Representing K2K Collaboration
新SAT语法真题argument
Read meCollege Board CB 4 SAT CB Khan Academy 2015 essay SAT , 3 SAT diagnostic testSAT CB SAT ±1AAA Studio1. released coming soon 2-3 pending22. 3 (level2 level3 level4)3.0 CB OG4. 1.1~1.4 ,1.5~1.7 SAT1.8 AAA Studio5. 2.1~2.3 2.56.3 AAA Studio SAT7.4 AAA Studio SAT8.5 OG 4 1 PSAT9. AAA StudioParts&Items Content State0 Sample Official sample questions released1 Reading1.1 Science level2(7 exercises)level3(7 exercises)level4(7 exercises)released 1.2 Literature level2(5 exercises)level3(5 exercises)level4(4 exercises)released 1.3 History level2(6 exercises)level3(5 exercises)level4(3 exercises)released 1.4 Social science level2(4 exercises)level3(4 exercises)level4(3 exercises)released1.5 Science supplementExcerpted and Adapted from real SATTests before the reformation released1.6 Social science supplement released 1.7 Literature supplement released1.8 AAA approaches to reading pending2 Language2.1 Argument level2(4 exercises)level3(3 exercises)level4(4 exercises)released 2.2 Informative level2(5 exercises)level3(6 exercises)level4(6 exercises)released 2.3 Narrative level2(4 exercises)level3(4 exercises)level4(4 exercises)released2.4 Basics exercises that focus on single sentence grammar and usage released3 Essay AAA approach to the new SAT essay Pending4 Vocabulary AAA glossary for the new SAT coming soon5 Full tests 4 Official OG practice tests plus 1 official PSAT practice testand 1 mini testreleasedTOEFL GRE SAT SAT SATSAT SAT 4 OG SAT 1.8 2.4 3mental effort mental effort mental effort “patio” “ ” mental effort mental effort “ ” “patio” 3mental effort mental effort AAA Studio/ 1 / 10 OG/ 1.5 / 21.1~1.4 level21.82.44/ 1.5 / 4~51.1~1.4 level31.82.1~2.3 level2level3431.5~1.72.4Merriam Webster’sVocabulary BuilderSAT CB 15%~20% 25%2016 350% 10% SAT 5 mini test Merriam Webster’s Vocabulary Builder/1 / 61.1~1.4 level42.1~2.3 level443Merriam Webster’s Vocabulary Builder5 PSAT OG/humanities/us-history Older man and the sea(Hemingway) Catcher in the Rye(Salinger) Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn(Twain) Harry Potter(Rowling) Pride and Prejudice(Austin)Reading Practices for the Redesigned SAT 1.1Science Level 2Find more here atAAA studioProudly presented by Khan AcademyHumbly brought to you by AAA StudioLanguage Practices for the Redesigned SAT 2.1Argument Level 2Find more here atAAA studioProudly presented by Khan AcademyHumbly brought to you by AAA StudioExercise 1The symbol 1 [Marker for question 1] indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage.Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice Judithe Hernandez’s art career began in Los Angeles during the socially and politically turbulent 1960s. While enrolled as a graduate student at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles, Hernandez met fellow student Carlos Almaraz, one of the founding 1 members of the Chicano artist collective known as “Los Four.” At Almarez’s request, Hernandez joined “Los Four” as its fifth, and only female, member. Hernandez became well known for her work with this revolutionary group of artists, who are credited with 2 authorizing Chicano art as its own distinctive school of (US) American art. 3 Less known but equally important, however, is the role Hernandez played in providing a female voice within what was at that time a predominantly male Chicano art movement. Chicano art began as an outgrowth of the more general Chicano Civil Rights 4 Movement; a sociopolitical initiative that began in the 1960s to promote social progress and change for Mexican-Americans. 5 Chicano artists sought to mirror the challenges faced by Mexican-Americans, often by challenging the xenophobic stereotypes of Mexican-Americans in American culture. However, since the vast majority of Chicano artists were men, much of the Chicano artwork of the 1960s and early 1970s represented the experiences of Mexican-American men, failing to represent some of the unique struggles faced by their female counterparts.6 During her time with “Los Four,” Hernandez developed a distinct visual style as she incorporated indigenous images along with figurative portrayals of Hispanic women, often restrained by elements such as vines or thorns. Thesignificance of her contributions to the Chicano art movement 7 were recognized as early as 1981, when Hernandez was commissioned by the Los Angeles Bicentennial Committee to produce a mural in celebration of the city’s 200th anniversary. 8 The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past and present. In it, Hernandez juxtaposes images of male and female farmers with more opulent depictions of modern Los Angeles, 9 but underscoring the invaluable work of Mexican-American men and women in the construction of the city.Since the 1970s, Hernandez has exhibited additional forms of visual art beyond the mural work that characterized much of her early career. In her recent pastel-on-paper series entitled “Adam and Eve,” Hernandez uses iconic religious images to highlight the 10 unequal, gender relations in Chicano culture. Through works such as these, Hernandez continues to provide a voice for Chicano 11 women. Highlighting the unique challenges that they face in America everyday.For these questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas or to correct the errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation.Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage. Others will ask you to think about the passage as a whole.Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is.QUESTION 1 OF 11A NO CHANGEB artists who startedC members who created and belonged toD creators who beganQUESTION 2 OF 11A NO CHANGEB establishingC permittingD approvingQUESTION 3 OF 11Which choice most effectively establishes the central claim of the passage?A NO CHANGEB The Chicano Movement, also known as “El Movimiento,”began in the 1940s with the explicit goal of empoweringMexican-Americans.C Judithe Hernandez was born to a progressive Mexican-American family in Los Angeles that encouraged herinvolvement in the arts from an early age.D In the 1960s, Chicano art was often displayed as publicmurals intended to create a dialogue about the issues facedby Mexican-Americans.QUESTION 4 OF 11A NO CHANGEB Movement, which was:C Movement—D MovementQUESTION 5 OF 11The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?A Yes, because the topic of Chicano artists is irrelevant tothe main idea of the paragraph.B Yes, because it provides information that is alreadypresent elsewhere in the passage.C No, because it helps to develop the main topic of theparagraph.D No, because it effectively transitions between the topicsof male Chicano artists and female Chicano artists. QUESTION 6 OF 11At this point, the writer wants to provide a transition that effectively links the topics of the second and third paragraphs. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A As one of the first prominent US artists to depict theexperiences of Mexican-American women, JuditheHernandez played a vital role in the Chicano art movement.B All of the members of “Los Four” were college-educatedartists who served as activists and educators within theChicano movement.C Hernandez and Alvarez collaborated together on anumber of public murals for the United Nations FarmWorkers and the Ramona Gardens Housing Project in EastLos Angeles.D Chicano artists were heavily influenced by artists from theMexican Mural Movement, particularly Diego Rivera.QUESTION 7 OF 11A NO CHANGEB isC wasD have beenQUESTION 8 OF 11The writer wants to smoothly incorporate the mural’s title, “Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow,” into the underlined sentence. