registered trademarks of Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS).ACIS and ACIS Geometric Modeler are registered trademarks of Spatial Technology, Inc.FLEXlm License Manager is a trademark of Macrovision Corporation.This ANSYS, Inc. software product and program documentation is ANSYS Confidential Information and are furnished by ANSYS, Inc. under an ANSYS software license agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, warranties, disclaimers and remedies, and other provisions. The Program and Documentation may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that license agreement.Printed in the U.S.A.ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 Release Program Errata The following items are features introduced in the ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 release that are known not to be operational, to be in error, or to have limitations, at the time of this release. Workarounds for these items, if available, are provided.The numbers associated with each item are reference numbers corresponding to our internal error tracking system. These are included here to facilitate ANSYS, Inc. technical support and help us ensure that these items are resolved.Note: Refer to the ANSYS 9.0 Release Program Errata for information concerning the ANSYS environment.Known Product ProblemsThese problems occur on all platforms except where noted.Tracking Num-ber Problem Description Product22423An analysis license cannot be exchanged for another one during the same Workbench session. After you have checked out an analysis li-cense however, the GUI makes it appear that you can exchange theanalysis license. Workaround: To check out a different analysis license,exit and restart Workbench.WB 22317The Analysis Type setting, designed to filter 2-D or 3-D geometry,incorrectly appears in the Common Settings section of the Optionsdialog box even if Show Beta Options is set to No because supportfor 2-D geometry is a beta feature at release 9.0. Changing AnalysisType to 2-D can produce errors when importing geometry. Work-around: Do not change the Analysis Type setting from its defaultvalue of 3-D .WB 22417On exiting a Workbench session and choosing to save the wbdb file,you will be prompted for a file name if the wbdb has never been savedbefore. In this case the file will be saved but Workbench may not fullyexit. Similar behavior is seen when closing a Workbench project.Workaround: Exit Workbench or close the project again.Sometimes the wbdb file may not get saved correctly, that is, the filepaths may be missing. Workaround: Use Find file ... (under Edit Itemon the Project Page) to relink the missing files.WB17936When reading a Catia V5 model, for some configurations, the following Catia V5 License Manager message may appear: Requested productnot found: _ME2.slt+. This message is inacurrate because the licensefor this product is not required for Catia V5 attach. Workaround: ClickOK and proceed.SIM/DM 18163When resuming a database file that includes geometry from a Pro/ENGINEER versioned file, any updating or refreshing of the datafails in reader mode. Workaround: Re-link these database files to anappropriate version before updating.SIM/DM 15899When you log in remotely from a SUN workstation to an HP worksta-tion, if an agdb or dsdb file is opened from the Project Page, theprocess hangs and neither DesignModeler or Simulation open. Thisproblem has not been observed for an rlogin from an HP workstationto a SUN workstation.SIM/DMANSYS DesignSpace Errata . ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 . KS292-E . © SAS IP, Inc.Tracking Num-ber Problem Description Product22095When you copy and paste text in the Commands object or in thePreprocessing and Postprocessing Commands objects, all thecommands are put on one line with no carriage returns. Workaround:For the Commands object, paste the text into a text editor, save thefile, then import the text into the Commands object using the Importfeature. For the Preprocessing and Postprocessing Commands ob-jects, manually insert the carriage returns where needed.SIM 19663When resuming a dsdb file created in a previous version, the saved results may not be present under the Solution Combination . Work-around: Re-solve the Solution Combination after resuming the dsdbfile.SIM 22374On Unix HP platforms, the Commands objects placed in the Solution branch will have no returned parameters even if the Output SearchPrefix matches ANSYS parameters in the text commands. Work-around: Check the ANSYS output files to view the results of the desiredparameter values.SIM 20226On Unix platforms, when updating a Unigraphics assembly for version 18 and below, you may encounter the following error message: Anattempt was made to create a link between objects in differentparts.Workaround: To avoid this error message and ensure that thatthe part file will get saved when the attach is completed, you will needto turn on the Reader mode saves updated CAD file from the Ad-vanced Geometry Defaults group on the Project page before attach-ing the model.SIM 16887On Unix platforms, if you attempt to save the results of a CAE Template solution to a protected directory, the “Permission denied” messagedisplays for a very short time, then the message is hidden behind themain window. You may not be aware that the message is displayedand assume that the system is hanging. Workaround: Use the [Alt] -[Tab] key combination to display the message in front of the mainwindow after attempting a solution from the template file. Respondingto the messages will enable the solution and save results to an altern-ate directory.SIM 14494On Unix platforms, Workbench may hang if you attempt to resize the Workbench window during results animation. Workaround: Duringresults animation, wait until the Workbench window is totally repaintedbefore performing any further actions.SIM 10191On Unix platforms, if you use the right mouse button with the cursor over items in the bottom of the tree outline, the outline may not re-paint below its usable area.SIM 16955On Unix platforms, the file selection window used for specifying an XML file to import to the Simulation Wizard may not repaint after youbrowse for the file. Selecting OK still works in this situation.SIM 21145On Unix platforms, some error messages that occur during the solve process may not display in front of the Workbench window. Work-around: Use the [Alt]-[Tab] key combination to display each of theUnix windows in order to check for any solver error messages.SIM 22449On Unix platforms, if you try to view the ANSYS website by using the link found in the Simulation Wizard, Workbench may crash. Work-around: Please use an external browser to display the ANSYS website.SIMANSYS DesignSpace Errata . ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 . KS292-E . © SAS IP, Inc.2ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 Release Program ErrataTracking Num-ber Problem Description Product22071If you change a Definition item of a Solution Combination after solving, the result status does not update.SIM22064While a remote solve is in progress on a Unix server, rebooting a Windows client machine breaks the connection to the Unix servercausing lost data and nonretrievable results. Workaround: When usinga Unix server, do not reboot a Windows client machine until the solu-tion is complete. You can however safely reboot a Windows clientmachine on an LSF Cluster while a solve is in progress.SIM 22201If a Convergence item is added to a structural or thermal result which is scoped to an edge, the Worksheet view plot will be erroneous.SIM 21845Harmonic acceleration does not function with an ANSYS Professional license although it is designed to do so.SIM 22499In the Workbench installation menu, an option for the installation of Teamcenter Engineering (iMAN) interface, under Product DataManagement Integration appears which is not fully functional. Thisoption will be supported in later releases.SIM 22186Simulation and CFX-Mesh licenses cannot be checked out simultan-eously. When installing Workbench, if you choose both the Simulationand CFX-Mesh options, both Simulation and CFX-Mesh licenses willbe available to you upon startup. If you then enter either the Simula-tion or CFX-Mesh module, the other module will no longer be availableto you. Workaround: To make the other module available you willneed to exit and restart Workbench.SIM/CFXKnown Product Limitations Tracking Num-ber Limitation Description Product22452The ANSYS Workbench menu may not display depending on the user's support file location. If this is the case, check for the existence of theplug-in by selecting Assist> Load Application . The file MD2004Plu-In80NU.arx should be among the Loaded Applications .DM/SIM 22260Enclosure bodies created in DesignModeler are automatically trans-ferred to Simulation as individual Named Selections as well as appear-ing under the Geometry node. Use of the Named Selection Processingfeature does not alter the transfer.DM/SIM 16697Preprocessing and postprocessing command builders are not available on Unix platforms. However preprocessing and postprocessing com-mands, if included in the model, will be executed upon SOLVE inSimulation. In addition preprocessing commands will also be usedwhen transferring models from Simulation to ANSYS.SIM 10234The Export Animation File feature is not available on Unix platforms (and the corresponding button is not displayed).SIM 15216The Export function only exports data to .txt files on Unix platforms (not to .xls files).SIM 16461The Report Preview and Print Preview toolbars do not include the Print and Sent To buttons on Unix platforms.SIMCheck the online help (DesignXplorer 9.0 Help> Variational Technology> DesignXplorer VT> Limitations )for additional DX VT limitations.ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 Release Program Errata3ANSYS DesignSpace Errata . ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 . KS292-E . © SAS IP, Inc.Known Documentation Errors Tracking Num-ber Problem Description Product22502The Simulation 9.0 Help, under Overview> Simulation Licensing Op-tions, incorrectly lists the license level for Pretension Bolt Load as AN-SYS Structural and above. The correct license level is ANSYSDesignSpace and above.SIM Known Release Notes Errors Tracking Num-berProblem Description Product ANSYS DesignSpace Errata . ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 . KS292-E . © SAS IP, Inc.4ANSYS DesignSpace 9.0 Release Program Errata。

