构词法

词汇是学习语言的基础，理解和掌握构词法可以提高记忆单词的效率，有助于我们扩大词汇量。

英语构词法主要有：合成转化法、派生法、混成法，截短法和首字母缩略法，其中前三种最重要。

一、合成（Compounding）

由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“一”连接，有的直接连写在一起。合成法主要有：

（1）合成名词：

①n+n n

classroom, schoolyard, spaceship, newspaper, postman, housewife, 等。

②adj +n n

mainland, blackboard, gentleman, newcomer(新来者),best-seller(畅销书),

shorthand( 速记)

③v+n n

pickpocket(扒手),breakwater(防水堤), runway(跑道),rush-hour(高峰时间)，

rubstone(磨刀石)

④-ing+n n

reading-room, waiting-room, sleeping-pill(安眼药), writing desk

⑤adv / prep +n n

afternoon, onlooker(旁观者)

⑥n+ing n

handwriting(书法),sightseeing, horse riding, sun—bathing（日光浴）

⑦n+adv n

passer-by (过路人) breakthrough(重大突破)

get-together, turn-off(断开), ,breakdown(衰落)

⑧adv+v n

outbreak(爆发), output(输出),input, downfall(垮台)

⑨n+介词短语n

father-in-law(岳父),son-in-law(女婿),

command-in-chief(总司令),comrade-in-arms(战友)

（2）合成形容词

①adj / 数词+ n+-ed adj

kind-hearted, cold-blooded, write-haired, middle-aged,

one-eyed (独眼的),three-legged

②adj+-ing adj

good-looking (相貌好看的),easy-going(随和的),English-speaking,

③adj+n adj

low-price, high-class(高级的),second-hand(旧的),

everyday,large-scale(大规模)

④n+adj adj

lifelong(终生的),nationwide(全国性的),worldwide, world-famous,

color-blind(色盲的),airsick(晕飞机的)

⑤n+ 分词adj

man-made, state-owned(国有的), radio-equipped, sunburned(晒黑的)

peace-loving(热爱和平的)fun-loving(爱开玩笑的)

⑥adv+分词adj

well-known, widespread (分布广的),well-informed(消息灵通的),hard-working(勤劳的)

Far-reaching（深远的）long-lasting（耐用的）

(3)合成动词

①adv +v v

overthrow(推翻),undergo(经历),uphold(高举), overhear(无意),output(输出),input,

②n+v v

sleep-walk(梦游),daydream(做白日梦),spoonfeed(填鸭式灌输),sun-bathe, mess-produce

(大规模生产)

③adj+v v

whitewash(粉刷),blacklist(列入黑名单),dry-salt(干腌), deep-freeze(冷藏)

(4)合成副词

①adv+adv adv

however, whenever, moreover(而且), therefore,

②adj+adv adv

everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere,

③n+adv adv

headfirst(头朝下),daylong(整天),nightlong(通宵)

④adv+n adv

downstairs, upstairs, downhill, inside, westward, upward,

(5)合成代词

some, any, every, no 可与-thing –one, -body 合成代词，代词宾格(物主代词)+self(selves): something, everything, anyone nobody, yourselves, himself,

二、转化（conversion ）

由一种词类转化成另一种或几种词类

1．n adv

Let‘s go hand in hand.

Please hand in your exercise books after class.

water:水浇水place:地方放置land:土地着陆

design:图案设计seat:座位使就座book:书预定

2．adj v

Her room is clean and tidy.

She cleans her room every day.

quiet:安静的使…静slow:慢的使慢下来

back:后面的支持，使后退warm:暖和的使暖和

3．adv v

Please sit down.

The government easily downed(打倒)riot.

near:附近地靠岸up:向上抬起，out:在外赶出

further:更进一步地促进

4.v n

He visited the summer palace yesterday.

We paid a visit to the scientist last week.