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?A The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (thepatroness of the city) engaged with images of the past andpresent, and the mural is entitled “Remembrances ofYesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow.”B The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (thepatroness of the city), and is entitled “Remembrances ofYesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow,” while showing thepatroness engaged with images of the past and present.C The mural, entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday,Dreams of Tomorrow,” portrays La Reina de Los Angeles(the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the pastand present.D The mural being entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday,Dreams of Tomorrow,” it portrays La Reina de Los Angeles(the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the pastand present.QUESTION 9 OF 11A NO CHANGEB also underscoresC and still underscoringD underscoringQUESTION 10 OF 11A NO CHANGEB unequal; genderC unequal genderD unequal—genderQUESTION 11 OF 11A NO CHANGEB women, highlightingC women, she highlightsD women. And highlighting Find more here at AAA studioExercise 2The symbol 1 [Marker for question 1] indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage.Taking on Gatsby: A Director’s Tall TaskMany films have been adapted from literature with much success. 1 However, adapting a novel as beloved as The Great Gatsby has proved to be a great challenge. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s iconic tale of 1920s excess 2 have been taken on by Hollywood four times: in 1926, 1949, 1974, and 2013. None met with widespread critical or popular success. As a novel, The Great Gatsby has become a mainstay of American popular culture, so when readers go to the movies to see Jay Gatsby come to life, their expectations are high. Viewers should keep in mind, though, that adapting a novel into a film is more complicated than it seems, and literary film adaptations should be evaluated on their own merits.The issue of fidelity is the first thing that stands in the way of fairly 3 negotiating a film adaptation. Many viewers want to see the literary source portrayed on screen exactly as it was written, especially when the plot and characters are as memorable as 4 that of The Great Gatsby. The 1974 film adaptation was recognized for following Fitzgerald’s novel to the 5 letter, however, the movie was also criticized for being lifeless and dull. 6 A film is limited to the length of time that the production is allowed to run, and the director must use this time to create an immediate, sensory impact, not a visual retelling of a book.7 Because Fitzgerald had unlimited space in The Great Gatsby to create as many characters, plots, and subplots as he desired, the directors of film adaptations have the advantages of theatrical performance, the spoken word, music, sound effects, and photographic images. The director of the most recent film adaptation of The Great Gatsby was credited for shaping Fitzgerald’s material to fit his own artistic sensibility and 8 also his own contemporary perspective. Although the inclusion of hip-hop culture and high-end consumerism in this latest film surprised some critics and probably some faithful readers of the novel, at least the director 9 made the movie using the tools of his own medium.10 People love movies. This is the hard reality that must be faced when viewing the film version of a beloved book. Though it may be difficult, The Great Gatsby must be taken off its literary pedestal before one goes to see its filmic counterpart. Books are capable of inspiring countless interpretations. Film adaptations deserve the same creative space. 11Academy Award Nominations Breakdown, by Film Type Adapted from Anne Marie, "We Recycle Movies: Some Oscars HistoryWRM Style!" © 2012 by Anne Marie.For these questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas or to correct the errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation.Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage. Others will ask you to think about the passage as a whole.Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is.QUESTION 1 OF 11At this point, the writer wants to add accurate information from the chart below to support the claim made in the previous sentence.Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A Though less likely to be nominated for an AcademyAward than are original scripts, literary adaptations accountfor about a quarter of such nominations.B 64 percent of literary adaptations have gone on to benominated for an Academy Award.C More than half of all Academy Award-nominated filmshave been literary adaptations.D As much as 26 percent of Academy Award-nominatedfilms are based on original scripts.QUESTION 2 OF 11A NO CHANGEB wereC areD has beenQUESTION 3 OF 11A NO CHANGEB estimatingC resolvingD judgingQUESTION 4 OF 11A NO CHANGEB those ofC the one inD DELETE the underlined portion.QUESTION 5 OF 11A NO CHANGEB letter, howeverC letter; however,D letter, however:QUESTION 6 OF 11At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence. This version starred Robert Redford, a popular and critically acclaimed actor, in the title role. Should the writer make this addition here?A Yes, because it adds details that support the precedingsentence's claim about the movie's critical reception.B Yes, because it provides a logical transition to the rest ofthe paragraph's analysis of how the film's castingdisappointed fans of the book.C No, because it inserts a loosely related detail thatinterrupts the paragraph's discussion of the flaws of a filmthat faithfully adapted the book.D No, because it introduces an irrelevant fact thatundermines the argument that the best films are those mostfaithful to the books on which they're based.QUESTION 7 OF 11A NO CHANGEB WhileC However,D DELETE the underlined portion.QUESTION 8 OF 11A NO CHANGEB the contemporary perspective of the film’s director.C contemporary perspective.D to fit the director’s contemporary perspective.QUESTION 9 OF 11A NO CHANGEB would makeC makesD will makeQUESTION 10 OF 11Which choice best introduces the main idea of the paragraph?A NO CHANGEB People will always like the book more.C No director is perfect.D Adaptation is interpretation.QUESTION 11 OF 11The writer wants an emphatic conclusion for the passage that reiterates a main point of the argument. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A Whether or not it goes on to win an Academy Award, afilm should be evaluated based primarily on its direction andcinematography.B Filmmakers ultimately have a responsibility not to deviatefrom the original plot of a novel, but beyond that they cantake liberties with details such as setting and characters.C If another Great Gatsby film comes out in 25 or 30 years,audiences should judge it based on its own cinematic meritsand not based on its fidelity to Fitzgerald's book.D In the end, books and films are not so different, and TheGreat Gatsby has been proving this to movie audiences fordecades.Find more here atAAA studioExercise 3The symbol 1 [Marker for question 1] indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage.Healthy Outlook for Male NursesThe presence of men in the nursing field has a long history reaching back over two thousand years. Men attended the world’s first nursing school in India in 250 1 BCE founded a hospital to provide care for the sick during the Black Plague epidemic and cared for wounded soldiers in countless wars throughout history. Yet despite the historical role of men in nursing, men currently comprise less than 10 percent of the nursing population in the United States. While the reasons behind the dearth of men in nursing 2 are numerous, a current rise in the number of men in the nursing field bodes well for nurses and patients alike.Although men played a prominent role in the nursing field for millennia, shifting gender norms in the late 1800s caused a dramatic drop in the number of men pursuing nursing as a career. Part of this trend was related to the rise of the family medical model in Victorian England. 