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2004 Society for Design and Process Science Printed in the United States of America

Transactions of the SDPS MARCH 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 113-127 OBJECT-PROCESS DIAGRAMS AS EXPLICIT GRAPHIC TOOL FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION

Yin Liu Tongji Center of National Engineering Research Center for High Performance Computer, Department of Computer Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. of China

Liu Wenyin Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. of China

Changjun Jiang Tongji Center of National Engineering Research Center for High Performance Computer, Department of Computer Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. of China

Web Service composition has become increasingly important with more and more Web Services developed and deployed on the Web. It requires a formal and clear representation for analysis, design, and implementation. The Business Process Execution Language for Web Service (BPEL4WS), which is an XML-based language, provides a good basis to describe Web Service composition. However, it still lacks a formal, explicit and graphic representation for visual modeling of the composition process and result. The Object-Process Methodology (OPM) has been shown to successfully describe the structure and behavior of systems using an integrated and coherent set of Object-Process Diagrams (OPDs). It should also be suitable to describe Web Service composition. In this paper we will discuss the extensions which are necessary to OPM in order to describe Web Service composition. We propose several mapping rules between BPEL4WS and OPD that are identical to the rules between Object-Process Language (OPL) and OPD so that the OPD set can be automatically created from existing BPEL4WS documents and BPEL4WS documents can be generated from the OPD set automatically, with some manual work. With the visual and explicit representation of Web Service composition, it will make the design and implementation of the composed services easier and more comprehensive.