3 According to this model, the ideal medical team mirrored the patriarchal Victorian family unit, with men (doctors) as the heads of households, women (nurses) as the “handmaidens,” and children (patients) as the dependents. This model dissuaded men from entering the nursing profession, directing them instead to the more socially acceptable role as physicians.In addition to the influence of the family medical model, the teachings of Florence Nightingale—often hailed as the founder of the modern nursing 4 profession, further discouraged men from entering the nursing field. While Nightingale was successful in 5 inflating the status of nursing as a respectable profession for women, her axiom that nursing was the ideal profession for women created social and professional barriers for men interested in pursuing 6 nursing jobs as a professional career path for themselves. For example, in the early 20th century, many nursing registries created separate lists for men and women, legally preventing men from practicing in areas such as maternal/child health, obstetrics, and gynecology. 7The tide against men in the nursing field began to change directions in the 1970s and 8 1980s. Due in part to a United States Supreme Court decision that held that the women-only admissions policy of the Mississippi University for Women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since this decision, the percentage of registered nurses who are men in the United States has increased 9from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 7.6 percent in 2011. This growth is likely to prove beneficial for both the nursing community and the patients they serve. 10With the demand for nursing services projected to surge over the next decade, the time could not be better for the equitable inclusion of men into the nursing workforce. For patients, this will mean a larger and more diverse set of potential caretakers; and for the nurses themselves, this 11 meant stable employment, relatively high wages, and a rewarding career.Percentage of Nurses Who Are Men, 1970-2011Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1970 Decennial Census, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Equal Employment Tabulation, and 2006 and 2011 AmericanCommunity SurveyFor these questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas or to correct the errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation.Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage. Others will ask you to think about the passage as a whole.Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is.QUESTION 1 OF 11A NO CHANGEB BCE, founded a hospital to provide care for the sickduring the Black Plague epidemic;C BCE; founded a hospital to provide care for the sickduring the Black Plague epidemic,D BCE, founded a hospital to provide care for the sickduring the Black Plague epidemic,QUESTION 2 OF 11A NO CHANGEB isC wasD has beenQUESTION 3 OF 11A NO CHANGEB In sharp contrast,C Influencing this trend,D In Victorian England,QUESTION 4 OF 11A NO CHANGEB profession;C profession:D profession—QUESTION 5 OF 11A NO CHANGEB elevatingC risingD incitingQUESTION 6 OF 11A NO CHANGEB their interests of a career path in the nursing field.C their preferred career path as professional nurses.D this career path.QUESTION 7 OF 11At this point, the writer wants to provide a second example in support of the paragraph’s main point. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A Those men who were nurses normally worked inhospitals for the mentally ill.B The United States Army also barred men from nursinguntil the late 1960s.C The early 20th century also saw a rise in the number ofmen pursuing careers as psychologists.D Florence Nightingale also opened the first secular nursingschool in the world in London, England.QUESTION 8 OF 11A NO CHANGEB 1980s. Which was dueC 1980s, dueD 1980s, this was dueQUESTION 9 OF 11At this point, the writer wants to add accurate and relevant data from the graph. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?A NO CHANGEB by 9.6 percent in 2011.C from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 9.6 percent in 2011.D from 4.1 percent in 1980 to 5.7 percent in 1990. QUESTION 10 OF 11The writer wants to conclude the paragraph with a statement that develops the claim introduced in the preceding sentence. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A According to a 2010 publication from the Institute ofMedicine, male nurses provide unique perspectives andskills that are important to the profession and society atlarge, particularly in the area of men’s reproductive health.B While the percentage of men in the nursing field is rising,patients are unlikely to see any tangible differences in thequality of care that they receive.C Although more men are pursuing nursing as a career, itwill probably still take a while before the public feels ascomfortable with the idea of male nurses as they do withfemale nurses.D A number of research studies suggest that men are morelikely to pursue careers as registered nurses than licensedvocational nurses due to the higher average salaryassociated with the former group.QUESTION 11 OF 11A NO CHANGEB had meantC will meanD is meaningFind more here atAAA studioExercise 4The symbol 1 [Marker for question 1] indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage.The Rise of the HospitalistAccording to a recent article in The New England Journal of Medicine, primary care medicine in the United States is “at grave risk” of collapsing. Since primary care providers typically serve as a patient’s first point of contact in the health care system, their importance cannot be overstated. However, in 2007, a 1 trivial 5.1percent of graduating medical students had decided to pursue further training in this field.2 One of the most promising solutions to our country’s primary care predicament is the evolution of the “hospitalist.” First coined in 1996, the term “hospitalist” refers to physicians who dedicate most of3 there career to the care of acutely ill hospitalized patients. They provide care for patients who require hospital treatment with medicine (rather than surgery). The vast majority of hospitalists are trained in internal medicine or family medicine, though a small percentage also comes from other specialties including pediatrics, psychiatry, and dermatology.4 Because hospitalists generally work twelve-hour shifts for seven days in a row, they provide patients with continuity of care, allowing them to be seen by the same physician for much of their hospital stay. Since they are based in the 5hospital hospitalists can also check-up on each patient multiple times a day, and they can coordinate care from specialists and ancillary departments such as 6 the physical and occupational therapy department, and the social services department, and the nursing care management department. From the hospital’s perspective, hospitalists are also generally associated with modest cost savings since hospitalists coordinate among multiple departments and, as a result, 7 being well-positioned to effectively allocate hospital resources.The rapid growth of hospitalist medicine in recent years suggests that hospitalists are here to stay. 8 While many healthcare providers and recipients laud this growth, there are still a number of outstanding issues that need to be addressed. For example, experts still do not know what long-term impacts the hospitalist movement will have on the general internist and family medicine 9 workforce? If more internists and family medicine doctors decide to become hospitalists, what will happen to the availability of these doctors for the outpatient population? 10 In addition, if hospitalists are to become full members of academic medical centers, they will likely need to incorporate a number of additional skills into their training, particularly research skills.While the precise trajectory of the hospitalist movement is still unclear, this new field of medicine has immense potential to fill many of the current gaps in our healthcare system. 11 Number of Hospitalists in the United States, 2006-2009 (Estimated)Source: Data from Society of Hospital MedicineFor these questions, you will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas or to correct the errors in sentence structure, usage, or punctuation.Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage. Others will ask you to think about the passage as a whole.Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option. Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is.QUESTION 1 OF 11Which choice is most consistent with the first sentence of the passage?A NO CHANGEB minorC meagerD limitedQUESTION 2 OF 11Which choice provides the smoothest transition between the first and second paragraphs?A NO CHANGEB Many medical students do not wish to pursue primarycare because of the unreasonable work hours.C In the 1980s, the number of primary care physicians inthe United States plummeted.D DELETE the underlined portion.QUESTION 3 OF 11A NO CHANGEB theirC his or herD they'reQUESTION 4 OF 11Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?A The growth of hospitalist medicine introduces a number ofbenefits for both patients and hospitals alike.B Hospitalists introduce a number of challenges for hospitalpatients and staff.C The growth of the hospitalist movement is likely toaccelerate in the coming years.D Patients generally prefer hospitalists to other types ofdoctors due to the fact that hospitalists provide continuity ofcare.QUESTION 5 OF 11A NO CHANGEB hospital,C hospital;D hospital:QUESTION 6 OF 11A NO CHANGEB physical and occupational therapy, social services, andnursing care management.C physical and occupational therapy, and social services,and also nursing care management.D the physical and occupational therapy department, andthe social services department, and, in addition, the nursingcare management department.QUESTION 7 OF 11A NO CHANGEB which can beC areD DELETE the underlined portion.QUESTION 8 OF 11At this point, the writer wants to add accurate and specific information from the graph to support the claim made in the previous sentence. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A Since 2006, the hospitalist movement’s rate of growth hascontinued to increase.B Between 2006 and 2009, the number of hospitalistsincreased from nearly 20,000 to about 28,000.C In 2009, the number of hospitalists in the United Statesleveled off at around 30,000.D Between 2006 and 2009, the number of hospitalists in theUnited States more than doubled.QUESTION 9 OF 11A NO CHANGEB workforce;C workforceD workforce.QUESTION 10 OF 11The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?A Yes, because the sentence weakens the argument infavor of training more hospitalists.B Yes, because the sentence restates information providedearlier in the paragraph about the need for additionaltraining for hospitalists.C No, because the sentence provides another example of afuture challenge for the hospitalist movement.D No, because the sentence provides another example of abenefit to patients for training more hospitalists. QUESTION 11 OF 11The writer wants to conclude the passage by proposing a relevant question for the reader to consider. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A The question now is whether it would be worth the effortto train more hospitalists.B The question now is not whether to hire hospitalists, buthow much to pay them.C The question now is whether training more hospitalistswill really improve patients' quality of care.(Choice D, Checked)D The question now is not whether we should be traininghospitalists in this country, but how.Find more here atAAA studio。
2014年Retail_Design_Collective展会_-_假人模特_(英文版)
MANNEQUINS | DECORATIVES & FOLIAGE | FIXTURES | TREND ANALYSISAthletic forms and natural poses mark a move away fromstatic, regimented mannequins.Atrezzo MannequinsGoldsmith Genesis Display Genesis DisplayGoldsmithExhibitors showcased mannequins with relaxed,natural or playful poses in a bid to move away from static, regimented formsSeveral mannequin exhibitors spoke of anincreasing demand for athletic mannequins and are developing or offering forms with muscular physiques in sporting posesOther key trends include integrated accessory display functions, articulated forms, texture play and offbeat colourwaysSpanish mannequin company Atrezzo showcased its Mekano collection – fully articulated fibreglass forms, some with wooden arms. The company also presented It Girl, which is a less static feminine form with attitude and sensuality. Forms are available with both abstract or realistic features, and are made bespoke to be easily customisable.CONTACT: +34 93 487 6164atrezzo@ / ATREZZO MANNEQUINSCNL presented its Swan Collection, which is a series of elite and exclusive female forms. Aimed at couture or designer retailers, the forms, which come in eight different poses, are timeless and graceful.CONTACT: +1 714 521 9997tasha@ / CNL MANNEQUINSMannequin distributor DK Display presented Bonaveri’s newest collection, Aloof, which was created in collaboration with Emma Davidge. The collection draws inspiration from old Hollywood and fashion photographers such as Richard Avedon and Cecil Beaton. The forms have been featured by Fendi, Topshop and Vogue this year. Other standout forms include the textured matte grey Shadows collection from New John Nissen.CONTACT: +1 212 807 0499info@ / DK DISPLAYGenesis Mannequins revived its Fame, Vogue and Vision forms, showcased earlier this year at EuroShop with a comic-book inspired theme. The narrative sees the mannequins transformed into superhero characters which are then challenged with saving fashion-Sin City. The offering of dog props has expanded, with the animals styled as fashion leaders such as Karl Lagerfeld. Genesis also showcased a strong selection of active forms with muscular physiques in sporting poses, from climbing or boxing to running.CONTACT: +1 212 505 6600info@ / GENESIS MANNEQUINSGoldsmith, which works alongside Windows Mannequins, presented the Cameleon collection of interchangeable facial feature forms showcased earlier this year at EuroShop. Goldsmith premiered the Kinky Girls collection which adopts attitude and a sense of movement in contrast to the previously popular, more stagnant poses. The mannequins come in seven poses, with four more in the pipeline. Other standout collections include the Brothers + Sisters children’s forms which have been re-coloured in an array of brights.CONTACT: +1 212 366 9040dan@ / GOLDSMITHReinforcing the focus on athletic, sporting mannequins, IDW previewed early prototypes of its new active collection which featured sculpted muscular bodies in running poses. Other forms include the couture collection, articulated-arm mannequins and the reintroduction of its juniors line.CONTACT: +1 773 327 2500michael@ / IDWManex placed it plus-size forms under the spotlight, alongside a rotating dart board – created by Media Nation – with Barbie dolls attached. The plus-size forms come in six poses and feature a simple egghead. Hans Boodt’s mannequins were also on show, including transparent papier mâché forms which can be dyed to a specific Pantone colour.CONTACT: +1 212 366 0571 MANEXMondo Mannequins previously partnered with two European companies, but since noticing a difference between the European and US markets, it decided to focus on the US. CEO Barry Rosenburg explained how the European forms had smaller waist and bust sizes which meant they had to be customised for the US market. Collections on show included its high-fashion line Moda and younger forms Studio M.CONTACT: +1 800 645 7032br@ / MONDO MANNEQUINSPatina V showcased two new collections, Elle and Fresh. Elle is for displaying accessories, with hidden hooks in the hands. The form is