Keywords: Object-Process Methodology, Web Service Composition.

1. Introduction Web Services are self-contained, self-describing software components which can be published, discovered and invoked across the Web. The objective of developing and using Web Services is to achieve universal interoperability between applications by using Web standards. Web Services use a platform-neutral protocol and a loosely-coupled model in order to allow flexible integration of heterogeneous systems in a variety of domains including B2C, B2B, as well as enterprise applications. The building blocks of the platform-neutral protocol are Web Service Description Language (WSDL), Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI), and the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), which are all based on XML language. The loosely-coupled model, which we want to discuss in this paper, is Web Service composition. Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science MARCH 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 114

As the capability of an individual Web Service is limited, it is necessary to create new functionalities with existing Web Services in the form of processes or flows. Web Service composition is, as explained in (Casati, et al., 2000 and Piccinelli, 1999), the ability to take existing services (or building blocks) and combine them to form new services. Though WSDL has provided a model of synchronous or asynchronous interactions for Web Service composition, the real application of Web Service composition is more complex than that. In order to solve this problem, several standards have been proposed. Web Service Flow Language (WSFL, 2001) and XLANG (XLANG, 2001) are two of the earliest languages to define the standards for Web Service composition. Both of them extend WSDL and provide their own models for Web Service composition. WSFL is proposed as an XML-based language and uses Flow Model and Global Model to describe complex service composition. XLANG extends WSDL with behavioral specifications to provide a model for orchestration of services. Later, Business Process Execution Language for Web Service (BPEL4WS, 2002) is proposed as a convergence of the ideas in XLANG and WSFL specifications. It combines the best of both WSFL (e.g., support for concurrent processes) and XLANG (e.g., structural constructs for processes) into one cohesive package that supports the implementation of any kind of business process in a very natural manner. Hence, in this paper, we focus our discussion on BPEL4WS. The representation of a composed Web Service using BPEL4WS is a set of XML documents, which are usually very long and cannot be understood easily. After several case studies on BPEL4WS were done, we found that there is little work on the graphic representation of Web Service composition and that it is necessary to find a graphic tool to visually model the composition work in BPEL4WS. This is the motivation of our OPD-based approach. With the help of the formal and explicit representation of OPDs (which will be explained in detail later), it is easy for us to understand the underlying mechanism of the composed Web Service and to accurately implement the final system. Object-Process Methodology (OPM) (Dori, 1995 and 2002) is a framework for system modeling and engineering, which has been shown to successfully describe the structure and behavior of systems within an integrated and coherent set of Object-Process Diagrams (OPDs) (Dori, 1995 and 2002). OPM includes a clear and concise set of symbols that form a language enabling the expression of the system’s building blocks as well as their relationship to each other. In other words, it is a symbolic representation of the objects in a system and the processes they enable. Objects and processes, collectively referred to as “things”, are the two types of OPM’s universal building blocks. With these two basic building blocks, OPD can serve as a formal and explicit graphic tool or language (actually, a visual programming language) for modeling the concurrent system in the world of Web Service composition. Generally speaking, our approach to Web Service composition is based on OPD and BPEL4WS. We use BPEL4WS as the language to specify composed processes and OPD as the graphic tool to visualize the implementation framework of the final system. The major work in the paper is to define several OPD templates for BPEL4WS elements, which are XML tags with specific semantics. An OPD template is a pre-defined sub-OPD which is used to describe a specific control flow. Some parts of an OPD template are defined as variables and require modification when it is used in practice. With these templates it is possible for us to automatically create OPDs from existing BPEL4WS documents for better understanding, or to design a composed service in OPDs and then generate BPEL4WS documents from them. Specifically, an equivalent link, which is a new extension to OPD, is introduced in this paper. It expresses an equivalence relationship between two things (objects or processes). Its semantics will be explained in the overview of OPD and detailed usages will be presented when we introduce OPD templates for BPEL4WS elements. In the following sections, we will first give an overview of BPEL4WS and OPD as background material. Then, several mapping rules between OPD and BPEL4WS will be presented, in which a set