finished in a soft-touch matte paint in a variety of colours and comes in 12 different poses. Fabric mixes are also available and it either comes with an abstract, realistic or egg head. The Fresh collection features interesting poses, severe facial features and has attitude. Coming in seven different poses, it is also intended for accessories, with articulated hands. Recent clients include Bloomingdales, Kohl’s, Lane Bryant and Nordstrom.CONTACT: +1 516 655 6855jennifer@ / PATINA VSilvestri’s latest collection, entitled Abstraction, draws inspiration from Surreal, Expressionist and Cubist art. Sculptor Lloyd Squiers explained that primarily, simplicity in mannequins is paramount, and he wants to drive this trend forward and eventually move away from it. This spurred him to create the sculpted heads, which take inspiration from several historic art movements.CONTACT: +1 323-277-4420info@ / SILVESTRIUNIVERSAL DISPLAYUniversal Display focused on promoting its beacon technology-enabled mannequins using a series of comic-book inspired panels alongside the forms. The forms have been used in the UK at stores such as House of Fraser, Jaeger, Ted Baker, Oasis and Ben Sherman, and the company is now carrying out silent tests in the US. The beacon technology allows the user to connect via an app to pull up the look, locate the product, connect to social media, and to promote offers or deals.CONTACT: +1 212 242 0374info@ / 。
化学专业类英文科研文献
Conjugation vs hyperconjugation in molecular structure of acroleinSvitlana V.Shishkina a ,⇑,Anzhelika I.Slabko b ,Oleg V.Shishkin a ,caDivision of Functional Materials Chemistry,SSI ‘Institute for Single Crystals’,National Academy of Science of Ukraine,60Lenina Ave.,Kharkiv 61001,Ukraine bDepartment of Technology of Plastic Masses,National Technical University ‘Kharkiv Polythechnic Institute’,21Frunze Str.,Kharkiv 61002,Ukraine cDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry,V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University,4Svobody Sq.,Kharkiv 61077,Ukrainea r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 4August 2012In final form 16November 2012Available online 29November 2012a b s t r a c tAnalysis of geometric parameters of butadiene and acrolein reveals the contradiction between the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in acrolein and classical concept of conjugation degree in the polarized molecules.In this Letter the reasons of this contradiction have been investigated.It is concluded that the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in acrolein is determined by influence of the bonding for it p –p conjugation and antibonding n ?r ⁄hyperconjugation between the oxygen lone pair and the antibonding orbital of the single bond.It was shown also this bond length depends on the difference in energy of conjugative and hyperconjuga-tive interactions.Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionButadiene and acrolein belong to the most fundamental mole-cules in the organic chemistry.They are canonical objects for the investigation of phenomena of p –p conjugation between double bonds and polarization of p -system by heteroatom [1].According to many experimental [2–16]as well as theoretical studies [13,17–23]the molecular structure of butadiene is determined by conjugation between p -orbitals of two double bonds and may be described as superposition of two resonance structures (Scheme 1).The presence of zwitterionic structure causes the shortening of the central single Csp 2–Csp 2bond as compare with similar unconjugated bond [24].Acrolein differs from butadiene by presence of the oxygen atom instead terminal methylene group.According to classical concepts of organic chemistry such replacement should causes polarization of p -system due to presence of highly polar C @O bond [25].This leads to significant increase of the contribution of the zwitterionic resonance structure (Scheme 1)reflecting strengthening of conju-gation between p -systems of double bonds.Therefore the central Csp 2–Csp 2bond must be shorter in acrolein as compared with one in butadiene.However numerous investigations of acrolein by experimental [26–28]and theoretical methods [26,27,29–36]demonstrate an opposite situation:the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length varies within the range 1.469Ä1.481Åin acrolein as compared with 1.454Ä1.467in butadiene.Based on these data one can conclude that conjugation between double bonds in acrolein is weaker than in butadiene.At that time the rotation barrier obtained from quan-tum-chemical calculations is higher in acrolein [26,27],confirming stronger conjugation between double bonds.Thus,results of experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the con-tradiction between the strengthening of the conjugation in acrolein as compare with butadiene and the values of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in these molecules.Recently such illogical situation was observed also in derivatives of cyclohexene containing conjugated endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds [37].It was assumed that elongation of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond in cycloxen-2-enone as compare with one in 3-methylene-cyclohexene is caused by the influence of n ?r ⁄hyperconjugation.In this Letter we demonstrate the results of the investigation of intramolecular interactions in butadiene and acrolein which ex-plain the experimentally observed contradiction between the length of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond and degree of conjugation in acrolein.2.Method of calculationsThe structures of all investigated molecules were optimized using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory [38].The standard aug-cc-pvtz basis set [39]was applied.The character of stationary points on the potential energy surface was verified by calculations of vibrational frequencies within the harmonic approximation using analytical second derivatives at the same level of theory.All stationary points possess zero (minima)or one (saddle points)imaginary frequencies.The verification of the calculation method was performed using optimization of butadi-ene and acrolein by MP2/aug-cc-pvqz,CCSD(T)/cc-pvtz and CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)methods [40].The geometry of saddle points for the rotation process was lo-cated using standard optimization technique [41].The barrier of the rotation in all molecules was calculated as the difference be-tween the Gibbs free energies at 298K of the most stable s-trans0009-2614/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.cplett.2012.11.032Corresponding author.Fax:+3805723409339.E-mail address:sveta@ (S.V.Shishkina).conformer and saddle-point conformation.All calculations were performed using the G AUSSIAN 03program [42].The intramolecular interactions were investigated within the Natural Bonding Orbitals theory [43]with N BO 5.0program [44].Calculations were performed using B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz wave func-tion obtained from single point calculations by G AUSSIAN 03program.The conjugation and hyperconjugation interactions are referred to as ‘delocalization’corrections to the zeroth-order natural Lewis structure.For each donor N BO (i )and acceptor N BO (j ),the stabiliza-tion energy E (2)associated with delocalization (‘2e-stabilization’)i ?j is estimated asE ð2Þ¼D E ij ¼q iF ði ;j Þ22j À2i;where q i is the donor orbital occupancy,e j and e i are the diagonal elements (orbital energies),and F (i,j )is the off-diagonal N BO Fock matrix element.3.Results and discussionThe equilibrium geometry of s-trans and s-cis conformers of butadiene and acrolein calculated by MP/aug-cc-pvtz method (Ta-ble 2)agrees very well with obtained earlier results [2–23,25–34]and data of higher and more computationally expensive methods (Table 1).It can be noted that the C–C bond length in acrolein(Tables 1and 2)is longer as compared with butadiene in all sta-tionary points on the potential energy surface.Such relation does not agree with the conception of the resonance theory [45–47].Analysis of intramolecular interactions in both molecules using N BO theory indicates that acrolein differs from butadiene by pres-ence of intramolecular interaction between lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond (Figure 1)as well as the polarization of one double bond containing more electronega-tive ually the interactions between lone pair and antibonding orbital of single bond are stronger than the interac-tions between the C–H bond and antibonding orbital [48]and they can influence geometrical characteristics.Such type of interactions is named by anomeric effect and it is studied very well for the case when the central bond between interacted orbitals is single [48,49].It is investigated in details [49]an influence of classical anomeric effect on conformation of the substituents about central single bond as well as on values of bond lengths.In the case of hyperconjugation interactions along double bond in acrolein orien-tation of substituents around it is determined by its double charac-ter.Therefore,n ?r ⁄hyperconjugative interaction can influence on the bond lengths of interacted ones only.It can assume the dou-ble character of the central bond must also promote some strengthening of this influence due to shorter distance between the lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond.Results of N BO analysis of intramolecular interactions in butadi-ene and acrolein demonstrate that the energy of n ?r ⁄interaction between lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond in acrolein is twice as high of the energy of r ?r ⁄interaction between the C–H bond and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond in butadiene (Table 2).At that time the energy of n ?r ⁄interaction is close enough to the energy of p –pTable 2The equilibrium geometries (bond lengths,Åand C @C–C @X (X =CH 2,O)torsion angle,deg.),transition state of the rotation process,bond length alternation (BLA)parameter,related energy (D E rel ,kcal/mol),related stability (D G 298,kcal/mol)and energy of strongest intramolecular interactions (E (2),kcal/mol)for butadiene and acrolein optimized by MP2/aug-cc-pvtz method.The wave function calculated by b3lyp/aug-cc-pvtz method was used for N BO analysis.ConformerBond lengths (Å)C @C–C @X torsion angle deg.BLA (Å)D E rel(kcal/mol)D G 298(kcal/mol)E (2)(kcal/mol)C @CC–C C @X p –pn ?r ⁄(C–C)r ?r ⁄(C–C)Butadiene s-trans 1.341 1.453 1.340180.0+0.1120030.74–8.67gauche 1.340 1.465 1.34036.8+0.125 2.83 2.8921.04–8.94TS 1.3361.4801.336101.8+0.1446.446.102.32–10.66Acrolein s-trans 1.339 1.469 1.219180.0+0.1300027.7518.06–s-cis 1.338 1.481 1.2190.0+0.143 2.26 2.2224.6319.05–TS1.334 1.492 1.21692.5+0.1588.017.46–18.78–Acrolein +BH 3s-trans 1.341 1.449 1.235180.0+0.1080033.12 2.4511.43s-cis 1.340 1.460 1.2340.0+0.120 2.45 2.3829.61 2.6011.43TS1.334 1.476 1.23193.7+0.1429.258.61–2.3911.55Table 1The Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in butadiene and acrolein optimized by different quantum-chemical methods.Method of calculationCsp 2–Csp 2bond length (Å)D (Csp 2–Csp 2)(Å)ButadieneAcrolein MP2/aug-cc-pvtz 1.453 1.4690.016MP2/aug-cc-pvqz 1.451 1.4670.016CCSD(T)/cc-pvtz1.461 1.4780.017CCSD(T)/6–311G(d,p)1.4681.4870.019S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters 556(2013)18–2219conjugation between two double bonds.Therefore it can assume that the influence of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjuga-tion on the C–C bond length should be comparable.However two strongest intramolecular interactions in the acrolein differ from each other:p–p conjugation between double bonds causes the shortening of the C–C bond in contrary to n?r⁄hyperconjugation which leads to the elongation of the C–C bond owing to the popu-lation of its antibonding orbital.Taking into account this situation it is possible to conclude that length of the Csp2–Csp2single bond in acrolein is determined by balance of two opposite factors namely p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation which may be considered as bonding and antibonding interactions for this bond(Figure1).In this case the length of the Csp2–Csp2bond in acrolein depends on the con-tribution of each of these factors.The changing of the delocaliza-tion of the structures due to influence of intramolecular interactions can be analyzed easier by mean of the bond length alternation(BLA)parameter(Table2).The analysis of BLA shows the presence of n?r⁄hyperconjugative interaction in acrolein what results in the increasing of alternation of double bonds as compare with butadiene.Clear estimation of influence of both interactions on geometri-cal parameters of molecule may be performed by comparison of properties of single C–C bond and BLA parameter in equilibrium s-trans conformation and in situations where one or both intramo-lecular interactions are absent.It is well known that p–p conjugation between double bonds decreases appreciably up to disappearing(in acrolein)in the tran-sition state for the rotation around single bond process(Figure2). The data of N BO analysis for butadiene and acrolein in the transition state confirm this evidence(Table2).As expected the absence of p–p conjugation results in the elongation of the Csp2–Csp2bond and increasing of BLA as compare with equilibrium geometry.At that time single C–C bond remains longer in the transition state for acrolein as compare with one for butadiene’s transition state.1.4921.4691.4491.476π−π is present n σ* is presentπ−π is absentn σ* is absent without π−πwithout n σ∗Figure2.Influence of p–p⁄conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation on the C–Cbond length in acrolein.Table3The energy(E(2),kcal/mol)of the conjugative(bonding)and hyperconjugative(antibonding)intramolecular interactions influencing the Csp2–Csp2bond length in butadiene, acrolein and its complex with BH3.Molecule Bonding interactions E(2)(kcal/mol)Antibonding interactions E(2)(kcal/mol)Butadienes-trans BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C430.74BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.67 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-H87.68BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C38.67 gauche BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C421.04BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.94 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-C4 5.36BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C39.01BD(1)C3-H8–BD(1)C1-C2 5.36TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-C4 3.5BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C310.66 BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C4 3.46BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C310.66BD(1)C3-C4–BD(2)C1-C2 3.46BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C4 2.32BD(1)C3-H8–BD(2)C1-C29.57BD(1)C2-H7–BD(2)C3-C49.57Acroleins-trans BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 2.73BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.25 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O427.75LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C318.06BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-H8 5.95s-cis BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O424.63BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.76 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-O4 4.05LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C319.05BD(1)C3-H8–BD(1)C1-C2 5.01TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O4 2.98BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C39.07 BD(1)C3-O4–BD(2)C1-C2 4.48LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C318.78BD(1)C3-H8–BD(2)C1-C2 5.85BD(1)C2-H7–BD(2)C3-O4 6.16Acrolein+BH3s-trans BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 3.07BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C38.09 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O433.12BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.43BD(1)C2-H8–BD(1)C3-H9 5.97LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.45 s-cis BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-H9 4.98BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C38.51 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O429.61BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.43BD(1)C2-H8–BD(1)C3-O4 4.41LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.60 TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O40.55BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C39.05 BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O4 3.01BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.55BD(2)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 4.90LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.39BD(1)C3-H9–BD(2)C1-C2 6.13BD(1)C2-H8–BD(2)C3-O4 6.8820S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–22It is additional argument about the influence of n?r⁄hypercon-jugation on the C–C bond length through the C@O double bond.In contrary to p–p conjugation n?r⁄hyperconjugation is present in all stationary points on the potential energy surface for acrolein(Table2).But this interaction can be shielded by for-mation of dative bond involving lone pair of the oxygen atom and unoccupied orbital of Lewis acid,for example,BH3.The formed O–B bond has r-character and the energy of its interaction with antibonding orbital of the central C–C bond is very close to the en-ergy of similar C–H?r⁄(C–C)interaction in butadiene(Table2). The absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugation results significant short-ening of the Csp2–Csp2bond and decreasing of BLA in all stationary points for acrolein.It is more interesting that the C–C bond in acro-lein becomes shorter and p–p conjugation becomes stronger as compare with ones in butadiene in the case of absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugative interaction(Table2)what agrees well with the resonance theory.This evidence is confirmed also by values of BLA parameter.It is very interesting the situation when both strong intramolec-ular interactions are absent namely acrolein with shielded by BH3 lone pair in the transition state for the rotation process.In absence of p–p conjugative and n?r⁄hyperconjugative interactions the C–C bond length is almost equal to mean value for length of this bond for s-trans and s-cis conformers of acrolein with both interac-tions(Table2).This fact confirms that the C–C bond length in acro-lein in the equilibrium state is determined by balance of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation.Taking into account the opposite influence of two types of intra-molecular interactions on the C–C bond one may assume that its length depends on the difference in energy of bonding and antibonding interactions for this bond.In such case all bonding for C–C bond and antibonding for it interactions(Table3)must be taken into account.Specially,this is important for transition states where p–p conjugative interaction is minimal and r(c-H)–p interaction appears instead it.This interaction has bond-ing for Csp2–Csp2bond character and it is weaker as compare with p–p interaction.Analysis of relation between C–C bond length and total energy of intramolecular interaction influencing on it demon-strates good correlation between them(Figure3)with correlation coefficient aboutÀ0.93.The barrier of the rotation around ordinary C–C bond is also sensitive to intramolecular interactions.The absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugation in acrolein results the increase of conjugation in molecule what leads to the increase of the rotation barrier (Table2).4.ConclusionsResults of quantum-chemical calculations demonstrate the structure of acrolein does not correspond to conventional views about influence of the polarization of p-system by the oxygen atom.According to classic viewpoint this effect should lead to in-crease of conjugation between double bonds and shortening of central single C–C bond as compared to butadiene.However,anal-ysis of intramolecular interactions shows that the geometry of acrolein is determined by counteraction of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation.The energies of these interactions are very close but ones influence on the C–C bond lengths in opposite directions.Conjugation promotes the shortening of the central sin-gle bond due to the overlapping of the p-orbitals of two double bonds.In the contrary the n?r⁄hyperconjugation causes the elongation of the C–C bond due to the population of its antibonding orbital.The absence of conjugation in the transition state for the rotation about the C–C bond process results in the elongation of the single bond in conjugated system.In turn the shielding of n?r⁄hyperconjugation by the formation of dative bond between lone pair of oxygen atom and vacant orbital of Lewis acid causes the shortening of the C–C bond in acrolein.The C–C bond length correlates well with the difference between two strong intramolec-ular interactions.The absence of both interactions does not almost change the C–C bond length.Thus,these data clearly indicate that molecular structure of conjugated systems containing heteroatoms is determined by not only p–p conjugation but also by n?r⁄hyperconjugation.References[1]F.A Carey,R.J.Sundberg,Advanced Organic Chemistry.Part A:Structure andMechanisms,Springer,Virginia,2007.[2]Yu.N.Panchenko,Yu.A.Pentin,V.I.Tyulin,V.M.Tatevskii,Opt.Spectrosc.13(1962)488.[3]A.R.H.Cole,G.M.Mohay,G.A.Osborne,Spectrochim.Acta23A(1967)909.[4]K.Kuchitsu,T.Fukuyama,Y.Morino,J.Mol.Struct.1(1967–1968)463.[5]R.L.Lipnick,E.W.Garbisch Jr.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.95(1973)6370.[6]Yu.N.Panchenko,Spectrochim.Acta31A(1975)1201.[7]Yu.N.Panchenko,A.V.Abramenkov,V.I.Mochalov,A.A.Zenkin,G.Keresztury,G.J.Jalsovszky,J.Mol.Spectrosc.99(1983)288.[8]W.Caminati,G.Grassi,A.Bauder,Chem.Phys.Lett.148(1988)13.[9]M.E.Squillacote,T.C.Semple,P.W.Mui,J.Am.Chem.Soc.107(1985)6842.[10]Y.Furukawa,H.Takeuchi,I.Harada,M.Tasumi,Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.56(1983)392.[11]B.R.Arnold,V.Balaji,J.W.Downing,J.G.Radziszewski,J.J.Fisher,J.Michl,J.Am.Chem.Soc.113(1991)2910.[12]J.Saltiel,J.-O.Choi,D.F.Sears Jr.,D.W.Eaker,F.B.Mallory,C.W.Mallory,J.Phys.Chem.98(1994)13162.[13]K.W.Wiberg,R.E.Rosenberg,J.Am.Chem.Soc.112(1990)1509.[14]J.Saltiel,D.F.Sears Jr,A.M.Turek,J.Phys.Chem.A105(2001)7569.[15]M.S.Deleuze,S.Knippenberg,J.Chem.Phys.125(2006)104309-1.[16]P.Boopalachandran,N.C.Craig,ane,J.Phys.Chem.A116(2012)271.[17]H.Guo,M.Karplus,J.Chem.Phys.94(1991)3679.[18]R.Hargitai,P.G.Szalay,G.Pongor,G.Fogarasi,J.Mol.Struct.(THEOCHEM)112(1994)293.[19]G.R.De Maré,Yu.N.Panchenko,J.V.Auwera,J.Phys.Chem.A101(1997)3998.[20]J.C.Sancho-García,A.J.Pérez-Jiménez,F.Moscardó,J.Phys.Chem.A105(2001)11541.[21]N.C.Craig,P.Groner,D.C.McKean,J.Phys.Chem.A110(2006)7461.[22]D.Feller,K.A.Peterson,J.Chem.Phys.126(2007)114105.[23]D.Feller,N.C.Craig,A.R.Maltin,J.Phys.Chem.A112(2008)2131.[24]D.Feller,N.C.Craig,J.Phys.Chem.A113(2009)1601.[25]H.-B.Burgi,J.D.Dunitz,Structure Correlation,vol.2,VCH,Weinheim,1994.[26]K.B.Wiberg,R.E.Rosenberg,P.R.Rablen,J.Am.Chem.Soc.113(1991)2890.[27]K.B.Wiberg,P.R.Rablen,M.Marquez,J.Am.Chem.Soc.114(1992)8654.[28]K.Kuchitsu,T.Fukuyama,Y.Morino,J.Mol.Struct.1(1967–1968)463.[29]G.Celebre,M.Concistré,G.DeLuca,M.Longeri,G.Pileio,J.W.Emsley,Chem.Eur.J.11(2005)3599.[30]R.J.Loncharich,T.R.Schwartz,K.N.Houk,J.Am.Chem.Soc.109(1987)14.[31]G.R.DeMare,Yu.N.Panchenko,A.J.Abramenkov,J.Mol.Struct.160(1987)327.S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–2221[32]G.R.DeMare,Can.J.Chem.63(1985)1672.[33]Y.Osamura,H.F.Schaefer III,J.Chem.Phys.74(1981)4576.[34]C.E.Bolm,A.Bauder,Chem.Phys.Lett.88(1982)55.[35]B.Mannfors,J.T.Koskinen,L.-O.Pietilä,L.Ahjopalo,J.Mol.Struct.(THEOCHEM)393(1997)39.[36]J.I.García,J.A.Mayoral,L.Salvatella,X.Assfeld,M.F.Ruiz-López,J.Mol.Struct.(THEOCHEM)362(1996)187.[37]S.V.Shishkina,O.V.Shishkin,S.M.Desenko,J.Leszczynski,J.Phys.Chem.A112(2008)7080.[38]C.Møller,M.S.Plesset,Phys.Rev.46(1934)618.[39]R.A.Kendall,T.H.Dunning Jr.,R.J.Harrison,J.Chem.Phys.96(1992)6792.[40]W.H.Hehre,L.Radom,P.V.R.Schleyer,J.A.Pople,Ab initio Molecular OrbitalTheory,Wiley,New York,1986.[41]P.Culot,G.Dive,V.H.Nguyen,J.M.Ghuysen,Theor.Chim.Acta82(1992)189.[42]M.J.Frisch et al.,G AUSSIAN,Inc.,Wallingford CT,2004.[43]F.Weinhold,in:P.V.R.Schleyer,N.L.Allinger,T.Clark,J.Gasteiger,P.A.Kollman,H.F.Schaefer III,P.R.Schreiner(Eds.),Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry,vol.3,John Wiley&Sons,Chicheste,UK,1998.1792–1792. [44]E.D.Glendening,J.K.Badenhoop,A.E.Reed,J.E.Carpenter,J.A.Bohmann,C.M.Morales,F.Weinhold,N BO5.0Theoretical Chemistry Institute,University of Wisconsin,Madison,WI,2001.[45]E.D.Glendening,F.Weinhold,put.Chem.19(1998)593.[46]E.D.Glendening,F.Weinhold,put.Chem.19(1998)610.[47]E.D.Glendening,J.K.Badenhoop,F.Weinhold,put.Chem.19(1998)628.[48]A.J.Kirby,Stereoelectronic Effects,Oxford University Press,New York,1996.[49]I.V.Alabugin,K.M.Gilmore,P.W.Peterson,WIREs Computational MolecularScience1(2011)109.22S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–22。
Unit5 Music单词讲解(图片记单词)高中英语人教版(2019)必修第二册
award
v.授予 n.奖品
1.授予 award sb.sth授予某人某物 award sth.to sb把某物授予给某人 A Nobel Prize was awarded to Tu Youyou in 2015. 2015年屠呦呦获得一项诺贝尔奖。
award
v.授予 n.奖品
必修二Unit5 单词讲解
classical
adj.古典的；经典的
classic music 古典音乐
hip-hop
n.嘻哈音乐；嘻哈文化
techno
n.泰克诺音乐（一种节奏快、 通常无歌声相伴的音乐）
energy
n.能源；能量；精力
full of energy 充满能量
soul
n.灵魂；心灵
thus
adv.如此；因此
band
n.乐队；带子
rap
n.快速敲击；说唱音乐vi.&vt.敲击； （说唱歌中的）念白
nowadays
adv.现在；目前
gradual
adj.逐渐的；渐进的
capable
adj.有能力的；有才能的
relief
n.（焦虑、痛苦的）减轻或消除（不 快过后的）宽慰、轻松活解脱
romantic
adj.浪漫的 n.浪漫的人
album
n.相册；集邮簿；音乐专辑
impact
n.巨大影响；强大作用；冲击力 have an impact on sth/sb 对某人某物有影响
aim
n.目的；目标vi./vt.力求达到；力争 做到；瞄准vt.目的是；旨在
equipment
n.设备；装备
1.奖品 win/get/receiveanaward sb.sth赢 得/获得/得到奖项 give sb.an award 给某人颁奖
科技英语阅读 翻译词汇
Lead in: Brainstorming
What’s …? 运动 movement /力force /动能和功 动能和功kinetic 力 动能和功 energy and work /势能 势能potential energy/ 能量守 势能 恒conservation of energy /引力 gravitation /声 引力 声 波 sound wave /振动 oscillation / 流体 fluid / 波 振动 wave/ 温度 温度temperature /热量 heat /电荷 电荷electric 热量 电荷 charge /电场 electric field 电场
Lead in: Brainstorming
What’s …? 密码 cipher / 违规 breach / 网桥 bridge / 蛮力攻 击 brute-force attack / 证书序列号 certificate serial number / 询问 challenge / 选择明文攻击 chosen-plaintext attack / 破译 code breaking / 线间进入 between-the-lines entry / 攻击者 attacker / 密码学 cryptology / 解密 decryption / 授权 delegation / 加密 encryption
Lead in: Brainstorming
What’s …? 绝对补集 absolute complement / 代数 algebra / 代数式 algebraic expression / 代数方程 algebraic equation / 代数不等式 algebraic inequality / 任意常数 arbitrary constant / 数组 array / 底数；基数 base number / 连续函数 底数； continuous function / 函数 function / 复合函数 function of function / 函数记号 函数记号functional notation / 集合 集合aggregate / 子集 subset
基于Kriging模型的自适应多阶段并行代理优化算法
第27卷第11期2021年11月计算机集成制造系统Vol.27No.11 Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems Nov.2021DOI：10.13196/j.cims.2021.11.016基于Kriging模型的自适应多阶段并行代理优化算法乐春宇，马义中+(南京理工大学经济管理学院，江苏南京210094)摘要：为了充分利用计算资源，减少迭代次数,提出一种可以批量加点的代理优化算法。
该算法分别采用期望改进准则和WB2(Watson and Barnes)准则探索存在的最优解并开发已存在最优解的区域,利用可行性概率和多目标优化框架刻画约束边界。
在探索和开发阶段，设计了两种对应的多点填充算法，并根据新样本点和已知样本点的距离关系，设计了两个阶段的自适应切换策略。
通过3个不同类型算例和一个工程实例验证算法性能，结果表明，该算法收敛更快，其结果具有较好的精确性和稳健性。
关键词:Kriging模型;代理优化;加点准则；可行性概率;多点填充中图分类号：O212.6文献标识码：AParallel surrogate-based optimization algorithm based on Kriging model usingadaptive multi-phases strategyYUE Chunyu,MA Yizhong+(School o£Economics and Management,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing210094,China) Abstract：To make full use of computing resources and reduce the number of iterations,a surrogate-based optimization algorithm which could add batch points was proposed.To explore the optimum solution and to exploit its area, the expected improvement and the WB2criterion were used correspondingly.The constraint boundary was characterized by using the probability of feasibility and the multi-objective optimization framework.Two corresponding multi-points infilling algorithms were designed in the exploration and exploitation phases and an adaptive switching strategy for this two phases was designed according to the distance between new sample points and known sample points.The performance of the algorithm was verified by three different types of numerical and one engineering benchmarks.The results showed that the proposed algorithm was more efficient in convergence and the solution was more precise and robust.Keywords:Kriging model；surrogate-based optimization；infill sampling criteria；probabil让y of feasibility；multipoints infill0引言现代工程优化设计中，常采用高精度仿真模型获取数据，如有限元分析和流体动力学等E,如何在优化过程中尽可能少地调用高精度仿真模型，以提高优化效率，显得尤为重要。
科技英语翻译
3. The actuator is very small and light. It can be used for incorporation in the space of the safety device. The small size and light weight of the actuator makes it suitable for incorporation in the space available in the safety device.
(3) The abundant use of Non-finite verb 科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短 语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句 或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短 语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。
2) lexical features of EST and the techniques of translation
3) sentence features of EST and the techniques of translation
4) discourse features of EST and the techniques of translation 课程的重点是科技英语文体的词汇和语篇特征。难点是科技 英语的翻译技巧。
A Practical Course on EST Translation
Questions: 1. What are the features of EST?
2. How to deal with the conflict between fidelity and fluency in EST translation? 3. What are the techniques of EST translation?
C.J.YAO之“LAZY_On_Air”
08上海时装周版式设计｜谭婉晖 责任编辑｜翟梅宇 ***************C.J.YAO 的本季主题为“LAZY On Air”，系列内还包含了C.J.YAO 与肯德基KFC 的二度跨界合作，成为时尚媒体与买手们的关注热点。
C.J.YAO SS17系列以时下大多数人身处的环境与大众流行的文化脉象，如“葛优躺”等，无厘头的元素作为灵感背景，进一步感受来自当下年轻人向往的生活状态，从而提高服装与穿衣者之间的亲密度与契合度。
本季无论从款式设计、剪裁还是颜色的选择上，都追求达到“人”与“衣”的和谐统一。
不管这是自嘲也好，呐喊也罢，接收与面对所有来自外界的声音，达到极致后，便可形成一股属于自由之人的生活态度与价值观。
“LAZY”代表着“还原自我”：本季选用带有垂感的舒适面料，加以廓形较为宽松的剪裁，穿好就躺着看电视吧。
“On air”则代表着：“解放天性”，此概念是内衣元素的自然体现，轻盈得“展露”和“释放”自己的天性，尽情展现真实的自我，享受自我表达的过程。
C.J.YAO SS17系列继续沿用其品牌专属色“蓝色”作为主基调，配合其他饱和度较低的色彩作为调味品，以营造一种不留痕迹的慵懒感，让人仿佛置身于舒适的家中那般自在。
而在剪裁上，C.J.YAO 保留了其“古灵精怪”的结构特质，就像是身体得到了一种极致而扭曲的松弛。
在设计师C.J.的眼中，“展露”一词更多的是褒义的释放，像是一种健康的“快感”，并很“好客”地把最好的东西与别人分享后的那种喜悦之感，一种由内而外地释放自我的真性情。
C.J.YAO之“LAZY On Air”Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.09上海时装周版式设计｜谭婉晖 责任编辑｜翟梅宇 ***************在本季SS17上海时装周发布会中，C.J.YAO 再次开启与肯德基KFC 的跨界“食尚”合作，开创“尽情自在”的生活模式。
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning 知识表示与推理;
OK since
no Stench, no Breeze, neighbors are safe (OK).
OK
OK OK A
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Exploring Wumpus World
We move and smell a stench.
A OK
Fundamental property of logical reasoning:
In each case where the a conclusion is drawn from the available information, that conclusion is guaranteed to be correct if the available information is correct.
✓ form representations of the world. ✓ use a process of inference to derive new
representations about the world. ✓ use these new representations to deduce what to do.
Assuming pits uniformly distributed, (2,2) is most likely to have a pit.
Knoweldge Representation & Reasoning
Another tight spot
W?
W?
Smell in (1,1) cannot move.
than the number y.
– x + 2 y is true in a world where x = 7, y =1. – x + 2 y is false in a world where x = 0, y= 6.
【演界网独家PPT】PPT模板
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
012345Eν (GeV)Nν (/cm2/0.1GeV)(a)102103104105106012345Eν (GeV)Nν (/cm2/0.1GeV)(c)00.511.522.530100200300400500
r (cm)
N
ν
(
1
0
1
2
/
c
m
2
)
(b)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0123
r (km)
N
ν
(
1
0
6
/
c
m
2
)
(d)